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Bode Plots

The document discusses frequency response analysis and Bode plots. Bode plots provide a way to analyze dynamic systems in the frequency domain by plotting the magnitude and phase of a system's frequency response on logarithmic and linear scales. There are two types of frequency response plots: Bode plots, which show magnitude vs. frequency and phase vs. frequency, and Nyquist plots, which show the frequency response in polar coordinates. Bode plots make it possible to display both low and high frequency behavior on the same graph and allow approximating a system's frequency response using asymptotic approximations.

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Batuhan Mutlugil 'Duman'
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100 views3 pages

Bode Plots

The document discusses frequency response analysis and Bode plots. Bode plots provide a way to analyze dynamic systems in the frequency domain by plotting the magnitude and phase of a system's frequency response on logarithmic and linear scales. There are two types of frequency response plots: Bode plots, which show magnitude vs. frequency and phase vs. frequency, and Nyquist plots, which show the frequency response in polar coordinates. Bode plots make it possible to display both low and high frequency behavior on the same graph and allow approximating a system's frequency response using asymptotic approximations.

Uploaded by

Batuhan Mutlugil 'Duman'
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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7/18/2013

The frequency-response method of analysis and design is a powerful technique for the Typical bode plot for transfer function
comprehensive study of a system by conventional methods. Performance requirements
can be readily expressed in terms of the frequency response.

Since noise, which is always present in any system, can result in poor overall performance, the
frequency-response characteristics of a system permit evaluation of the effect of noise.

For a given control system, the frequency response of the controlled variable is

frequency response is a function of the polezero pattern in the s-plane.


Frequency-Response Curves
The frequency domain plots belong to two categories.
(1) plot of the magnitude of the outputinput ratio vs. frequency in rectangular
coordinates. (Bode plot)
(2) outputinput ratio may be plotted in polar coordinates with frequency as a parameter
(Nyquist plot)

Log magnitude The logarithm of the magnitude of a transfer function G( j) expressed in


The complex function G( j)H( j) may be represented by two separate graphs, one decibels is
giving the magnitude versus frequency and the other the phase angle (in degrees) versus
frequency.

Bode plot permits a simple method for obtaining an approximate log-magnitude curve
of the transfer function. It is based on straight-line asymptotic approximations, which is This quantity is called the log magnitude, abbreviated Lm.
adequate for the rough sketch of the frequency response characteristics needed in the
design stage. And when exact curves are needed, corrections can be easily incorporated
to these basic asymptotic plots.
The use of logarithmic scale makes it possible to display both the low- and high- Decibels (dB). The unit commonly used for the logarithm of the magnitude.
frequency

it is convenient to use Bode diagram for plotting the frequency-response data Octave and decade
obtained experimentally for a system for the estimation of transfer function. An octave is a frequency band from f1 to f2, where f2/f1 = 2.

There is an increase of 1 decade from f1 to f2 when f2/f1 = 10.

The phase angle,

The typical transfer function

In any transfer function, the numerator and denominator in following forms,


Frequency response has two parts, magnitude and phase angle
Magnitude

Once the logarithmic plots of these basic factors are known, it will be convenient to add
A very attractive advantage of using logarithmic plot for the frequency response of their contributions graphically to get the composite plot of the multiplying factors of G( j)H(
transfer function is that multiplication of magnitudes contributed by individual factors j),since the product of terms become additions of their logarithms.
can be converted into addition It will be discovered soon that in the logarithmic scale, the actual amplitude and phase

1
7/18/2013

The amplitude plot may be approximated by two straight lines, (i) one with a slope of
20 db/decade and passing through frequency = 1/T, known as corner frequency,
(ii) the other is coincident with 0 db line.
The actual plot approaches asymptotically to these straight lines and has a maximum error
of 3 db occurring at the corner frequency. It is to be noted that the positive sign in the
above and subsequent relations are considered for positive power of the factor whereas the
negative sign are to be taken for negative power of the factor.

Bode plot for F(s) = (1 + Ts)


Also when w=1/T, (at corner frequency), the phase angle is 450

Bode plot of F(s) = 1/(1 + Ts) F(s) = (1+Ts) F(s) = 1/ (1+Ts)

2
7/18/2013

Semi log graph paper


Magnitude plot
Phase plot

Take transfer function as, G (s ) 50, 000(s 10) 1000


Find Bode plot for G(s) =
(s 1)(s 500) s (1 0.1s)(1 0.001s)

Convert the transfer function into time constant form, s = jw


First draw the bode magnitude and phase plot for individual parts separately.

50, 000 x10( jw /10 1) 100( jw /10 1)


G ( jw) Bode plot for G1(s) = 1000
500( jw 1)( jw / 500 1) ( jw 1)( jw / 500 1)
1
Bode plot for G2(s) =
Identify the individual components in the transfer function
s
1
Draw the bode plot for each components separately Bode plot for G3(s) =
(1 0.1s )
Add them all to get the final form of bode plot
1
Bode plot for G4(s) =
(1 0.001s)

16(1 0.5s)
Find Bode plot, when G(s).H(s) =
s 2 (1 0.125s)(1 0.1s)

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