2017

MULTIPLE-FEEDBACK
BAND PASS FILTER

HADERSFIELD UNIVERSITY
0
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APPENDEX

1. Introduction................................................................................................................................................................2
2 Objectives: ..............................................................................................................................................................2
3. Theory ........................................................................................................................................................................2
3. Experiment .................................................................................................................................................................3
3.1 Electronic components and instruments: .............................................................................................................3
3.2 Experiment: ..........................................................................................................................................................3
3.3 Multisim Software implementation: ..............................................................................................................5
3.3.1 Band 3 ......................................................................................................................................................5
3.3.2 Band 4 ......................................................................................................................................................6
3.3.3 Band 5 ......................................................................................................................................................7
3.4 Observations: .......................................................................................................................................................8
4. Software used .............................................................................................................................................................8
5. Implementation ..........................................................................................................................................................9
6. Calculations ................................................................................................................................................................9
7. Discussion .................................................................................................................................................................10
7.1 General notice: ...................................................................................................................................................10
7.2 Circuit discussion: ...............................................................................................................................................11
8. Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................................11

tables

Table 1 ...........................................................................................................................................................................3
Table 2 .........................................................................................................................................................................10

Figures

Figure 1 ..........................................................................................................................................................................4
Figure 2 ..........................................................................................................................................................................4
Figure 3 ..........................................................................................................................................................................4
Figure 4 ..........................................................................................................................................................................5
Figure 5 ..........................................................................................................................................................................6
Figure 6 ..........................................................................................................................................................................6
Figure 7 ..........................................................................................................................................................................6
Figure 8 ..........................................................................................................................................................................6
Figure 9 ..........................................................................................................................................................................7
Figure 10 ........................................................................................................................................................................7
Figure 11 ........................................................................................................................................................................8
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1. Introduction.

The band pass filter is the device that has been based on the frequencies with the range to handle the
rejection frequencies with the ranges set. The band pass is set with the filtering process with the pass
band where the portion is set for the affected spectrum. The ideal band pass filter which needs no gain or
the attenuation, with filtering that does not attenuate the frequencies outside the frequency range. The
design of the filter is set for the roll-off that allow the filter to perform the intended design. The
bandwidth of the filter is with the upper and lower cut-off frequencies where the shape factor is
measured through the attenuation values for determining the cut-off frequency.

2 Objectives:
- How to implement and design a multiple feedback band pass filter which is importantforselecting a
working radio frequency band.
- to understand about the features of the BPF like the determination of the resistance and capacitors
used values, which determines the quality factor and the transfer function.
- How to change the circuit functionby change the configuration to obtain some new selected
frequencies bands.
- using the instruments and measurements devices and how to adjustthe spectrum analyzer.
- the multisim software is a simulation software which will helps to implement the circuit and choosing
another selected bands to save cost and some new results could be obtained.

3. Theory

- Filters are networks that process signals depend on frequency selection. This could be obtained by
selecting the impedance of capacitors and inductors values.
- Band pass filter is one of that filters which allows pass to signals between two desired frequencies,
however it prevents other frequencies out of these two selected frequencies.
- Band pass filter passes a band of frequencies between a lower frequency f l, and an upper frequency f
h. which called cutoff frequency. Frequencies below f l and above f h are in the stop band. (To be
prevented).
- The cutoff frequency of the filter. Could be defined, as the frequency where the signal output is down
3 dB from the pass band.
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- Quality factor, (Q) defines the width of the pass-band, as Low Q value → Wide bandwidth, and High
Q → Narrow bandwidth.
- Mid-band Gain, H = Vo / Vin. This is voltage gain at the center frequency F0.
- Advantages MFB-BPF which counted as an active band-pass filter, as there are no need for inductor to
create the band-pass, also it only needs one op amp device.
- Disadvantage of MFB-BPF is adjusting the center frequency F0 by tuning with a resistor. Is useful for
Q's up to about 20
- There are several types of Band Pass Filters:
** Active Band Pass Filter; this filter is implemented by using low pass filter and high pass filter cascaded
** Infinite gain multiple feedback Active filter; this filterhave a narrow bass band
To produce an infinite-gain multiple-feedback (IGMF) band pass filter by use circuit with negative op-
amp feedback, it is useful for Q's up to about 20.

3. Experiment
3.1 Electronic components and instruments:

Resistor Capacitor voltage source Local oscillator

82k 100nf 15v DC. Spectrum analyzer
2k7 56nf Test board Connection probes

160k 5n6 Oscilloscope Multisim software

82nf TLO71 Integrated circuit

47nf

Table 1

3.2 Experiment:

- Our goal is obtaining band no 4, with center frequency of 63 kHz.

- connecting the Circuit indicated in fig.1using a test board as shown in fig 2 with the components values
indicated as:. (R1=82k), R2=2k7), (R3=160 k)
C1=120nf) and C2=120nf).
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Figure 1

The circuit connections in fig 2 with the input test signal with selected bandwidth of AC signal and the DC
bias Also the probes connected to an output Oscilloscope two channels for output signal monitoring.

Figure 3

Figure 2
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-for channel Boutput, the maximum gain at frequency supposed to be of 63 Hz. Butas shown
in fig 4. It was found to be 12 Hz as a wrong value, this could be happened due to some
reasons as the wrong values of resistors or capacitors used in the circuit.
Actually when this circuit implemented, the actual values of the equipment’sweren’t found
well so we had to connect capacitors in parallel to get a higher values, also resistors in series
to get higher resistances. So this affected the characteristics of the circuit, which shifted the
center frequency as shown, but this couldn’t happen with Multisim.

Figure 4

3.3 Multisim Software implementation:

The desired selected frequency which configured in this mission was achieved, and now another mission
is to select another two bands 3 and 5 with center resonance frequency of 50 Hz and 80 Hz. By using
Multisim simulation software.
3.3.1 Band 3
- fig 5 is a capture of the connections and circuit diagram of band no.3which has an output frequency
F0=50 HZ,
- The capacitors C1 and C2 could be adjusted to the same value of (150nf).
- The rest of the other components could be the same values.
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- The desired output with a value of almost 50 Hz achieved in fig 7 shown below. As at this point the
maximum gain appears with the cursor indicated.

Figure 6

Figure 5

Figure 7

3.3.2 Band 4
- fig 8 is a capture of the connections and circuit diagram of band no.4 which has an output frequency F0=
63 HZ,
- The capacitors C1 and C2 could be adjusted to the same value of (120nf).
- The rest of the other components could be the same values.
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- The desired output with a value of almost 63 Hz achieved in fig 8 shown below. As at this point the
maximum gain appears with the cursor indicated.

Figure 9
3.3.3 Band 5
- fig 10 is a capture of the connections and circuit diagram of band no.5 which has an output
frequency F0= 80 HZ,
- The capacitors C1 and C2 could be adjusted to the same value of (100nf).
- The rest of the other components could be the same values.

Figure 10
The desired output with a value of almost 63 Hz achieved in fig 11 shown below. As at this point the
maximum gain appears with the cursor indicated.
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Figure 11

3.4 Observations:

- It was clear,that the values of the two capacitors C1 and C2 could drive any changes of the output signal
frequency in spite of the other rest of components still with the same values.
- As explained above in the theory of MFB-BPF, that the feedback capacitor is the most important factor
this BPF type.
- may be the output values not be perfectly accurate due to some little bit loose with the circuit
connections also and the un calibrated measurements devices could affect , but with the multisim, good
results achieved with the simulation.

4. Software used
Multisim is set for the schematic capture and the simulation program which includes the circuit designing
along with the NI Ultiboard. The design programs are mainly to employ the creation with the simulation
with integrated import and export features. The Multisim has been used for the SPICE simulation
environment which includes the expertise through the practical applications in designing, prototyping and
the testing of the electrical circuits. The approach is based on the different tools with optimization of the
printed circuit board designs. The Ultiboard environment handles the acceleration of the PCB design with
the automation functionality with maintaining the precisions with the control of manual system. The
capturing, simulation and the layout is based on the completion with the optimization of the circuit
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performance. The MultiSim offers a SPICE simulation environment, Ultiboard complements with the
layout and the routing capabilities to get the prototype that is set accurately.

5. Implementation
The electronics and the signal processing is based on maximizing the signal transmitters with minimizing
the interference or the competition that is among the signals. The NI circuit design suite combines with
the NI Multisim and the NI Ultiboard into the integrated bundle for the all the learning and the designing
needs. The band 4 has been used for the band pass filter which will also allow the band of frequencies
with the cut-off. The center frequency is the resonant frequency with the gain that is mainly to maximize
the resonant or the center frequency with the total pass band gain. It mainly depends on the quality
factor which is classified into the wide band pass filter with the narrow band pass. This is called as the
figure of merit with amplifying the component to obtain the band pass filter. The amplifier circuit is
mainly in between the high pass and the lower pass filter which will provide the isolation to give the
voltage gain of the circuit. The possibility is to interact of the high pass and the lower pass stages that is
for the levels for the cut-off frequencies. The signal processing is based on the fourth order band pass
that produce a lower quality value.
The filter circuit produces the tuned circuit which is based on the negative feedback of the filter. The
important advantage is based on the change with the maximum gain at the centre frequency where there
is a value set for the cut-off frequency. The quality factor depends on the bandwidth with the pass band
where it is proportional form is to the bandwidth.
Q = fc/BW
For the setup, the quality factor is lower mainly because the pass bandwidth is higher. The narrow band
pass filter with the quality factor is high. The selectivity and the un-selectivity is mainly depending on the
width of the pass band. The quality

6. Calculations
The equations used in the theatrical calculations of the BPF active filter
1 1 1 1
1- Mid band frequency 𝑓𝑜 = 2𝜋 √𝐶1𝐶2𝑅3 (𝑅1 + 𝑅2)
1
2- Band width𝐵𝑊 = 𝐶1𝑅3
𝐵𝑊 𝐵𝑊
3- -3db cutoff frequencies 𝑓𝑐1 = + 𝑓𝑜 and 𝑓𝑐2 = 𝑓𝑜 −
2 2
𝑓𝑜
4- Quality factor𝑄 = 𝐵𝑊
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−𝑅2
5- Gain 𝐺 = −2𝑄 2 𝐺 = − 2𝑅1

BAND 3 4 5
R1 82k 82k 82k
R2 2k7 2k7 2k7
R3 160k 160k 160k
C1 150n 120n 100n
C2 150n 120n 100n
F0 50hz 63 Hz 80 Hz
BW 83hz 104 Hz 125 Hz
-3dB (Fc1) 8.5 Hz 11 Hz 17.5 Hz
-3dB (Fc2) 91.5 Hz 115 Hz 142.5 Hz
Q (quality factor) 0.698 0.698 0.698
G(gain) 0.9756 0.9756 0.9756
Table 2

7. Discussion
7.1 General notice:
The multi-band equalization systems works on the quality factor with the allocations set for the resistors
and the capacitors which is almost 1 with no amplification of the signal in the three bands 3,4,5. The 3dB
cut-off frequency points with the closed loop voltage gain.
The NI Multisim software develops the schematic range with the MFB filter band circuit. The stimulation
is based on the details where the parameters is set for the encompassing of the bands. The band pass
filter is used for the wireless transmitters and the receivers where the function is set to limit the
bandwidth of the output signal.
For the receiver, the band pass filter allow the signals that has been set for the selected range of the
frequencies with the decoded forms. The bandwidth of the filter is set with the upper and the lower cut-
off frequency where the sharp factor is set to measure the two different attenuation values. The band-
pass filter is set with the inverse of the fractional bandwidth with the narrow pass band and the lower Q
filter that has a wider pass band and as shown the quality factor is almost 0.7 which is normally good
value .
The band pass filter is for allowing the signals with the selected ranges that have been heard or decoded
where the prevention of the signals is based on the unwanted frequencies due to the cut-off frequencies.
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7.2 Circuit discussion:

- F0 depends on the values of R1, R2, R3, C1 and C2, as the resistors always constant within the three
bands circuits, so the leader of changes are the capacitors.
- Q depends on the value of R1 and R3, and it must be in range of min of 0 and max of 1.
- G depends on the value of Q, as has three probabilities: 0 no signal outs, 1 output signal with no
amplifications, larger than 1 as an amplified output signal.
- The multisim software provides a very good opportunity for presenting a virtual circuits to obtain the
desired output signal with avoiding the connection and hardware problems.
- It was good application to implement these circuits for given components values to obtain the desired
frequency band, but however it will be good to design the circuit and obtain the electronic components
for a selected frequency- it will be a good job in the future.

8. Conclusion
With the intuitive and the interactive learning, the layout is set with the NI Ultiboard which is for the
development of environment along with designing the printed circuit board with the view in 3D and the
fabrication. The Multisim is including the models for the wiring which is important for the Analog Devices
and the Microchip. The frequency performance is based on the cut-off frequency that is mainly for the
new resistor value setup. It includes the change in the maximum gain at the centre frequency where the
change can easily be analysed through the resistance forms. With this, there are other high and the low
pass filters where the centre frequency of the high pass filter must be less than the centre frequency of
the lower pas filter.
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