Chapter 2.1

CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This Review of related literature focuses on the effect of cinnamon, black
pepper and orange peelings as a natural insecticide. This study contains information
about cinnamon, where can it be obtained, its description, and the effect and what is
does to insect. The study and test of chili pepper if it has a potential to be used as an
extract to pesticide production, what is does to insects. And the uses of orange
peelings.
Chili Pepper
Chili peppers, Capsicum annuum, perennial plants in the Family Solanaceae
are grown for their edible fruits.
Chili peppers originated in the Americas. After the Columbian Exchange, many
cultivars of chili pepper spread across the world, used in both food and medicine.
Chilies were brought to Asia by Portuguese navigators during the 16th century. (Lea,
n.d.).
Capsaicin is the main chemical that makes chili peppers hot (Lea, n.d.).
Capsaicin is also used as an animal repellent against insects and mites, by damaging
their membrane (Lea, n.d.). Capsaicin was first registered for use in the United States
in 1962. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) considers it to be a
biochemical pesticide because it is a naturally occurring substance.Extracts from the
pepper discourages the pest from laying eggs (Scott, 2003).The pepper works better
as an insecticide when insects are soft-bodied during the larval stage because the
chemical is able to penetrate and pierce through their body (Scott, 2003).
Chili pepper is safe to use as an insecticide, animals are not harmed by
Capsaicin (Lea, n.d.). Pepper is unlikely to cause many of the problems associated
with synthetic pesticides, such as groundwater contamination, insect resistance and
human illness (Scott, 2003).
Cinnamon
Cinnamon is a spice that comes from the branches of wild trees that belong to
the genus "Cinnamomum" (Nordqvist, 2015). Cinnamon is also called as
Cinnamonmum zeylanicum. Cinnamon is a spice that can be obtained in the inner
bark of a small, tropical evergreen cinnamon tree (Park, 2011). Cinnamon is the
second most popular spice, next to black pepper in the United States and Europe
(Nordqvist, 2015). Cinnamon trees are native to Southeast Asia. Cinnamon has a long
history both as a spice and as a medicine. Cinnamon is a great source of manganese,
fiber, iron and calcium. Cinnamon's essential oils also qualify it as an "anti-microbial"
food, and the cinnamon has been studied for it can stop the growth of bacteria as well
as fungi (Zoladz, 2004). It is also effective in reducing blood sugar levels and lowering
cholesterol. Cinnamon can be used as an insecticide to get rid of the undesirable
insects that can be found in your house. Dengue fever is a viral disease spread by
mosquitoes. Particularly, pure cinnamon is effective in killing mosquito larvae, can act
as an all-purpose insect repellent (American Chemical Society, 2004) Insects dislike
cinnamon for two reasons: (a) insects do not like the feeling of the powder in their
mandibles, and, (b) insects hate the spice odor. The advantages of using cinnamon
as a natural insecticide are the house will be free from unwelcomed insects, and the
cinnamon will give a wonderful aroma. Natural insecticide will reduce the amount of
poisoned children and pets from ingesting insect repellents, which contain chemicals,
as well as repel the insects in the house without the potential for unpleasant health
effects. Cinnamaldehyde is the main component in the cinnamon leaf oil and is used
worldwide as a flavoring agent (American Chemical Society, 2004). Bark oil from the
Cinnamomum cassia tree is the most common source of cinnamaldehyde. The
disadvantage of cinnamon is that, if cinnamon is used too much in the insect repellent,
it can burn your skin since its highly concentrated (Park, 2011).
Orange Peelings
Orange peelings are the rind of the orange. The Florida orange juice industry
generates 5 million tons of citrus peel waste annually (Bloch, 2007). The oil on the
orange peelings can also be used to remove water stains in your metal fixtures (Bloch,
2007). And orange peelings can also be used to remove bad odors. Most insects hate
limonene, which comprises 95% of the oil in an oranges peel, and is being used in all
sorts of applications, including the manufacturing of plastics (Bloch, 2007). A pure
blend of orange peel and water can be applied to an area to discourage ants from
crossing. Citrus sinensis (sweet orange) and Citrus aurantifolia (lime) had insecticidal
activity against mosquitos (Ezeonu, 2001). Small piles of zest can be placed around
an area to keep it free from flies and mosquitoes (Bloch, 2007). The oil in orange peels
shows promise of being a powerful all-purpose insecticide (Bass, 1984) Orange oil
can wipe out a colony of fire ants and could kill wasps and flies without harming any
human, animals and the environment (Bass, 1984). Orange oil is being used in many
cleaning products these days for its pleasant aroma and powerful solvent properties
(Bloch, 2007). Some studies claim rubbing orange peel on your skin will repel
mosquitoes.
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
MATERIALS
135grams Capsicum annuum (chili pepper)
474milliliters water
30grams Sodium chloride (salt)
15grams Piper nigrum (black pepper)
262grams Citrus sinensis (orange peel)
47.4milliliters Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Cinnamon essential oil)
graduated cylinder
strainer
empty container
spray
chocolate chip cookies

PROCEDURE
Preparation of the Spray with Orange Peel Extract
The researchers diced 265grams orange peels and boiled them in 474 milliliters
of water for 30 minutes. While the mixture is boiling, they added 30 grams of
salt and 15 grams of pepper. And let the mixture cool.
Preparation of the Spray with Chili Extract
The researchers diced 135 grams of chili pepper. Boiled the ground chili pepper
in 474 milliliters of water for 30 minutes. While the mixture is boiling, they added
30 grams of salt and 15 grams of pepper. And let the mixture cool.
Preparation of the Spray with Orange Peel Extract, Chili Extract and Cinnamon
Essential Oil
The researchers boiled 265grams orange peels, grounded 135 grams of chili
pepper and added 47.3176 milliliters of cinnamon essential oil in 474 milliliters
of water for 30 minutes. While the mixture is boiling, they added 30 grams of
salt and 15 grams of pepper. And let the mixture cool.
Enticing the ants
The researchers placed a chocolate chip cookie in a tray, waited a little while
to see if the ants would come along, if not find another spot. Eventually an ant
would come and check out the chocolate chip cookie. Wait for an hour or two
to have an ample amount of ants, the ants would likely eat it due to its sugar
content.
Computation of the Effectiveness of the Spray
First they subtracted the percentage of dead in the heck plat from the
corresponding figure for the treated plat and called the remainder the
effectiveness of the treatment.
Let X = the percent living in the check.
Let Y = the percent living in the treated plat.
Then X Y = the percent killed by the treatment
And the percent killed by the treatment (X Y) divided by the percent
of living in the check (X) gives the control or expressed by an equation.

100 =

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CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This Review of related literature focuses on the effect of cinnamon, black

Chili peppers, Capsicum annuum, perennial plants in the Family Solanaceae

are grown for their edible fruits.

in 1962. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) considers it to be a

biochemical pesticide because it is a naturally occurring substance.Extracts from the

with synthetic pesticides, such as groundwater contamination, insect resistance and

human illness (Scott, 2003).

the genus "Cinnamomum" (Nordqvist, 2015). Cinnamon is also called as

Cinnamonmum zeylanicum. Cinnamon is a spice that can be obtained in the inner

history both as a spice and as a medicine. Cinnamon is a great source of manganese,

cholesterol. Cinnamon can be used as an insecticide to get rid of the undesirable

as an all-purpose insect repellent (American Chemical Society, 2004) Insects dislike

Cinnamomum cassia tree is the most common source of cinnamaldehyde. The

sorts of applications, including the manufacturing of plastics (Bloch, 2007). A pure

135grams Capsicum annuum (chili pepper)

30grams Sodium chloride (salt)

15grams Piper nigrum (black pepper)

262grams Citrus sinensis (orange peel)

47.4milliliters Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Cinnamon essential oil)

chocolate chip cookies

Preparation of the Spray with Orange Peel Extract

salt and 15 grams of pepper. And let the mixture cool.

Preparation of the Spray with Chili Extract

salt and 15 grams of pepper. And let the mixture cool.

Enticing the ants

effectiveness of the treatment.

Let X = the percent living in the check.

Let Y = the percent living in the treated plat.

Then X Y = the percent killed by the treatment

And the percent killed by the treatment (X Y) divided by the percent

of living in the check (X) gives the control or expressed by an equation.

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