Submitted To: Sir Adnan Syed Osama Hassan ( PE-029) Due Date: March 27th, 2017

Q1.
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLUTION DRIVE
RESERVOIRS:
SOLUTION DRIVE RESERVOIR
Those reservoirs in which at initial conditions there is no free gas, but as the pressure declines below the
bubble point pressure, the free gas starts forming are classified as the Solution Drive Reservoirs. They are
also termed as Dissolved Gas Drive Reservoir.

In such type of reservoirs the energy is provided by the gas that has liberated out of the oil.As the pressure
declines below the bubble point pressure the bubbles of gas liberates out of the pores(microscopic pores)
which displaces the crude oil out of pore space as shown in figure.
Submitted To: Sir Adnan Syed Osama Hassan ( PE-029) Due Date: March 27th, 2017

IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS
The solution gas drive can be identified by the following characteristics:

1. Reservoir Pressure
In solution gas drive it is observed that the pressure declines rapidly. Such behavior is attributed to the
fact that gas cap is not available for replacing oil or gas withdrawls.

2. Water Production
During the whole life of such reservoirs there will be no water drive along with oil production. Although
little amount of water still produces along with oil production.

3. Gas-Oil Ratio
Regardless of the structural position all solution gas drive reservoirs are characterized by an always
increasing gas-oil ratio. Before the pressure deplete below bubo remains constant but as it declines below
bubble point pressure gas-oil ratio increases steadily.

4. Ultimate Oil Recovery

For oil recovery this drive mechanism is least effective method of oil recovery .Large quantity of liquid
drops out in the reservoir, therefore such reservoirs are best fit for applying the secondary recovery
methods.
Submitted To: Sir Adnan Syed Osama Hassan ( PE-029) Due Date: March 27th, 2017

STAGES OF PRODUCTION
Usually the pure solution gas drive reservoirs are produced in four stages in a synchronized order:

1. When it is under-saturated (Single Phase).

2. When it becomes saturated but free gas does not flow.

3. When free gas flow and GOR increases.

4.When free gas flow and GOR decreases.

STAGE 1
Producing Gas-Oil ratio and Initial Gas-Oil ratio are equal.
Gas & oil recoveries are low and equal.
Pressure drops quickly.
Free gas is not present.
Reservoir pressure is greater than bubble point pressure.

STAGE 2
Producing Gas-Oil ratio is slightly less than the Initial Gas-Oil ratio
Gas recovery increases while recovery decreases with time.
Pressure drops moderately.
Free gas is present but saturation is not enough for gas to flow.
Reservoir pressure is below bubble point pressure.

STAGE 3
Producing Gas-Oil ratio increases rapidly
Gas recovery exceeds the oil recovery
Free gas flows
Reservoir pressure is much lower than bubble point pressure as compared to

STAGE 4
Producing Gas-Oil ratio decreases.
Primary recovery loses its energy at the start of this stage.
Reservoir pressure is almost reached close to the abandonment pressure value
Submitted To: Sir Adnan Syed Osama Hassan ( PE-029) Due Date: March 27th, 2017

SOURCES:
https://www.slideshare.net/umarumar8/reservoir-dive-mechanisms-original

http://petrowiki.org/Solution_gas_drive_reservoirs

https://www.slideshare.net/Atils/4-1-reservoirdrivemechanisms

http://wiki.aapg.org/Drive_mechanisms_and_recoveryndb

BOOK: Reservoir Engineering Handbook by Tarek Ahmed (Forth Edition)

Submitted To: Sir Adnan Syed Osama Hassan ( PE-029) Due Date: March 27th, 2017

Q2
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DIFFUSIVITY
CONSTANT (COEFFICIENT)
The diffusivity equation in radial form is given by

The term ct/k is equal to 1/, and is called the Diffusivity constant.

In porous media, the propagation of the fluid pressure is proportional to the diffusivity coefficient.

The constant is used in the equation for readjustment time.

The movement of pressure is a diffusion process and is modeled by Diffusion Equation. The diffusivity
constant defines the classification of flow system present in a reservoir.

Flow regimes in reservoir rock can be:

1. Steady-state
2. Transient
Submitted To: Sir Adnan Syed Osama Hassan ( PE-029) Due Date: March 27th, 2017

3. Late transient
4. Pseudo-steady state

During the life of a reservoir the flow regime can change several times, which means that it is
important to get information as much about the flow system as possible in order to apply the
correct model to formulate the relationship between the pressure and the flow rate.
In steady state flow regime the pressure and fluid saturations at every point in the reservoir
respond instantaneouslyto the change in the flow rate in any part of the reservoir.
The remaining three classifications can be described by the movement of pressure that occurs
when a change in the flow rate of a well located in the center of a reservoir, which causes a
pressure disturbance in the reservoir. Following assumptions are to be made:
The reservoir has a constant thickness and properties of rock are same.
Radius of the circular reservoir is re.
Flow rate is constant after the pressure disturbance has occurred.

Due to change of flow rate at the bottom of well, the pressure begins to move away from the well.
Pressure movement can be understood by the diffusion phenomenon which is modelled by the
diffusivity equation.
The pressure waves in the reservoir move at a rate proportional to the diffusivity constant or
formation diffusivity ,

= ct/k
Where
K is the effective permeability of the flowing fluid,
is the total effective porosity,
Ct is total compressibility of the fluid.
is the viscosity of the fluid.

When the pressure wave is travelling in the reservoir, the effect of the reservoir boundary has not
been reached and the outer boundary of the reservoir has no influence on the pressure movement.
In the transient period the pressure travels at a rate proportional to the formation diffusivity.

Now, the late transient region is the period after the pressure wave propagation has reached the
outer boundary of the reservoir and it is before that the pressure behavior has time to stabilize
itself in the reservoir.
Submitted To: Sir Adnan Syed Osama Hassan ( PE-029) Due Date: March 27th, 2017

In late transient period is the region when the pressure is not travelling at a rate proportional to
the formation diffusivity.

Now, the pseudo steady-state is the period or duration when the pressure behavior has now
stabilized in the reservoir.
In this state the pressure decline rate is a constant thing and the pressure at every point in the
reservoir is changing at a constant rate which is a linear function of time.
To estimate the time when a reservoir reaches pseudo steady state can be made from the equation
below:
tpss = 1200re^2/k =1200Ctre^2/k
Where, tpss is the time required to reach the pseudo steady-state in hours.

Q3:
DARCYS LAW FOR FLUIDS
1. Darcys Law for Incompressible Fluids.
1.1 Linear Flow:
The compressibility of the gas is given by,

For incompressible fluids,

Darcys law is given by,

Integrating both sides,

Submitted To: Sir Adnan Syed Osama Hassan ( PE-029) Due Date: March 27th, 2017

Expressing the relation in field units

Submitted To: Sir Adnan Syed Osama Hassan ( PE-029) Due Date: March 27th, 2017

1.2 Radial flow:

The Darcys law for radial flow is given by,

But the flow rate at surface condition is given

by. q=BoQo

where Bo is the oil formation volume factor in

bbl/STB. Therefore, the above equation becomes,

Integrating both sides,

Submitted To: Sir Adnan Syed Osama Hassan ( PE-029) Due Date: March 27th, 2017

2. Darcys Law for Compressible Fluids

2.1 Linear Flow:
The compressibility for slightly compressible fluids is given as;

As x is very small that higher order terms may be neglected,

Putting the value of ex in above equation,

The above equation can be expressed in terms of flow rate as,

Submitted To: Sir Adnan Syed Osama Hassan ( PE-029) Due Date: March 27th, 2017

Selecting upstream pressure P1 as Reference pressure Pref

Selecting downstream pressure P2 as Reference pressure Pref

2.2 Radial flow:

The Darcys law for radial flow of slightly compressible fluids is given as:

Integrating both sides we get,

Submitted To: Sir Adnan Syed Osama Hassan ( PE-029) Due Date: March 27th, 2017

But the flow rate at surface condition is given by.

q=BoQo
where Bo is the oil formation volume factor in bbl/STB.
Therefore, the above equation becomes,
Submitted To: Sir Adnan Syed Osama Hassan ( PE-029) Due Date: March 27th, 2017