International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)

ISSN: 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P), Volume-7, Issue-5, May 2017

Simulation of High Power Factor Single Phase

Inverter For PV Solar Array: A Survey
Anam Aziz, Mr. Vaibhav Purwar

Abstract Photovoltaic (PV) systems are solar energy supply The power-electronic technology plays an important role in
systems, which either supply power directly to an electrical distributed generation and in integration of renewable energy
equipment or feed energy into the public electricity grid. This sources into the electrical grid, and it is widely used and
paper focuses on the latest development of modelling and control rapidly expanding as these applications become more
of grid connected photovoltaic energy conversion system. In the integrated with the grid-based Systems. During the last few
photovoltaic system, power electronic conversion is necessary to
years, power electronics has undergone a fast evolution,
improve the efficiency of PV panels and system stability. In these
systems, the backstage power circuit consists of a high step-up which is mainly due to two factors. The first one is the
DC-to-DC converter and a full-bridge inverter to convert DC to development of fast semiconductor switches that are capable
AC, as the grid voltage is AC in nature. Modelling of of switching quickly and handling high powers. The second
photovoltaic systems include modelling of SPV array, power factor is the introduction of real-time computer controllers
electronics inverter/converter based on MATLAB/SIMULINK. that can implement advanced and complex control algorithms
This present control algorithm of a single-phase grid-connected [2].
photovoltaic (PV) system including the PV array and the Photovoltaic (PV) power supplied to the utility grid is gaining
electronic power conditioning (PCS) system, based on the more and more visibility, while the worlds power demand is
MATLAB/Simulink software. It also discussed advances in
increasing [3]. Not many PV systems have so far been placed
MPP tracking technologies, the synchronization of the inverter
and the connection to the grid. into the grid due to the relatively high cost, compared with
more traditional energy sources such as oil, gas, coal, nuclear,
Index Terms Boost converter, Full-Bridge Voltage Source hydro, and wind. Solid-state inverters have been shown to be
Inverter, Photovoltaic Array, LCL filter, photovoltaic system. the enabling technology for putting PV systems into the grid
[4].

I. INTRODUCTION II. LITERATURE REVIEW

The world constraint of fossil fuels reserves and the ever India has become the top country in the world to make a law
rising environmental pollution have impelled strongly during of minister called Minister of New and Renewable energy for
last decades the development of renewable energy sources non-conventional energy resources. Being the tropical
(RES). The need of having available sustainable energy country India has high solar isolation so the best renewable
systems for replacing gradually conventional ones demands green energy source is solar energy. Our country is the 5th
the improvement of structures of energy supply based mostly largest producer. From research it is noted that, by March
on clean and renewable resources. At present, photovoltaic 2017, the demand of electricity will be increased from 900
(PV) generation is assuming increased importance as a RES billion kilowatt-hours to 1400 billion kilowatt-hours.
application because of distinctive advantages such as Consequently it is in verge of energy lack with a huge gap of
simplicity of allocation, high dependability, absence of fuel demand and supply. To fulfill the required demand, solar
cost, low maintenance and lack of noise and wear due to the energy is needed. It is the1only entirely available renewable
absence of moving parts. Furthermore, the solar energy energy alternate energy source with
characterizes a clean, pollution free and inexhaustible energy the1fundamental1capability2to5satisfy the energy6needs of
source. In addition to these factors are the declining cost and our country. Based on PV installed capacity, India has
prices of solar modules, an increasing efficiency of solar cells, become fourth After Japan, Germany and U.S. A major drive
manufacturing technology improvements and economies of has also been initiated by the Government to trade Indian PV
scale [1]. products, systems, technologies and services.
The increasing number of renewable energy sources and Peterson K. Hinga [1] and fellows introduced that a novel
distributed generators requires new strategies for the multi-step PWM Inverter for a solar power generation system.
operation and management of the electricity grid in order to The new type of PWM inverter presented has many features
maintain or even to improve the power-supply reliability and such as the good output waveform. Small size of lter, low
quality. In addition, liberalization of the grids leads to new switching losses, low acoustic noise. The circuit
management structures, in which trading of energy and power conguration, control method and the characteristics of the
is becoming increasingly important. system has described in their paper and also investigate the
relation between the inverter and the solar cell characteristics.
Martina Calais. Vassilios G. Agelidis [2] provided an
overview on different multilevel topologies and investigated
Anam Aziz, Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering,
M.Tech Scholar, Kanpur Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India. their suitability for single-phase grid connected photovoltaic
Mr. Vaibhav Purwar, Associate Professor, Department of Electronics & systems. The need of several sources on the DC side of the
Communication Engineering, Kanpur Institute of Technology, Kanpur, converter makes multilevel technology attractive for
India.

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 Simulation of High Power Factor Single Phase Inverter For PV Solar Array: A Survey

photovoltaic applications. They discussed and compared the power, hydroelectricity and biomass, account for most of the
Half Bridge Diode Clamped. Full Bridge Single Leg available non-conventional type of energy on earth. Only a
Clamped, Cascaded (CC), Step, Magnetic Coupled and small fraction of the available solar energy is used.
Flying Capacitor (FC) multilevel converter topologies.
Solar powered electrical generation relies on photovoltaic
Chem Nayar [3] and fellows described a novel power
system and heat engines. Solar energy's uses are limited only
converter capable of extracting maximum power from solar
by human creativity. To harvest the solar energy, the most
photovoltaic panels. This proposed dual converter
common way is to use photo voltaic panels which will receive
(combination of VCVSI and CCVSI) has able to provide
photon energy from sun and convert to electrical energy.
uninterruptible power supply feature, load voltage
Solar technologies are broadly classified as either passive
stabilization, unity power factor operation, maximum power
solar or active solar depending on the way they detain,
point tracking as well as reactive power support. The overall
convert and distribute solar energy. Active solar techniques
efficiency has higher than the conventional system with a
include the use of PV panels and solar thermal collectors to
dc-dc converter between the PV panels and the battery.
strap up the energy. Passive solar techniques include orienting
a building to the Sun, selecting materials with favorable
J.S.Siva Prasad and B.G.Femandes [4] proposed a new three
thermal mass or light dispersing properties and design spaces
phase active commutated thyristors current source inverter
that naturally circulate air. Solar energy has a vast area of
(CSI) topology for grid connected photovoltaic systems. The
application such as electricity generation for distribution,
basic active commutated thyristor CSI with pulse width
heating water, lightening building, crop drying etc.
modulation (PWM) capability has recently implemented with
a resistive load. To suppress the natural frequency of
oscillations of LC lter and to ensure stability of the system, a IV. SYSTEM COMPONENTS
charge controller in synchronous rotating reference frame is
described. It allows easy design of PI controller gains. A. Modelling Of Photovoltaic Module/Array
The photovoltaic module is the result of associating a group
Anastasios Ch. Kyritsis, Nikolaos P. Papanikolaou [5] and of photovoltaic cells in series and parallel, with their
fellows proposed a new design and control strategy of the Fly protection devices, and it represents the conversion unit in
back Inverter for decentralized grid connected PV systems. It this generation system. The manufacturer supply PV cells in
achieves high power density, high efficiency, and high power modules, consisting of NPM parallel branches, each with
factor regulation. The design and control strategy has NSM solar cells in series shown in Figure 1
investigated to the achievement of a converter with the
smallest possible volume for a given power or to the
maximization of the power transfer for given converter
parameters. In contrast to the classic converter topologies this
proposed scheme has presented a very high efciency, due to
its simplied structure.

Qingrong Zeng, Liuchen Chang [6] introduced that the Space

vector pulse-width modulation is widely used in the current
control of three-phase voltage-source inverters. In
grid-connected distributed generation systems, HCCPWM
introduce the drawbacks to current controllers, such as the Figure 1 Equivalent circuit of a PV array.
compromised output current due to the grid harmonic
disturbance and nonlinearity of the system, the lack of
inherent over-current protection etc. It gives high Although the mathematical and simulation photovoltaic
performance even under the inuence of the grid harmonics. modules development began time ago, improvements of these
It also offers an improved response for over-current models are analyzed and presented continually. One of the
protection to the system. objectives of this study is a review of those existing methods
and models.
Juan Jose Negroni, Francesc Guinjoan [7] and fellows
described the analysis, modelling and design of a Buck-based
inverter control for grid-connected photovoltaic (PV)
systems. On one hand a linear digital voltage controller is
designed from a large-signal linear sampled-data model of the Where: IA: PV array output current
system to maximize the steady state input-output energy VA: PV array output voltage
transfer ratio. On the other hand, a sliding-mode current IPh: Solar cell photocurrent
controller is also designed to assure a unity power factor. IRS: Solar cell reverse saturation current (aka dark current)
q: Electron charge, 1.60217733e19 Cb
III. SOLAR ENERGY A: PN junction ideality factor, between 1 and 5
Solar energy is a non-conventional type of energy. Solar k: Boltzmann's constant, 1.380658e23 J/K
energy has been harnessed by humans since ancient times TC: Solar cell absolute operating temperature, K
using a variety of technologies. Solar radiation, along with RS: Cell intrinsic series resistance
secondary solar-powered resources such as wave and wind RP: Cell intrinsic shunt or parallel resistance

175 www.erpublication.org
 International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)
ISSN: 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P), Volume-7, Issue-5, May 2017
The photocurrent IPh for any operating conditions of the
PV array is assumed to be related to the photocurrent at Control circuit of boost converter is shown in Fig.3. For
standard test conditions (STC) as given in equation (2). regulation purpose, output voltage is continuously sensed Vo
(sensed) and compared with a reference voltage Vo
(reference).The resulting error signal is compared with a saw
tooth waveform having frequency ft. The output of a
B. DC to DC Boost Converter comparator is fed to the switch or fed into the gate of a power
MOSFET [1]. Usually, frequency in kilohertz is selected so as
DC-to-DC Converters are used for converting one level of to maximize the efficiency of a converter.
DC voltage (usually unregulated) to another level of DC
voltage (regulated). This transformation is done with the
help of a network consisting of storage elements like D. Voltage Controller
inductor and capacitor [1].
In general using electrolytic capacitors are less desirable for
their short operational lifetime. Hence Long lifetime film
capacitors serve as a substitute, however their high prices
limit the size that can be used in PV inverters. This causes a
significant double line frequency ripple on the DC link
voltage which may further couple through the control loop.
Figure 2 Boost Converter Therefore a band stop filter is placed on the dc voltage
feedback loop to attenuate the ripple. Fig. 4 shows the block
The key principle that drives the boost converter is the diagram of the outer voltage control loop. A simple PI
tendency of an inductor to resist changes in current. In a controller is used as a voltage controller G (s) v to regulate the
boost converter, the output voltage is always higher than dc link voltage.
the input voltage. A schematic of a boost converter is
shown in Fig. 2. Here, MOSFET is used as a switch. When
the switch is turned-ON, the current flows through the
inductor and energy is stored in it. When the switch is
turned-OFF, the stored energy in the inductor tends to
collapse and its polarity
changes such that it adds to the input voltage. Thus, the
voltage across the inductor and the input voltage are in
series
and together charge the output capacitor to a voltage
higher than the input voltage.

Figure 4 Block diagram of outer voltage loop.

C. Control of DC to DC converter

The output voltage of DC-to-DC converter is controlled or V. CONCLUSION

regulated by switching ON and OFF the switch, in a periodic
Designing of single-phase grid connected solar PV system is
manner. The regulation is normally achieved by Pulse Width
carried out in this work. System parameters are calculated and
Modulation (PWM) technique at a fixed frequency. The
from these parameters model is formulated and simulation
constant switching frequency ft is given by [1],
results are presented. Modeling of the PV cells is one of the
mature areas in the field. There are a variety of models
available in the literature and can be divided into two main
Where Tt is the time period of switching device and it is categories; detailed and simplified models. Detailed models
nothing but the addition of ON and OFF time of a switching attempt to represent the physics of the PV cell and are usually
device which is given by suitable for studies that require the detailed cell information
such as implementation of maximum power techniques and
analysis of the effect of change in irradiance and temperature
on the performance of the PV cell. On the other hand,
As the ratio Ton/Tt is duty ratio and as this duty ratio varies, simplified models usually provide a direct estimate of the
the output voltage also varies. This is called constant maximum power generated from the PV cell at certain
frequency, variable duty ratio control [1]. operating conditions.

REFERENCES
[1.] Peterson K. Hinga. Tokuo Ohnishi and Takayuki Suzuki, A New
PWM Inverter for Photovoltaic Power Generation System". IEEE
Conference on Power Electronics Specialists. Vol. 1. pp: 391-395.
1994.
[2.] Martina Calais. Vassilios G. Agelidis. Multilevel Converters for
Single-Phase Grid connected Photovoltaic Systems-An Overview'.
Figure 3 Control circuit of boost converter

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 Simulation of High Power Factor Single Phase Inverter For PV Solar Array: A Survey

IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics. pp:

224-229. 1998.
[3.] Hcoman Dehbonei, Chem Nayar. Lawrence Borle. A Combined
Voltage Controlled and Current Controlled Dual Converter for a
Weak Grid Connected Photovoltaic System with Battery Energy
Storage". IEEE Conference 011 Power Electronics Specialists. Vol.
3. pp: 1495-1500. 2002.
[4.] J. S. Siva Prasad and B. G. Femandes_. Active Commutated
Thyristors CS1 for Grid Connected Photovoltaic Applications". The
4m International Conference on Power Electronics and Motion
Control. Vol. 3, pp: 1767-1771. 2004.
[5.] Anastasios Ch. Kyritsis. Nikolaos P. Papanikolaou. Design and
control of a current source y-back inverter for decentralized grid
connected photovoltaic systems." European Conference on Power
Electronics and Applications. pp: p.1-p.10, 2005.
[6.] Qingrong Zeng. Liuchen Chang. Novel SVPWM Based Predictive
Current Controller' for Three-phase Grid Connected Inverters".
Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering. pp:
1262-1265. 2005.
[7.] Juan Jose Negroni. Carlos Meza. Domingo Biel. Control of a Buck
Inverter for Grid- Connected PV Systems: a Digital and Sliding
Mode Control Approach ".IEEE International Symposium on
Industrial Electronic. Vol. 2. pp: 739-744. 2005.

Anam Aziz, Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering,

M.Tech Scholar, Kanpur Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India.
Mr. Vaibhav Purwar, Associate Professor, Department of Electronics &
Communication Engineering, Kanpur Institute of Technology, Kanpur,
India.

177 www.erpublication.org