Dr.

Satish Shukla 1 of 37

Engg. Math. I (Unit-II)

Integral Calculus (Riemann Integral)

The idea. Suppose, f be a continuous function defined on [a, b] and we want to calculate
the area bounded by this function with the X-axis from point x = a to point x = b. This
area is shown by the shaded part in the Figure 1. Riemann suggested that this area can be
calculated by dividing this area into small rectangles of infinitely small width.
Area bounded by y = f (x) with X-axis
Y

X
O a b
Fig. 1. Function f on [a, b]

To understand this, we need the following definitions:

Definition 1. Consider a closed interval I = [a, b]. By a partition of I we mean a finite set
P = {x0 , x1 , . . . , xn } of points from I such that a = x0 , xn = b and x0 < x1 < . . . < xn .
The interval I1 = [x0 , x1 ], I2 = [x1 , x2 ], . . . , In = [xn1 , xn ] are called the subintervals of
the interval I = [a, b]. By 1 , 2 , . . . , n we denote the length of subintervals I1 , I2 , . . . , In
respectively, i.e., i = xi1 xi for i = 1, 2, . . . , n. It is obvious that, in a partition of
subintervals of equal length, as we increase the number of points in the partition P (i.e., the
value of n), the length of each subinterval decreases.
Suppose, we divide the interval I = [a, b] into three subintervals (i.e., n = 3) and we take
the partition P = {a = x0 , x1 , x2 , x3 = b} as shown in the following figure.

O x0 = a x1 x2 x3 = b

Fig. 2. Division of interval into three subintervals

Dr. Satish Shukla 2 of 37

Define mi = inf f (x) and Mi = sup f (x), where i = 1, 2, 3. Then, in Figure 3:

xIi xIi

A1 = area of first rectangle bounded between x0 and x1 = M1 (x1 x0 ) = M1 1 ;

A2 = area of first rectangle bounded between x1 and x2 = M2 (x2 x1 ) = M2 2 ;
A3 = area of first rectangle bounded between x2 and x3 = M3 (x3 x2 ) = M3 3 .

Y Y
A3 = M3 (x3 x2 ) A03 = m3 (x3 x2 )

M3 m3

f f

X X
O x0 = a x1 x2 x3 = b O x0 = a x1 x2 x3 = b
x3 x2 x3 x2

Fig. 3. Upper Sum Fig. 4. Lower Sum

Then, the sum of all these areas is called the Upper Sum of f over the partition P and it is
denoted by U (P, f ), i.e.,

3
X
U (P, f ) = M1 1 + M2 2 + M3 3 = M i i .
i=1

Similarly. in Figure 4 we define the Lower Sum, denoted by L(P, f ) and

3
X
L(P, f ) = m1 1 + m2 2 + m3 3 = m i i .
i=1

It is clear that, the value of U (P, f ) is some larger than the exact area bounded by the
cure f (x) with the X-axis from a to b; and the value of L(P, f ) is some smaller than the
exact area bounded by the cure f (x) with the X-axis from a to b. Thus, there is an excess
of area in U (P, f ) and a lack of area in L(P, f ). It is obvious that, as we increase the
number of points in the partition P , the rectangles becomes more narrower and the length
of subintervals decreases. As the rectangles becomes more narrower, the upper sum U (P, f )
starts to decreases and so the excess of area in U (P, f ) decreases. Similarly, as the rectangles
becomes more narrower, the lower sum L(P, f ) starts to increase and the lack of area in
L(P, f ) decreases as well.
Dr. Satish Shukla 3 of 37

Y Y

f f

X X
O a b O a b

Y Y

f f

X X
O a b O a b
Upper Sum decreases Lower Sum increases

Figure 5

Finally, as the number of points (we denote it by n) in the partition P tends to infinite,
then the upper sum U (P, f ) reaches to a definite value called the Upper Riemann Integral
Rb
and denoted by a f (x) dx. Similarly, as the number of points in the partition P tends to
infinite, then the lower sum L(P, f ) reaches to a definite value called the Lower Riemann
Rb
Integral and denoted by a f (x) dx.
2 Thus:
Z b n
X Z b n
X
f (x) dx = lim Mi i and f (x) dx = lim mi i .
a n a n
i=1 i=1
Rb Rb
If a f (x) dx = a f (x) dx,
then the function f is called Riemann integrable over [a, b] and
Z b
the common value of Upper and Lower Riemann Integrals is denoted by f (x)dx and it is
a
Dr. Satish Shukla 4 of 37

equal to the area bounded by the curve with the X-axis from x = a to x = b.

Theorem 1 (First Fundamental Theorem of Integral Calculus). Let f be an inte-

grable function over [a, x] for each x [a, b]. Then the function F defined by:
Z x
F (x) = f (t)dt, x (a, b)
a

is differentiable and F 0 (x) = f (x) for all x (a, b).

Proof. By the definition of F we have
" R x+h Rx #
F (x + h) F (x) f (t)dt
a a f (t)dt
lim = lim
h0 h h0 h
" R x+h #
f (t)dt
= lim x . (1)
h0 h

Y 6
D

F C
6

f (x)

O A ? B -X
x x+h
Figure 6.
R x+h
It is obvious that, the quantity x f (t)dt is the area ABCDF A and as h 0 this area
tends to the value f (x) h, and so, it follows from (1) that
F (x + h) F (x)
lim = f (x), i.e., F 0 (x) = f (x)
h0 h
which proves the result.

Definition 2 (Antiderivative or Primitive of a function). A function F is called a

primitive or antiderivative of a function f on an open interval (a, b) if F 0 (x) = f (x) for all
x (a, b).
For example, the function sin x is a primitive of the function cos x in every interval. Notice
that, the function sin x as well as the function sin x + c, where c is any arbitrary constant, is
also a primitive of cos x. Therefore, primitive of a function are not unique.
Definition 3 (Second Fundamental Theorem of Integral Calculus). If F is an anti-
derivative (primitive) of a continuous function f on (a, b), then,
Z x
f (t)dt = F (x) F (a) for all x [a, b].
a
Dr. Satish Shukla 5 of 37

Rx
Proof. Let P (x) = a f (t)dt, then by first fundamental theorem we have P 0 (x) = f (x), i.e.,
P (x) is also a primitive of f . Since difference between any two primitives can only a constant,
we have F (x) R aP (x) = k (constant). Putting x = a we get F (a) P (a) = k, i.e., k = F (a)
(since P (a) = a f (t)dt = 0). Therefore, we have:
Z x
F (x) = k + P (x) = F (a) + f (t)dt
a

which proves the result.

Length of Curves (Rectification)

The finding of the length of a line is quite simple task in geometry. But, in case of an irregular
curve given by an equation y = f (x) it is not such an easy task. For this purpose, we use
the concept of calculus. Suppose, we have to find the length of arc of the curve given by
y = f (x), from point A to the point B, i.e., the arcAB.

Y 6 B
q Q(x+x,y+y)

s y

y=f (x)
q
A P (x,y) x R
-X
O x=a x=b

Figure 7.

Suppose P (x, y) be any point on arcAB, and Q(x + x, y + y) be any point on this arc in
the vicinity of point P . Suppose arcP Q = s. Now consider the triangle P RQ. Then it is
obvious that:
(P Q)2 = (P R)2 + (RQ)2 , i.e., (P Q)2 = x2 + y 2 .
As the point Q tends to the point P , i.e., x, y 0, then P Q s. Therefore, s2 =
x2 + y 2 . Since x, y 0, the small quantities s, x, y now reduce into the infinitely
small quantities ds, dx, dy respectively. Thus, we obtain ds2 = dx2 + dy 2 , or,
s  2
dy
ds = 1 + dx.
dx
Now, the whole length of the arc AB can be obtained by integrating ds from x = a to x = b,
i.e., s
Z b Z b  2
dy
Arc(AB) = ds = 1+ dx. (2)
x=a a dx
Different forms of the formula for rectification. The formula (2) is useful when the integral
can be performed easily with respect to x. The following forms can be used as per the
convenience and requirement.
Dr. Satish Shukla 6 of 37

s 2
d 
dx
Z
Rd
(A) Cartesian form: Arc(AB) = y=c ds = 1+ dy.
c dy
s 2 2
t2 
dx dy
Z
R t2
(B) Parametric form: Arc(AB) = t=t1 ds = + dt.
t1 dt dt
s 2
2 
dr
Z
R 2
(C) Polar form: Arc(AB) = =1 ds = r2 + d, or;
1 d
Zr2
s 2
Rr2

d
Arc(AB) = ds = 1+ r dr.
r=r1 dr
r1

Y 6

r Q(r+r,+)

P0
r
P (r,)
-X
O

P OX = , QOX = + , OP 0 OP = r, OQ = r + r, P P 0 r, s
p
r2 + (r)2 .

Figure 8.

Example 1. Find the length of the arc of the parabola x2 = 4ay measured from the vertex to
one extremity of the latus-rectum.

x2 dy x
Sol: Since x2 = 4ay we have y = and = .
4a dx 2a
Y
6

S
L L0 (2a, a)

 -
X
O
Parabola

The required length of the arc is the ArcOL0 . Now

s  2 r
dy  x 2
1+ = 1+
dx 2a
1p
= (2a)2 + x2 .
2a
Dr. Satish Shukla 7 of 37

Therefore,
s 2
2a  2a
dy 1
Z Z
0
p
ArcOL = 1+ dx = (2a)2 + x2
x=0 dx 2a x=0

1 xp (2a)2  p 2a
= 2 2
(2a) + x + 2
ln x + (2a) + x 2
2a 2 2 0
1 h 2 2
 i 1  2 
= a 8a + 2a ln 2a + 8a2 2a ln (2a)
2ah i 2a
 
= a 2 + ln 2a + 8a2 ln (2a)
h  i
= a 2 + ln 1 + 2 .


Thus, the required length, ArcOL0 = a

2 + ln 1 + 2 . 
Example 2. Find the length of arc of the semi-cubical parabola ay 2 = x3 from the vertex to
the ordinate x = 5a.

Sol:
Y 6 
B(5a,5 3a)

x = 5a

-
O A(5a,0) X

Semi-cubical parabola
3
x 2 dy 3 x
Here, y = , therefore, = . The required length of the arc is the ArcOB. Now
a dx 2 a
s  2 s  2
dy 3 x
1+ = 1+
dx 2 a
1
= 4a + 9x.
2 a
Therefore,
s 2
5a 5a

dy 1
Z Z
ArcOB = 1+ dx = 4a + 9x
x=0 dx 2 a x=0
1 2 h i 5a
= (4a + 9x)3/2
2 a 39 0
1 h 3 3/2 i
= 7 a 23 a3/2
27 a
335
= a.
27
Dr. Satish Shukla 8 of 37

335
Thus, the required length, ArcOB = a. 
27
Example 3. Find the whole length of:
(a) Cardioid: r = a(1 + cos );

(b) Cycloid: x = a( sin ), y = a(1 cos );

(c) Astroid: x = a cos3 t, y = a sin3 t (or, x2/3 + y 2/3 = a2/3 );

(d) Circle: x = a cos , y = a sin (or, x2 + y 2 = a2 );

dr
Sol: (a) Here, r = a(1 + cos ), so = a sin (polar form). Therefore,
d
s  2
dr
q
r2 + = a2 (1 + cos )2 + (a sin )2 = 2a cos (/2) .
d

Now, the whole length of the Cardioid

s  2
Z 0 Z 0
dr
L = 2 r2 + d = 2 2a cos (/2) d
d
= 4a [2 sin(/2)]0
= 8a.

= =0
- X
X0 -X
 
O A(2a,0) O A(2a,0)

(a) Cardioid (b) Cycloid

Y Y
B(0,a)
6 B(0,a)
6

A0 (a,0) A(a,0) A0 (a,0) A(a,0)

 - X  - X
X0 X0

B 0 (0,a) B 0 (0,a)
Y ? 0 Y ? 0

(c) Astroid (b) Circle

(b) Here, x = a( sin ), y = a(1 cos ) (parametric form), so

dx dy
= a(1 cos ), = a sin .
d d
Dr. Satish Shukla 9 of 37

Therefore,
s 2  2
dx dy
q
+ = [a(1 cos )]2 + (a sin )2 = 2a sin(/2).
d d

Now, the whole length of the Cycloid is the ArcOA. Note that, at point O, = 0 and at
point A, = 2. Therefore,
s
Z 2  2  2 Z 2
dx dy
OA = + d = 2a sin(/2)d
0 d d 0
= 2a [a cos(/2)]2
0
= 8a.

(c) Here, x = a cos3 t, y = a sin3 t (parametric form), so,

dx dy
= 3a cos2 t sin t, = 3a sin2 t cos t.
dt dt
Therefore,
s 2  2
dx dy
q
2
+ = [3a cos2 t sin t]2 + 3a sin2 t cos t = 3a sin t cos t.
dt dt

Now, the whole length of the Astroid is the L =ArcABA0 B 0 A. Note that, at point A, t = 0
and at point B, = /2. Therefore,
s
Z /2  2  2 Z /2
dx dy
L = 4 + dt = 4 3a sin t cos tdt
0 dt dt 0
Z /2
/2
= 6a sin(2t)dt = 3a [ cos(2t)]0
0
= 6a.

(d) Try yourself. 

Home Work (Assignment)
(Q.1) Find the length of the arc of the parabola y 2 = 4a(a x) cut off by the y-axis.

B(0,2a)
6

 -X
A(a,0)
Ans: ArcBA=: a[ 2 + ln(1 + 2)]

(Q.2) By finding the length of of the curve show that the curve x = a(sin ), y = a(1cos )
is divided in the ratio 1 : 3 at = 2
3 .


(Q.3) Find the length of the curve y = ln(sec x) from x = 0 to x = /3. Ans: ln 2 + 3 .

(Q.4) Find the length of the arc of the parabola y 2 = 4ax cut off by the line 3y = 8x. Ans:
a (15/16 + ln 2).
Dr. Satish Shukla 10 of 37

(Q.5) Find the whole length of the loop of the curve 3ay 2 = x(x a)2 Ans: 4a/ 3.
6

x(xa) dy
Hint: y = , so, = 1 3xa

3a dx 2 3a x
-X
O A
(x=a)
r 2
 q
dx (3x+a)2
and so, 1+ = = 1 (3 x + a ).
dy 12ax 2 3a x
?

(Q.6) Find the length of the curve y 2 = (2x 1)3 cut off by the line x = 4.

Y
B(4, 73/2 )

x=4
Ans. 37.85
A(1/2, 0) X
O

Volume of Solid Generated by the Revolution of Curves

The idea. Suppose, an arc of the curve y = f (x) from x = a to x = b is revolved about X-
axis. Then a solid shape is thus generated and we have to find the volume of this solid. For
this, we cut vertically this solid into a large number (say n) of thin discs each of thickness
x. Consider such a disc P P 0 QQ0 shown in the figure below. Then, the volume of the solid
can be obtained by adding the volume of all such discs.

Y
y = f (x) Q
Q

dx y
X
x=a
O x=b

P
P

Now we obtained the volume of disc P P 0 QQ0 . Let the coordinate of point Q is (x, y), then
the volume of the disc P P 0 QQ0 will be v = y 2 x. As n the small quantities x and
v reduce into the infinitely small quantities dx and dv respectively. Therefore, the volume
of disc P P 0 QQ0 is dv = y 2 dx. Thus, the volume of the solid generated is:
Z b Z b
V = dv = y 2 dx.
x=a a

Remark 1. (A) If the arc of curve (from y = c to y = d) is revolved about the Y -axis, then
the volume of generated solid is given by:
Dr. Satish Shukla 11 of 37

y=d

d d
y = f (x) x
V = dv = x2 dy. Q
y=c c P
Q P
dy

y=c

O X

(B) If the arc of curve (from point A to B) is revolved about the line L, then the volume of
generated solid is given by:

Y
y = f (x)

R2

B B R1
V = dv = (R1 R2 )2 (I1 I2 ). I1
A A
I2

X
O
2
2
Z
(C) In polar form the volume of revolution about the initial line is: V = r3 sin d.
3 =1
Example 4. Find the volume generated by revolving the area in the first quadrant bounded by
the parabola y 2 = 8x and its latus rectum about the X-axis.
Sol. L(2, 4)
Y 8x
2 =
y
Here y 2 = 8x and the required volume is generated
by the revolution of ArcOL about X-axix. Therefore,
x changes from x = 0 to x = 4. Thus, the required X
volume: O dx
x=2 2
V = y 2 dx = 8xdx = 16.
x=0 0

L
Dr. Satish Shukla 12 of 37

x2 y 2
Example 5. Find the volume generated by revolving the ellipse + = 1, about the X-axis.
a2 b2

Sol.
2
Here y 2 = ab 2 (a2 x2 ). The volume generated by Y
revolving the ellipse about X-axis will be equal to
by the revolution of ArcA BA about the X-axix. B(0,b)

Therefore, x changes from x = a to x = a.

Thus, the required volume: A (a,0) A(a,0)

x=a b2 a O X
V = y 2 dx = 2 (a2 x2 )dx. dx
x=a a a

b2 a 2 4 2 B (0,b)
= 2 2 (a x2 )dx = ab .
a 0 3

Example 6. The curve y 2 (a + x) = x2 (3a x) revolves about the axis of x. Find the volume
generated by the loop.

x2 (3ax)
Sol. Here y 2 = a+x
. The volume generated by Y
revolving the loop AOA about X-axis will be equal to the
A
volume by the revolution of ArcOAA about the X-axix.
x changes from x = 0 to x = 3a. A(3a, 0)
Thus, the required volume: O
x=3a X
x2 (3a x)
V = y 2 dx = dx
x=0 [ a+x ]
3a
4a3
= x + 4ax 4a +
2 2
dx = a3 [8 ln 2 3] .
0 x+a

Example 7. Find the volume of the solid generated by the revolution of the curve: x =
 x 2/3  y 2/3
a cos3 t, y = b sin3 t, or + = 1, about the X-axis.
a b
Dr. Satish Shukla 13 of 37

Sol. Here x = a cos3 t, y = b sin3 t. The volume gener-

Y
ated by revolving the ellipse about X-axis will be equal
B(0, b)
to the twise of the volume generated by the revolution
of ArcBA about the X-axis. Therefore, x changes from
x = 0 to x = a. Thus, the required volume:
Z 0 Z 0
dx
V = 2 y 2 dx = 2 (b sin3 t)2 d(a cos3 t) X
t=/2 /2
O A(a, 0)
Z /2 (4)( 32 ) A (a, 0)
2 7 2
= 6ab sin t cos tdt = 6ab2
0 2( 11
2 )
1
2 2 3!
= 6ab 9 7
2 2 2 32 12
5
2
B (0, b)
ab2
= 32 .
105
Example 8. Find the volume of the solid generated by the revolution of the cardioid: r =
a(1 + cos ) about the initial line from = 0 to = .
Sol. Here r = a(1 + cos ). Given that the value of
changes from 0 to . Thus, the required volume:

2
Z
V = r3 sin d
3 =0
= =0
2
Z
= a3 (1 + cos )3 sin d.
3 =0 O X

Put 1 + cos = t we obtain:

2a3 2 3 8a3
Z
V = t dt = .
3 0 3

Home Work (Assignment)

Q.1 Find the volume of the spindle-shaped solid generated by revolving the astroid

32a3
x2/3 + y 2/3 = a2/3 about x-axis. (Ans. )
105

Q.2 Find the volume of sphere of radius a.

(Hint: revolve the circle x2 + y 2 = a2 about the X-axis.)

Q.3 Find the volume of the solid generated by the revolution of parabola y 2 = 4ax about
the X-axis from x = 0 to x = h. (Ans: 2ah2 )

Q.4 Prove that the volume of a right circular cone of height h and base of radius r is 31 r2 h.
(Hint: It is generated by the revolution of the line y = hr (r x) about Y -axis).
Dr. Satish Shukla 14 of 37

Surface of Revolution
The idea. Suppose, an arc of the curve y = f (x) from x = a to x = b is revolved about
X-axis. Then a solid shape is thus generated and we have to find the surface area of this
solid. For this, we cut vertically the surface of solid into a large number (say n) of thin
rings each of thickness ds. Consider such a ring P P 0 QQ0 shown in the figure below. Then,
the surface area of the solid can be obtained by adding the surface area of all such rings.
Y
y = f (x)
Q Q

y X
x=a
O x=b

P P
ds

Now we obtained the surface area of the ring P P 0 QQ0 . Let the coordinate of point Q is (x, y),
then the surface area of the ring P P 0 QQ0 will be S = 2ys, where s is the length of the
arc QQ0 . As n the small quantities s and S reduce into the infinitely small quantities
ds and dS respectively. Therefore, the surface area ofpthe ring P P 0 QQ0 is dS = 2yds.
We know that the length of the arc QQ0 = ds = (dx)2 + (dy)2 . Therefore, the surface
area of the small ring:
s
dy 2

p
2
dS = 2yds = 2y (dx) + (dy) = 2y2 1+ dx.
dx
Now the surface area of the whole revolution can be obtained by integrating dS from x = a
to x = b, i.e., the required surface:
s  2
Z b Z b
dy
S= ds = 2y 1 + dx.
x=a a dx
Remark 2. (A) If the curve is revolved about the Y -axis, then the surface of revolution:
s  2
Z d Z d
dx
S= ds = 2x 1 + dy.
y=c c dy

(B) If the curve is revolving about the X-axis or the initial line (polar form), then the surface
of revolution: s
Z 2 Z 2  2
2
dr
S= ds = 2r sin r + d.
=1 1 d
(C) If the curve is revolving about the Y -axis or the line = /2 (polar form), then the
surface of revolution:
s  2
Z 2 Z 2
2
dr
S= ds = 2r cos r + d.
=1 1 d
Dr. Satish Shukla 15 of 37

Example 9. Find the surface area of the solid generated by the revolution of the arc of the
parabola y 2 = 4ax bounded by its latus rectum about the axis of X.

dy 2a
Sol. Here y 2 = 4ax, so, = . Therefore,
dx y
L(a,2a)
s  2 r
dy x+a Y
1+ = . ds
dx x

The value of x varies from O(x = 0) to L(x = a). Thus,

the required area:
X
Z a
s  2 O
dy
S = 2y 1 + dx
x=0 dx
Z a r Z a
x+a
= 2 4ax dx = 4 a x + a dx
x=0 x x=0 L

8a2
= [2 2 1].
3

Example 10. Find the surface area of the solid generated by the revolution of astroid x2/3 +
y 2/3 = a2/3 about the axis of X.

Sol. The parametric equation of astroid is x =

a sin3 t, y = a cos3 t. Therefore,
s 
dx 2
 2
dy
+ = 3a sin t cos t.
dt dt Y B(0, a)
Now, the surface area of the revolution of astroid is equal
to the twice the area of revolution of the Acr(BA) about ds
X-axis. On this arc, the value of t varies from B(t = 0)
to A(t = /2). Thus, the required area: X
O
A(a, 0)
s 
dx 2
Z /2  2
dx
S = 2 2y + dt
t=0 dt dt
Z /2 Z /2
3 2
= 4 (a sin t 3a sin t cos t) dt = 12a sin4 t cos t dt
0 0
( 5 )(1)
= 12a2 2 7
2( 2 )
12a2
= .
5

Example 11. Find the surface area of the solid generated by the revolution of ellipse x2 +4y 2 =
1 about the axis of X.
Dr. Satish Shukla 16 of 37

dy
Sol. The equation of ellipse is x2 + 4y 2 = 1, i.e., =
x
dx
4y . Therefore,
s  2
dy 1p 2 1p
1+ = x + 16y 2 = 64 3x2 .
dx 4y 4y
Y
Now, the surface area of the revolution of ellipse is equal B(0, b)
to the twice the area of revolution of the Acr(BA) about
X-axis. On this arc, the value of x varies from B(x = 0)
to A(x = 4). Thus, the required area: X
s O A(a, 0)
Z 4  2
dy
S = 2 2y 1 + dx
x=0 dt
ds
Z 4 64
Z 4 r
1p
= 4 y 64 3x2 dx = 3 x2 dx
0 4y 0 3
" r !#4
x 64 64 1 3x
= 3 x2 + sin
2 3 23 8
0
 
4
= 8 1 + .
3 3

Example 12. Find the surface area of the solid generated by the revolution of cardioid r =
5(1 + cos ) about the initial line.

Sol. The equation of cardioid is r = 5(1 + cos ), i.e.,

dr
= 5 sin . Therefore,
d
s  2
dr
2
r + = 5 2 + 2 cos = 10 cos(/2).
d

Now, the surface area of the revolution of cardioid is ds

equal to the area of revolution of the Acr(OA) about
X-axis. On this arc, the value of varies from A( = 0)
to O( = ). Thus, the required area:
s  2 = =0
Z
dr X
S = 2y r + 2 d O A(10, 0)
=0 d
Z
= 20 r sin cos(/2) d
Z0
= 40 5(1 + cos ) sin cos(/2) d
0
Z
= 400 sin(/2) cos(/2) d
0
Z /2
= 800 sin t cos t dt
0
= 160.
Dr. Satish Shukla 17 of 37

Example 13. Find the surface area of the solid generated by the revolution of circle r = 2a cos
about the initial line. dr
Sol. The equation of circle is r = 2a cos , i.e., =
d
2a sin . Therefore,
s  2 p
dr
r2 + = 4a2 cos2 + 4a2 sin2 = 2a.
d

Now, the surface area of the revolution of cardioid is = /2

equal to the area of revolution of the Acr(OA) about

X-axis. On this arc, the value of varies from A( = 0)
to O( = /2). Thus, the required area: = =0
s O C(a, 0) X
Z /2  2
dr
S = 2y r2 + d
=0 d
Z /2 Z /2
= 2 r sin 2a d = 4a 2a cos sin d
0 0
 2 /2
sin
= 8a2
2 0
= 4a2 . Home Work (Assignment)
(Q.1) Find the area of the surface generated by the revolution of the cycloid
64a2
x = a(t sin t), y = a(1 cos t) about X-axis. Ans :
3
(Q.2) Find the surface area of a right circular cylinder of radius r and hight h. (Hint:
right circular cylinder is generated by the revolution of line y = r about the X-axis,
from x = 0 to x = h).
(Q.3) Find the surface area of a cone of hight h and radius r. (Hint: cone is generated
r
by the revolution of line x = (h y) about the Y -axis, from y = 0 to y = h).
h
Integral Calculus (Multiple Integrals)

Z Z
S P (xi ,yi ,zi )

zi

Y Y
O O
B A

R
P 0 (xi ,yi ) x
X C D X y

(a) (b)
Dr. Satish Shukla 18 of 37

The Idea (Double Integral)

(I) Double integral as volume. Suppose, z = f (x, y) represents a surface S, as shown in the
figure (a). Suppose, the region R, i.e., the rectangle ABCD be the region of integration. We
divide this region R into a large number of small rectangles (say n) of areas 1 = x1 y1 ,
2 = x2 y2 , . . . , n = xn yn . Let P 0 (xi , yi ) be a point in the ith area i . Let P (xi , yi , zi )
be a point on the surface S, so that, zi = f (xi , yi ) and P 0 (xi , yi ) is its projection of point
P on the region R. Then, the volume of the rectangular solid of hight zi , i.e., f (xi , yi ) and
the base area i = xi yi will be vi = zi xi yi = f (xi , yi )xi yi . Similarly, we calculate the
each volume v1 , v2 , . . . , vn , and calculate the sum of volumes of all such rectangular solids
X Xn
thus obtained, i.e., the sum vi = f (xi , yi )xi yi . It is clear that this sum of volumes
i i=1
is not exactly the volume bounded by the surface S with region R. Now, when n , each
small value (i.e., ) transform into the infinitely small quantity (i.e., d). In this case, the
value of the sum of volumes
ZZ is called the double integral of the function f over the region R,
and it is denoted by f (x, y)dxdy, i.e.,
R
ZZ n
X
f (x, y)dxdy = lim f (xi , yi )xi yi .
n
R i=1
ZZ
It is clear that the quantity f (x, y)dxdy represents the exact volume bounded by the
R
surface S (i.e., z = f (x, y)) with the region R.
(II) Double integral as area. Suppose R be a given region in XY -plane and we have to find
the area of this region. We consider the function z = f (x, y) = 1. Now it is obvious that the
double integral of function z = f (x, y) = 1 over this region will be equal to the volume of the
lamina L shown in the figure (c). Since the hight of lamina is 1, its volume, i.e., the double
integral of function z = f (x, y) = 1 over the region R will be equal to the area of region R
Therefore: ZZ ZZ
Area of region R = f (x, y)dxdy = dxdy.
R R

Y
O
R
1
X
L

(c)

(III) Double integral as mass of lamina. Again, suppose the lamina L has a uniform surface
density (mass per unit area) = (x, y). Then the mass of the infinitely small area dxdy will
be (x, y)dxdy. Therefore, the mass of the whole lamina
ZZ
M= (x, y)dxdy.
R
Dr. Satish Shukla 19 of 37

Similarly, for different meanings of the function f (x, y) the double integral of this function
over a region R can be describe in different ways. Actually, the significance of double integral
is directly related to the meaning of function f (x, y).
Rd Rb
Solving double integral and limits of x and y If the double integral is of the type f (x, y)dxdy,
c a
then we first solve the inner integral, i.e.,

Zd Zb Z d Z b 
f (x, y)dxdy = f (x, y)dx dy.
c a
c a

Note that, when we integrate with respect to variable x, then y must be treated as a constant
and vise versa. In case, when the limit of integration is not constant, then the order of
integration is decided by the variable present in the limit and we perform the first integral
with respect to that variable, which is not present in the limits of inner integral. For example
Rb Rx2
in the double integral f (x, y)dxdy, we first integrate with respect to y (since y is not
a x
present in the limits of inner integral), i.e.,

Zb Zx2 Zb Zx2
f (x, y)dxdy = f (x, y)dy dx.

a x a x

Finding the limits when the region of integration R is given.

Y Q Y Q
f (x) f (x)

R R
dy

dx

g(x) g(x)
P X dx P X
O x=a x=b O x=a x=b
(a) (b)
RR
We understand this with an example. Suppose we have to calculate the integral f (x, y)dxdy,
R
where R is the given region of integration bounded by the lines x = a, x = b and the curves
y = f (x) and y = g(x) as shown in figure. Since we are obtaining the limits from region R,
we can integrate with respect to any variable first. Suppose, we integrate first with respect
to y then x is treated as constant and we move the elementary area dxdy from the bottom
to the top and parallel to y axis (or along to a line parallel to y axis) in such a way that
it always lies inside the region of integration. Thus, a strip P Q is formed which is parallel
to y axis (if you integrate first with respect to x, then a strip parallel to y is formed). The
lower end P decides the lower limit of y, and since the lower end P is situated on the curve
y = g(x), the lower limit of y is y = g(x). Similarly, the upper end P decides the upper limit
of y, and since the upper end P is situated on the curve y = f (x), the upper limit of y is
y = f (x).
Dr. Satish Shukla 20 of 37

Now, we integrate with respect to x therefore y is treated as constant and now the strip
P Q will move from left to right and along a line parallel to x axis in such a way that the
strip always remains inside the region R and its lower end P always lie on the lower limit
curve g(x) and the upper end Q always lie on the upper limit curve f (x). The strip moves
from x = a to x = b to cover the whole region R, and so, the limits of x are from x = a to
x = b. Thus,

ZZ Zb fZ(x)
f (x, y)dxdy = f (x, y)dy dx.

R a g(x)

R2 R1
x2 + y 2 dxdy.


Example 14. Evaluate:
0 0

Sol. Z2 Z1 Z2 Z1

Z2  3 1
2 2

2 2

x 2
x + y dxdy = x + y dx dy = + xy dy
3 0
0 0 0 0 0
Z2  
1 10
= + y 2 dy = .
3 3
0

R1 R x
x2 + y 2 dxdy.


Example 15. Evaluate:
0 x

Sol.

Z1 Z x Z1 Z x Z1  3
x
y
x2 + y 2 dxdy = x2 + y 2 dy dx = x2 y +



dx

3 x

0 x 0 x 0

Z1 " 3/2 3
#
x x 3
= x5/2 + x3 dx = .
3 3 35
0

R1 R 2
1+x dxdy
Example 16. Evaluate: .
0 0 1 + x2 + y 2

Sol.

Z1 Z1+x2 Z1 Z1+x2 Z1  1+x2
dxdy dy 1 y
= dx = tan1 dx

1 + x2 + y 2 2
1+x +y 2 2 1 + x2

1+x 0
0 0 0 0 0

Z1
dx h  p i1
= = ln x + 1 + x2 = ln(1 + 2).
4 1 + x2 4 0 4
0

xydxdy, where R is the positive quadrant of the circle x2 +y 2 = a2 .

RR
Example 17. Evaluate:
R
Dr. Satish Shukla 21 of 37

Sol. The region of integration R is the shaded part Y

OAB in the figure. We integrate first with respect to B(0,a)

a2
y. Then we consider a strip P Q parallel to Y -axis lying Q

=
y2
inside the region OAB. The lower end P of strip P Q

+
x2
dy
is situated on the X-axis, therefore the lower limit of y
is y = 0 (the equation of X-axis). The upper end Q is dx X
situated on the circle
x2 + y 2 = a2 , therefore the upper O P A(a,0)
limit of y is y = a x2 . Now, to complete the region
2

of integration, this strip moves from x = 0 (i.e., the Y -

axis) to the point x = a (i.e., the point A), and so, the
limits of x are from x = 0 to x = a. Therefore:
"Z #
ZZ Z aZ a2 x2 Z a a2 x2
xydxdy = xydxdy = ydy xdx
0 0 0 0
R

a  2  a2 x2 a
y
Z Z
= xdx = x(a2 x2 )dx
0 2 0 0
a4
= .
8

x2 y 2
(x + y)2 dxdy, where R is bounded by
RR
Example 18. Evaluate: + 2 = 1.
R a2 b

Sol. The region of integration R is the area of el-

lipse as shown in the figure. We integrate first with
respect to y. Then we consider a strip P Q parallel Y
to Y -axis lying inside ellipse. The lower end P of
B(0,b)
x2 y 2 Q
strip P Q is situated on the the ellipse 2 + 2 = 1
a b
below the X-axis,
therefore the lower limit of y dy
X
is y = ab a2 x2 . The upper end Q is again dx
A0 (0,a) O P A(a,0)
situated on the same ellipse but this time on the
above of X-axis, therefore the upper limit of y is
y = ab a2 x2 . Now, to complete the region of B 0 (0,b)
integration, this strip moves from x = a (i.e., the
point A0 ) to the point x = a (i.e., the point A),
and so, the limits of x are from x = a to x = a.
Therefore:
b
b

ZZ Z a Z
a
a2 x2 Z a Z
a
a2 x2
2 2
(x + y) dxdy = (x + y) dxdy = (x2 + 2xy + y 2 )dxdy
a ab a2 x2 a ab 2
a x 2
R
a b

a2 x2  b 2 2
3 a a x a
y
Z Z Z
a
= 2 (x2 + y 2 )dxdy = 2 x2 y + dx
a 0 a 3 0
Z a  2p
b3 2

bx 2 2 2 3/2
= 2 a x + 3 (a x ) dx
a a 3a
Z a  2p
b3 2

bx 2 2 2 3/2
= 4 a x + 3 (a x ) dx.
0 a 3a
Dr. Satish Shukla 22 of 37

Putting x = a sin , the above equation reduces into the following form:
Z /2 
b2
ZZ 
2 2 2 2 4
(x + y) dxdy = 4ab a sin cos + cos dx
0 3
R
b2 (5/2) (1/2)
 
2 (3/2) (3/2)
= 4ab a +
2(3) 3 2(3)
ab 2
= (a + b2 ).
4
RR 2
Example 19. Evaluate: r ddr, where R is the are of the circle r = a cos .
R

Sol. The region of integration R is the shaded circle as

shown in the figure. We integrate first with respect to Y P
=/2
r. Then we consider a strip OP along the radius vector
r lying inside the region R. The lower end O of strip d
dr =0
is situated on the pole, therefore the lower limit of r
is r = 0. The upper end P is situated on the circle O A(a,0) X
r = a cos therefor the upper limit of r is r = a cos .

Now, to complete the region of integration, this strip os
=/2 ac
rotates from = /2 to = /2, and so, the limits of r=

are from = /2 to = /2. Therefore:

ZZ Z /2 Z a cos Z /2 Z a cos 
2 2 2
r ddr = r ddr = r dr d
/2 0 /2 0
R
2a3 /2 2a3 (2)(1/2)
Z
= cos3 d =
3 0 3 2(5/2)
4a 3
= .
9
RR
Example 20. Evaluate: r sin ddr, where R is the region bounded by r = a(1+cos ) above
R
the initial line.
Sol. The region of integration R is the shaded cardioid P
as shown in the figure. We integrate first with respect
to r. Then we consider a strip OP along the radius
d
vector r lying inside the region R. The lower end O of dr
strip is situated on the pole, therefore the lower limit = =0
of r is r = 0. The upper end P is situated on the O
X
cardioid r = a(1 + cos ) therefor the upper limit of
r is r = a(1 + cos ). Now, to complete the region of
integration, this strip rotates from = 0 to = , and
so, the limits of are from = 0 to = . Therefore:
ZZ Z Z Z "Z
a(1+cos ) a(1+cos )
#
r sin ddr = r sin ddr = rdr sin d
0 0 0 0
R
a(1+cos )
r2 a2
Z  Z
(1 + cos )2 sin d.
 
= sin d =
0 2 0 2 0
Dr. Satish Shukla 23 of 37

Substitute 1 + cos = t we obtain sin d = dt and now the new limits of t are from t = 2
to t = 0. Therefore
 0
a2 0 2 a2 t3 4a2
ZZ Z
r sin ddr = t dt = = .
2 2 2 3 2 3
R
RR 2 +y 2 )
Example 21. Evaluate 0 0 e(x dxdy by transforming it into polar coordinates.
Sol.
Q y=
Y Y P

= /2
dy x=
d dr
dx

X X
O P O =0

(a) Cartesian coordinates (b) Polar coordinates

Here, in the limits of integration, x and y both varies from 0 to , therefore the region of
integration is the first quadrant as shown in the figure (a). Now, to change the integral into
polar coordinates, we note that the elementary area in polar coordinates is dxdy = rdrd.
Also, since x = r cos , y = r sin , we have x2 + y 2 = r2 . For the new limits of r and we see
the figure (b). We first integrate with respect to r. Then we consider a strip OP along the
radius vector r and its lower end O is situated on pole and the upper end in on , therefore,
the limits of r are from r = 0 to r = . To complete the region of integration (i.e., the first
quadrant) this strip rotates from = 0 to = /2, which are the limits of . Therefore:
Z Z Z /2 Z Z /2 Z 
(x2 +y 2 ) r2 r2
e dxdy = e rdrd = e rdr d
0 0 0 0 0 0
Z /2 " r2 #
e 1 /2
Z
= d = d
0 2 2 0
0

= .
4
R R ey
Example 22. Evaluate by changing the order of integration: dxdy.
0 x y
Q y= y=
Sol. Y Y

dy P0 dy Q0
x
=

dx dx
y

P
=
y

X X
O O

(a) (b)
Dr. Satish Shukla 24 of 37

To change the order, we first find the region of integration. Since in the given integral the
first integration is performed with respect to y, therefore we consider a strip parallel to Y -axis
whose lower end is situated on the line y = x (the lower limit of y) and the upper end on
y = (the upper limit of y). This strip moves from the lower limit of x, i.e., from x = 0
(the Y -axis) to the upper limit of x, i.e., x = in such a way that its lower end P always
lie on the line y = x and the upper end on y = . Therefore, we get the triangular region
which is shown in the figure (a).
Now to change the order, we have to integrate first with respect to x, and so, we consider
a strip P 0 Q0 parallel to X-axis within the region of integration. Its lower end P 0 is situated
on the Y -axis, i.e., the line x = 0 and the upper end is on the line x = y. Therefore, the
new limits of x are from x = 0 to x = y. Now, to complete the region, this strip moves from
point O, i.e., from y = 0 to the line y = . Therefore, the new limits of y are from y = 0 to
y = . Thus,
Z Z y Z Zy y Z Zy Z

e e ey
dxdy = dxdy = dx dy = ey dy = 1.
y y y
0 x 0 0 0 0 0

R1 2x
R
Example 23. Evaluate by changing the order of integration: xydxdy.
0 x2

Sol.
Y Y
B(0, 2) B(0, 2)

Q
x2

x2
00
P 00 dy Q
y=

y=
x

dx
+

+
y

y
=

=
2

dy
A(1, 1) C(0, 1) A(1, 1)
dx

P0 dy Q0
dx
P X X
O O
(a) (b)

To change the order, we first find the region of integration. Since in the given integral the
first integration is performed with respect to y, therefore we consider a strip P Q parallel to
Y -axis whose lower end is situated on the curve y = x2 (the lower limit of y) and the upper
end on the line y = 2 x (the upper limit of y) or x + y = 2. This strip moves from the lower
limit of x, i.e., from x = 0 (the Y -axis) to the upper limit of x, i.e., x = 1 (the point A(1, 1))
in such a way that its lower end P always lie on the curve y = x2 and the upper end on the
line x + y = 2. Therefore, we get the shaded region OABO which is shown in the figure (a).
Now to change the order, we have to integrate first with respect to x. For this we divide
the whole region into two parts, (i) the region OACO (ii) the region CABC.
(i) We consider a strip P 0 Q0 parallel to X-axis within the region OACO. Its lower end P 0
is situated on the Y -axis, i.e., the line x = 0 and the upper end is on the curve y = x2 .

Therefore, the new limits of x in the region OACO are from x = 0 to x = y. Now, to
Dr. Satish Shukla 25 of 37

complete the region OACO, this strip moves from point O, i.e., from y = 0 to the line
CA, i.e., the line y = 1. Therefore, the new limits of y in this region are from y = 0 to
y = 1.

(ii) Again, we consider a strip P 00 Q00 parallel to X-axis within the region CABC. Its lower
end P 00 is situated on the Y -axis, i.e., the line x = 0 and the upper end is on the line
x + y = 2. Therefore, the new limits of x in the region CABC are from x = 0 to
x = 2 y. Now, to complete the region CABC, this strip moves from the line CA, i.e.,
from y = 1 to the point B, i.e., the y = 2. Therefore, the new limits of y in this region
are from y = 1 to y = 2.

Thus,

Z1 Z
2x ZZ ZZ Z1 Z y 2y
Z2 Z
xydxdy = xydxdy + xydxdy = xydxdy + xydxdy
0 x2 OACO CABC 0 0 1 0
Z1 Z2
1 1
= y 2 dy + y(2 y)2 dy
2 2
0 1
3
= .
8

R1 R 2
2x xdxdy
Example 24. Evaluate by changing the order of integration: p .
0 x x2 + y 2
Sol.
Y x2 +y 2 =2 Y x2 +y 2 =2
B(0, 2) B(0, 2)
Q
P 00 Q00

dy A(1,1) C(0,1) A(1,1)

dx
x

x
y=

y=

P P0 Q0

O X O X
(a) (b)

To change the order, we first find the region of integration. Since in the given integral the
first integration is performed with respect to y, therefore we consider a strip P Q parallel to
Y -axis whose lower end is situated on the line y = x (the lower limit of y) and the upper end
on the circle y = 2 x2 (the upper limit of y) or x2 + y 2 = 2. This strip moves from the
lower limit of x, i.e., from x = 0 (the point O) to the upper limit of x, i.e., x = 1 (the point
A(1, 1)) in such a way that its lower end P always lie on the line y = x and the upper end
on the circle x2 + y 2 = 2. Therefore, we get the shaded region OABO which is shown in the
figure (a).
Now to change the order, we have to integrate first with respect to x. For this we divide
the whole region into two parts, (i) the region OACO (ii) the region CABC.
Dr. Satish Shukla 26 of 37

(i) We consider a strip P 0 Q0 parallel to X-axis within the region OACO. Its lower end P 0
is situated on the Y -axis, i.e., the line x = 0 and the upper end is on the line y = x.
Therefore, the new limits of x in the region OACO are from x = 0 to x = y. Now, to
complete the region OACO, this strip moves from point O, i.e., from y = 0 to the line
CA, i.e., the line y = 1. Therefore, the new limits of y in this region are from y = 0 to
y = 1.

(ii) Again, we consider a strip P 00 Q00 parallel to X-axis within the region CABC. Its lower
end P 00 is situated on the Y -axis, i.e., the line x = 0 and the upper end is on the circle
x2 +p y 2 = 2. Therefore, the new limits of x in the region CABC are from x = 0 to
x = 2 y 2 . Now, to complete the region CABC, this strip moves from the line CA,
i.e., from y = 1 to the point B, i.e., the y = 2. Therefore, the new limits of y in this
region are from y = 1 to y = 2. Thus,

Z1 Z2x2
xdxdy xdxdy xdxdy
ZZ ZZ
p = p + p
x2 + y 2 x2 + y 2 x2 + y 2
0 x OACO CABC
2
Z1 Zy Z 2 Z2y
xdxdy xdxdy
= p + p
2
x +y 2 x2 + y 2
0 0 1 0
1
= 1 .
2
Home Work (Assignment)
R1 R1 dydx 2
(Q.1) Evaluate p dxdy. Ans: 4
0 0 (1 x2 )(1 y 2 )

R1 Rx2 1
(Q.2) Evaluate ey/x dxdy. Ans: 2
0 0

Ra Ra xdxdy a
(Q.3) Evaluate x2 +y 2
. Ans: 4
0 y
RR
(Q.4) Evaluate xydxdy over the region R, where x + y 1 in the positive quadrant.Ans:
R
1
24

xy(x + y)dxdy over the region R bonded by the curves y = x2 and y = x.

RR
(Q.5) Evaluate
R
3
Ans: 56

R1 Re 1
(Q.6) Evaluate dxdy. (Hint: First change the order) Ans: e 1
0 ex ln(y)

R3 R4y
(Q.7) Evaluate by changing the order of integration (x + y)dxdy.
0 1

R1 2x
R 11
(Q.8) Evaluate by changing the order of integration xydxdy. Ans: 24
0 0
Dr. Satish Shukla 27 of 37

Area by Double Integral

Example 25. Find the area between the curves y 2 = 4ax and x2 = 4ay.
Sol. The required area is the area OP AQO. Consider Y
the elementary area dxdy in the region OP AQO. We
first integrate with respect to y. Then, this elementary A(4a, 4a)
area moves along the y axis in the region OP AQO and
form the strip P Q. The lower end P of strip is situated Q
on the parabola x2 = 4ay and the upper end Q on the dx

y
4a

4a
parabola y 2 = 4ax. Therefore, the limits of y are from

=
dy

=
y2
2

x2
y = x4a to y = 2 ax. Now, to complete the region, this
strip moves along the X-axis from point O, i.e., from P
x = 0 to the point A, i.e., to x = 4a, therefore, the
limits of x are from x = 0 to x = 4a. Thus, the required X

area: O

Z Z 4a Z "Z
2 ax 4a

2 ax
# Z 4a
2 ax
AreaOP AQO = dxdy = dy dx = [y] x2 dx
x2 x2
0 4a
0 4a
0 4a

4a  x2
Z 
= 2 ax dx
0 4a
16a2
= .
3
x2 y 2
Example 26. Find the whole area the ellipse + 2 = 1.
a2 b
Sol. The required area is the shaded area and is equal
to 4 areaOABO. Consider the elementary area dxdy
in the region OABO. We first integrate with respect to Y
y. Then, this elementary area moves along the y axis B(0, b) Q
in the region OABO and form the strip P Q. The lower
end P of strip is situated on the X-axis, i.e., y = 0 dy
x2 dx A(a, 0)
and the upper end Q on the arc AB of ellipse 2 + O P X
a
y2
= 1 Therefore, the limits of y are from y = 0 to
b2
y = ab a2 x2 . Now, to complete the region, this strip
moves along the X-axis from the line OB, i.e., from
x = 0 to the point A, i.e., to x = a, therefore, the limits
of x are from x = 0 to x = a. Thus, the required area:
Z Z b 2 2
a a x Z "Z b 2 2 # a a x Z a b

a a a2 x2
= 4 dxdy = 4 dy dx = 4 [y]0
a
dx
0 0 0 0 0
a
bp 2

b a p 2
 p
x a2   a
1 x
Z Z 
= 4 2
a x dx = 4 2
a x dx = 2 2
a x + sin
0 a a 0 2 2 a 0
= ab.
Dr. Satish Shukla 28 of 37

Example 27. Find the whole area the astroid x2/3 + y 2/3 = a2/3 .

Sol. The required area is the shaded area and is equal Y

B(0, b)
to 4 areaOABO. Consider the elementary area dxdy
in the region OABO. We first integrate with respect
to y. Then, this elementary area moves along the y Q
axis in the region OABO and form the strip P Q. The
lower end P of strip is situated on the X-axis, i.e., y = dy
A(a, 0)
0 and the upper end Q on the arc AB of the astroid dx
O P X
x2/3 + y 2/3 = a2/3 Therefore, the limits of y are from

3/2
y = 0 to y = a2/3 x2/3 . Now, to complete the
region, this strip moves along the X-axis from the line
OB, i.e., from x = 0 to the point A, i.e., to x = a,
therefore, the limits of x are from x = 0 to x = a. Thus,
the required area:

3/2

Z aZ (a2/3 x2/3 ) Z a Z (a2/3 x2/3 )3/2
= 4 dxdy = 4 dy dx
0 0 0 0
Z a 3/2 Z a 3/2
(a2/3 x2/3 )
= 4 [y]0 dx = 4 a2/3 x2/3 dx.
0 0

Putting x = a sin3 , we obtain dx = 3a sin2 cos and the new limits of are from = 0 to
= /2. Therefore, the required area is

1
/2
2 32 12 3a2
Z
2 2 4 2
= 12a sin cos d = 12a = .
0 2 3! 8

Example 28. Find the whole area the cardioid r = a(1 + cos ).

Sol. The required area is the shaded area and is equal

C
to 2 areaOACO. Consider the elementary area rdrd
P
in the region OACO. We first integrate with respect to
r. Then, this elementary area moves along the radial
d
vector r in the region OACO and form the strip OP. dr
The lower end O of strip is situated on the pole, i.e., = =0
r = 0 and the upper end P on the arc ACO of the O A
cardioid r = a(1 + a cos ) Therefore, the limits of r are X
from r = 0 to r = a(1 + a cos ). Now, to complete the
region, this strip rotates from the line OX, i.e., from
= 0 to the point O, i.e., to = , therefore, the limits
of are from = 0 to = . Thus, the required area: B

"Z #
Z Z a(1+cos ) Z a(1+cos )
= 2 rdrd = 2 rdr d
0 0 0 0
a(1+cos )
r2
  

Z Z Z
= 2 d = a2 (1 + cos )2 d = 4a2 cos4 d.
0 2 0 0 0 2
Dr. Satish Shukla 29 of 37

Putting 2 = , we obtain d = 2d and the new limits of are from = 0 to = /2.

Therefore, using gamma function, the required area is
Z /2 Z /2
= 8a2 cos4 d = 8a2 sin0 cos4 d
0 0
3 1
( 1+0 )( 4+1
) 22
= 2
0+4
2
= 8a2
2( 2 ) 22
3a2
= .
2
Example 29. Find the area between the curves y = 4x x2 and y = x.
Sol. The required area is the shaded area OP BQO.
Consider the elementary area dxdy in the region Y
OP BQO. We first integrate with respect to y. Q
Then, this elementary area moves along the Y -axis B(3, 3)
in the region OP BQO and form the strip P Q. The

x2
lower end P of strip is situated on the line y = x and

x
dy

4x

=
the upper end Q on the arc OQB of the parabola

y
dx
y = 4x x2 Therefore, the limits of y are from

y=
y = x to y = 4x x2 . Now, to complete the region, P
this strip moves from the point O, i.e., from x = 0
to the point B, i.e., to x = 3, therefore, the limits X
of x are from x = 0 to x = 3. Thus, the required O A(4, 0)
area:
Z 3 Z 4xx2 Z 3 "Z 4xx2 #
= dxdy = dy dx
0 x 0 x
3 3 3
3x2 x3
Z Z 
2
[y]4xx 2


= 2 x dx = 3x x dx =
0 0 2 3 0
9
= .
2
Home Work (Assignment)
(Q.1) Find the area of a circle of radius a.

(Q.2) Find the area of cardioid r = a(1 cos ).

(Q.3) Find the area between the curves y = x2 and y = x3 .

A(1, 1)

Hint: The limits of y are from y = x3 to y = x2 and 2

x
those of x are from x = 0 to x = 1. =
x3

y
=
y

Triple Integral and volume

Triple integral as mass of a solid: Suppose, the mass per unit volume (i.e., the volume
density of mass) of a solid is given by its mass distribution function w = f (x, y, z), where
Dr. Satish Shukla 30 of 37

(x, y, z) represent the coordinates of points inside the solid. Let V represents the volume
of the solid. Then, we divide the whole volume V into n small volumes vi = xi yi zi ,
i = 1, 2, . . . , n. Suppose, P (xi , yi , zi ) be a point in the small volume vi . If we choose the
small volume vi sufficiently small, then we can assume that the volume density of mass in
the volume vi is constant and is equal to f (xi , yi , zi ), and so, the mass of this ith small
volume is given by mi = f (xi , yi , zi )vi = f (xi , yi , zi )xi yi zi . We calculate all such small
masses mi of small volumes vi , where i = 1, 2, . . . , n and then sum up them and get the
sum
Xn X n n
X
mi = f (xi , yi , zi )vi = f (xi , yi , zi )xi yi zi .
i=1 i=1 i=1
It is clear that this sum masses of all small volumes is not exactly the mass of solid. Now,
when n , each small value (i.e., ) transform into the infinitely small quantity (i.e., d).
In this case, the value of the sum of Zmasses
ZZ is called the triple integral of the function f over
the volume R, and it is denoted by f (x, y, z)dxdydx, i.e.,
V
ZZZ n
X
f (x, y, z)dxdydz = lim f (xi , yi , zi )xi yi zi .
n
V i=1
ZZZ
It is clear that the quantity f (x, y, z)dxdydz represents the exact mass of the solid.
V
Triple integral as Volume:
Z Z Z
H G H G H G

D C D C D C
dy
dx
dz Y Y Y
O O O
E F E F E F

X X X
A B A B A B
(a) (b) (c)

Suppose, we have to find the volume of a rectangular parallelepiped (cuboid) ABCDEF GH

formed by the planes x = 0, x = , y =, y = , z = 0, z = , i.e., EA = , EF = and
EH = . Consider an infinitely small volume, i.e., the elementary volume dv = dxdydz
inside this cuboid (see, figure (a)). We sum up such elementary volumes along the Z-axis
(i.e., during the addition the coordinates x and y remain constant), in such a way that the
elementary volume remains inside the cuboid. Thus, the integration with respect to z is
completed and a vertical collum P Q is formed inside the cuboid ABCDEF GH (see, figure
(b)). The volume of this collum P Q is obviously dxdy. Now, we sum up this collum along the
Y -axis (i.e., during the addition the coordinate x remains constant), in such a way that the
collum remains inside the cuboid. Thus, the integration with respect to y is completed and a
rectangular lamina is formed inside the cuboid ABCDEF GH (see, figure (c)). The volume
of this rectangular lamina is obviously dx. Finally, we sum up this rectangular lamina
Dr. Satish Shukla 31 of 37

along the X-axis in such a way that the rectangular lamina remains inside the cuboid. Thus,
the integration with respect to x is completed and the whole cuboid ABCDEF GH is formed
and we get the volume of cuboid, i.e., V = . Thus:
ZZZ Z Z Z
V = dv = dxdydz.
x=0 y=0 z=0
V

R 4 R x R x+y
Example 30. Evaluate: 2 y=0 z=0 zdxdydz.

Sol. Given integral can be solved as follows:

4Z x x+y 4Z x x+y x+y 4Z x

z2
Z Z Z Z  Z 
zdxdydz = zdz dxdy =
dxdy
2 y=0 z=0 2 y=0 z=0 2 y=0 2 0
Z 4 Z x Z 4 x
(x + y)2 (x + y)3

= dy dx = dx
2 0 2 2 6 0
Z 4 3
x3

8x
= dx = 70.
2 6 6
R e R ln(y) R ex
Example 31. Evaluate: 1 1 1 ln(z)dxdydz.

Sol. Given integral can be solved as follows:

Z e Z ln y Z ex Z e Z ln y Z ex  Z e Z ln y x
ln zdxdydz = ln zdz dxdy = [z ln z z]e1 dxdy
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Z e Z ln y Z e Z ln y 
x x
= [(x 1)e + 1] dxdy = (x 1)e + 1dx dy
1 1 1 1
Z e Z e
= [(x 1)ex ex + x]ln
1
y
dy = [(y + 1) ln y 2y + e 1] dy
1 1
 2 e
1 y2
  
y 2
= + y ln y + y y + (e 1)y
2 y 2 1
1 2
= (e 8e + 13).
4

Spherical coordinates. The spherical coordinates of a point P in the space are given by
P (r, , ) (see the figure below). The relation between cartesian and spherical coordinates is
given by:
x = r cos sin
y = r sin sin
z = r cos .

The elementary volume in spherical coordinates is given by dV = r2 sin drdd (see the figure
below). Some times it is easy to solve the integral by changing the cartesian coordinates
into spherical coordinates. There is no hard and fast rule to decide whether it is easy to
use the spherical coordinates, we can decide only by observations. Although, converting to
spherical coordinates can make triple integrals much easier to work out when the region you
are integrating over has some spherical symmetry.
Dr. Satish Shukla 32 of 37

Z Z
r sin d

r sin

rd
P (r,,)

dr
r
r

Y Y
O O
d

X X

Spherical coordinates Elementary volume in spherical coordinates

dV =r 2 sin drdd

Cylindrical coordinates. The cylindrical coordinates of a point P in the space are given by
P (r, , z) (see the figure below). The relation between cartesian and spherical coordinates is
given by: x = r cos
y = r sin
z = z.
The elementary volume in cylindrical coordinates is given by dV = rdrddz (see the figure
below). Some times it is easy to solve the integral by changing the cartesian coordinates
into cylindrical coordinates. There is no hard and fast rule to decide whether it is easy to
use the cylindrical coordinates, we can decide only by observations. Although, converting to
cylindrical coordinates can make triple integrals much easier to work out when the region
you are integrating over has some cylindrical symmetry.
Z Z

P (r,,z)

z dz
Y d Y
O O
dr rd
r

X X

Cylindrical coordinates Elementary volume in cylindrical coordinates

OP =r, QP =z, QOX= dV =rdrddz

Example 32. Find the volume of the sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = a2 .

RRR
Sol. The volume of the given sphere is V = 8 Vp dxdydz, where Vp is the volume of the
sphere in the positive octant. Changing the coordinates into the spherical coordinates we get
dxdydz = r2 sin drdd and in the volume Vp , r changes from r = 0 to a, changes from
= 0 to /2 and changes from = 0 to /2. Thus, the required volume:
Z /2 Z /2 Z a
8a3 /2 /2 8a3 /2 4a3
Z Z Z
V = 8 r2 sin drdd = sin dd = d = .
=0 =0 =0 3 =0 =0 3 =0 3
Dr. Satish Shukla 33 of 37

Example 33. Find the volume of the tetrahedron bounded by the co-ordinate planes and the
x y z
plane + + = 1.
a b c
Sol. The required volume is the volume of the tetra-
hedron as shown in the
 figure. The value of z changes
x y
from z = 0 to z = c 1 and then y changes
a b
 x
from y = 0 to y = b 1 . Finally, x changes from Z
C(0, 0, c)
a
x = 0 to x = a. Thus, the required volume:
Z a Z b 1 x Z c(1 x y )
 
a b
V = a dxdydz
x=0 y=0 z=0
Z b 1 x
 
Z a y
a [z]c(1 a b ) dxdy
x
= z=0 O
Y
x=0 y=0
B(0, b, 0)
Z b 1 x
 
a
a c 1 x y
Z 
= dxdy y 1
x=0 y=0 a b x + =
b
 x X
a
Z a  b 1
y2
 A(a, 0, 0)
x a
= c 1 y dx
x=0 a 2b y=0
bc a  x 2 abc
Z
= 1 dx = .
2 x=0 a 6

Example 34. Find the volume bounded by the cylinder x2 + y 2 = 4 and the planes y + z = 4
and z = 0.
Sol. Suppose the required volume is V RRR
which is the dark
shaded part in the figure. Then V = dxdydz. The Z
V
limits of z are from z = 0 to z = 4 y and then x
and y varies according to the limits of circle
C : x2 +
y 2 =4. The variable y varies from y = 4 x2 to
y = 4 x2 , and then x varies from x = 2 to x = 2.
Intersection of
Thus, the required volume: plane and cylinder

Z2 Z4x2 Z
4y Z2 Z4x2
V = dxdydz = (4 y)dxdy

2 4x2 z=0 2 4x2

Z2 Z4x2 Z2 Z4x2
= (4 y)dy dx = 2 4dy dx


O Y
2 4x2 2 0

Z2 hp  p  x  2
i x 4 1 X x2 + y 2 = 4
= 8 4 x2 dx = 16 4 x2 + sin dx
2 2 2 0
2
= 16.

Example 35. Find the volume bounded by the xy-plane, the paraboloid 2z = x2 + y 2 and the
cylinder x2 + y 2 = 4.
Dr. Satish Shukla 34 of 37

Z Z

O O
Y Y
X X 2 2
x +y =4
The dark shaded region
is the required volume The required volume

RRR
Sol. Suppose the required volume is V . Then V = 4 V dxdydz. The limits of z are from
x2 + y 2
z = 0 to z = and then x and y varies according to the limits of circle C : x2 + y 2 = 4.
2
The variable y varies from y = 4 x2 to y = 4 x2 , and then x varies from x = 2 to
x = 2. Thus, the required volume:

x2 +y 2
Z2 Z4x2 Z2 Z2 Z4x2
x2 + y 2
V = dxdydz = dxdy

2
2 4x2 z=0 2 4x2

4x2

Z2 Z4x2 Z2 
y3
= (x2 + y 2 )dy dx = x2 y + dx

3

0
2 0 2
2 
1
Z
2 3/2
p
2


= 2 2
x 4x + 4x dx.
0 3

Putting x = 2 sin , the limits now changed to = 0 to = /2, and dx = 2 cos d.

Therefore,

/2 /2
16 (3/2)(3/2) 16 (1/2)(5/2)
Z Z
2 2
V = 16 sin cos d + sin0 cos4 d = 16 +
0 3 0 2 (3) 3 2 (3)
= 4.

Example 36. Find the volume cut from the sphere x2 +y 2 +z 2 = a2 by the cylinder x2 +y 2 = ax.

Sol.
Dr. Satish Shukla 35 of 37

Z Y r = a cos

O X

Y Y
O O
X

X r = a cos

Side view of volume (the shaded part) Top view

The required volume V is the 2 times of the volume V1 shown in the figure by shaded part
(half of the volume is above of the xy-plane and half is below). To make easy, we will use
cylindrical coordinates. The cylindrical coordinates are: x = r cos , y = r sin , z = z and
the volume element dV = rdrddz. The equation of sphere will become r2 + z 2 = a2 , and
the equation of cylinder will become r = a cos . In the shaded part, the limits of z are from
z = 0 to z = a2 r2 and the r and varies throughout the circle r = a cos (see the figure).
Therefore, r varies from r = 0 to r = a cos and from = /2 to = /2. Therefore, the
required volume

ZZZ ZZZ Z/2 aZcos aZ2 r2
V = 2 dxdydz = rdrddz = 2 rdrddz
V1 V1 /2 0 0

Z/2 aZcos p Z/2  a cos

2 2
1 2 2 3/2


=2 r a r drd = 2 a r d
3 0
/2 0 /2

Z/2 Z/2
2a3 4a3
1 sin3 d = 1 sin3 d



=
3 3
/2 0

Z/2
4a3
1 sin 1 cos2


= d
3
0
Z/2
4a3
1 sin + sin cos2 d
 
=
3
0
/2
4a3 cos3

= + cos
3 3 0
3
 
4a 2
= .
3 2 3

Example 37. Find the volume between the paraboloid x2 + y 2 = az, cylinder x2 + y 2 = 2ay
and the plane z = 0.
Dr. Satish Shukla 36 of 37

Sol.
Z
r = 2a sin
X

r = 2a sin

Z
O Y
O Y O
Y
X X

Side view of volume (the dark shaded part) Top view

The required volume V is shown in the figure by shaded part. To make easy, we will use
cylindrical coordinates. The cylindrical coordinates are: x = r cos , y = r sin , z = z and
the volume element dV = rdrddz. The equation of paraboloid will become r2 = az, and the
equation of cylinder will become r = 2a sin . In the shaded part, the limits of z are from
2
z = 0 to z = ra and the r and varies throughout the circle r = 2a sin (see the figure).
Therefore, r varies from r = 0 to r = 2a sin and from = 0 to = . Therefore, the
required volume
2
ZZZ ZZZ Z 2aZsin rZ /a
V = dxdydz = rdrddz = rdrddz
V V 0 0 0
Z 2aZsin
Z
r3 1  4 2a sin
= drd = r 0 d
a 4a
0 0 0
Z Z/2
= 4a3 sin4 d = 8a3 sin4 cos0 d

0 0
3 1
(5/2)(1/2)
3
= 8a = 8a3 2 2
2 (3) 22
3a3
= .
3
Home Work (Assignment)

R1 Rz x+z
R
(Q.1) Evaluate: (x + y + z)dxdydz. Ans. 0
1 0 xz

R 2 Rx x+ln
ln R y e4a 3e2a
(Q.2) Evaluate: ex+y+z dxdydz. Ans. 8 4 + ea 38 .
0 0 0
RRR
(Q.3) Evaluate: (x 2y + z)dxdydz, where R is the region determine by 0 x 1,
R
29
0 y x2 , 0 z x + y. Ans. 105
Dr. Satish Shukla 37 of 37

2 2
R1 R 2
1x R y
1x
dxdydz
(Q.4) Evaluate: p . (Hint: From the limits of integration,
0 0 0 1 x2 y 2 z 2
it is clear that the region of integration is the part of sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1 in the
positive quadrant. Change the cartesian coordinates into the spherical coordinates,
2
the new limits will be r = 0 to 1, = 0 to /2 and = 0 to /2.) Ans. 8

(Q.5) Find the volume cut from the sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = a2 by the cone x2 + y 2 = z 2 . (A
filled Ice-cream cone)
Hint. Suppose
RRR the required volume is V . Then
V = 8 V1 dxdydz where V1 is part of volume Z

in the positive octant and it is the shaded part

in the figure. The spherical coordinates are x =
r cos sin , y = r sin sin , z = r cos . Equation
of sphere r2 = a2 and of cone is tan2 = 1, i.e., Y
= 4 . The limits of r are from r = 0 to r = a O

and then varies from = 0 to 2 and varies

X
from = 0 to 4 . Thus, the required volume is The part V1
2a2

3 (2 2).