CS2259-Lab Manual

CS2259-MICROPROCESSORS LAB-IT A
RAJALAKSHMI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Thandalam, Chennai 602 105.
Department of Electronics and Communication
Engineering
CS2259 - MICROPROCESSORS
LABORATORY
IV SEM
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
PREPARED BY-
Mr.M.SATHISH
1
CS2259 - Microprocessors Lab

IV Semester IT
Syllabus
1. Programming with 8085
2. Programming with 8086-experiments including BIOS/DOS calls:
Keyboard control
Display
File Manipulation
3. Interfacing with 8085/8086-8255,8253
4. Interfacing with 8085/8086-8279,8251
5. 8051 Microcontroller based experiments for Control

Applications
6. Mini- Project
2
CYCLE I
8085 Programming
1. Introduction to 8085
2. 8 bit Addition and Subtraction
3. 8 bit Multiplication and Division
4. 16 bit Addition and Subtraction
5. 16 bit Multiplication and Division
6. Largest and Smallest number in an array
7. Sorting in Ascending and Descending Order
CYCLE II
8086 Programming
BIOS/DOS calls
8. BIOS/DOS calls Display
9. BIOS/DOS calls File Manipulation
10. BIOS/DOS calls Disk information
Interfacing
11. Interfacing 8255 PPI IC with 8086
12. Interfacing 8253 Timer IC with 8086
13. Interfacing 8279 Keyboard/Display IC with 8085/8086
14. Interfacing 8251 Serial communication IC with 8085/8086
8051 Programming
15. Stepper motor interface
3
1. INTRODUCTION TO 8085
INTEL 8085 is one of the most popular 8-bit microprocessor capable of

addressing 64 KB of memory and its architecture is simple. The device has 40 pins,
requires +5 V power supply and can operate with 3MHz single phase clock.
ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit):

The 8085A has a simple 8-bit ALU and it works in coordination with the
accumulator, temporary registers, 5 flags and arithmetic and logic circuits. ALU has
the capability of performing several mathematical and logical operations. The
temporary registers are used to hold the data during an arithmetic and logic operation.
The result is stored in the accumulator and the flags are set or reset according to the
result of the operation. The flags are affected by the arithmetic and logic operation.
They are as follows:
Sign flag
After the execution of the arithmetic - logic operation if the bit D7
of the result is 1, the sign flag is set. This flag is used with signed
numbers. If it is 1, it is a negative number and if it is 0, it is a positive
number.
Zero flag
The zero flag is set if the ALU operation results in zero. This flag
is modified by the result in the accumulator as well as in other registers.
Auxillary carry flag
In an arithmetic operation when a carry is generated by digit D3
and passed on to D4, the auxillary flag is set.
Parity flag
After arithmetic logic operation, if the result has an even number
of 1s the flag is set. If it has odd number of 1s it is reset.
Carry flag
4
If an arithmetic operation results in a carry, the carry flag is set.

The carry flag also serves as a borrow flag for subtraction.
Timing and control unit

This unit synchronizes all the microprocessor operation with a clock and
generates the control signals necessary for communication between the
microprocessor and peripherals. The control signals RD (read) and WR (write)
indicate the availability of data on the data bus.
Instruction register and decoder

The instruction register and decoder are part of the ALU. When an instruction is
fetched from memory it is loaded in the instruction register. The decoder decodes the
instruction and establishes the sequence of events to follow.
Register array
The 8085 has six general purpose registers to store 8-bit data during program
execution. These registers are identified as B, C, D, E, H and L. they can be combined
as BC, DE and HL to perform 16-bit operation.
Accumulator
Accumulator is an 8-bit register that is part of the ALU. This register is used to
store 8-bit data and to perform arithmetic and logic operation. The result of an
operation is stored in the accumulator.
Program counter
The program counter is a 16-bit register used to point to the memory address of
the next instruction to be executed.
Stack pointer
It is a 16-bit register which points to the memory location in R/W memory, called
the Stack.
5
Communication lines
8085 microprocessor performs data transfer operations using three communication
lines called buses. They are address bus, data bus and control bus.
Address bus it is a group of 16-bit lines generally identified as A 0 A15.
The address bus is unidirectional i.e., the bits flow in one direction from
microprocessor to the peripheral devices. It is capable of addressing 2 16
memory locations.
Data bus it is a group of 8 lines used for data flow and it is bidirectional.
The data ranges from 00 FF.
Control bus it consist of various single lines that carry synchronizing
signals. The microprocessor uses such signals for timing purpose.
2(A). 8 BIT DATA ADDITION
AIM:
6
To add two 8 bit numbers stored at consecutive memory locations.
ALGORITHM:
1. Initialize memory pointer to data location.

2. Get the first number from memory in accumulator.
3. Get the second number and add it to the accumulator.
4. Store the answer at another memory location.
START
RESULT:
[C]&4501
Thus the 8 bit numbers stored at 4500 00Hare added and the result stored at 4502 &
4503.
[HL] 4500H
[A] [M]
[HL][HL]+1
[A][A]+[M]
Is there a
Carry ?
[C][C]+1
[HL][HL]+1
[M] [A]
FLOW CHART:
[HL][HL]+1
[M] [C]
7
STOP
NO
YES
PROGRAM:
ADDRESS OPCODE LABEL MNEMONICS OPERAND COMMENT

4100 START MVI C, 00 Clear C reg.
8
4101
4102 LXI H, 4500 Initialize HL reg. to
4103 4500
4104
4105 MOV A, M Transfer first data to
accumulator
4106 INX H Increment HL reg. to
point next memory
Location.
4107 ADD M Add first number to
acc. Content.
4108 JNC L1 Jump to location if
4109 result does not yield
410A carry.
410B INR C Increment C reg.
410C L1 INX H Increment HL reg. to
point next memory
Location.
410D MOV M, A Transfer the result from
acc. to memory.
410E INX H Increment HL reg. to
point next memory
Location.
410F MOV M, C Move carry to memory
4110 HLT Stop the program
OBSERVATION:
INPUT OUTPUT
4500 4502
4501 4503
2(B). 8 BIT DATA SUBTRACTION
9
AIM:
To Subtract two 8 bit numbers stored at consecutive memory locations.
ALGORITHM: START
2. Get the first number from memory in accumulator.
3. Get the second number and [C] subtract
00Hfrom the accumulator.
4. If the result yields a borrow, the content of the acc. is complemented and 01H is
added to it (2s complement). A register is cleared and the content of that reg. is
incremented in case there is[HL]
a borrow.
4500HIf there is no borrow the content of the acc.
is directly taken as the result.
5. Store the answer at next memory location.
[A] [M]
RESULT:
[HL][HL]+1
Thus the 8 bit numbers stored at 4500 &4501 are subtracted and the result stored at 4502
& 4503.
[A][A]-[M]
Is there a
Borrow ?
Complement [A]
Add 01H to [A]
[C][C]+1
[HL][HL]+1
[M] [A]
FLOW CHART:
[HL][HL]+1
[M] [C]
10
STOP
NO
YES
PROGRAM:

4100 START MVI C, 00 Clear C reg.
4102
11
4102 LXI H, 4500 Initialize HL reg. to

4103 4500
4104
4105 MOV A, M Transfer first data to
accumulator
point next mem.
Location.
4107 SUB M Subtract first number
from acc. Content.
4108 JNC L1 Jump to location if
4109 result does not yield
410A borrow.
410B INR C Increment C reg.
410C CMA Complement the Acc.
content
410D ADI 01H Add 01H to content of
410E acc.
410F L1 INX H Increment HL reg. to
point next mem.
Location.
4110 MOV M, A Transfer the result from
acc. to memory.
point next mem.
Location.
4112 MOV M, C Move carry to mem.
OBSERVATION:
INPUT OUTPUT
4500 4502
4501 4503
12
3(A). 8 BIT DATA MULTIPLICATION
AIM:
To multiply two 8 bit numbers stored at consecutive memory locations and store
the result in memory.
ALGORITHM:
LOGIC: Multiplication can be done by repeated addition.

2. Move multiplicand to a register.
3. Move the multiplier to another register.
4. Clear the accumulator.
5. Add multiplicand to accumulator
6. Decrement multiplier
7. Repeat step 5 till multiplier comes to zero.
8. The result, which is in the accumulator, is stored in a memory location.
RESULT:
Thus the 8-bit multiplication was done in 8085p using repeated addition method.
13
FLOW CHART:
START
[HL] 4500
B M
[HL] [HL]+1
A 00
C 00
[A] [A] +[M]
Is there NO
any
carry
YES
C C+1
B B-1
NO
IS
B=0
YES
14
[HL][HL]+1
[M] [A]
[HL][HL]+1
[M] [C]
STOP
15
PROGRAM:

4100 START LXI H, 4500 Initialize HL reg. to
4101 4500
4102
4103 MOV B, M Transfer first data to
reg. B
point next mem.
Location.
4105 MVI A, 00H Clear the acc.
4106
4107 MVI C, 00H Clear C reg for carry
4108
4109 L1 ADD M Add multiplicand

multiplier times.
410A JNC NEXT Jump to NEXT if there
410B is no carry
410C
410D INR C Increment C reg
410E NEXT DCR B Decrement B reg
410F JNZ L1 Jump to L1 if B is not
4110 zero.
4111
point next mem.
Location.
4113 MOV M, A Transfer the result from
acc. to memory.
point next mem.
Location.
4115 MOV M, C Transfer the result from
C reg. to memory.
OBSERVATION:
INPUT OUTPUT
4500 4502
4501 4503
16
3(B). 8 BIT DIVISION
AIM:
To divide two 8-bit numbers and store the result in memory.
ALGORITHM:
LOGIC: Division is done using the method Repeated subtraction.

1. Load Divisor and Dividend
2. Subtract divisor from dividend
3. Count the number of times of subtraction which equals the quotient
4. Stop subtraction when the dividend is less than the divisor .The dividend now
becomes the remainder. Otherwise go to step 2.
5. stop the program execution.
RESULT:
Thus an ALP was written for 8-bit division using repeated subtraction method and
executed using 8085 p kits
17
FLOWCHART:
START
B 00
[HL] 4500
A M
[HL] [HL]+1
M A-M
[B] [B] +1
NO
IS A<0
YES
A A+ M
B B-1
[HL][HL]+1
[M] [A]
[HL][HL]+1
[M] [B]
STOP
18
PROGRAM:
ADDRESS OPCODE LABEL MNEMO OPERA COMMENTS

NICS ND
4100 MVI B,00 Clear B reg for quotient
4101
4102 LXI H,4500 Initialize HL reg. to
4103 4500H
4104
4105 MOV A,M Transfer dividend to acc.
4106 INX H Increment HL reg. to point
next mem. Location.
4107 LOOP SUB M Subtract divisor from dividend
4108 INR B Increment B reg
4109 JNC LOOP Jump to LOOP if result does
410A not yield borrow
410B
410C ADD M Add divisor to acc.
410D DCR B Decrement B reg
410E INX H Increment HL reg. to point
next mem. Location.
410F MOV M,A Transfer the remainder from
acc. to memory.
next mem. Location.
4111 MOV M,B Transfer the quotient from B
reg. to memory.
OBSERVATION:
S.NO INPUT OUTPUT

ADDRESS DATA ADDRESS DATA
1 4500 4502
4501 4503
2 4500 4502
4501 4503
19
4(A). 16 BIT DATA ADDITION
AIM:
To add two 16-bit numbers stored at consecutive memory locations.
ALGORITHM:

2. Get the first number from memory and store in Register pair.
3. Get the second number in memory and add it to the Register pair.
4. Store the sum & carry in separate memory locations.
RESULT:
Thus an ALP program for 16-bit addition was written and executed in 8085p
using special instructions.
20
FLOW CHART:
START
[L] [4050 H]
[H] [4051 H]
[DE] [HL]
[L] [4052H]
[H] [4053H]
[A]00H
[HL][HL]+[DE]
NO
Is there a
Carry?
YES
[A][A]+1
[4054][ L]
[4055] [H]
[4056] [A]
STOP
21
PROGRAM:

4000 START LHLD 4050H Load the augend in DE
4001 pair through HL pair.
4002
4003 XCHG
4004 LHLD 4052H Load the addend in HL
4005 pair.
4006
4007 MVI A, 00H Initialize reg. A for
4008 carry
4009 DAD D Add the contents of HL
Pair with that of DE
pair.
400A JNC LOOP If there is no carry, go
400B to the instruction
400C labeled LOOP.
400D INR A Otherwise increment
reg. A
400E LOOP SHLD 4054H Store the content of HL
400F Pair in 4054H(LSB of
4010 sum)
4011 STA 4056H Store the carry in
4012 4056H through Acc.
4013 (MSB of sum).
4014 HLT Stop the program.
OBSERVATION:
INPUT OUTPUT
4050H 4054H
4051H 4055H
4052H 4056H
4053H
22
4(B). 16 BIT DATA SUBTRACTION
AIM:
To subtract two 16-bit numbers stored at consecutive memory locations.
ALGORITHM:

2. Get the subtrahend from memory and transfer it to register pair.
3. Get the minuend from memory and store it in another register pair.
4. Subtract subtrahend from minuend.
5. Store the difference and borrow in different memory locations.
RESULT:
Thus an ALP program for subtracting two 16-bit numbers was written and
executed.
23
FLOW CHART:
START
[L] [4050 H]
[H] [4051 H]
[DE] [HL]
[L] [4052H]
[H] [4053H]
[HL][HL]-[DE]
Is there a NO
borrow?
YES
[C][C]+1
[4054][ L]
[4055] [H]
[4056] [C]
STOP
24
PROGRAM:
ADDRESS OPCODE LABEL MNEMO OPER COMMENTS
NICS AND
4000 START MVI C, 00 Initialize C reg.
4001
4002 LHLD 4050H Load the subtrahend in DE
4003 reg. Pair through HL reg.
4004 pair.
4005 XCHG
4006 LHLD 4052H Load the minuend in HL reg.
4007 Pair.
4008
4009 MOV A, L Move the content of reg. L to
Acc.
400A SUB E Subtract the content of reg.
E from that of acc.
400B MOV L, A Move the content of Acc. to
reg. L
400C MOV A, H Move the content of reg. H to
Acc.
400D SBB D Subtract content of reg. D
with that of Acc.
400E MOV H, A Transfer content of acc. to
reg. H
400F SHLD 4054H Store the content of HL pair
4010 in memory location 8504H.
4011
4012 JNC NEXT If there is borrow, go to the
4013 instruction labeled NEXT.
4014
4015 INR C Increment reg. C
4016 NEXT MOV A, C Transfer the content of reg. C
to Acc.
4017 STA 4056H Store the content of acc. to
4018 the memory location 4506H
4019
401A HLT Stop the program execution.
OBSERVATION:
INPUT OUTPUT
4050H 4054H
4051H 4055H
4052H 4056H
4053H
25
5(A). 16 BIT MULTIPLICATION
AIM:
To multiply two 16 bit numbers and store the result in memory.
ALGORITHM:
1. Get the multiplier and multiplicand.

2. Initialize a register to store partial product.
3. Add multiplicand, multiplier times.
4. Store the result in consecutive memory locations.
RESULT:
Thus the 16-bit multiplication was done in 8085p using repeated addition
method.
26
FLOWCHART:
START
L [4050]
H [4051]
SP HL
L [4052]
H [4053]
DE HL
HL0000
BC0000
HLHL+SP
Is Carry
flag set?
BCBC+1
DEDE+1
Is Zero
flag set?
A 27
NO
YES
NO
YES
A
[4054] L
[4055] H
[4056] C
[4057] B
STOP
28
ADDRESS OPCODE LABEL MNEM OPERAN COMMENTS

O D
N
I
C
S
8000 START LHLD 4050 Load the first No. in stack pointer
4001 through HL reg. pair
4002
4003 SPHL
4004 LHLD 4052 Load the second No. in HL reg.
4005 pair
4006 & Exchange with DE reg. pair.
4007 XCHG
4008 LXI H, 0000H
4009
400A Clear HL & DE reg. pairs.
400B LXI B, 0000H
400C
400D
400E LOOP DAD SP Add SP with HL pair.
400F JNC NEXT If there is no carry, go to the
4010 instruction labeled NEXT
4011
4012 INX B Increment BC reg. pair
4013 NEXT DCX D Decrement DE reg. pair.
4014 MOV A,E Move the content of reg. E to Acc.
4015 ORA D OR Acc. with D reg.
4016 JNZ LOOP If there is no zero, go to instruction
4017 labeled LOOP
4018
4019 SHLD 4054 Store the content of HL pair in
401A memory locations 4054 &
401B 4055.
401C MOV A, C Move the content of reg. C to Acc.
401D STA 4056 Store the content of Acc. in
401E memory location 4056.
401F
4020 MOV A, B Move the content of reg. B to Acc.
4021 STA 4057 Store the content of Acc. in
4022 memory location 4056.
4023
4024 HLT Stop program execution
29
OBSERVATION:
INPUT OUTPUT
4050 4054
4051 4055
4052 4056
4053 4057
5(B). 16- BIT DIVISION
AIM:
To divide two 16-bit numbers and store the result in memory using 8085
mnemonics.
ALGORITHM:
1. Get the dividend and divisor.

2. Initialize the register for quotient.
3. Repeatedly subtract divisor from dividend till dividend becomes less than divisor.
4. Count the number of subtraction which equals the quotient.
5. Store the result in memory.
RESULT:
Thus the 16-bit Division was done in 8085p using repeated subtraction method.
30
FLOWCHART:
START
L [4051]
H [4052]
HL DE
L [4050]
H [4051]
BC 0000H
A L; AA- E
LA
AH
AA- H- Borrow
HA
BCBC+ 1
NO
Is Carry
flag set ?
YES
31
BCBC- 1
HLHL+DE
L[4054]
H[4055]
AC
[4056] A
AB
[4057] A
STOP
32
PROGRAM:
ADDRESS OPCODE LABEL MNEM OPERA COMMENTS
ONICS ND
4000 START LHLD 4052 Load the first No. in stack pointer
4001 through HL reg. pair
4002
4003 XCHG
4004 LHLD 4050 Load the second No. in HL reg. pair
4005 & Exchange with DE reg. pair.
4006
4007 LXI B, 0000H
4008 Clear BC reg. pair.
4009
400A LOOP MOV A, L Move the content of reg. L to Acc.
400B SUB E Subtract reg. E from that of Acc.
400C MOV L, A Move the content of Acc to L.
400D MOV A, H Move the content of reg. H Acc.
400E SBB D Subtract reg. D from that of Acc.
400F MOV H, A Move the content of Acc to H.
4010 INX B Increment reg. Pair BC
4011 JNC LOOP If there is no carry, go to the location
4012 labeled LOOP.
4013
4014 DCX B Decrement BC reg. pair.
4015 DAD D Add content of HL and DE reg. pairs.
4016 SHLD 4054 Store the content of HL pair in 4054 &
4017 4055.
4018
4019 MOV A, C Move the content of reg. C to Acc.
401A STA 4056 Store the content of Acc. in memory
401B 4056
401C
401D MOV A, B Move the content of reg. B to Acc.
401E STA 4057 Store the content of Acc. in memory
401F 4057.
4020
4021 HLT Stop the program execution.
OBSERVATION:
INPUT OUTPUT
4050 4054
4051 4055
4052 4056
4053 4057
33
6(A). LARGEST ELEMENT IN AN ARRAY
AIM:
To find the largest element in an array.
ALGORITHM:
1. Place all the elements of an array in the consecutive memory locations.
2. Fetch the first element from the memory location and load it in the accumulator.
3. Initialize a counter (register) with the total number of elements in an array.
4. Decrement the counter by 1.
5. Increment the memory pointer to point to the next element.
6. Compare the accumulator content with the memory content (next
element).
7. If the accumulator content is smaller, then move the memory content
(largest element) to the accumulator. Else continue.
9. Repeat steps 5 to 8 until the counter reaches zero
10. Store the result (accumulator content) in the specified memory location.
RESULT:
Thus the largest number in the given array is found out.
34
FLOW CHART:
START
[HL] [4100H]
[B] 04H
[A] [HL]
[HL [HL] + 1
NO IS
[A] <
[HL]?
YES
[A] [HL]
[B] [B]-1
IS NO
[B] =
0?
YES
[4105] [A]
STOP
35
PROGRAM:
ADDRE OPCO LABEL MNEM OPER COMMENTS

SS DE ONICS AND
4002 4100H
4003
4004 MVI B,04 Initialize B reg with no. of
4005 comparisons(n-1)
4006 MOV A,M Transfer first data to acc.
4007 LOOP1 INX H Increment HL reg. to point
next memory location
4008 CMP M Compare M & A
4009 JNC LOOP If A is greater than M then go
400A to loop
400B
400C MOV A,M Transfer data from M to A reg
400D LOOP DCR B Decrement B reg
400E JNZ LOOP1 If B is not Zero go to loop1
400F
4010
4011 STA 4105 Store the result in a memory
4012 location.
4013
OBSERVATION:
INPUT OUTPUT
4100 4105
4101
4102
4103
4104
36
6(B). SMALLEST ELEMENT IN AN ARRAY
AIM:
To find the smallest element in an array.
ALGORITHM:
1. Place all the elements of an array in the consecutive memory locations.
2. Fetch the first element from the memory location and load it in the accumulator.
3. Initialize a counter (register) with the total number of elements in an array.
5. Increment the memory pointer to point to the next element.
6. Compare the accumulator content with the memory content (next
element).
7. If the accumulator content is smaller, then move the memory content
(largest element) to the accumulator. Else continue.
9. Repeat steps 5 to 8 until the counter reaches zero
10. Store the result (accumulator content) in the specified memory location.
RESULT:
Thus the smallest number in the given array is found out.
37
FLOW CHART:
START
[HL] [4100H]
[B] 04H
[A] [HL]
[HL [HL] + 1
YES IS
[A] <
[HL]?
NO
[A] [HL]
[B] [B]-1
IS NO
[B] =
0?
YES
[4105] [A]
STOP
38
PROGRAM:

SS DE ONICS AND
4002 4100H
4003
4004 MVI B,04 Initialize B reg with no. of
4006 MOV A,M Transfer first data to acc.
4007 LOOP1 INX H Increment HL reg. to point
4009 JC LOOP If A is lesser than M then go to
400A loop
400B
400C MOV A,M Transfer data from M to A reg
400D LOOP DCR B Decrement B reg
400E JNZ LOOP1 If B is not Zero go to loop1
400F
4010
4011 STA 4105 Store the result in a memory
4012 location.
4013
OBSERVATION:
INPUT OUTPUT
4100 4105
4101
4102
4103
4104
39
7(A).ASCENDING ORDER
AIM:
To sort the given number in the ascending order using 8085 microprocessor.
ALGORITHM:
1. Get the numbers to be sorted from the memory locations.

2. Compare the first two numbers and if the first number is larger than second then I
interchange the number.
3. If the first number is smaller, go to step 4
4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 until the numbers are in required order
RESULT:
Thus the ascending order program is executed and thus the numbers are arranged
in ascending order.
40
FLOWCHART:
START
[B] 04H
[HL] [4100H]
[C] 04H
[A] [HL]
[HL [HL] + 1
YES IS
[A] <
[HL]?
NO
[D] [HL]
[HL] [A]
[HL] [HL] - 1
[HL] [D]
[HL] [HL] + 1
[C] [C] 01 H
41
IS NO
[C] =
0?
YES
[B] [B]-1
NO
IS
[B] =
0?
YES
STOP
PROGRAM:
42
ADDR OPCO LABEL MNEM OPER COMMENTS

E DE ONICS AND
SS
4000 MVI B,04 Initialize B reg with number
4001 of comparisons (n-1)
4002 LOOP 3 LXI H,4100 Initialize HL reg. to
4003 4100H
4004
4005 MVI C,04 Initialize C reg with no. of
4007 LOOP2 MOV A,M Transfer first data to acc.
400A JC LOOP1 If A is less than M then go to
400B loop1
400C
400D MOV D,M Transfer data from M to D reg
400E MOV M,A Transfer data from acc to M
400F DCX H Decrement HL pair
4010 MOV M,D Transfer data from D to M
4011 INX H Increment HL pair
4012 LOOP1 DCR C Decrement C reg
4013 JNZ LOOP2 If C is not zero go to loop2
4014
4015
4016 DCR B Decrement B reg
4017 JNZ LOOP3 If B is not Zero go to loop3
4014
4019
401A HLT Stop the program
OBSERVATION:
INPUT OUTPUT
MEMORY DATA MEMORY DATA
LOCATION LOCATION
4100 4100
4101 4101
4102 4102
4103 4103
4104 4104
43
7(B). DESCENDING ORDER
AIM:
To sort the given number in the descending order using 8085 microprocessor.
ALGORITHM:
1. Get the numbers to be sorted from the memory locations.

2. Compare the first two numbers and if the first number is smaller than second then I
interchange the number.
3. If the first number is larger, go to step 4
4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 until the numbers are in required order
RESULT:
Thus the descending order program is executed and thus the numbers are arranged
in descending order.
44
FLOWCHART:
START
[B] 04H
[HL] [4100H]
[C] 04H
[A] [HL]
[HL [HL] + 1
NO IS
[A] <
[HL]?
YES
[D] [HL]
[HL] [A]
[HL] [HL] - 1
[HL] [D]
[HL] [HL] + 1
[C] [C] 01 H
45
IS NO
[C] =
0?
YES
[B] [B]-1
NO
IS
[B] =
0?
YES
STOP
PROGRAM:
46

SS DE ONICS AND
4000 MVI B,04 Initialize B reg with number
4001 of comparisons (n-1)
4002 LOOP 3 LXI H,4100 Initialize HL reg. to
4003 4100H
4004
4005 MVI C,04 Initialize C reg with no. of
4007 LOOP2 MOV A,M Transfer first data to acc.
400A JNC LOOP1 If A is greater than M then go
400B to loop1
400C
400D MOV D,M Transfer data from M to D reg
400E MOV M,A Transfer data from acc to M
400F DCX H Decrement HL pair
4010 MOV M,D Transfer data from D to M
4011 INX H Increment HL pair
4012 LOOP1 DCR C Decrement C reg
4013 JNZ LOOP2 If C is not zero go to loop2
4014
4015
4016 DCR B Decrement B reg
4017 JNZ LOOP3 If B is not Zero go to loop3
4014
4019
401A HLT Stop the program
OBSERVATION:
INPUT OUTPUT
MEMORY DATA MEMORY DATA
LOCATION LOCATION
4100 4100
4101 4101
4102 4102
4103 4103
4104 4104
8. BIOS/DOS CALLS DISPLAY
47
AIM:
To display a message on the CRT screen of a microcomputer using DOS calls.
ALGORITHM:
1. Initialize the data segment and the message to be displayed.
2. Set function value for display.
3. Point to the message and run the interrupt to display the message in the CRT.
PROGRAM:
ASSUME CS: CODE, DS: DATA

DATA SEGMENT
MSG DB 0DH, 0AH, GOOD MORNING , ODH, OAH, $
DATA ENDS
CODE SEGMENT
START: MOV AX, DATA
MOV DS, AX
MOV AH, 09H
MOV DX, OFFSET MSG
INT 21H
MOV AH, 4CH
INT 21H
CODE ENDS
END START
RESULT:
A message is displayed on the CRT screen of a microcomputer using DOS calls
48
9. BIOS/DOS CALLS FILE MANIPULATION

AIM:
To open a file using DOS calls.
ALGORITHM:
1. Initialize the data segment, file name and the message to be displayed.
2. Set the file attribute to create a file using a DOS call.
3. If the file is unable t o create a file display the message
PROGRAM:
DATA SEGMENT
FILENAME DB SAMPLE.DAT, $
MSG DB 0DH, 0AH, FILE NOT CREATED, ODH, OAH, $
DATA ENDS
CODE SEGMENT
START: MOV AX, DATA
MOV DS, AX
MOV DX, OFFSET FILENAME
MOV CX, 00H
MOV AH, 3CH
INT 21H
JNC LOOP1
MOV AX, DATA
MOV DS, AX
MOV DX, OFFSET MSG
MOV AH, 09H
INT 21H
LOOP1 MOV AH, 4CH
INT 21H
CODE ENDS
END START
RESULT:
A file is opened using DOS calls.
49
10. BIOS/DOS CALLS DISK INFORMATION
AIM:
To display the disk information.
ALGORITHM:
1. Initialize the data segment and the message to be displayed.
2. Set function value for disk information.
3. Point to the message and run the interrupt to display the message in the CRT.
PROGRAM:

DATA SEGMENT
MSG DB 0DH, 0AH, GOOD MORNING , ODH, OAH, $
DATA ENDS
CODE SEGMENT
START: MOV AX, DATA
MOV DS, AX
MOV AH, 36H
MOV DX, OFFSET MSG
INT 21H
MOV AH, 4CH
INT 21H
CODE ENDS
END START
RESULT:
The disk information is displayed.
50
11.INTERFACING 8255 WITH 8085

AIM:
To interface programmable peripheral interface 8255 with 8085 and study its
characteristics in mode0,mode1 and BSR mode.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
4085 p kit, 8255Interface board, DC regulated power supply, VXT parallel bus
I/O MODES:
Control Word:
MODE 0 SIMPLE I/O MODE:

This mode provides simple I/O operations for each of the three ports and
is suitable for synchronous data transfer. In this mode all the ports can be configured
either as input or output port.
Let us initialize port A as input port and port B as output port
PROGRAM:
51
ADDRESS OPCODES LABEL MNEMONICS OPERAND COMMENTS

4100 START: MVI A, 90 Initialize port A
4101 as Input and Port
B as output.
4102 OUT C6 Send Mode
4103 Control word
4104 IN C0 Read from Port A
4105
4106 OUT C2 Display the data
4107 in port B
4108 STA 4200 Store the data
4109 read from Port A
410A in 4200
410B HLT Stop the program.
MODE1 STROBED I/O MODE:

In this mode, port A and port B are used as data ports and port C is used as control
signals for strobed I/O data transfer.
Let us initialize port A as input port in mode1
MAIN PROGRAM:

4100 START: MVI A, B4 Initialize port A
4101 as Input port in
mode 1.
4103 Control word
4104 MVI A,09 Set the PC4 bit
for INTE A
4105
4106 OUT C6 Display the data
in port B
4107
EI
4108 MVI A,08 Enable RST5.5
4109
410A SIM
EI
410B HLT Stop the program.
ISR (Interrupt Service Routine)

52
4200 START: IN C0 Read from port A

4201
4202 STA 4500 Store in 4500.
4203
4204
Sub program:
405E JMP 4200 Go to 4200
405F
4060
BSR MODE (Bit Set Reset mode)
53
Any lines of port c can be set or reset individually without affecting other lines
using this mode. Let us set PC0 and PC3 bits using this mode.
PROGRAM:

4100 START: MVI A, 01 Set PC0
4101
4103 Control word
4104 MVI A,07 Set PC3
4105
54

4107 Control word
RESULT:
Thus 8255 is interfaced and its characteristics in mode0,mode1 and BSR mode is
studied.
12. INTERFACING 8253 TIMER WITH 8085

Interfacing 8253 Programmable Interval Timer with 8085 p
AIM:
To interface 8253 Interface board to 8085 p and to generate a square wave of
150MHz.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
55
8085 p kit, 8253 Interface board, DC regulated power supply, VXT parallel bus,
CRO.
Mode 3 Square wave generator:

It is similar to Mode 2 except that the output will remain high until one half of count
and go low for the other half for even number count. If the count is odd, the output
will be high for (count + 1)/2 counts. This mode is used of generating Baud rate for
8251A (USART).
Example:
We utilize Mode 0 to generate a square wave of frequency 150 KHz at channel 0.
Address Opcodes Label Mnemonic Operands Comments
4100 3E 36 START: MVI A, 36 Channel 0 in mode 3
4102 D3 CE OUT CE Send Mode Control word
4104 3E 0A MVI A, 0A LSB of count
4106 D3 C8 OUT C8 Write count to register
4108 3E 00 MVI A, 00 MSB of count
410A D3 C8 OUT C8 Write count to register
410C 76 HLT
Set the jumper, so that the clock 0 of 8253 is given a square wave of frequency 1.5 MHz.
This program divides this PCLK by 10 and thus the output at channel 0 is 150 KHz.
Vary the frequency by varying the count. Here the maximum count is FFFF H.
So, the square wave will remain high for 7FFF H counts and remain low for 7FFF H
counts. Thus with the input clock frequency of 1.5 MHz, which corresponds to a period
of 0.067 microseconds, the resulting square wave has an ON time of 0.02184
microseconds and an OFF time of 0.02184 microseconds.
To increase the time period of square wave, set the jumpers such that CLK2 of
8253 is connected to OUT 0. Using the above-mentioned program, output a square wave
of frequency 150 KHz at channel 0. Now this is the clock to channel 2.
Result:
Thus the 8253 has been interfaced with 8085 p to generate a Square Wave of
150KHz
13. STEPPER MOTOR INTERFACING WITH 8051
AIM:
To interface a stepper motor with 4051 microcontroller and operate it.
56
THEORY:
A motor in which the rotor is able to assume only discrete stationary angular
position is a stepper motor. The rotary motion occurs in a step-wise manner from one
equilibrium position to the next. Stepper Motors are used very wisely in position control
systems like printers, disk drives, process control machine tools, etc.
The basic two-phase stepper motor consists of two pairs of stator poles. Each of
the four poles has its own winding. The excitation of any one winding generates a North
Pole. A South Pole gets induced at the diametrically opposite side. The rotor magnetic
system has two end faces. It is a permanent magnet with one face as South Pole and the
other as North Pole.
The Stepper Motor windings A1, A2, B1, B2 are cyclically excited with a DC
current to run the motor in clockwise direction. By reversing the phase sequence as A1,
B2, A2, B1, anticlockwise stepping can be obtained.
2-PHASE SWITCHING SCHEME:
In this scheme, any two adjacent stator windings are energized. The switching
scheme is shown in the table given below. This scheme produces more torque.
ANTICLOCKWISE CLOCKWISE
STEP A1 A2 B1 B2 DATA STEP A1 A2 B1 B2 DATA
1 1 0 0 1 9h 1 1 0 1 0 Ah
2 0 1 0 1 5h 2 0 1 1 0 6h
3 0 1 1 0 6h 3 0 1 0 1 5h
4 1 0 1 0 Ah 4 1 0 0 1 9h
ADDRESS DECODING LOGIC:

The 74138 chip is used for generating the address decoding logic to generate the
device select pulses, CS1 & CS2 for selecting the IC 74175.The 74175 latches the data
bus to the stepper motor driving circuitry.
Stepper Motor requires logic signals of relatively high power. Therefore, the
interface circuitry that generates the driving pulses use silicon darlington pair transistors.
The inputs for the interface circuit are TTL pulses generated under software control using
the Microcontroller Kit. The TTL levels of pulse sequence from the data bus is translated
to high voltage output pulses using a buffer 7407 with open collector.
PROCEDURE:
Enter the above program starting from location 4100.and execute the same. The
stepper motor rotates. Varying the count at R4 and R5 can vary the speed. Entering the
data in the look-up TABLE in the reverse order can vary direction of rotation.
57
PROGRAM :
Address
OPCODES
Label Comments
ORG 4100h
4100 START: MOV DPTR, #TABLE Load the start

address of switching
scheme data TABLE
into Data Pointer
(DPTR)
4103 MOV R0, #04 Load the count in R0
4105 LOOP: MOVX A, @DPTR Load the number in
TABLE into A
4106 PUSH DPH Push DPTR value to
4108 PUSH DPL Stack
410A MOV DPTR, #0FFC0h Load the Motor port
address into DPTR
410D MOVX @DPTR, A Send the value in A
to stepper Motor port
address
410E MOV R4, #0FFh Delay loop to cause
4110 DELAY: MOV R5, #0FFh a specific amount of
4112 DELAY DJNZ R5, DELAY1 time delay before
1: next data item is sent
4114 DJNZ R4, DELAY to the Motor
4116 POP DPL POP back DPTR
4118 POP DPH value from Stack
411A INC DPTR Increment DPTR to
point to next item in
the table
411B DJNZ R0, LOOP Decrement R0, if not
zero repeat the loop
411D SJMP START Short jump to Start
of the program to
make the motor
rotate continuously
411F TABLE: DB 09 05 06 0Ah Values as per two-
phase switching
scheme
RESULT:
Thus a stepper motor was interfaced with 4051 and run in forward and reverse
directions at various speeds.
58

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CS2259-MICROPROCESSORS LAB-IT A

RAJALAKSHMI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

CS2259 - Microprocessors Lab

1. Programming with 8085

2. Programming with 8086-experiments including BIOS/DOS calls:

3. Interfacing with 8085/8086-8255,8253

4. Interfacing with 8085/8086-8279,8251

5. 8051 Microcontroller based experiments for Control

15. Stepper motor interface

INTEL 8085 is one of the most popular 8-bit microprocessor capable of

ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit):

If an arithmetic operation results in a carry, the carry flag is set.

Timing and control unit

Instruction register and decoder

2(A). 8 BIT DATA ADDITION

To add two 8 bit numbers stored at consecutive memory locations.

1. Initialize memory pointer to data location.

ADDRESS OPCODE LABEL MNEMONICS OPERAND COMMENT

2(B). 8 BIT DATA SUBTRACTION

To Subtract two 8 bit numbers stored at consecutive memory locations.

ADDRESS OPCODE LABEL MNEMONICS OPERAND COMMENT

4102 LXI H, 4500 Initialize HL reg. to

3(A). 8 BIT DATA MULTIPLICATION

LOGIC: Multiplication can be done by repeated addition.

1. Initialize memory pointer to data location.

[A] [A] +[M]

ADDRESS OPCODE LABEL MNEMONICS OPERAND COMMENT

4109 L1 ADD M Add multiplicand

3(B). 8 BIT DIVISION

To divide two 8-bit numbers and store the result in memory.

LOGIC: Division is done using the method Repeated subtraction.

ADDRESS OPCODE LABEL MNEMO OPERA COMMENTS

S.NO INPUT OUTPUT

4(A). 16 BIT DATA ADDITION

To add two 16-bit numbers stored at consecutive memory locations.

1. Initialize memory pointer to data location.

ADDRESS OPCODE LABEL MNEMONICS OPERAND COMMENT

4(B). 16 BIT DATA SUBTRACTION

To subtract two 16-bit numbers stored at consecutive memory locations.

1. Initialize memory pointer to data location.

5(A). 16 BIT MULTIPLICATION

To multiply two 16 bit numbers and store the result in memory.

1. Get the multiplier and multiplicand.

ADDRESS OPCODE LABEL MNEM OPERAN COMMENTS

1. Get the dividend and divisor.

6(A). LARGEST ELEMENT IN AN ARRAY

ADDRE OPCO LABEL MNEM OPER COMMENTS

6(B). SMALLEST ELEMENT IN AN ARRAY

ADDRE OPCO LABEL MNEM OPER COMMENTS

1. Get the numbers to be sorted from the memory locations.

ADDR OPCO LABEL MNEM OPER COMMENTS

7(B). DESCENDING ORDER

1. Get the numbers to be sorted from the memory locations.

ADDRE OPCO LABEL MNEM OPER COMMENTS

ASSUME CS: CODE, DS: DATA

9. BIOS/DOS CALLS FILE MANIPULATION

10. BIOS/DOS CALLS DISK INFORMATION

ASSUME CS: CODE, DS: DATA

11.INTERFACING 8255 WITH 8085