Astm C559 PDF

An American National Standard
Designation: C 559 90 (Reapproved 2005)
Standard Test Method for

Bulk Density by Physical Measurements of Manufactured
Carbon and Graphite Articles1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 559; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope cylinder. The minimum mass of the specimen shall be 2000

1.1 This test method covers the determination of the bulk times the sensitivity of the balance used to weigh the specimen,
density of manufactured articles of carbon and graphite of at and the volume of the specimen shall not be less than 500 mm3.
least 500 mm3 volume. The bulk density is calculated to an The minimum dimension of the specimen shall be the larger of:
accuracy of 0.25 %, using measurements of mass and dimen- 5.1.1 Ten times the length of the largest visible particle, and
sions in air at 25 6 5C. 5.1.2 2000 times the resolution of the device used for
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the measuring the dimension.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 5.2 During the machining operation, use no lubricant having
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- a boiling point above 100C. All corners, edges, and faces of
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- the specimen should be free of chips or gouges. Ensure that the
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. specimen is free of any residue from the machining operation.
Dry the specimen for a minimum of 2 h at 110C, and then
2. Referenced Documents allow it to cool to 25 6 5C in a desiccator. The specimen shall
2.1 ASTM Standards: 2 not be removed from the desiccator until immediately prior to
IEEE/ASTM SI-10 Standard for Use of the International weighing.
System of Units (SI) (the Modern Metric System)
6. Procedure
3. Terminology 6.1 Weigh the specimen to an accuracy of 0.05 % using a
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: balance or scale. During the weighing operation, handle the
3.1.1 bulk density the mass of a unit volume of material specimen with soft-tipped tongs.
including both permeable and impermeable voids. 6.2 Measure each dimension of the test specimen to an
accuracy of 0.05 %.
4. Significance and Use 6.2.1 If the specimen is a rectangular parallelepiped, make
4.1 Bulk density as determined by this test method is a basic four measurements of the length (longest dimension). Take
material property of importance in manufacturing and applica- each measurement along the center of each of the four long
tion of carbon and graphite. faces of the specimen. Measure the width and thickness at each
4.2 This test method can be used for quality and process end and at two intermediate points along the length of the
control, material characterization and description, and other specimen. Determine the mean of each dimension.
purposes. 6.2.2 If the specimen is a right circular cylinder, measure the
length at four points, 90 apart on the periphery of the circular
5. Preparation of Test Specimens end faces. Make two sets of diameter measurements. Each set
5.1 Machine test specimens from the manufactured article shall consist of four measurements, one at each end and two at
in the form of a rectangular parallelepiped or a right circular intermediate points along an axial line. These sets shall lie at
90 to each other. Determine the mean length and the mean of
each of the two sets of diameter measurements.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on 7. Calculation
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.F0 on Manufactured Carbon and Graphite Products. 7.1 Convert the mass to milligrams and the dimensions to
Current edition approved June 1, 2005. Published August 2005. Originally millimetres, or convert the mass to megagrams and the
approved in 1968. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as C 55990(2000).
2
dimensions to metres. Conversion factors are available in
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
IEEE/ASTM SI-10.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on 7.2 The volume of the specimen may be calculated as
the ASTM website. follows:
Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
C 559 90 (2005)
For a rectangular parallelepiped: 9.1.3 The machined specimens have plane surfaces flat to
V 5 l wt (1) within 0.05 % of the dimension perpendicular to the plane. If
the specimen is a rectangular parallelepiped, nonparallel oppo-
where: site sides will cause a systematic error if a standard micrometer
V = volume, mm3(or m3), having flat anvil faces is used. (If a round anvil micrometer is
l = mean length, mm (or m), used, disregard the following.) The systematic error will be
w = mean width, mm (or m), and greater than the accuracy of the measurement if the measure-
t = mean thickness, mm (or m). ments of a given dimension are uniformly increasing or
For a right circular cylinder: decreasing along the specimen, and if tan u > (0.001) (mean
V 5 ~pd1d2l!/4 (2) dimension being measured)/(micrometer anvil diameter),
where u is the angle by which the sides deviate from parallel-
where: ism (u = 0 for parallel sides). If tan u is greater than the
d 1, d2 = mean diameters, mm (or m).
specified tolerance, the specimen should be discarded.
7.3 The bulk density of the specimen may be calculated as
follows: 9.2 If specimens having volumes close to the minimum (500
mm3) are used, extra care should be taken to ensure that the
D 5 M/V (3) specified accuracies are achieved.
where: 9.3 Surface roughness may cause systematic errors in di-
D = bulk density, mg/mm3(or Mg/m3), mension measurements since micrometer calipers generally
M = mass, mg (or Mg), and read surface peaks. In order to ensure that the accuracy
V = volume, mm3(or m3). standards for dimension measurements are met, the maximum
peak-to-valley distance shall be less than 0.05 % of the
8. Report dimension being measured.
8.1 Report the following: 9.4 The buoyant effect of the air will cause a systematic
8.1.1 Type, source, grade, and form of the sample, and error. For typical carbon and graphite, the densities will be low
8.1.2 Densities of the individual specimens and the mean. by approximately 0.05 %. This systematic error has been taken
into account in the overall bias (0.25 %) of the test method.
9. Precision and Bias
9.5 Errors can be introduced by deformation of specimens
9.1 No numerical statement can be made on the intralabo- from application of force during dimensional measurement.
ratory or interlaboratory precision of this test method, since Care must be taken not to exert force on a specimen during
such tests have not been run. The resultant density will be measurement, particularly when measuring a low modulus
accurate to within the claimed 0.25 % if the following condi- material.
tions are met in their entirety:
9.6 Contamination of specimens during handling can cause
9.1.1 All measuring devices (calipers, scales, and balances)
the apparent mass to deviate from the true mass. The cautions
have accuracy, at the time of use, equal to the resolution of the
in Sections 5 and 6 concerning specimen handling and clean-
device. Such accuracy can be verified by measurement of
liness must be observed.
standards before and after any series of density determinations,
plus a program of regular calibration of standards.
9.1.2 The machined specimens have right angles accurate to 10. Keywords
61. 10.1 bulk; carbon density; graphite; gravimetric; physical
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of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.
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if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards
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This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,
United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above
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An American National Standard

Designation: C 559 90 (Reapproved 2005)

Standard Test Method for

1. Scope cylinder. The minimum mass of the specimen shall be 2000

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