I A091 726

~
UNCLASSIFIED
MASSACHUSETTS INST OF TECH
impORTANCE OF PHASE IN SIGNALS,
SEP 80 A V OPPENHEIM,
CAMBRIDGE RESEARCH LAB OF--ETC

J S LIM
CU)
F/6 9/3

N00014-75-C 0951
N
 UNCLASSIFIED
SECURITY CLASSIVICATIO14 OF THI1S PAGr i~. hopa Anivred)

4. TITLE (and Subtlee pus)

IMPORTANCE OF PHASE IN SIGNALS

G. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER

7. AUTNOR(a) 41.-CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMOER(s)

A.V. Oppenheim and J.S. Lim N00014-75-C-0951

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT. PROJECT. TASK
AREA 6 WORK UNIT NUMBERS
Resarc
LaoraoryofElectronics v
Massachusetts Institute of Technology NR 049-328
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
11I. CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS 12. REPORT DATE
Advanced Research Projects Agency September 1980
1400 Wilson Boulevard 13. NUMBER OF PAGES
Arlington, VA 22217 8
14. MONITORING AGENCY NAME & AOORESS(II di fferent from Controlinjt Office) lb. SECURITY CLAS S. (of this report)
Off ice of Naval Research Ucasfe
Information Systems Program Ucasfe
Code 437 -ISa. OECL ASSI FICATION/ DOWN GRADING
Arlington, VA 22217 SCHEDULE
I6. DISTRISUTION4 STATEMENT (of this Report) '.

Approved for public release; distribution unlimited

17. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of the abstract entered In Block 20, if different from Report)

Ill. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

Presented at 1980 L'Aquila workshop on Digital Signal Processing,

sponsored by IEEE ASSP Society, L'Aquila, Italy, September 1980
19. KEY WORDS (Continue on reverse side if necessary and Identify by block number)

S30J A13STRACT (Continue on reverse side It necessary and Identify by block number)
SExperimental results supporting the importance of phase

L Attempts-at .explaining the importance of phase

-IAlgorithms for reconstructing'a signal from its phase'
Potential applications. 8 1 0 3
SDD I JA 7 1413 EDITION OF I NOV GS IS OCSOLETZ UNCLASSIFIED
SECURITY CLASsIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (40-honPata V0nt*r4
 IMPORTANCE OF PHASE IN SIGNALS.
'I ______

by

Alan V. Opeh MJae S./Limn

Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

Research Laboratory of Electronics

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139

Presented at 1980 L'Aquila workshop on

Digital Signal Processing, sponsored by IEEE ASSP society,

L'Aquila, Italy, -

Sep 8/J'

* ---.- --.---- - S10

2~FTTS
j,-S '
 ABSTRACT

* Experimental results supporting the importance of phase

* Attempts at explaining the importance of phase

* Algorithms for reconstructing a signal from its phase

* Potential applications

This work was supported by the Advaiced Research Projects Agency

monitored by ONR under Contract N00014-75-C-0951, NR 049-328.

& ____
___ _____ _____
 2

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

* Fourier synthesis of images

original phase: zero

magnitude: exact

phase: exact phase: exact

magnitude: unity magnitude: average
 -3-

original (A) original (B)

phase: A phase: B
magnitude: B magnitude: A
 -4-

*Fourier synthesis of speech

X54

I I II I I I I I I I I I- - -

original
(spectrogram of a sentence "Line up at the screen door")

5-
Z4-

3-I

0 .5IL5
TIK (9as)

phase: exact
magnitude: unity
 -5-

* Fourier synthesis of crystallographic structure

O -- 1 .. ,- I
0 0-, 0 1,2,

phase: exact
original
magnitude: tapered constant

11 1
/ () /
- ,I 0
* - QCJ Q.. (J

phase : exact phase: exact

magnitude, random permutation magnitude: a different

of exact magnitude structure
 -6

ATTEMPTS AT EXPLAINING IMPORTANCE OF PHASE

* For equal RMS error, phase requires two more bits than

magnitude (Tescher)

* Distortion rate theory--For equivalent distortion, phase

requires 1.37 bits more than magnitude (Pearlman and Gray)

* 78% of kinoform (phase-only hologram) represents original

image. 22% higher order terms (Kermisch)

* Relation of correlation of two structures to the correlation

of their magnitude-only and phase-only reconstructions:

closer for phase-only than magnitude-only (Srinivasan and

Chandvasekaran)

* Event preservation due to zero-phase filtering or edge

enhancement due to high-pass filtering (Oppenheim, et.al.)

x(n) uniquely specified by N-1 phase samples if

(a) x(n) finite duration of length < N and

(b) X(z) has no conjugate reciprocal zeros.

extendable to 2-D sequences (Hayes, Lim, Oppenheim)
 -7-

ALGORITHMS FOR SIGNAL RECONSTRUCTION FROM PHASE

* Combining exact phase with unity magnitude

qI

original phase: exact

magnitude: unity

* Combining exact phase with average magnitude

original phase: exact

magnitude: average
 -8-

FI

* Combining exact phase with magnitude estimated from

degraded magnitude (assumes degraded magnitude is available)

JS

original

degraded by blurring phase: exact

with zero-phase blurring function magnitude: estimated

of short duration

I
 -9-

Exact reconstruction from phase (assumes the sequence

satisfies conditions for unique specification)

A. closed form solution

definition of phase + a set of N-1 linear equations
for a sequence of length N

original reconstructed

K
S-,~4j
 - 10-

B. Iterative solution

In each iteration, impose known time and frequency

domain constraints (sequence is finite in duration

and is constrained by known phase samples)

original result after 10 iterations

I'm

result after 50 iterations result after 400 iterations

 POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS

.1 * Blind deconvolution

original

zero phase blurring restored

 - 12

* Fourier transform signal coding

Code only phase and reconstruct the signal from only

its phase.

* Improvement of computer generated holograms

* Signal registration

* Signal restoration

Importance of phase emphasizes importance of accurate

estimation of phase in signal restoration

1,". .. .... . :
_ _ _
 -13 -

References

(I] A. V. Oppenheim, and J. S. Lim, "Importance of Phase

in Signals", accepted for publication in Proceedings

of IEEE, May, 1980.

[2] A. G. Tescher, "The Role of Phase in Adaptive Image

Coding", USCIPI report No. 510, Image Processing

Institute, University of Southern California, December, 1973.

[31 W. A. Pearlman, and R. M. Gray, "Source Coding of the

Discrete Fourier Transform", IEEE Transactions on

Information Theory, Vol. IT-24, pp. 683-692, November, 1978.

[4] D. Kermisch, "Image Reconstruction from Phase Information

Only", Journal of Optical Society of America, Vol. 60,

pp. 15-17, January, 1970.

[51 R. Srinivasan, and R. Chandrasekaran, "Correlation

Functions Connected with Structure Factors and their
Application to Observed and Calculated Structure Factors",

Indian Journal of Pure Applications of Physics, Vol. 4,

pp.1178-186, May, 1966.

(6] A. V. Oppenheim, J. S. Lim, G. E. Kopec, S. C. Pohlig,

"Phase in Speech and Pictures", Proceedings of IEEE

International Conference on Acoustics Speech, and Signal

Processing, pp. 632-637, April, 1979.

[7] M. H. Hayes, J. S. Lim, and A. V. Oppenheim, "Signal

Reconstruction from Phase or Magnitude", IEEE Transactions

on Acoustic Speech, and Signal Processing, accepted for

publication, April, 1980.

,- ......
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