ABSTRACT:-

The surge of internet explosion has lead to devlopment in various

fields of science and technology escpecially in the fields of
telecommunications.Think about how you access the Internet
today. There are basically three different options

• Broadband access.
• WiFi access
• Dial-up access

The main problems with broadband access are that it is pretty

expensive and it doesn't reach all areas. The main problem with
WiFi access is that hot spots are very small, so coverage is sparse.
The new technology should provide high speed of Broad band
service, wireless access, less expensive and should provide wider
coverage like cell phone network instead of all WiFi hotspots. In
this paper we’ll find out how WiMAX works,how it can improvised
over other competing technologies and its practical
implementations .

INTRODUCTION

WiMAX is defined as Worldwide Interoperability for

Microwave Access by the WiMAX Forum, formed in June 2001 to
promote conformance and interoperability of the IEEE 802.16
standard, officially known as WirelessMAN. It is a standards-based
technology enabling the delivery of last mile wireless broadband
access as an alternative to cable and DSL. WiMAX will provide
fixed, nomadic, portable and mobile wireless broadband
connectivity without the need for direct line-of-sight with a base
station. In a typical cell radius deployment of three to 10
kilometers. WiMAX is a certification mark, or 'stamp of approval'
given to equipment that meets certain conformity and
interoperability tests for the IEEE 802.16 family of standards.
 Wimax is the real wireless architecture by which wireless
range can be extended to 49.6 kms compared with Wi-Fi 91 mts
and bluetooth’s 9 mts.
It also boasts 70 Mbps of the data rates that support
thousands of users.

Why is WiMAX needed?

It is important to understand the current state of technical

fragmentation of the broadband wireless industry. Early broadband
wireless systems began as extensions of indoor local area network
(LAN) technology known as Wifi or the 802.11b protocol. This
standard has evolved into a ubiquitous and widely available
standard used in short range hotspots all over the globe. However,
the media access controller (MAC) and physical layer (PHY)
specifications for this protocol are sub optimum for outdoor
citywide wireless networks or metropolitan area networks (MAN).
Recent updates and new standards such as 802.11g
and 802.11a have improved these elements. However, once again
these technologies are configured for best performance in small
venues and at short range. To compensate vendors developed
proprietary MAC and PHY layers based on the root LAN standard
of 802.11. Many of these systems are in use today
and possess significant improvements
in modulation scheme, polling technology and data transport that
enable effective and modestly affordably citywide or rural wireless
networks. However, none of these proprietary iterations of the
technology are exactly the same. No two company’s products will
work with each other. This means that broadband wireless carriers
must use base stations and customer premise equipment from the
same vendor in any given city---which may not be the best solution
in some geographic and radio frequency (RF) environments.

Fundamental technologies in 802.16:

O F D M ( O r t h o g o n a l F r e q u e n c y D i v i s i o n M u l t i p l e x i n g) : -

It is fundamental technology in digital TV .It transmits multiple

signals simultaneously across the wireless transmission with in
separate frequency to avoid interference .It is also supported in
WLAN standard .OFDM will almost certainly become the dominant
technology in all wireless technologies .

ADAPTIVE MODULATION:-

Many systems in the past decade have involved in the fixed

modulation offering a trade off between higher order modulations
for higher data rates, but requiring more optimal links or more
robust lower order that will operate only at lower data rates .But
802.16 supports adaptive delta modulation balancing different data
rates and link quality, making most efficient use of band width.

FDD AND TDD:-

The standard also supports both frequency and time division

multiplexing to enable interoperability with cellular and other
wireless systems .FDD has widely deployed in cellular telephony
.It requires two channel pairs. One for transmission and other for
reception with some frequency separation between them to migrate
self-interference .TDD uses a single channel for both upstreams
and downstream transmissions , dynamically allocating bandwidth
requirement depending on the traffic requirements

How WiMAX works?

 A WiMAX system consists of two parts:
I. A WiMAX tower, similar in concept to a cell-phone tower -
A single WiMAX tower can provide coverage to a very large
area -- as big as 3,000 square miles (~8,000 square km).
II. A WiMAX receiver - The receiver and antenna could be a
small box or PCMCIA card, or they could be built into a
laptop the way WiFi access is today.
A WiMAX tower station can connect directly to the Internet using
a high-bandwidth, wired connection. It can

also connect to another WiMAX

tower using a line-of-sight, microwave link. This connection to a
second tower (often referred to as a backhaul), along with the
ability of a single tower to cover up to 3,000 square miles, is what
allows WiMAX to provide coverage to remote rural areas.

What this points out is that WiMAX actually can provide

two forms of wireless service:
I. There is the non-line-of-sight, WiFi sort of service, where a
small antenna on your computer connects to the tower. In this
mode, WiMAX uses a lower frequency range -- 2 GHz to 11
GHz (similar to WiFi). Lower-wavelength transmissions are
not as easily disrupted by physical obstructions -- they are
better able to diffract, or bend, around obstacles.
II. There is line-of-sight service, where a fixed dish antenna
points straight at the WiMAX tower from a rooftop or pole.
The line-of-sight connection is stronger and more stable, so
it's able to send a lot of data with fewer errors. Line-of-sight
transmissions use higher frequencies, with ranges reaching a
possible 66 GHz. At higher frequencies, there is less
interference and lots more bandwidth.
WiFi-style access will be limited to a 4-to-6 mile radius (perhaps
25 square miles or 65 square km of coverage, which is similar in
range to a cell-phone zone). Through the stronger line-of-sight
antennas, the WiMAX transmitting station would send data to
WiMAX-enabled computers or routers set up within the
transmitter's 30-mile radius (2,800 square miles or 9,300 square
km of coverage). This is what allows WiMAX to achieve its
maximum range.

What WiMAX can do?

WiMAX operates on the same general principles as WiFi -- it sends

data from one computer to another via radio signals. A computer
equipped with WiMAX would receive data from the WiMAX
transmitting station, probably using encrypted data keys to prevent
unauthorized users from stealing access.

The fastest WiFi connection can transmit up to 54 megabits per

second under optimal conditions. WiMAX should be able to handle
up to 70 megabits per second. Even once that 70 megabits is split
up between several dozen businesses or a few hundred home users,
it will provide at least the equivalent of cable-modem transfer
rates to each user.
The biggest difference isn't speed; it's distance. WiMAX
outdistances WiFi by miles. WiFi's range is about 100 feet (30 m).
WiMAX will blanket a radius of 30 miles (50 km) with wireless
access. The increased range is due to the frequencies used and the
power of the transmitter. Of course, at that distance, terrain,
weather and large buildings will act to reduce the maximum range
in some circumstances, but the potential is there to cover huge
tracts of land.

IEEE
802.16 Specifications
• Range - 30-mile (50-km) radius from base station
 • Speed - 70 megabits per second
• Line-of-sight not needed between user and base station
• Frequency bands - 2 to 11 GHz and 10 to 66 GHz (licensed
and unlicensed bands)

IEEE Standards:-
The current 802.16 standard is IEEE Std 802.16e-2005 approved in
December 2005. It followed on from IEEE Std 802.16-2004, which
replaced IEEE Standards 802.16-2001, 802.16c-2002, and 802.16a-
2003.

IEEE Std 802.16-2004 (802.16d) addresses only fixed systems.

802.16e adds mobility components to the standard

F E A T U R E S O F 8 0 2 . 1 6 a: -

802.16a is a version of wimax and offers excellent capabilities.

The typical cell radius of 802.16a systems is expected to be four to
six miles. This new standard will help the industry provide
solutions across multiple broadband segments. The features are as
follows.
Broadband on-demand –
802.16a wireless technology enables a service provider to
provide service with speed comparable to a wired solution in a
matter of days, and at significantly reduced cost. It also enables
instantly configurable 'on demand' high-speed connectivity for
temporary events such as trade shows.
C e l l u l a r b a c k h a u l :-
The robust bandwidth of 802.16 technologies makes it an excellent
choice to carry backhaul traffic for cellular base stations in a
point-to-point configuration.
Residential broadband:-
Filling the gaps in cable and DSL coverage - Practical limitations
prevent cable and DSL technologies from reaching many potential
broadband customers. This will change with the launch of
standards-based systems based on 802.16a.
Underserved areas:-
 Wireless internet technology based on IEEE 802.16 is also a
natural choice for underserved rural and outlying areas with low
population density.
Best-connected wireless
Service: - The IEEE 802.16e extension to 802.16a introduces
nomadic capabilities which will allow users to connect while
roaming outside their home areas.

IEEE 802.16e
IEEE 802.16e formally named, but still best known as, 802.16e or
Mobile WiMAX provides an improvement on the modulation
schemes stipulated in the original WiMAX standard. It allows for
fixed wireless and mobile Non Line of Sight applications primarily
by enhancing the OFDMA.
Advantages over Wi-Fi
In practical terms, WiMAX would operate similar to WiFi but
at higher speeds, over greater distances and for a greater number
of users.
 The WiMAX specification provides symmetrical bandwidth
over many kilometers and range with stronger encryption and
typically less interference.
 Wi-Fi is short range has WEP or WPA encryption and suffers
from interference as in metropolitan areas where there are
many users.
 It provides connectivity between network endpoints without
the need for direct line of sight in favourable circumstances.
The non-line-of-sight propagation (NLOS) performance
requires the .16d or .16e revisions, since the lower
frequencies are needed. It relies upon multi-path signals,
somewhat in the manner of 802.11n.

WiMAX Systems:-
This figure shows that wimax systems may be used to provide point
to point and point to multi point communication service can
provide different types of communication service from a common
digital system this diagram shows that wimax can be used to
provide dedicated high speed data links to hundreds of user in
relatively large geographical area.
 W i M A X R ad i o : -

At the core of WiMAX is the

WiMAX radio. A radio
contains both a transmitter
(sends) and a receiver
(receives). It generates
electrical oscillations at a
frequency known as the carrier
frequency (in WiMAX that is
usually between 2 and 11
GHz). A radio might be
thought of as a networking device similar to a router or a bridge in
that it is managed by software and is composed of circuit boards
containing very complex chip sets.
WiMAX architecture, very simply put, is built upon two
components: radios and antennas. Most WiMAX products offer a
base station radio separate from the antenna. Conversely, many
CPE devices are also two piece solutions with an antenna on the
outside of the building and subscriber station indoors as illustrated
in the figure below.

Figure 9: Most WiMAX

solutions use radios separate from antennas

The chief advantage of this is that the radio is protected from

extremes of heat cold and humidity all of
which detract from the radio's performance
and durability. In addition, having the
antenna outdoors optimizes the link budget
(performance of the wireless connection)
between transmitter and receiver especially
in line of sight scenarios. The antenna is connected to WiMAX
radio via a cable known as a "pigtail". One simple rule for wireless
installations: keep the pigtail as short as possible. Why? The
longer the pigtail the more signal is lost between the antenna and
the radio.

WiMAX ACESS DEVICES:-

For deploying wimax technology there are wide range of devices
available which includes terminal units, internal radio modules
,network interface cards ,PMCIA cards ,external boxes that
connect to Ethernet of various communication devices .some of
those devices are shown in following figures

APPLICATIONS:-
There may be many usage scenarios
That can be addressed by wimax.
Following are some mobility usages of
WiMAX .

Cellular backhaul:-

The market for cellular

services
Becoming more and more
competitive .To stay in the
business, the cellular
operators are constantly
looking for ways to reduce the
operating costs.
Backhaul costs for cellular operators will represent a significant
position of their recurring costs .WiMAX can provide point –to –
point links up to 30 miles with data rates capable of supporting
multiple E1/T1s cellular can therefore use WiMAX equipment to
backhaul base station traffic to their Network operations and
switching centers as shown below
Banking networks :-

Large banks can connect their branches and ATM sites to

their regional offices through
a private WiMAX carrying
voice ,data and video traffic
as shown below . These spread
over a wide area and need high
security and band width to
handle the traffic .

Campus connectivity:-
Government agencies, large
enterprises industrial campuses,
t r a n s p o r t a t i o n hubs, u n i v e r s i t y ’ s , a n d c o l l e g e s c a n u s e

WiMAX to connect multiple locations, sites and offices with in

their campus as shown below .campus systems require high data
capacity low latency, a large coverage foot print and high security

CONCLUSION:-

WiMAX could potentially erase the suburban and rural

blackout areas that currently have no broadband Internet
access because phone and cable companies have not yet run the
necessary wires to those remote locations.

WiMAX can also solve the problem of how to keep wireless

notebooks and other mobile devices connected between 802.11
hotspots. An 802.16e amendment will add
mobility to 802.16. As early as 2008, 802.16
could be
Incorporated into end-user devices the move