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How Does Social Security Work Over Time?

359
Application: Ida May Fuller 360
How Does Social Security Redistribute in Practice? 362

13.2 Consumption-Smoothing Benefits


of Social Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
Rationales for Social Security 364
Does Social Security Smooth Consumption? 365
Social Security and Private Savings 366
Living Standards of the Elderly 366

13.3 Social Security and Retirement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367


Theory 367
Empirical Evidence: Measuring the Crowd-Out Effect of Social
Security on Savings 368
Evidence 369
Application: Implicit Social Security Taxes and Retirement Behavior 372
Implications 374

13.4 Social Security Reform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374


Reform Round I: The Greenspan Commission 375
Application: The Social Security Trust Fund and National Savings 376
Incremental Reforms 377
Fundamental Reforms 379
Application: Company Stock in 401(k) Plans 383
Application: Mixed Proposals for Social Security Reform 384

13.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385

Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385

Questions and Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386

Advanced Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387

CHAPTER 14 Unemployment Insurance, Disability


Insurance, and Workers Compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
14.1 Institutional Features of Unemployment
Insurance, Disability Insurance,
and Workers Compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
Institutional Features of Unemployment Insurance 391
Institutional Features of Disability Insurance 393
Institutional Features of Workers Compensation 394
Comparison of the Features of UI, DI, and WC 395
Application: The Duration of Social Insurance Benefits Around the World 396

14.2 Consumption-Smoothing Benefits


of Social Insurance Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397

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