Abstract of Fiber Optic Sensors
Abstract of Fiber Optic Sensors
Abstract of Fiber Optic Sensors
Keynote Address
Measurand
2 Keynote Address
Fidanboylu, K., and Efendioğlu, H. S.
Based on the operating principle or modulation and Another type of intensity based fiber optic sensor is the
demodulation process, a fiber optic sensor can be evanescent wave sensor (see Figure 7) that utilizes the
classified as an intensity, a phase, a frequency, or a light energy which leaks from the core into the cladding.
polarization sensor. All these parameters may be subject These sensors are widely used as chemical sensors. The
to change due to external perturbations. Thus, by detecting sensing is accomplished by stripping the cladding from a
these parameters and their changes, the external section of the fiber and using a light source having a
perturbations can be sensed [10]. wavelength that can be absorbed by the chemical that is to
be detected. The resulting change in light intensity is a
Based on the application, a fiber optic sensor can be measure of the chemical concentration. Measurements
classified as follows: can also be performed in a similar method by replacing the
• Physical sensors: Used to measure physical properties cladding with a material such as an organic dye whose
like temperature, stress, etc. optical properties can be changed by the chemical under
• Chemical sensors: Used for pH measurement, gas investigation [17].
analysis, spectroscopic studies, etc.
• Bio-medical sensors: Used in bio-medical applications
like measurement of blood flow, glucose content etc.
3 Keynote Address
Fidanboylu, K., and Efendioğlu, H. S.
One of the simplest wavelength based sensor is the Figure 10. Bragg grating response.
blackbody sensor as shown in Figure 9. A blackbody cavity
is placed at the end of an optical fiber. When the cavity
4.3 Phase Modulated Fiber Optic Sensors
rises in temperature it starts to glow and act as a light
source. Detectors in combination with narrow band filters
are then used to determine the profile of the blackbody Phase modulated sensors use changes in the phase of
curve. This type of sensor has been successfully light for detection. The optical phase of the light passing
commercialized and has been used to measure through the fiber is modulated by the field to be detected.
temperature to within a few degrees centigrade under This phase modulation is then detected
intense RF fields. interferometerically, by comparing the phase of the light in
the signal fiber to that in a reference fiber. In an
interferometer, the light is split into two beams, where one
beam is exposed to the sensing environment and
undergoes a phase shift and the other is isolated from the
sensing environment and is used for as a reference. Once
the beams are recombined, they interfere with each other
[5].
4 Keynote Address
Fidanboylu, K., and Efendioğlu, H. S.
Another commonly used interferometer based sensor is acoustics and vibration. Two types of fiber optic gyros
the Fabry-Perot interferometric sensor (FFPI) and is have been developed: Open loop fiber optic gyro and
classified into two categories: Extrinsic Fabry-Perot closed loop fiber optic gyro.
interferometer (EFPI) sensor and intrinsic Fabry-Perot
interferometer (IFPI) sensor. In an EFPI sensor, the Fabry- The open loop fiber optic gyro is shown in Figure 14. A
Perot cavity is outside the fiber. Fiber guides the incident broadband light source is used to inject light into an input
light into to the FFPI sensor and then collects and the or output fiber coupler. The input light beam passes
reflected light signal from the sensor. In an IFPI sensor, through a polarizer which is used to make certain the
the mirrors are constructed within the fiber. The cavity mutuality of the counter propagating light beams through
between two mirrors acts both as sensing element and the fiber coil. The second central coupler shares the two
waveguide. In this case, the light never leaves the fiber light beams into the fiber optic coil where they pass
[19]. Figure 12 shows a typical EFPI sensor [19] based on through a modulator. It is used to produce a time altering
capillary tube. output signal indicative of rotation. The modulator is offset
from the center of the coil for emphasizing a proportional
phase difference between the counter propagating light
beams. After light beams propagate from modulator, they
rejoin and pass through the polarizer. Finally, light beams
are guided onto the output detector [8].
Figure 13. Thin film based IFPI sensor. 4.4 Polarization Modulated Fiber Optic Sensors
Sagnac interferometric sensors are based on fiber The direction of the electric field portion of the light field is
gyroscopes that can be used to sense angular velocity. defined as the polarization state of the light field. Different
Fiber gyroscopes are based on the principle that types of polarization states of the light field are linear,
application of force changes the wavelength of light as it elliptical, and circular polarization states. For the linear
travels around a coil of optical fiber. It may also be polarization state, the direction of the electric field always
occupied to measure time varying influences such as keeps in the same line during the light propagation. For the
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Fidanboylu, K., and Efendioğlu, H. S.
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