Fat soluble vitamins

By :
Samir Rizk Abdou
Under Super Vision :
Mabrok Atia
Ahmed Mousa
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Introduction

The body needs vitamins to stay healthy

and a varied diet usually gives you all the vitamins you need.
Vitamins do not provide energy (calories) directly, but they do
help regulate energy-producing processes. With the exception
of vitamin D and K, vitamins cannot be synthesized by the
human body and must be obtained from the diet. Vitamins
have to come from food because they are not manufactured
or formed by the body. So lets find out the uses and the
importance of vitamins in our daily life

Aim

 To find out the importance of vitamins in daily life.

 To find out how much vitamins are needed for
human in one day.
 To find out the sources of vitamins.
 To find out the structure of vitamins.
 To find out the diseases caused by deficiency of
vitamins.

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Vitamins and classification

Vitamins are natural substances found in plants and
animals and known as Essential nutrients for human beings.
The name vitamin is obtained from "vital amines" as it was
originally thought that these substances were all amines.
Human body uses these substances to stay healthy and
support its many functions.

Vitamins are generally regarded as organic compounds

required in the diet in small amounts to perform specific
biological functions for normal maintenance of optimum
growth and health of the organism.

There are two types of vitamins: water-soluble and fat-

soluble.

Water-soluble vitamins
Water-soluble vitamins cannot be stored in the body, so you
need to get them from food every day. They can be destroyed by
overcooking. These are easily absorbed by the body. Human body
doesn't store large amounts of water-soluble vitamins. B-complex
vitamins and vitamin C are water-soluble vitamins that are not stored
in the body and must be replaced each day. These vitamins are easily
destroyed or washed out during food storage and preparation. They
are eliminated in urine so, body need a continuous supply of them in
diets.
Proper storage and preparation of food can minimize vitamin
loss. To reduce vitamin loss, refrigerate fresh produce, keep milk and
grains away from strong light, and use the cooking water from
vegetables to prepare soups. An excess of water soluble vitamins
should not result in any side effects as they will disperse in the body
fluids and voided in the urine.

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Nine of the water-soluble vitamins are known as the B-

complex group: Thiamin (vitamin B1), Riboflavin (vitamin B2), Niacin,
Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Biotin, Pantothenic acid and Vitamin
C. These vitamins are widely distributed in foods.

Fat-soluble vitamins

The fat-soluble vitamins include vitamins A, D, E and K - since they are

soluble in fat and are absorbed by the body from the intestinal tract.
The human body has to use bile acids to absorb fat-soluble vitamins.
Once these vitamins are absorbed, the body stores them in body fat.
When you need them, your body takes them out of storage to be used.
Eating fats or oils that are not digested can cause shortages of fat-
soluble vitamins.

Fat soluble vitamins should not be consumed in excess as they are

stored in the body and an excess can result in side effects. An excess of
vitamin A may result in irritability, weight loss, dry itchy skin in
children and nausea, headache, diarrhea in adults.

Characteristics of the vitamins are:

1. Most of the vitamins have been artificially synthesized.
2. Some of vitamins are soluble in water and others are fat-soluble.
3. Some vitamins are synthesized in the body. Some members of
vitamin B complex are synthesized by microorganisms in the
intestinal tract.
4. Vitamins are partly destroyed and are partly excreted.
5. Vitamins can be stored in the body to some extent, for example
the fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the liver and subcutaneous
tissue.
6. Vitamins can perform their work in very small quantities. Hence,
the total daily requirement is usually very small.

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Action in human body

Nutrient Action Daily need
Vitamin A helps cell 10,000 IU/day (plant-
VITAMIN A reproduction. It also derived) for adult
stimulates immunity and is males.
needed for formation of some 8,000 for adult females
hormones. Vitamin A helps - 12,000 if lactating.
vision and promotes bone 4,000 for children ages
growth, tooth development, 1-3
and helps maintain healthy 5,000 for children ages
skin, hair, and mucous 4-6
membranes. It has been 7,000 for children ages
shown to be an effective 7-10
preventive against measles.

Alpha-carotene, beta-carotene
and retinol are all versions of
Vitamin A.
Vitamin D is known as the 5 mg for most adults.
VITAMIN D "sunshine vitamin" since it is Between 50 - 70 yrs
manufactured by the body 10 mg, and after 70 15
after being exposed to sun mg.
.Vitamin D is vital to the
human body as it promotes Children need about 5
absorption of calcium and mg/day.
magnesium, which are
essential for the normal
development of healthy teeth
and bones. It also helps
maintain adequate levels of
calcium and phosphorus in the
blood.
Like vitamin C, vitamin E plays 30 IU for most adults.
VITAMIN E a significant role as an Children need between
antioxidant, thereby 6-11 mg/day. (1 IU is
protecting body tissue from equal to approximately
the damage of oxidation. It is .75 mg)
important in the formation of
red blood cells and the use of
vitamin K. Many women also
use it to help minimize the
appearance of wrinkles.
Vitamin K is fat soluble and 70-80 micrograms/day
VITAMIN K plays a critical role in blood for adult males, 60-65
clotting. It regulates blood micrograms per day for
calcium levels and activates at adult females.
least 3 proteins involved in
bone health. Children need about
half the amount,
depending on age.

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Natural sources

Nutrient Fruit source Vegetable Nut source

source
Vitamin A Most fruits contain Sweet potato Pistachios
vitamin A, but the Kale Chestnuts
following fruits Carrots Pumpkin Seeds
have a significant Spinach Pecans
amount: Avocado Pine Nuts/Pignolias
Tomatoes Broccoli Sunflower Seeds
Cantaloupes Peas Almonds
Watermelon Asparagus Filberts/Hazelnuts
Peaches Squash - summer
Kiwi Green Pepper
Oranges
Blackberries
Vitamin D None Mushrooms No nuts contain a
significant amount
of vitamin B6.
Vitamin E Blackberries None Almonds
Bananas Sunflower Seeds
Apples Pine Nuts/Pignolias
Kiwi Peanuts
Brazil Nuts
Vitamin K None Vitamin K is found Pine Nuts/Pignolias
in significant Cashews
quantities in dark Chestnuts
green leafy Filberts/Hazelnuts
vegetables such as
spinach, broccoli,
and kale.

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Structure
Vitamin A

Vitamin A (retinol) is required for the formation of rhodopsin, a

photoreceptor pigment in the retina. Vitamin A helps maintain
epithelial tissues. Normally, the liver stores 90% of the body's
Vitamin A.

Retinol (Vitamin A)

Vitamin D

Vitamin D has two main forms: D2 (ergocalciferol) and D3

(cholecalciferol). Vitamin D3 is synthesized in skin by exposure to
sunlight (ultraviolet radiation) and obtained in the diet chiefly in fish
liver oils and egg yolks

Cholecalciferol
(Vitamin D)

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Vitamin E

Vitamin E is a group of that have similar biologic activities. These

compounds act as antioxidants, which prevent lipid peroxidation of
polyunsaturated fatty acids in cellular membranes.

Alpha-tocopherol (Vitamin E)

Vitamin K

Vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) is dietary vitamin K. Dietary fat enhances

its absorption. Infant formulas contain supplemental vitamin K.

Vitamin K (phylloquinone)

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Deficiency disease
Vitamin A

Deficiency Disease:
Night-blindness and Keratomalacia, Keratinisation of the nasal and
respiratory passage epithelium

Deficiency Symptoms:
Defective Teeth and Gums, Allergies, Dry Hair, Retarded Growth,
Susceptibility to Infections, Night Blindness, Eye Irritations, Sinus
Trouble, Dry Skin, Loss of Smell.

Deficiency Occurs in:

1. People who limit their consumption of liver, dairy foods, and
beta-carotene-containing vegetables can develop a vitamin A
deficiency.
2. Extremely low birth weight babies

Vitamin D

Deficiency Disease: Rickets and Osteomalacia

Deficiency Symptoms:
Symptoms include bone pain and tenderness and Muscle Weakness. In
children, Rickets may occur, in which bones lose calcium and become
soft and curved. Without proper intake, there is an increased risk of
Osteoporosis, Arthritis, and Cancer.

Deficiency Occurs in:

1. More common in strict vegetarians
2. Dark-skinned people
3. Alcoholics
4. People with liver or kidney disease
5. People with hyperparathyroidism
6. Also common in men with advanced prostate cancer

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Vitamin E

Deficiency Disease:
Deficiency is very rare; mild hemolytic anemia in newborn infants

Deficiency Symptoms:

Symptoms include in Infants irritability, Fluid Retention and Anemia.

Adult symptoms may include Lethargy, Loss of balance and Anemia.
There may be increased risk of Heart Disease, Cancer, and Premature
Aging with marginal deficiencies.

Deficiency Occurs in:

1. People with a genetic defect in a vitamin E transfer protein called
thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)
2. Women with Preeclampsia
3. Very old people with type 2 diabetes

Vitamin K

Deficiency Disease:
Bleeding Diathesis, Delayed clotting & Hemorrhaging, Cholestatic
Constipation, Patients may show signs of bruising easily and have
nosebleeds.

Deficiency Symptoms:
Symptoms include prolonged clotting time, easy bleeding, and bruising.
This deficiency is rare in adults and normally limited to those with liver
or food absorption disorders. However, it may occur in premature
babies.

Deficiency Occurs in:

1. People with certain Mal absorption diseases
2. Hospitalized patients who had poor food intake and were
receiving antibiotics
3. Sometimes develop in breast-fed infants.

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Pictures of deficiency diseases

Night blindness(vitamin A)

Rickets(Vitamin D)

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How to overcome these deficiency

 Food

The best method available to overcome these deficiency

is by proper diet which includes proper amounts of vegetables,
fruits and some amount of meat.

 Medicine

To avoid the deficiency of any Vitamin B we can use B

complex. Vitamin B complex is a group of 12 related water-
soluble substances. The eight water-soluble vitamins including
thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), pantothenic acid (B5),
biotin (B7), pyridoxine (B6), folic acid (B9), and cyanocobalamin
(Vitamin B12).

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Additional information
Vitamin Facts
1. A lot of the vitamins in fruits and vegetables are lost between
the farm and your plate. The longer the foods are stored before
you eat them, the more nutrients are lost. Heat, light, and
exposure to air all reduce the amount of vitamins, especially
Vitamin C, thiamin, and folic acid.

2. About 25% of US households do not have balanced meals to

meet the requirements that the body needs in digesting enough
nutrients to sustain the body's health and fuel factors.

3. Research has shown that almost all varieties of disease can be

produced by the deficiency of vitamins, minerals, amino acids,
and other nutrients. Vitamins are vital for your skin. The most
important factor of nutritional deficiencies is the intense
processing and refining of foods like cereals and sugar.

4. The human body uses food to manufacture all its building blocks
as well as to provide fuel. To do this, it performs several
thousand different chemical reactions. Each reaction is
controlled by "enzymes" and "coenzymes". Some of the
coenzymes contain vitamins which the body cannot make by
itself and which must be obtained from outside the body.

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Conclusion
Vitamins are in every aspect essential to
our life. First of all vitamin is that component of a balanced diet which
the human body generally cannot manufacture on its own. So you
must consume vitamin directly in the form of food or through
supplements as tonic or pills. The whole process of assimilation of
vitamins depends on ingestion of food. Once you have it as a part of
your meal, say for tomatoes, lemon, spinach and other stuffs, it is more
helpful.

To maintain a healthy life we must use regular proper balanced

diet.the diet must contain vegetables, fruits, meat … The body's
metabolism is also dependent on vitamins as on carbohydrates, fats,
minerals and other basic components of a complete diet.

Always remember that vitamins are not food but should be a

part of your food.

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