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    Lecture05 Cai

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    William Sin Chau Wai
    This document provides an example of solving a system of two linear equations in two variables using three different methods: substitution, elimination, and graphical method. It then defines what a general linear system is and describes the three possible types of solutions a linear system can have: unique solution, no solution, or infinitely many solutions. An example involving supply and demand equations is presented to illustrate how to set up and solve a real-world problem as a linear system.

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    Lecture05 Cai

    Uploaded by

    William Sin Chau Wai
    41 views17 pages
    This document provides an example of solving a system of two linear equations in two variables using three different methods: substitution, elimination, and graphical method. It then defines what a general linear system is and describes the three possible types of solutions a linear system can have: unique solution, no solution, or infinitely many solutions. An example involving supply and demand equations is presented to illustrate how to set up and solve a real-world problem as a linear system.

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    This document provides an example of solving a system of two linear equations in two variables using three different methods: substitution, elimination, and graphical method. It then defines what a general linear system is and describes the three possible types of solutions a linear system can have: unique solution, no solution, or infinitely many solutions. An example involving supply and demand equations is presented to illustrate how to set up and solve a real-world problem as a linear system.

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    41 views17 pages

    Lecture05 Cai

    Uploaded by

    William Sin Chau Wai
    This document provides an example of solving a system of two linear equations in two variables using three different methods: substitution, elimination, and graphical method. It then defines what a general linear system is and describes the three possible types of solutions a linear system can have: unique solution, no solution, or infinitely many solutions. An example involving supply and demand equations is presented to illustrate how to set up and solve a real-world problem as a linear system.

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    Systems of Linear Equations in Two Variables

    Types of Linear Systems

    MATH 1003 Calculus and Linear Algebra


    (Lecture 5)

    MATH 1003 Calculus and Linear Algebra (Lecture 5)


    Systems of Linear Equations in Two Variables
    Types of Linear Systems

    Systems of Linear Equations in Two Variables


    The following is an example of systems of linear equations in two
    variables.
    Example
    Given the following system of linear equations:
    (
    x 2y = 2
    x +y =5

    Find its solution.


    Remark
    I A collection of equations is called a system.
    I There are two unknowns (or variables) x and y in the system.
    I To find a solution to the system, we need to find the values of
    x and y that satsify the two equations in the system.
    MATH 1003 Calculus and Linear Algebra (Lecture 5)
    Systems of Linear Equations in Two Variables
    Types of Linear Systems

    Method of Substitution

    For the system

    x 2y = 2 (1)
    x +y = 5 (2)

    Rewrite (1) as x = 2 + 2y (3) and substitute it into (2):

    (2 + 2y ) + y = 5

    Solving, we get y = 1.

    Substitute the value of y into (3), we have x = 2 + 2 1 = 4.

    Hence the solution is x = 4, y = 1.

    MATH 1003 Calculus and Linear Algebra (Lecture 5)


    Systems of Linear Equations in Two Variables
    Types of Linear Systems

    Method of Elimination
    Multiply both sides of (2) by 2, we have

    2x + 2y = 10 (4)

    Add (1) and (4) together, we have

    (x 2y ) + (2x + 2y ) = 2 + 10

    3x = 12
    Solving, we have x = 4.

    Substitute the value of x into (1), we have 4 2y = 2. Solving, we


    have y = 1.

    Hence the solution is x = 4, y = 1.


    MATH 1003 Calculus and Linear Algebra (Lecture 5)
    Systems of Linear Equations in Two Variables
    Types of Linear Systems

    Graphical Method

    MATH 1003 Calculus and Linear Algebra (Lecture 5)


    Systems of Linear Equations in Two Variables
    Types of Linear Systems

    General Linear Systems

    Definition
    Given the linear system
    (
    ax + by =h
    cx + dy =k

    where a, b, c, d, h and k are constants. A pair of number (x0 , y0 ) is


    a solution of this system if each equation is satisfied by this pair.
    Question: Can a linear system always be solved? Can a linear
    system have more than one solution? (Hint: Imagine how many
    ways can two straight lines intersect each other.)

    MATH 1003 Calculus and Linear Algebra (Lecture 5)


    Systems of Linear Equations in Two Variables
    Types of Linear Systems

    Examples

    Example
    Solve each of the following systems
    (
    x +y =4
    (a)
    2x y = 2
    (
    2x y =4
    (b)
    6x 3y = 18
    (
    6x 3y = 9
    (c)
    2x y =3

    MATH 1003 Calculus and Linear Algebra (Lecture 5)


    Systems of Linear Equations in Two Variables
    Types of Linear Systems

    Solution of (a)

    (
    x +y =4
    2x y =2

    Add two equations together, we have

    (x + y ) + (2x y ) = 4 + 2

    3x = 6
    Therefore, x = 2 and by substituting it into the first equation, we
    get y = 2.

    There is only one solution: x = 2, y = 2.

    MATH 1003 Calculus and Linear Algebra (Lecture 5)


    Systems of Linear Equations in Two Variables
    Types of Linear Systems

    Solution of (b)

    (
    2x y =4
    6x 3y = 18

    Multiply the first equation by -3 and add to the second equation,


    we have
    (6x + 3y ) + (6x 3y ) = 12 18
    0 = 30
    A contradiction is obtained. Therefore, there does not exist (x, y )
    that satisfies the system.

    There is no solution.

    MATH 1003 Calculus and Linear Algebra (Lecture 5)


    Systems of Linear Equations in Two Variables
    Types of Linear Systems

    Solution of (c)

    (
    6x 3y =9
    2x y =3

    Multiply the second equation by -3 and add to the first equation,


    we have
    (6x 3y ) + (6x + 3y ) = 9 9
    0=0
    Notice that this happens because two equations are essentially the
    same. Therefore, (x, y ) is a solution to the system if it satifies any
    one equation.

    There are infinitely many solutions.

    MATH 1003 Calculus and Linear Algebra (Lecture 5)


    Systems of Linear Equations in Two Variables
    Types of Linear Systems

    Types of Linear Systems

    Theorem
    The linear system (
    ax + by =h
    (3)
    cx + dy =k
    must have
    (a) Exactly one solution. In this case, we call the system (3)
    independent consistent.
    (b) No solution. In this case, we call the system (3) inconsistent.
    (c) Infinitely many solutions. In this case, we call the system (3)
    dependent consistent.

    MATH 1003 Calculus and Linear Algebra (Lecture 5)


    Systems of Linear Equations in Two Variables
    Types of Linear Systems

    Types of Linear Systems

    MATH 1003 Calculus and Linear Algebra (Lecture 5)


    Systems of Linear Equations in Two Variables
    Types of Linear Systems

    Supply and Demand

    Example
    At $0.6 per bottle, the daily supply for milk is 450 bottles, and the
    daily demand is 570 bottles. When the prices is raised to $0.75 per
    bottle, the daily supply increases to 600 bottles, and the daily
    demand decreases to 495 bottles. Assume that the supply and the
    demand equation are linear. Find the equilibrium.

    Remark
    I The equilibrium is the price and quantity that satify both the
    demand and supply equations.
    I The example is not quite realistic because the demand and
    supply equations are seldom linear.

    MATH 1003 Calculus and Linear Algebra (Lecture 5)


    Systems of Linear Equations in Two Variables
    Types of Linear Systems

    Supply and Demand

    MATH 1003 Calculus and Linear Algebra (Lecture 5)


    Systems of Linear Equations in Two Variables
    Types of Linear Systems

    Supply and Demand

    p Price of bottle Supple Demand


    0.6 450 570
    0.75 600 495
    Solution Part 1
    Let $p be the price and q be number of bottles of milk.
    Given the information about the demand of milk, we can construct
    the demand equation as follows:
    q 570 p 0.6
    =
    495 570 0.75 0.6
    p + 0.002q = 1.74

    MATH 1003 Calculus and Linear Algebra (Lecture 5)


    Systems of Linear Equations in Two Variables
    Types of Linear Systems

    Supply and Demand

    p Price of bottle Supple Demand


    0.6 450 570
    0.75 600 495
    Solution Part 1
    Similarly, we can construct the supply equation as follows:
    q 450 p 0.6
    =
    600 450 0.75 0.6
    p 0.001q = 0.15

    MATH 1003 Calculus and Linear Algebra (Lecture 5)


    Systems of Linear Equations in Two Variables
    Types of Linear Systems

    Supply and Demand

    Solution Part 2
    The linear system for this problem is

    p + 0.002q = 1.74
    p 0.001q = 0.15

    Solving, we have p = 0.68, q = 530, which is the required


    equilibrium.

    MATH 1003 Calculus and Linear Algebra (Lecture 5)

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