Transformers

Part 1-2
Practical Transformer on
No-Load
 Problem 1
(1) (a) A 2200/200-V transformer draws a no-load primary
current of 0.6A and absorbs 400watts. Find (i) the
magnetizing and iron-loss currents, (ii) the exciting
admittance and circuit elements GC and Bm.

(b) A 2200/250-V transformer takes 0.5A at a power

factor of 0.30 on open-circuit. Find the magnetizing
and working components of no-load primary
current.

Flaviano D. Dula
 Solution
Ideal Transformer
(1) I0 IS/a = 0 IS = 0

IC Im
(a) VP RC EP ES VS
Xm

NP NS
Fig.6(iii)

PNL = P0 = 400 W, no-load power input

INL = I0 = 0.6 A, no-load primary current
VNL = V0 = 2200 V, no-load primary voltage
Flaviano D. Dula
 Solution
(i) Iron loss current:

IC = PC/EP ≈ P0/V0
≈ 400W/2200V I0 = 0.6A
≈ 0.1818A
VP = IC Im
Magnetizing current: 2200V PC ≈ EP
400W
Im = √I02 - IC2
= √(0.6A)2 - (0.1818A)2
= 0.572A or I0sinθ0

Flaviano D. Dula
 Solution
(ii) Admittance: Y0 I0
Y0 = I0/V0
VP EP Y0
0.6 -72.36°
=
2200 0°
= 0.000273 -72.36° siemens

where, θ0 = - cos-1(P0/VPI0)
= - cos-1(400/2200x0.6)
= - 72.36°, or - cos-1(IC/I0)
Flaviano D. Dula
 Solution
In rectangular form:
Y0 = 8.26x10-5 - j0.00026 Siemens or mhos
GC Bm

Similarly: G C = IC /EP
≈ C I /VP ≈ 0.1818A/2200V
≈ 8.26x10-5 S

Bm = Im/EP
≈ Im/VP ≈ 0.572A/2200V
≈ 0.00026 S
Flaviano D. Dula
 Solution
(b) I0 = 0.5A, no-load current

cosθ0 = 0.3, no-load power factor

Hence, the working component of the no-load current is

IC = Iω = I0cosθ0

= 0.5A(0.3)
= 0.15A

Flaviano D. Dula
 Solution

and the magnetizing component of the no-load current is

Im = √I02 - IC2
= √(0.5A)2 - (0.15A)2
= 0.476A or = I0sinθ0

IC
V P = EP
θ0
Im
I0
øm
Flaviano D. Dula
 Problem 2

2. A 25-kVA, 2400/240-V, 60-Hz single-phase distribution

transformer, operating at no-load in the step-down mode,
draws 138W at a p.f. of 0.210 lagging. Using the equivalent
circuit of Fig.4(v). Determine:
(a) the exciting current and its quadrature components;
(b) the equivalent magnetizing reactance and equivalent
core-loss resistance;
(c) and (d) repeat (a) and (b) for the transformer in the
step-up mode.

Flaviano D. Dula
 Solution
I0

I I
m
C
VP = 2400V V P = V0
RC EP ≈ EP
Xm

Fig.4(v)

Step-down mode

Flaviano D. Dula
 Solution
(a) Step-down mode: High voltage side

θ0 = - cos-1(θV0 - θI0)
= - cos-1(0 - 0.21)
= -77.88°

P0 = W0 ≈ VPI0cosθ0 = PC
P0
I0 =
VP x cosθ0
138W
=
2400V x 0.21
= 0.2738A Flaviano D. Dula
 Solution
Exciting current:
PC P0
IC = ≈
EP V0
138W
≈
2400V ≈ 0.0575A

or IC = I0cosθ0
= 0.2738A x 0.210

= 0.0575A

Flaviano D. Dula
 Solution

and the quadrature component of the no-load current is

Im = I0sinθ0

= 0.2738 sin77.8776°

= 0.268A

or = √I02 - IC2 = √(0.2738A)2 - (0.0575A)2

= 0.268A or = ICtanθ0

Flaviano D. Dula
 Solution

(b) Using high-side data:

Xm =
EP ≈
VP
Im Im
2400V
≈ ≈ 8.97 kΩ
0.2677A

EP VP
RC = ≈
IC IC
≈
2400V 41.74 kΩ
≈
0.0575A

Flaviano D. Dula
 Solution
(c) Step-up Mode:

Using the 240V side as the primary. The

core-loss and power factor (cosθ0) are the same
whether operating in the step-down or step-up
mode

a = 240/2400

Flaviano D. Dula
 Solution
I0P

ICP ImP
VP = 240V V P = V0
EP ≈ EP
RC Xm

Fig.4(vi)

Step-up mode

Flaviano D. Dula
 Solution

PC
ICP =
EP
≈
P0 138W
≈
V0 240V

≈ 0.575A,

Or ≈ I0cosθ0

≈ 2.738Ax0.21

≈ 0.575A

Flaviano D. Dula
 Solution
No-load current:
IC
I0P =
cosθ0
= 0.575A
0.21
= 2.738A

Magnetizing current:
ImP = I0Psinθ0

= 2.738 sin77.8776°

= 2.677A

Flaviano D. Dula
 Solution
or ICP = IC/a = 0.0575A/0.10 = 0.575A

ImP = Im/a = 0.268A/0.10 = 2.68A

I0P = I0/a = 0.2738A/0.10 = 2.738A

where a = VP,rated/VS,rated

= 240/2400

= 0.10, step-up mode

Flaviano D. Dula
 Solution

(d) Using the 240V as the primary:

VP 240V
Xmp ≈ ≈ ≈ 89.7Ω
Imp 2.677A

RCP VP 240V
≈ ≈ ≈ 417.4Ω
ICP 0.575A

Or Xmp = a2Xm = (0.1)2 (8.97x103Ω) = 89.7Ω

RCP = a2RC = (0.1)2(41.74x103Ω) = 417.4Ω

Flaviano D. Dula
Ideal Transformer on Load
but With Magnetic Leakage

Flaviano D. Dula
 Ideal Transformer on Load

Let us connect a load ZL across the

secondary of an ideal transformer as shown
in Fig.7(i). The magnitude and phase of Is with
respect to Vs is determined by the
characteristics of the load. Current Is

(i) is in phase with Vs if load is resistive,

(ii) it lags with Vs if load is inductive and

(iii) it leads with Vs if load is capacitive.

Flaviano D. Dula
 Ideal Transformer on Load

ølP Leakage flux ølS

IP IS

VP EP ES ZL VS
NP NS

Flaviano D. Dula
 Ideal Transformer on Load With
Magnetic Leakage

The secondary e.m.f. ES will cause a current

IS to flow through the load.
IS ≈ E /Z = V /Z
S L S L

The angle θS at which IS leads or lags VS

(or ES) depends upon the resistance and
reactance of the load. In the present case, we
have considered inductive load so that
current IS lags behind VS (or ES) by θS.
 Ideal Transformer on Load

The secondary current IS sets up an m.m.f.

NSIS which produces a flux ØlS in the opposite
direction to the flux Øm originally set up in
the primary by the magnetizing current.

The secondary ampere-turns NSIS are

known as demagnetizing amp-turns.

Flaviano D. Dula
 Ideal Transformer on Load

This will change the flux in the core

momentarily from the original value, hence
primary back e.m.f. Ep tends to be reduced.
However, the flux in the core should NOT
change from the original value. For a moment
Vp gains the upper hand over Ep and hence
causes more current to flow in primary.

Flaviano D. Dula
 Ideal Transformer on Load

In order to fulfill this condition, the primary

must develop an m.m.f. NPIP which exactly
counterbalance the secondary m.m.f. NSIS.
Hence a primary current IP must flow such that:

NPIP = NSIS
or IP = (NS/NP) x IS
= IS/a

Flaviano D. Dula
 Ideal Transformer on Load

a = NP/NS VP
IP
IP = IS/a IS θP

VP EP ES VS ZL o Ø

θS
IS ES = VS a=1
NP NS
(i) (ii)

Fig.7 Circuit and phasor diagram of ideal transformer on load

 Ideal Transformer on Load

Thus when a transformer is loaded and

carries a secondary current IS , then a current
IP (= IS/a or IS’) must flow in the primary to
maintain the m.m.f. balance.
In other words, the primary must draw
enough current to neutralize the
demagnetizing effect of secondary current so
that mutual flux Øm remains constant.

Flaviano D. Dula
 Ideal Transformer on Load

Thus as the secondary current increases,

the primary current IP(=IS/a or IS’) increases in
unison and keeps the mutual flux Øm constant.
The power input, therefore, automatically
increases with the output.

Flaviano D. Dula
 Ideal Transformer on Load

The secondary current IS lags behind VS (or ES)

by θS. It causes a primary current IP = IS/a = IS/1 which
is in anti-phase with it.

(i) θP = θS
cosθP = cosθS

Thus, power factor on the primary side is equal to the

power factor on the secondary side.

Flaviano D. Dula
 Ideal Transformer on Load

Phasor diagram: Fig.7(ii) shows the phasor

diagram of an ideal transformer on load. Note
that in drawing the phasor diagram, the value
of a has been assumed unity so that primary
phasors are equal to secondary phasors.

Flaviano D. Dula
 Ideal Transformer on Load

For example if a = 1/2 and IS = 2A, then primary

will draw a current:

IP = IS/a = 2A/(½) = 4A

If secondary current is increased to 4A, the

primary current will become:

IP = IS/a = 4A/(½) = 8A

Flaviano D. Dula
 Ideal Transformer on Load
(ii) Since there are NO losses in an ideal
transformer, input primary power is equal to
the secondary output power i.e.,

(a) PP = PS
VPIPcosθP watts = VSIScosθS watts

Similarly,
(b) SP = SS
VPIP = VSIS
Flaviano D. Dula
 Problem 3

3. A transformer has a primary winding of 2000

turns and a 2400V and current of 8.66 – j5A with an
impedance connected across the secondary
winding. If the secondary winding has 500 turns,
what is the value of the secondary current?
REE May 2008

A. 20 – j34.64A B. 34.64 – j20A

C. 34.64 + j20A D. 20 + j34.64A

Flaviano D. Dula
 Solution
NP = 2000 turns, NS = 500 turns
Vp = 2400 V
Ip = 8.66 – j5A

Turns ratio: a = NP/NS

= 2000/500
= 4

Flaviano D. Dula
 Solution

The secondary current: IS

IS = aIP
= 4(8.66 – j5) A

= 34.64 – j20A B
 Problem 4

4. A 100-kVA, 2300/230V transformer has 50

turns on the secondary winding.
Calculate:
(a) the approximate value of the secondary

and primary current;

(b) the number of primary turns;
(c) the effective value of flux Øm in the core.

Flaviano D. Dula
 Solution

(a) Approximate value of secondary current:

IS,rated =
Rated kVAx1000
VS,rated
100x1000VA
=
230V

= 434.8A

Flaviano D. Dula
 Solution

Approximate value of primary current:

IP,rated Rated kVAx1000

=
VP,rated
100x1000VA
=
2300V

= 43.48A

Flaviano D. Dula
 Solution

a = VP,rated/VS,rated
= 2300V/230V
= 10

IP = IS/a

= 434.8A/10

= 43.48A

Flaviano D. Dula
 Solution

NP VP
(b) ≈
NS VS
= 2300/230
= 10

The number of primary turns (Np):

NP = NS(VP/VS)
= 50turns x 10

= 500 turns

Flaviano D. Dula
 Solution
EP VP
(c) Øm = ≈
4.44fNP 4.44fNP
2300
≈
4.44x60x500
≈ 17.27mWb

Therefore, the effective value of the flux in the core is:

Ør.m.s. = Ømax /√2
= 17.27mWb/√2
= 12.21mWb

Flaviano D. Dula
 Problem 5

5. The volts/turn of a 50-cycle 13,800/460 volt

transformer is 6.68.
Calculate:
(a) the number of primary and secondary turns;

(b) the maximum flux Øm in the core.

Flaviano D. Dula
 Solution
Volt VP VS
(a) = =
turn NP NS
= 6.68

Therefore, the number of primary turns is

NP = VP/6.68
= 13800V/(6.68V/turn)

= 2066 turns

Flaviano D. Dula
 Solution

and the number of secondary turns:

NS = VS/6.68
= 460V/(6.68V/turn)
= 69 turns

or NS = NP/a
= 2066turn/(13800/460)
= 69 turns

Flaviano D. Dula
 Solution
(b) Maximum value of flux in the core:

EP x 108 VP x 108
Øm = ≈
4.44fNP 4.44fNP
108 VP
≈ x
4.44f NP
≈
108 x 6.68
4.44(50)

≈ 3.01x106 lines or maxwells ,

or 30.1mWb

Flaviano D. Dula
 Problem 6

6. A commercial 60-Hz, 440/110-volt, 50-kVA power

transformer has 600 turns on its high-voltage side.
Calculate:
(a) no. of turns on its low-voltage (L.V.) side.
(b) a, when used as a step-down transformer
(c) a, when used as a step-up transformer
(d) volts/turn ratio of low-voltage (L.V.) side
(e) rated current of high-voltage (H.V.) side
(f) apparent power drawn by the primary.
 Solution

(a) Number of turns on its low voltage side:

NS = NP(VS/VP)
= 600turn(110/440)
= 150 turns

Flaviano D. Dula
 Solution

(b) As a step-down transformer, the turn ratio is

a = NP/NS = 600/150 = 4

or, = VP/VS = 440/110 = 4

 Solution

(C ) As a step-up transformer, the turn ratio is:

a = NP/NS = 150/600 = 0.25

or, = VP/VS = 110/440 = 0.25

 Solution

(d) Volts/turn ratio of low-voltage (L.V.) side:

(Volt/turn)S = VS/NS
= 110V/150turns
= 150/600

or, (Volt/turn)P = VP/NP

= 440V/600turns
= 0.733
 Solution

(e) Rated current of high-voltage (H.V.) side:

IP,rated Rated kVAx1000

=
VP,rated
50x1000VA
=
440V
= 113.64A … using the step-down mode

Flaviano D. Dula
 Solution

(f) Apparent power drawn by the primary: SP

VP x IP
SP =
1000
440Vx113.64A
=
1000

= 50 kVA
……same as the rated kVA of the load, ….for
ideal transformer

Flaviano D. Dula
 Practical Transformer on Load

Two Cases:

(i) When such a transformer is assumed to

have no winding resistance and leakage flux.
(ii) When the transformer has winding resistance
and leakage flux.

Flaviano D. Dula
1. Practical
Transformer on Load
With No Winding Resistance
& Leakage Flux
 Practical Transformer on Load

(i) No winding resistance & leakage flux

Fig.8 shows a practical transformer with
the assumption that resistances and leakage
reactances of the windings are negligible. With
this assumption, VS = ES and VP = EP.
Let us take the usual case of inductive load
which causes the secondary current IS to lag
the secondary voltage VS by θS.

Flaviano D. Dula
 Practical Transformer

IP = I0 + IS/a øm IS

VP EP ES ZL VS
NP NS
VP = EP
Øm VS = ES

(i) Rp = Rs = 0 Xp = Xs = 0

Fig.8(a) shows a practical transformer with the assumption that

resistances and leakage reactances of the windings are negligible.
Flaviano D. Dula
 Practical Transformer on Load
Without Winding Resistance & Leakage Flux

Ideal Transformer
IP = I0 + IS/a Is’ = Is/a IS

I0
IC Im
VP EP ES ZL VS

(ii) Rp = Rs = 0, Xp = Xs = 0 NP NS

Fig.8(b) shows a practical transformer with the assumption that

resistances and leakage reactances of the windings are negligible.
 Practical Transformer on Load

The total primary current IP must meet two

requirements viz.

(a) It must supply the no-load current I0 to

meet the iron losses in the transformer and
to provide flux in the core.

Flaviano D. Dula
 Practical Transformer on Load

(b) It must supply a current IS’ to counteract

the magnetizing effect of secondary current
IS. The magnitude of IS’ will be such that:

NPIS’ = NSIS
IS’ = IS/(NP/NS)

or IS’ I /a
= S

Flaviano D. Dula
 Practical Transformer on Load

The total primary current IP is the phasor

sum of IS’ and I0

i.e., IP = IS’ + I0

Note:
That IS’ is 180° out of phase with IS

Flaviano D. Dula
 Practical Transformer on Load

Phasor diagram. Fig.9 shows the phasor diagram

for the usual case of inductive load. Both EP and
ES lag behind the mutual flux Øm by 90°.
The current IS’ represents the primary
current to neutralize the demagnetizing effect
of secondary current IS.

Flaviano D. Dula
 Practical Transformer on Load

VP
IS’ IP
θP
θ0
I0
ø
θS
IS θs = θp (= θs’), lagging p.f. angle
a=1
ES = VS

Fig.9 shows the phasor diagram for the usual case of inductive load.

Flaviano D. Dula
 Problem

A single-phase transformer with a ratio of

440/110-V takes a no-load current of 5A at 0.2 power
factor lagging. If the secondary supplies of 120 A at a
p.f. of 0.8 lagging, estimate the current taken by the
primary.
 Solution

(a) cosθ2 = 0.8

θ2 = cos-1 0.8 = 36.87°
cosθ0 = 0.2
θ2'
θ0 = cos-1 0.2 = 78.46°

ø m

Now a = V1/V2 = 4
θ2
I2’ = I2/a = 120/4
θ2 = θ2'
= 30 A
I0 = 5A E2 = V2
 Solution

Angle between I0 and I2’

= 78.46° - 36.87°
= 41.59°

Using parallelogram law of vectors (Fig.9) we get

I1 = √(52 + 302 + 2 x 5 x 30 x cos 41.59)

= 33.9 A
 Solution

Or I1 = I0 + I2’
= 5 / 78.46° + 30 / 36.87°
= 33.9 / 42.49° A

Hence the magnitude of the primary current is 33.9 A.

2. Practical
Transformer on Load
With Winding Resistance
& Leakage Flux
 Practical Transformer on Load

(ii) Transformer with resistance (R) and leakage

reactance (X)
Fig.10 shows a practical transformer having
winding resistances and leakage reactances.
These are the actual conditions that exist in a
transformer. There is voltage drop in RP and XP
so that primary e.m.f. EP is less than the
applied voltage VP.

Flaviano D. Dula
 Practical Transformer on Load

RP XP RS XS
a = NP/NS

IP = I0 + IS/a IS

VP EP ES ZL VS

NP NS

Fig.10 shows a practical transformer having winding resistances and leakage

reactances.
Flaviano D. Dula
 Practical Transformer on Load

Similarly, there is voltage drop in RS and XS

so that secondary terminal voltage VS is less
than the secondary e.m.f. ES.
VS = ES – IS(RS + jXS)
Let us take the usual case of inductive
load which causes the secondary current IS to lag
behind the secondary voltage VS by θS.

Flaviano D. Dula
 Practical Transformer on Load

The total primary current IP will be the phasor sum of IS’

and I0, i.e.,

IP = IS’ + I0
where: IS’ = IS/a

VP = EP + IP(RP + jXP) = EP + IPZP

VS = ES - IS(RS + jXS)
= ES - ISZS
Flaviano D. Dula
 Practical Transformer on Load

Load power factor = cosθS

Primary power factor = cosθP
Input power to transformer,
PP = VPIPcosθP watts
Output power of transformer,
PS = VSIScosθS watts

Flaviano D. Dula
 Practical Transformer on Load

Impedance Ratio: Z
Consider a transformer having impedance ZS in the
secondary as shown in Fig.11.

ZS = VS/IS

ZP = VP/IP

Hence: ZP/ZS = (VP/VS)x(IS/IP)

= a2

Flaviano D. Dula
 Impedance Ratio

IP IS

VP EP ES VS ZS
ZP

NP NS

Fig.11 shows a transformer having impedance ZS in the secondary.

Flaviano D. Dula
 Transferred Impedance

In other words, an impedance ZS in secondary

becomes a2ZS when transferred to primary, or

Secondary impedance reflected or referred to primary side:

ZP = ZS’ = a2ZS

Similarly, RP/RS = a2 or RP = RS’ = a2RS

XP/XS = a2 or XP = XS’ = a2XS

Flaviano D. Dula
 Transferred Impedance

Likewise, an impedance ZP in the primary

becomes ZP/a2 when transferred to the secondary,
or
Primary impedance reflected (or referred) to secondary side:

ZS = ZP’ = ZP/a2

Similarly, RP/RS = a2 or RS = RP’ = RP/a2

XP/XS = a2 or XS = XP’ = XP/a2

Flaviano D. Dula
 Transferred Impedance
IP
ZS’ = a2ZS IS

VP NP NS
Fig.12(i)

IP
VP ZP ZS’ = a2ZS

Fig.12(ii) Equivalent circuit viewed from source terminals when transformer is

ideal
Flaviano D. Dula
 Transferred Parameters
We can transfer the parameters from one winding to the
other. Thus:

(i) A resistance RP in the primary becomes RP/a2 when

transferred to the secondary; RP’ = RP/a2
(ii) A resistance RS in the secondary becomes a2RS when
transferred to the primary; RS’ = a2RS
(iii) A reactance XP in the primary becomes XP/a2 when
transferred to the secondary; XP’ = XP/a2
(iv) A reactance XS in the secondary becomes a2XS when
transferred to the primary; XS’ = a2XS

Flaviano D. Dula
 Transferred Parameters
Note:
It is important to remember that:
(i) When transferring reactance from primary to
secondary, divide it by a2 .
(ii) When transferring reactance from secondary to
primary, multiply it by a2
(iii) When transferring current from one winding to
the other, only a is used.

Flaviano D. Dula
 Problem 7

An ideal transformer with a primary of 200

turns and a secondary turns 20 turns and has
its primary connected to a 120-V, 60-Hz supply,
and its secondary connected to a 100/30°Ω load.
Determine: (a) the secondary voltage; (b) the
load current; (c) the input current to the
primary; (d) the load impedance looking into
the primary terminals.

Flaviano D. Dula
 Solution
(a) a = NP/NS
= 200/20 = 10

By transformation ratio:

VS = VP/a = 120V/10
= 12 volts

Therefore, secondary voltage in complex form:

VS ≈ ES = 12 0° V

Flaviano D. Dula
 Solution

(b) Load current: IS

IS = VS/Zload = ILoad

= 12 0°/(100 30°Ω)
=
=
= 0.12 -30° A =
=

Flaviano D. Dula
 Solution

(c) Input current to the primary: IP

IP = IS/a

= 0.12 -30°A/10

=
= 0.012 -30°A =
=
=

Note: θS = θP = -30°

Flaviano D. Dula
 Solution

(d) Load impedance looking into the primary terminals: Zin

Zin = ZP = a2ZL
= 102 x 100 30°Ω

= 10 30° kΩ
=
=
=
=
Check: Zin = ZP = VP/IP
120 0°
=
0.012 -30°

= 10 30° kΩ
Flaviano D. Dula
 Problem 8
A 50-kVA, 2000/400-V, single-phase
transformer delivers a load of 40-kVA at 400V
and 0.8 pf lagging. Assume that the
transformer is ideal. Find:
(a) the turn ratio, a
(b) the secondary current, IS
(c) the primary current, IP
(d) the load impedance, ZL and
(e) the load impedance referred to the
primary, ZL’.

Flaviano D. Dula
 Solution

(a) Turns ratio: a

VP,rated = 2000 V, VS,rated = 400V

a = EP/ES ≈ VP/VS
= 2000V/400V
= 5

Flaviano D. Dula
 Solution

(b) SS = VSIS = 40,000VA ……. Given load

Secondary current at 40 kVA load:

IS = Ss/Vs
= 40,000VA/400V
= 100 A

Flaviano D. Dula
 Solution

θS = cos-10.8 = 36.87°

In complex form, the secondary current is

IS = 100 -36.87°A

Note: current pf angle:

= - θ, for lagging power factor

Flaviano D. Dula
 Solution
(c) Primary current :

IP = IS/a

= (100 -36.87°A)/5

= 20 -36.87° A

or IP = SP/VP = 40,000VA/2000V = 20A

IP = 20 -36.87°A

Note: For an ideal transformer: cosθS = cosθP

θS = θP = -cos-10.8 = -36.87° (lagging)
Flaviano D. Dula
 Solution

(d) VS = 400 0°, reference vector

Load impedance: ZL

ZL = VS/IS

= 400 0°V/100 -36.87°A

= 4 36.87° Ω

Flaviano D. Dula
 Solution

(e) Load impedance referred to primary: ZL’

ZL’ = a2ZS
= 52(4 36.87°Ω)

= 100 36.87°Ω

Check: ZL’ = ZP = VP/IP

= 2000 0°V / 20 -36.87°A

= 100 36.87° Ω
Flaviano D. Dula