REVIEW NOTES Long Quiz - L1

What is a society?

/ssd/ so-ci-ety

Came from the word latin word societas which means companion.

It is an organized group of people who live together and are connected with one another. They share a
common culture.

It could be an organized economy, village, city etc.

The study of Society and its mechanisms is called SOCIOLOGY

SOCIOLOGY

is defined as the scientific study of human society and human interaction. Sociologists are interested in many
different aspects of society such as:

culture, socialization, criminology, social inequality, social groups, organizations, social change, and social
institutions (and the list could go on and on).

In order for you to understand more about human society, you should first become acquainted with the
discipline of sociology.

CHARACTERISTICS

In simple terms, society implies the bunch of people who organize themselves and lives together in a particular
geographical area and come in contact with each other.

The members of the society share common attributes like values, traditions and customs.

They also share similar cultures and religion.

Kinds of Societies

Pre Industrial

In a pre-industrial society, food production, which is carried out through the use of human and
animal labor, is the main economic activity. These societies can be subdivided according to their level of
technology and their method of producing food.

I. Hunting and Gathering Societies

The main form of food production in such societies is the daily collection of wild plants and the hunting
of wild animals. Hunter-gatherers move around constantly in search of food.

As a result, they do not build permanent villages or create a wide variety of artifacts, and usually only
form small groups such as bands and tribes.

II. Pastoral
 Rather than searching for food on a daily basis, members of a pastoral society rely on domesticated herd
animals to meet their food needs. Pastoralists live a nomadic life, moving their herds from one pasture
to another.

Because their food supply is far more reliable, pastoral societies can support larger populations.

III. Horticultural

Fruits and vegetables grown in garden plots that have been cleared from the jungle or forest provide the main
source of food in a horticultural society.

These societies have a level of technology and complexity similar to pastoral societies. Some horticultural groups
use the slash-and-burn method to raise crops. The wild vegetation is cut and burned, and ashes are used as
fertilizers, the Kaingin system.

IV. Agrarian

Agrarian societies use agricultural technological advances to cultivate crops over a large area.

Sociologists use the phrase agricultural revolution to refer to the technological changes that occurred as long as
8,500 years ago that led to cultivating crops and raising farm animals.

V. Feudal

Feudalism was a form of society based on ownership of land. Unlike today's farmers, vassals under feudalism
were bound to cultivating their lord's land. In exchange for military protection, the lords exploited the peasants
into providing food, crops, crafts, homage, and other services to the landowner.

VI. Industrial

Industrial societies rely heavily on machines powered by fuels for the production of goods. This produced
further dramatic increases in efficiency. The increased efficiency of production of the industrial revolution
produced an even greater surplus than before.

VII. Post Industrial Society

Post-industrial societies are societies dominated by information, services, and high technology more than the
production of goods.

Advanced industrial societies are now seeing a shift toward an increase in service sectors over manufacturing
and production. The United States is the first country to have over half of its work force employed in service
industries. Service industries include government, research, education, health, sales, law, and banking.

What is culture?

/klCHr/ Cul-ture

Came from the latin word Culturare which means to tend or to cultivate, referring to manners or
practices.

refers to the set of beliefs, practices, learned behavior and moral values that are passed on, from one generation
to another.

It is something that differentiates us humans from animals.

 It is described as the peoples way to live such as their learned behavior, values, morals, art, law, symbols,
lifestyle which they accept completely without any second thought in mind.

In general, culture is handed down through the generations, by communication, teaching and imitation.

CHARACTERISTICS of CULTURE- LSSD

L earned

S hared

S ymbolic

D ynamic

Learned

While much of what we learn about a culture can be learned through school, family, peers, and the media, there
are often many things about a culture that are learned subconsciously.

It is not biological; we do not inherit it. Much of learning culture is unconscious. We learn culture from families,
peers, institutions, and media. The process of learning culture is known as enculturation.

Shared

The very concept of culture makes it a social construct. To learn a language, behavior, or tradition often involves
interacting with other people.

Because we share culture with other members of our group, we are able to act in socially appropriate ways as
well as predict how others will act. Despite the shared nature of culture, that doesnt mean that culture is
homogenous (the same).

Can different cultures be passed on?

Yes. Through the process called DIFFUSION.

DIFFUSION is defined as the passing of a cultural trait of one group or individual to the other.

If it takes place within a group, then it is called PRIMARY DIFFUSION.

If it takes place between groups, then it is called INTERGROUP DIFFUSION.

Symbolic

A physical manifestation that signifies the ideology of a particular culture or that merely has meaning within a
culture.

They only have meaning when people in a culture agree on their use. Language, money and art are all symbols.
Language is the most important symbolic component of culture.

Dynamic

This simply means that cultures interact and change. Because most cultures are in contact with other cultures,
they exchange ideas and symbols.

All cultures change, otherwise, they would have problems adapting to changing environments. And because
cultures are integrated, if one component in the system changes, it is likely that the entire system must adjust.

Culture as a system of Norms

 Culture provides us with guidelines for actions; how we do our daily tasks, how we live our lives, and our
interaction with others.

In short, it tells us how things should be done.

Culture and Adaptation

Biological adaptation in humans is important but humans have increasingly come to rely upon cultural
adaptation. However, not all adaptation is good, and not all cultural practices are adaptive.

Maladaptation

Some features of a culture may be maladaptive, such as fast food, pollution, nuclear waste and climate change.

However, because culture is adaptive and dynamic, once we recognize problems, culture can adapt again, in a
more positive way, to find solutions.

DIFFERENCES

Cultural Evolution

Cultural evolution is the idea that human cultural changethat is, changes in socially transmitted beliefs,
knowledge, customs, skills, attitudes, languages, and so on, can evolve.

There are three ways in which culture can evolve variation, competition (or selection), and inheritance.

Variation

Culture evolves based on dynamic social influences no single culture is alike.

An example is in the Philippines: We are a predominantly a Catholic Country, but in each region, we have
different ways of praying and celebrating our faith.

Selection

Culture and mechanics are chosen by a society as their own, out of all other cultures that exist.

An example is the Celebration of Thanksgiving. USA Celebrates it at November, while Canada celebrates it at
October. Notice that the culture of Thanksgiving has the same sense to both countries, but each has chosen to
celebrate it at different dates.

Inheritance

Culture is passed down from generation to generation, and in a way, teaching the next ones to pass it on.

An example could be family traditions during the holiday season.

Why do people need culture?

It is also about species survival. What makes us different from other animals is that rather than living on
instincts, we must rely on culture for survival.

Birds instinctively know to fly south for the winter, and bears know that they need to hibernate to survive harsh
climates.

Humans, however, cannot survive harsh climates unless we learn from one another how to change our
environment to suit our needs.

If you were to be dropped off in the desert with no knowledge of how to survive, would you be able to?
 The Bushmen of the Kalahari Desert

Survived the climate of the desert for many years. Their culture is an important tool for survival.

They have extensive knowledge of their environment and can locate water sources and identify animal tracks in
the sand.

Cultural Preservation

It is always a challenge for the next generation, to preserve the culture.

Values, systems, traditions, and customs, can erode over time, due to globalization and colonialism.

HOW DO WE PRESERVE CULTURE?

Uphold values and systems in place;

Promote traditions and customs;

Revive dead traditions and customs; and

Constantly learn new cultures and help promote them as well.

Cultural Erosion

A culture can erode if the society either develops a new branch of it, is completely forgotten if it is left unused
over time, or if influence changes it as a part of globalization.

Note that, traditions are not the only things that can be erased as a part of the culture. Values are not spared
from erosion.

L2: ORIGINS OF SOCIETY

In the Filipino Context: Evolution

Objectives

Discuss the societal structure of each time period of Philippine History.

Explain each structure with regard to the hierarchy and placement of authority

Elaborate the social situation during the different time periods.

Timeline: Societies

Pre-colonial

Societies tend to move from place to place, or establish tribes, to either:

Establish a community of people

Strengthen the groups against external dangers

Occupy a certain territory to establish power

TWO KINDS OF SOCIETIES: TRIBAL AND NOMADIC

TRIBAL:

Merchants/Traders Aliping Saguguilid

Tribe
Datu/Chieftain
Aliping
Council of Elders Common Folk
Namamahay
Umalokohan/Tribal
Officials

NOMADIC:

Organizes the tribes movements and gets advice from the scout if the
Leader place is safe enough to stay in.

Hunts food for the tribe

Hunter Provides skins of animals (from the hunt) for clothing

Gathers herbs and plants necessary for the tribes survival

Gatherer Gathers other materials for shelter, weapons, etc.

Notifies the tribe of any potential risk in their temporary residence

Scout Finds another temporary place to stay in.

CULTURAL INFLUENCES:
 Colonial

It is a period when foreign nations colonized the Philippines. This brought about various changes and influences
in the country in terms of religion, arts, and culture.

THREE COLONIAL PERIODS

1.) Spanish Colonial

What did the Spaniards want?

The 3 Gs

1. GOLD Because of the high value of spices located near our shores;

2. GLORY they wanted to expand Spains territory; and

3. GOD they wanted to spread Catholicism.

It all begun when a Portuguese explorer landed on Homonhon island and at the mouth of Leyte Gulf on
March 16, 1521.
The explorers name is Ferdinand Magellan, sailing with the Spanish flag commissioned by King Charles V
of Spain.

He then discovered Sugbo (Cebu Island) and created an alliance with Datu Zula, and then converted into Roman
Catholic religion.

Magellan, with 60 men and Datu Zula with 1000 men attacked Mactan Island, home to a rival of Datu Zula.

The ruler of the Island is called Kaliph Pulaka (Muslim Name) or Lapu-Lapu in known culture with 1500 men,and
so,the battle of Mactan happened, killing Ferdinand Magellan.

Later, the Miguel Lopez de Legazpi expedition of 1565 that originated and was organized from Mexico
city marked the beginning of the Hispanisation of the Philippines.
It was in Cebu, the Philippine Church and Christianity began.

This expedition was an effort to occupy the islands with as little bloodshed and conflict as possible, ordered by
Phillip II.

Lieutenant Legazpi was in charge of making peace with the natives and through swift military conquest. To do
so, he set up colonies.

THE BARANGAY SYSTEM

When the first Spaniards arrived in the Philippines in the 16th century, they found well-organized independent
villages called barangays.

From the word BALANGHAI OR BALANGAY, which means sailboat.

The are comprised with 50 100 families, but later on expanded by the time the Spaniards came.

SOCIAL CLASSES

This colonial stage introduced 3 classes:

1. The Datus and Rajas

2. The Maharlikas
 3. Timawas

4. Alipins

CULTURAL INFLUENCES

The End of Spanish Rule

Due to the influence of Jose Protacio y Rizal, and the secret movement of the Katipunan, the Spaniards were
driven out of the Philippines.

After 300 years, the Philippines was freed from Spanish rule.

First Philippine Republic

The first Philippine Republic was inaugurated in Malolos, Bulacan on January 21, 1899. After being proclaimed
president, Emilio Aguinaldo took his oath of office, and endured until the capture of President Emilio Aguinaldo
by the American forces on March 23, 1901.

2.) American Colonial

American Colonization Japanese Colonial Society

Started when?

During the Battle of Manila Bay

When Spain surrendered the Philippines to the US upon signing of the Treaty Of Paris on December 10, 1898.

The Treaty of Paris

Was an agreement made in 1898 that involved Spain relinquishing nearly all of the remaining Spanish Empire, especially
Cuba, and giving Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines to the United States.
CULTURAL INFLUENCE

Commonwealth of the Philippines

Manuel L. Quezon was the president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines.

Ama ng Wikang Pilipino, instituted Filipino as the Language of the masses.

Japanese Occupation

WWII Broke out. The Allied Nations were being invaded by the Nazi Allied forces. The Philippines was not
spared.

Comfort Women

Were women and girls forced into sexual slavery by the Imperial Japanese Army in occupied territories before and
during World War II.

Third Republic Martial Law

1990s and beyond

THE THIRD PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC

I. The Roxas Administration (From May 28, 1946 to April 15, 1948)
II. Quirino Administration (April 17, 1948 December 30, 1953)
III. The Magsaysay Administration (December 30, 1953 March 17, 1957)
IV. The Garcia Administration (March 18, 1957 December 30, 1961)
V. Macapagal Administration (December 30, 1961- December 30, 1965)

VI. The Marcos Administration (December 30, 1965 February 25, 1986)

Ferdinand Marcos is the last President of the Third Republic.

The promotion of Philippine heritage, culture, and arts was achieved through the establishment of the Cultural
Center of the Philippines (CCP) in 1969, and other infrastructure developments.
However, due to the large scale infrastructure developments, debts (utang) have flooded the country. Debts =
Inflation = Poverty = Corruption

Martial Law Era

Martial Law begun because Marcos suspected that there are groups trying take him down. He declared it on
September 23, 1972.
 In Marcos' diary, he wrote that the whole crisis has been utilized by communism to create a revolutionary
situation. He lamented that the powerful Lopez family, which controlled Manila Times and Manila Chronicle,
blamed him for the riots thus raising the ire of demonstrators.

New Society (Bagong Lipunan)

introduced by Marcos
meant to improve the image of the country
idea: to bring about social change

PROGRAMS DURING THE MARTIAL LAW ERA

Establishment of Theme Parks

Cultural institutions & infrastructures
Popularization of indigenous culture
Using a lot of government funds to strengthen the military

Abuses during the Martial Law

cronyism (Marcos administration)

The Crushing business rivals in order to favor the other.
suspension of the Writ of Habeas Corpus
No trial; you are immediately thrown in Jail
Desaparecidos
People who disappeared during Martial Law.
severe torture

Aftermath

The Marcos Regime was overthrown by People Power on February 25, 1986.
Corazon Aquino replaced him as president.
Marcos fled the country and went to Hawaii, where he finally died.
1990s to the Present
Fidel V. Ramos won over Miriam Defensor Santiago (Dagdag Bawas)
Erap Estrada Succeeded Ramos
Estrada was imepeached and ousted (through People Power II) due to the Jueteng Scandal, replaced by Gloria
Macapagal - Arroyo.
Arroyo was replaced by Aquino; after which she amassed controversy over the NBN-ZTE deal and the Hello
Garci scandal.
Aquino was then replaced with Rodrigo R. Duterte.