Crop Protection Guide

CROP PROTECTION GUIDE
FOR NURSERY AND LANDSCAPE PLANTS

2016
Publication 840
Discard old editions of this publication. Each year
the appropriate sub-committee of the Ontario Pest Supplemental Labels
Management Research and Services Committee reviews You MUST obtain a supplemental label and follow all the
the pesticides listed in this publication. To the best label directions when PMRA approves new uses for a
knowledge of the committee, at the time of printing, the registered pesticide that do not appear on the current label.
pesticide products listed in this publication were:
Examples of when you must use a supplemental label include:
• federally registered
• Emergency Use Registration
• classified by the Ministry of the Environment and • Minor Use Label Expansion
Climate Change (MOECC)
You can obtain a copy of a supplemental label from the
The information in this publication is general pesticide manufacturer or pesticide vendor, the grower
information only. The Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food association that sponsored the emergency registration
and Rural Affairs (OMAFRA) does not offer any warranty or or minor use, from OMAFRA or from PMRA’s Pest
guarantee, nor does it assume any liability for any crop loss, Management Information Service.
animal loss, health, safety or environmental hazard caused For more information on the federal registration status,
by the use of a pesticide mentioned in this publication. check the PMRA website at www.healthcanada.gc.ca/pmra
This publication lists a number of brand names of or call 1-800-267-6315.
pesticides. It is neither an endorsement of the product nor
a suggestion that similar products are ineffective. Regulation of Pesticides in Ontario
The MOECC is responsible for regulating pesticide sale,
The Pesticide Label use, transportation, storage and disposal in Ontario. Ontario
Consult each product label before you use a pesticide. regulates pesticides by placing appropriate education,
The label provides specific information on how to use the licensing and/or permit requirements on their use, under
product safely, hazards, restrictions on use, compatibility with the Pesticides Act and Regulation 63/09.
other products, the effect of environmental conditions, etc. All pesticides must be used in accordance with
requirements under the Pesticides Act and Regulation
63/09, which are available on the e-laws website at ontario.
The pesticide product label is a legal ca/e-laws or by calling ServiceOntario Publications toll-free
document. Follow all label directions. number: 1-800-668-9938 or 416-326-5300.
Classification of Pesticides
Federal Registration of Pesticide Products
The Ontario Pesticides Advisory Committee (OPAC)
The Pest Management Regulatory Agency (PMRA) of Health is responsible for reviewing and recommending to the
Canada registers pesticide products for use in Canada based MOECC, the classification of pesticide products before
on following an evaluation of scientific data to ensure that the they can be sold or used in Ontario. Once approved by the
product has value, and the human health and environmental MOECC, classified products are posted on the MOECC
risks associated with its proposed use are acceptable. website: ontario.ca/pesticides.
1. Full Registration Certification and Licensing

Pesticide registrations are normally granted for a period
Certified Farmers and Their Assistants
of 5 years, subject to renewal.
For information about certification for growers and training
2. Conditional Registration
for assistants, check the Ontario Pesticide Education
Conditional registration may be granted for a specified,
Program website: www.opep.ca or call 1-800-652-8573.
limited time period, where the registrant agrees to
produce additional scientific or technical information. Commercial Applicators (Exterminators) and Their
3. Emergency Registration Assisting Technicians
An emergency registration is a temporary, time-limited For more information about exterminator licensing and
registration of no more than 1 year, approved to deal with technician training, visit:
serious pest outbreaks that have limited control options. • The Ontario Pesticide Training and Certification website
at www.ontariopesticide.com or call 1-888-620-9999 or
Maximum Residue Limits 519-674-1575
The PMRA has established maximum residue limits • The Pesticide Industry Council’s
(MRLs) for pesticides. Processors or retailers may demand Pesticide Technician Program website at
more restrictive limits. Growers should seek the advice www.horttrades.com/pesticide-technician or call 1-800-
of their intended market to determine if more restrictive 265-5656 or e-mail pic@hort-trades.com
limitations apply. Keep accurate and up-to-date records on • The Pesticide Industry Regulatory Council (PIRC) at
pesticide use in each crop. www.oipma.ca.
Cette publication est aussi disponible en français.
CROP PROTECTION GUIDE
FOR NURSERY AND LANDSCAPE PLANTS
2016
Publication 840
Acknowledgements
The information contained in this publication is supplied by Pest and Crop Specialists of OMAFRA’s Agriculture
Development Branch.
OMAFRA Publication 840, Crop Protection Guide for Nursery and Landscape Plants 2016,
and Publication 841, Guide to Nursery and Landscape Plant Production and IPM, together replace
OMAFRA Publication 383, Nursery & Landscape Plant Production and IPM.
OMAFRA Publication 840 contains information about pesticide products that have been registered as of
December 31, 2015, on outdoor ornamentals. Any supplements to this publication will be posted at ontario.ca/crops.
OMAFRA Publication 840 is a companion to OMAFRA Publication 841, Guide to Nursery and Landscape Plant
Production and IPM. Publication 841 contains more comprehensive information on pest management, nutrition and
water quality and includes colour photos for many common pests.
Need technical or business information?

Contact the Agricultural Information Contact Centre at
1-877-424-1300
or
ag.info.omafra@ontario.ca
If you are looking for nursery and landscape plant information on the Internet, check
ontario.ca/crops.
It’s one-stop shopping for factsheets, articles and photos about the
production and maintenance of woody plants.
Supplements to this publication will be posted at ontario.ca/crops.
If you are looking for timely information on the production and maintenance of outdoor
ornamentals, check out the Nursery and Landscape Blog at www.onnurserycrops.wordpress.com.
Subscribe by entering your e-mail address and selecting “Follow” to receive e-mail notifications of new posts.
Cover Images
FRONT COVER:
Left: Yellow birch trees (Betula alleghanensis) in fall colour
Right (top to bottom): Lilac flowers (Syringa)
Scouting nursery crops for plant health issues
Horsechestnut leaf blotch (Guignardia aesculi)
Eastern spruce gall adelgid (Adelges abietis) on spruce
BACK COVER:
Top left: Imported willow leaf beetle (Plagiodera versicolora)
Top centre: Butterfly bush flowers (Buddleia)
Top right: Powdery mildew on Sedum (Sedum spectabile)
Bottom: Bur oak seedlings (Quercus macrocarpa)
Contents
1. Using Pesticides in Ontario A Compendium of Pests and Diseases with

Federal Registration of Pesticides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Recommended Management Practices —
as of January 1, 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Regulation of Pesticides in Ontario . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
ABIES — fir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Classification of Pesticides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
AESCULUS — horsechestnut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Certification and Licensing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
AMELANCHIER — serviceberry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Certified Farmers and Their Assistants. . . . . . . . . . 1
BETULA — birch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Class 12 Requirements for Growers . . . . . . . . . . . 2
BUXUS — boxwood. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Commercial Applicators (Exterminators) and Their
Assisting Technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 CARAGANA — pea shrub. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Exception Uses Under the Cosmetic Pesticide Ban. 2 CARYA — hickory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Pesticide Application Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 CHAENOMELES — quince. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Restricted Entry Intervals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 CLEMATIS — clematis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Days to Harvest Intervals for Food Crops CORNUS — dogwood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
(Pre-harvest, Pre-grazing and Feeding Intervals) . . . 4 CORYLUS — corkscrew hazel, filbert . . . . . . . . . . 26
Buffer Zones. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 COTONEASTER — cotoneaster. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Protect the Environment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 CRATAEGUS — hawthorn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Protect Water Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 EUONYMUS — euonymus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Bee Poisoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 FAGUS — beech. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Manage Drift. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 FORSYTHIA — forsythia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Waste Management (container disposal). . . . . . . . . 7 FRAXINUS — ash. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Empty Pesticide Containers Up to 23 L . . . . . . . . . 7 GLEDITSIA — honeylocust. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Empty Pesticide Containers Greater Than 23 L. . . . 7 HEDERA — ivy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Empty Seed and Pesticide Bags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 HEMEROCALLIS — daylily. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Surplus Spray Mix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS — various. . . . . . . . . 36
Surplus Pesticide Disposal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 HYDRANGEA — hydrangea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Storing Pesticides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 JUGLANS — butternut, walnut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Pesticide Spills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 JUNIPERUS — juniper. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
LARIX — larch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2. Crop Protection: Insects, Mites and Diseases
LIGUSTRUM — privet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Using Pesticides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
LIRIODENDRON — tuliptree. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Classification of Pesticides for Sale and Use
in Ontario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 LONICERA — honeysuckle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Toxicity Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 MAGNOLIA — magnolia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Prevent Bee Poisoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 MALUS — apple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Chemical Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 ORNAMENTAL TREES AND SHRUBS — various. . . 48

PACHYSANDRA — pachysandra. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
iii
Crop Protection Guide for Nursery and Landscape Plants 2016
PHLOX — phlox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 A Compendium of Herbicides with Their

PICEA — spruce. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Recommended Uses in Ontario — as of
January 1, 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
PINUS — pine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Notes on Herbicides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
PLATANUS — London plane, sycamore. . . . . . . . . 60
POPULUS — poplar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 PREPLANTING TREATMENTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
dazomet
POTENTILLA — potentilla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
BASAMID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
PRUNUS — black cherry, chokecherry, flowering
cherry, pin cherry, peach, plum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 metam sodium
VAPAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
PSEUDOTSUGA — Douglas fir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
methyl bromide/chloropicrin
PYRACANTHA — firethorn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
TERR-O-GAS 67 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
PYRUS — pear. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
PREEMERGENCE TREATMENTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
QUERCUS — oak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
chlorthal dimethyl
RHODODENDRON — rhododendron, azalea . . . . . 73 DACTHAL W-75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
RIBES — currant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 dichlobenil
ROBINIA — locust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 CASORON G-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
ROSA — rose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 dimethenamid-p
FRONTIER MAX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
SALIX — willow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
flumioxazin
SORBUS — mountain ash. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
BROADSTAR G, SUREGUARD WDG . . . . . . . . 107
SYRINGA — lilac. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 isoxaben
TAXUS — yew. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 GALLERY 75 DF  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
THUJA — eastern white cedar, arborvitae. . . . . . . 83 napropamide
TSUGA — hemlock. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 DEVRINOL 2 G, DEVRINOL 10 G,
DEVRINOL 50 DF  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
ULMUS — elm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
oxadiazon
VIBURNUM — viburnum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 RONSTAR 2 G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
pendimethalin
3. Crop Protection: Weeds PROWL H2O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Chemical Weed Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 propyzamide
Herbicide Licensing Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . 93 KERB 50 WSP  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Applying Chemical Herbicides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 s-metolachlor
Herbicide Drift. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 DUAL II MAGNUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
simazine
When to Use Herbicides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
PRINCEP NINE-T, SIMADEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Application Technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
trifluralin
Care and Use of Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 BONANZA 480 EC, RIVAL EC, TREFLAN EC  . . 114
Cleaning the Sprayer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 POSTEMERGENCE TREATMENTS. . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Sprayer Calibration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 amitrole
Determining Amount of Herbicides Needed . . . . . 99 AMITROL 240   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Materials, Mixing and Mixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 carfentrazone-ethyl
AIM EC  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
clopyralid
LONTREL 360 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
fluazifop-p-butyl
VENTURE L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
glyphosate
various products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
iv
Tables
CROP AND/OR NON-CROP REGISTRATIONS . . . . 118 4. Appendices

oxyfluorfen Appendix A. Agricultural Information Contact Centre
GOAL 2XL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 and Nursery Crop Advisory Staff,
paraquat Ministry of Agriculture, Food and
GRAMOXONE  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Rural Affairs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
triclopyr Appendix B. Ministry of the Environment and
GARLON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Climate Change Regional Contact
Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Crop Tolerance and Efficacy of Herbicides
Registered on Nursery Crops. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Appendix C. Other Contacts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Appendix D. Diagnostic Services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Appendix E. Pest Monitoring Record Sheet. . . . . . . 133
Appendix F. The Metric System and Abbreviations. . 134
Tables
1. Using Pesticides in Ontario 3. Crop Protection: Weeds
Table 1–1. Requirements for Farm Table 3–1. Herbicides Registered for Nursery
Pesticide Storage Facilities. . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Crops in Ontario (by Trade Name) . . . . . 101
Table 3–2. Herbicides Registered for Nursery
2. Crop Protection: Insects, Mites and Diseases Crops in Ontario (by Common Name). . . 102
Table 2–1. Relative Toxicity of Pesticides Table 3–3. Herbicides Registered for Use on
to Honeybees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Woody Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Table 2–2. Insecticides and Fungicides Used Table 3–4. Weed Susceptibility and Herbicides —
to Protect Ornamentals (as of Broadleaf Annuals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
January 1, 2016). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Table 3–5. Weed Susceptibility and Herbicides —
Broadleaf Perennials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Table 3–6. Weed Susceptibility and Herbicides —
Annual Grasses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
v
1. Using Pesticides in Ontario
The information in this chapter is updated REGULATION OF PESTICIDES IN ONTARIO

regularly. For up-to-date information, visit The Ministry of the Environment and Climate
ontario.ca/usingpesticides. Some of the information Change (MOECC) is responsible for regulating
in this generic chapter may not apply to all crops. the sale, use, transportation, storage and disposal of
pesticides in Ontario. Ontario regulates pesticides
Read the label before use. by placing appropriate education, licensing and/or
permit requirements on their use, under the Pesticides
Product labels may change.
Act and Regulation 63/09. All pesticides must be used
Review the Grower Pesticide Safety Course Manual. in accordance with requirements under the Pesticides
www.opep.ca/index.cfm/learning-resources/e-manuals/ Act and Regulation 63/09, which are available on
Keep detailed spray records. the e-laws website at ontario.ca/e-laws or by calling
ServiceOntario at 1-800-668-9938 or 416-326-5300.
FEDERAL REGISTRATION OF PESTICIDES Classification of Pesticides

Before a pesticide can be sold or used in Ontario, Before a federally registered pesticide can be sold
it must be registered under the federal Pest Control or used in Ontario, it must be classified under the
Products Act (PCP Act) and be classified under the provincial Pesticides Act. The Ontario pesticide
provincial Pesticides Act. The Pest Management classification system consists of 12 classes. Ontario’s
Regulatory Agency (PMRA) of Health Canada Pesticides Advisory Committee (OPAC) is
registers pesticides for use in Canada following responsible for assessing new pesticide products and
an evaluation of scientific data to ensure that the recommending to the MOECC the classification
product has value. It also ensures that any human of these products. Pesticide products are classified
health and environmental risks associated with its on the basis of their toxicity, environmental and
proposed uses are acceptable. health hazard, persistence of the active ingredient
or its metabolites, concentration, usage, federal
The PMRA re-evaluates registered pesticides to class designation (e.g., domestic, commercial,
determine whether today’s health and environmental restricted) and registration status. The provincial
protection standards are still met when the pesticide classification system provides the basis for regulating
is used according to the label. Outcomes of a the distribution, availability and use of pesticide
re-evaluation can be: products in Ontario. Once approved by the
MOECC, classified products are posted on the
• no change to the registration
MOECC website at ontario.ca/pesticides.
• amendments to the label (e.g., changes to personal
protective equipment requirements, restricted
CERTIFICATION AND LICENSING
entry intervals, buffer zones)
Certified Farmers and Their Assistants
• modifications to existing Maximum Residue
Growers must be certified through the Grower
Limits (MRLs)
Pesticide Safety Course in order to buy and use
• elimination or phasing-out of certain uses
Class 2 and 3 pesticides on their farms. They do not
or formulations
require this certification to buy and use Class 4, 5, 6
• discontinuation of the registration
or 7 pesticides, however, a grower needs to provide
The pesticide label is a legal document. Follow all his/her Farm Business Registration Number or a
label directions. Labels for all registered pesticides signed “Farmer Self Declaration to Enable Purchase of
are under “Search Pesticide Labels” on the PMRA a Class 4 Pesticide” form to the vendor when buying
website at www.healthcanada.gc.ca/pmra. Ensure Class 4 pesticides. For information about certification
you have the most current label and are aware of any for growers and training for assistants to growers, visit
re-evaluation decisions. the Ontario Pesticide Education Program website at
www.opep.ca or call 1-800-652-8573.
1
Class 12 Requirements for Growers For more information about pesticide regulations,
Starting on July 1, 2015, new requirements will certification and licensing, see:
be phased in for growers who plan to purchase or
plant neonicotinoid-treated corn (silage or grain) or • Inside front cover of this publication
soybean seed in Ontario. For more information on • Pest Management Regulatory Agency (PMRA)
the training and reporting requirements for growers, website: www.healthcanada.gc.ca/pmra
visit the MOECC website at ontario.ca/pesticides, • PMRA Pest Management Information Service:
then click on “Neonicotinoid regulations.” 1-800-267-6315 or TTY 1-800-465-7735
(from within Canada) or 1-613-736-3799
(from outside Canada)
Commercial Applicators (Exterminators)
and Their Assisting Technicians • Ontario Ministry of the Environment
and Climate Change (MOECC)
For more information about exterminator licensing website: ontario.ca/pesticides
and technician training, visit: • Regional MOECC Pesticides Specialist (See
• the Ontario Pesticide Training and Certification Appendix B. Ministry of the Environment
website at www.ontariopesticide.com or call and Climate Change — Regional Contact
1-888-620-9999 or 519-674-1575 Information, on page 130.)
• Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs
• the Pesticide Industry Council’s Pesticide (OMAFRA) website: ontario.ca/omafra
Technician Program website at www.horttrades.
com/pesticide-technician or call 1-800-265-5656 • Ontario Pesticide Education Program
(University of Guelph, Ridgetown Campus)
or e-mail pic@hort-trades.com
website: www.opep.ca
• the Pesticide Industry Regulatory Council (PIRC) • Ontario Pesticide Training & Certification
at www.oipma.ca website: www.ontariopesticide.com
• Pesticide Industry Council’s Pesticide
Exception Uses Under the Cosmetic Pesticide Technician Program website at www.horttrades.
Ban com/pesticide-technician
Pesticides listed in this publication are meant • IPM Council of Canada
for Exception Uses (e.g., agriculture) under the website: www.ontarioipm.com
Cosmetic Pesticide Ban unless the active ingredient or www.ipmcouncilcanada.org
is listed under Class 11 pesticides in Ontario • Pesticide Industry Regulatory Council (PIRC)
Regulation 63/09. at www.oipma.ca
For information about requirements under the

Pesticides Act and Regulation 63/09, for golf courses
and other excepted uses for turfgrass, including
mandatory golf course IPM accreditation, go to
ontario.ca and search for:
• Pesticides and Golf Courses
• Specialty Turf and Specified Sports Fields
For more information about requirements in the
Pesticides Act and Regulation 63/09 for the exception
regarding the use of pesticides to maintain the
health of trees, go to ontario.ca and search for:
• Tree Care Specialists
2
PESTICIDE APPLICATION INFORMATION Restricted Entry Intervals

When you decide to use a pesticide, choose the Restricted Entry Interval (REI) is the period of time
most appropriate formulation and application after a pesticide has been applied that agricultural
method for your situation. Use only properly workers or anyone else must not do hand labour
calibrated sprayer equipment. Choose less toxic tasks in treated areas. The REI allows the pesticide
and less volatile alternatives when possible. Take residues and vapours to dissipate to safe levels for
all possible precautions to prevent the exposure of work to be done.
people and non-target organisms to the pesticide.
Read the most current pesticide label thoroughly An REI can range from 1 hr to several days.
before application. The label provides important A pesticide label may state different REIs that
information, such as: are specific to a crop and post-application task
(e.g., scouting, harvesting). If the REI is not stated
• directions for use (e.g., rates of application, on a label for agricultural crops, use a 12-hr REI.
crops/ sites it can be used on, target pests, crop For golf courses and residential turf applications, the
rotation restrictions, total number of applications, spray solution must be dry before entry can occur.
droplet size/nozzle type, application equipment,
timing, appropriate weather conditions) Hand labour tasks involve substantial worker
• required personal protective equipment (PPE) contact with treated surfaces such as plants, plant
• hazard symbols and warnings parts or soil. Examples of these activities include
• restricted entry intervals planting, harvesting, pruning, detasseling, thinning,
• pre-harvest intervals weeding, scouting, topping, sucker removal,
• buffer zones mowing, roguing and packing produce into
• precautionary statements containers in the field or greenhouse. You can only
• steps to be taken in case of an accident do these tasks after the REI has passed. Hand labour
• disposal generally does not include operating, moving or
repairing irrigation or water equipment, except for
For more information on hazards, consult the hand-set irrigation.
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) or contact
the manufacturer. A Certified Farmer or Licensed Commercial
Applicator (i.e., a holder of the appropriate
Exterminator License, such as an Agriculture
For more information on pesticide application, see: Exterminator Licence or a Greenhouse/Interior
Plant Exterminator Licence) may need to re-enter
• Sprayers 101 at www.sprayers101.ca
a treated area to do short-term tasks before the end
• OMAFRA Factsheet Pesticide Drift from Ground of the REI. In these cases, the Certified Farmer or
Applications Licensed Commercial Applicator may re-enter 4 hr
• Ontario Pesticide Education Program after the application wearing a NIOSH-approved
(University of Guelph, Ridgetown Campus) respirator and any other protective clothing (PC)
videos at www.opep.ca/index.cfm/learning- and the personal protective equipment stated on the
resources/videos/ label for mixing and loading. This Certified Farmer
• OMAFRA Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada or Licensed Commercial Applicator (exterminator)
booklet Best Management Practices — must not be in the treated area during the REI for
Pesticide Storage, Handling and Application, more than a total of 1 hr in any 24-hr period.
Order No. BMP13
• OMAFRA Factsheet Pesticide Contamination of See Figure 1–1 for an example of a 24-hr REI on a
Farm Water Supplies — Recommendations on pesticide label.
Avoidance, Clean-up and Responsibilities
3
Buffer Zones
Buffer zones, or no-spray areas, are areas left
untreated to protect an adjacent sensitive area,
such as sensitive terrestrial and aquatic habitats.
Generally, a buffer zone is the downwind distance
separating the point of direct pesticide application
from the nearest boundary of a sensitive habitat. For
soil fumigation, a buffer zone is an area established
around the perimeter of each application block.
Leave a suitable buffer zone between the treatment

area and adjacent sensitive area. Buffer zones may
vary depending on the method of application
(e.g., aerial, field boom, air blast). Check the
Figure 1–1. Example of a 24-hr REI on a pesticide label. pesticide labels for buffer zone requirements.
Certified Farmers and Licensed Commercial Sensitive terrestrial habitats include hedgerows,
Applicators should plan pesticide applications grasslands, shelterbelts, windbreaks, forested areas
around work tasks so that no one needs to re-enter and woodlots.
treated areas before the restricted entry interval
has passed. Sensitive freshwater habitats include lakes, rivers,
streams, creeks, reservoirs, marshes, wetlands
Days to Harvest Intervals for Food Crops (Pre- and ponds.
harvest, Pre-grazing and Feeding Intervals)
Health Canada’s PMRA has an online spray
These intervals state the minimum time that must drift calculator that allows applicators to modify
pass between the last pesticide application and the the buffer zones specified on the product label
harvesting of the crop or the grazing and cutting based on weather conditions, the category of the
of the crop for livestock feed. If you harvest a crop spray equipment and the droplet size. For more
before the pre-harvest interval (PHI) has passed, information, see the Buffer Zone Calculator
there may be pesticide residues in excess of the at www.hc-sc.gc.ca/cps-spc/pest/agri-commerce/
maximum residue limits (MRLs) set by PMRA. drift-derive/calculator-calculatrice-eng.php.
“Up to the day of harvest” means the same as 0 days

PHI; however, the REI may be more restrictive Setback Distances for Water Bodies
(e.g., a 12-hr restricted entry interval) and must be
observed for harvesting that occurs on the day of It is an offence under the federal Fisheries Act
to introduce into water any material that may
pesticide application.
be harmful to fish or fish habitat, and under the
Species at Risk Act, to impact endangered or
To avoid exceeding the maximum residue limits, threatened fishes and fresh water mussels. To
always follow the directions on the label. protect these waters, applicators must determine
a suitable setback distance between the area
to be protected and the area where pesticide
treatments are planned (if the setback distance is
not specified on the pesticide label). The protected
area includes the water body as well as adjacent
riparian (riverbank) areas that contribute to fish
food and habitat.
4
PROTECT THE ENVIRONMENT Bee Poisoning

Protect Water Sources Honeybees, native bee species and other pollinating
According to the British Crop Protection Council insects are important pollinators for many Ontario
(BCPC), 40%–70% of surface water pesticide crops. Insecticides, some of which may negatively
contamination comes from mixing and filling areas. affect bees, require careful management to achieve
both pollination and insect control. Growers and
Where possible, load or mix pesticides on licensed commercial applicators can protect bees by
impermeable surfaces located safely away from following these suggestions:
watercourses or environmentally sensitive areas.
Collect drainage and run-off and dispose of it safely • Time insecticide applications to minimize bee
(Your Guide to Using Pesticides, BCPC 2007). exposure (e.g., apply post bloom). Daytime
treatments, when bees are foraging, are most
Clean your spray equipment away from wells, hazardous. Insecticide applications in the evening
ponds, streams and ditches. Apply the diluted rinse are the safest, unless there is evidence of a strong
water (usually at a ratio of 10:1) to the treatment temperature inversion or high humidity. Under
area (crop), but do not exceed the pesticide rate normal circumstances, spraying after 8 pm allows
recommended on the label. the spray to dry before the bees are exposed to it the
next day. Spraying during early morning is the next
Do not make a direct connection between any water best time, when fewer bees are foraging, but pesticide
supply (e.g., public supply, wells, watercourse or residues may still be present. Spraying should be
pond) and a spray tank. Use an anti-backflow device completed well before 7 am. While honeybees and
or intermediate system to prevent back-siphoning most other pollinating insects do not usually forage
that could contaminate the water supply. at temperatures below 13°C, bumblebees do. If you
plan to spray in the morning, contact beekeepers
Immediately contain and clean up any spills to who have bees within 5 km of your crop and spray
prevent contamination to water sources. site. The beekeepers may then have the option of
taking any possible protective action.
Check the pesticide label for specific instructions on • Do not apply insecticides while fruit trees are in
protection of water sources. bloom. The Bees Act makes it an offence to do so
in Ontario. Do not spray any flowering crop on
For more information on protecting water sources, which bees are foraging.
see ontario.ca/crops:
• To prevent drift toward nearby hives, do not
• OMAFRA Factsheet Pesticide Contamination of apply insecticides on windy days or when there is
Farm Water Supplies — Recommendations on evidence of a strong temperature inversion.
Avoidance, Cleanup and Responsibilities
• Bees and other pollinators may be poisoned by
• OMAFRA Factsheet Groundwater — An visiting flowering weeds, trees and cover crops
Important Rural Resource: Protecting the
that have come into contact with an insecticide
Quality of Groundwater Supplies
via spray drift or drift of insecticide-contaminated
• OMAFRA Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada dust during planting. Avoid spray drift to
booklet Best Management Practices — flowering weeds that are adjacent to or within the
Pesticide Storage, Handling and Application,
target field. Where possible, mow down flowering
Order No. BMP13
cover crops or flowering weeds in and bordering
target fields prior to spraying to help safeguard
the bees. Control dandelions and other flowering
weeds within fields before spraying or planting
seeds treated with an insecticide. Take measures
to reduce movement of dust from insecticide
seed treatments to flowering trees, weeds and
water sources that are in or adjacent to the target
field. For more information on reducing dust
5
movement, see PMRA’s Pollinator Protection and • Constantly monitor wind conditions during
Responsible Use of Treated Seed — Best Management spraying using a good-quality wind meter. Record
Practices at www.hc-sc.gc.ca/cps-spc/pubs/pest/_ the wind speed and direction. As wind conditions
fact-fiche/pollinator-protection-pollinisateurs/ change, you may need to make adjustments
treated_seed-semences_traitees-eng.php. to further reduce the drift potential, such as
• Systemic insecticides may also pose a high risk increasing water volume, minimizing nozzle-
to bees and other insect pollinators. Bees can be to-target distance, changing nozzle technology,
exposed to insecticide residues in or on flowers, changing fields because of surrounding influences
leaves, pollen, nectar and/or surface water. Do or stopping spraying until conditions improve.
not apply insecticide or allow it to drift onto
blooming crops or off-site habitat if bees are • Do not spray during periods of dead calm. Periods
foraging in or adjacent to the treatment area. of dead calm may occur in early morning or late
evening, at which time the temperature is usually
• Beekeepers should remove honeybee colonies as cooler and the relative humidity is typically higher,
soon as pollination is complete in the crop and which can result in the spray droplets remaining
before any insecticides are applied post bloom. If aloft, like fog. When the wind picks up, these
the colonies cannot be removed in time, beekeepers spray droplets can move away from the target area,
can place burlap or cloth soaked in water at the possibly causing injury to adjacent non-target areas.
entrance of the hive to disrupt the flight of the bees Off-target drift in calm conditions can occur hours
for up to 12 hr and provide more time for spray to after the spray event was completed.
dry. To help prevent overheating of the hive during
this time, keep an opening of 2.5 cm on each side Temperature inversions create problems for spray
of the hive entrance so bees can still get out and applicators because pesticide spray can:
ventilate the hive. Also, the water on the burlap or
cloth will help cool the colony. • stay concentrated for long periods over the target
• If there is a risk of honeybee poisoning, try to • move with the cool air over considerable distances
choose an insecticide that is not highly toxic to when the breeze picks up
bees. When there is a choice, choose a product • move down slopes and concentrate in low-
formulation that is less hazardous to bees. lying regions
• drift unpredictably as the inversion dissipates
• Always read the most current label for guidance.
during the morning
• Before applying a pesticide or planting with
insecticide-treated seed, advise local beekeepers so Field air temperatures are often very different from
they can move colonies out of the danger area, if local or regional forecasts, so the most reliable
this is an option. method of detecting inversion conditions is to
measure temperatures at, and several metres above,
Manage Drift the ground. Spray applicators can recognize a
Pesticide drift is the aerial movement and temperature inversion when:
unintentional deposit of pesticide outside the
target area. Drift results in wasted product and may • there is a big difference between the daytime and
compromise crop protection and also may adversely nighttime temperatures
affect nearby sensitive environmental areas, crops • early evening and nighttime wind speeds are
and wildlife. The following strategies can help considerably less than during the day
reduce the risk of pesticide drift: • sounds seem to carry farther
• odours seem more intense
• Do not spray when wind speeds are high or • daytime cumulus clouds collapse toward evening
gusty. These conditions increase the potential for • overnight cloud cover is 25% or less
spray and vapour drift. Check pesticide labels for • mist, fog, dew or frost occur
allowable wind speeds for spraying. However, not • smoke or dust hangs in the air and/or moves
all labels provide this specific information. laterally in a sheet
6
Temperature inversions start to form 3 hr prior to For more information about spray drift, see:
sunset, become stronger as the sun sets and continue
• Sprayers 101: www.sprayers101.ca
until sunrise when the surface warms and air mixing
begins. If you suspect there’s an inversion, don’t • OMAFRA website: ontario.ca/spraydrift
spray. Often, warnings for the risk of inversions are • OMAFRA Factsheet Pesticide Drift from Ground
stated right on the product label. Applications
• OMAFRA Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
• Use the sprayer output specified on the booklet Best Management Practices —
pesticide label. Pesticide Storage, Handling and Application,
Order No. BMP13
• Use a nozzle that will produce the droplet size
specified on the pesticide label or delivers droplets • Ontario Pesticide Education Program
appropriate for the job. Nozzles that produce fine (University of Guelph, Ridgetown Campus)
droplets are rarely, if ever, required. videos How to Manage Spray Drift and Spray
Drift Reduction Through Air Induction, available
• Where practical, use air induction nozzles, at www.opep.ca/index.cfm/learning-resources/
which significantly reduce drift compared to videos/chapter-18-drift-of-pesticides/
conventional nozzles.
• Check the height of the boom to the target
or distance from airblast boom to the target. WASTE MANAGEMENT (CONTAINER DISPOSAL)
Minimize the distance as much as possible while Empty Pesticide Containers Up to 23 L
still maintaining spray uniformity. Never re-use empty containers.
• Establish buffer zones for the protection of The Ontario Empty Pesticide Container Recycling
adjacent sensitive areas. Some pesticide labels will Program, an industry-led program, is available free
state buffer zone setbacks; follow these carefully. of charge to growers and commercial applicators.
• Use spray plume protection where practical or Through this program, you can return triple-rinsed
available (hoods, shrouds, screens or air curtains). or pressure-rinsed plastic pesticide and fertilizer
containers up to 23 L to container collection depots
• Use drift-reducing adjuvants in the spray tank as located throughout the province. Remove the cap
directed on the label. Mechanical or hydraulic and booklet from the pesticide container before
agitations have been shown to reduce the recycling. To locate the closest container collection
effectiveness of certain drift-reducing adjuvants. depot, visit www.cleanfarms.ca, call your local dealer
Be aware that certain combinations of anti-drift or contact CleanFARMS at 416-622-4460 (toll-free
adjuvants and air-induction nozzles have been at 1-877-622-4460) or info@cleanfarms.ca.
shown to increase the incidence of fine droplets
that will drift. Empty Pesticide Containers Greater Than 23 L
• When possible, use non-volatile pesticide Growers and commercial applicators should return
formulations or products. pesticide containers that are greater than 23 L in
size to the point of sale or to the manufacturer
for disposal. Contact your local dealer for details
on disposal of these containers, or contact
CleanFARMS at 416-622-4460 (toll-free at
1-877-622-4460) or info@cleanfarms.ca.
Empty Seed and Pesticide Bags

Growers can return their empty seed and pesticide bags
to select retail locations. Contact your local dealer for
details on disposal of these empty seed and pesticide
bags, or contact CleanFARMS at 416-622-4460
(toll-free at 1-877-622-4460) or info@cleanfarms.ca.
7
Surplus Spray Mix STORING PESTICIDES

The best approach is to plan the spray job accurately Ontario’s Pesticides Act and Regulation 63/09
to avoid creating a surplus. provide details on storage requirements for pesticide
storage facilities. As shown in Table 2–1, the storage
When this is unavoidable, dispose of excess spray requirements that must be followed are dependent
mix by spraying it on other crops that require an on which classes of pesticides you store.
application of this pesticide. Before spraying, check
the label to make sure the pesticide is registered for Table 1–1. Requirements for
use on that other crop. Farm Pesticide Storage Facilities
Pesticide Classes
If you cannot find another allowable crop to spray, Class Class Class 4,
then dilute the remaining spray mix by adding Storage requirements 2 3 5, 6 & 7
10 parts of water for each 1 part of spray mix. The No contact with food or drink YES YES YES
diluted solution can be safely applied to the original Not an impairment to health YES YES YES
treated area as long as you do not exceed the pesticide and safety
rate recommended on the label. Be sure to check the Clean and orderly YES YES YES
label for any restrictions about crop rotation, days to Warning sign G posted* YES YES YES
harvest or disposal of surplus spray mix. Emergency telephone numbers YES YES YES
posted**
Never re-spray the treated field with undiluted spray Vented to outside YES YES NO
mix. Spraying an area twice at the same pesticide Limited access (locked) YES YES NO
rate will double the labeled pesticide rate. This No floor drain YES YES NO
may cause illegal pesticide residues in the harvested Respiratory protection and YES YES NO
crop or harmful residues in the soil that can cause protective clothing kept readily
crop damage. available
Area used primarily for YES NO NO
Surplus Pesticide Disposal pesticides
Be sure to safely dispose of pesticides that you Note: Sufficient precautions are needed in your storage
do not need or cannot use. Options for proper area to prevent the pesticide from entering the natural
environment. Ensure your floor drain does not enter the
disposal include:
natural environment.
* See ontario.ca for requirements for warning sign G
• Contact the supplier. It is sometimes possible to (Search for sample warning signs for pesticide use).
return unused pesticide if it is still in its original, These signs can be purchased from your pesticide
unopened container. dealer/vendor.
• Hire a waste hauler who is licensed under ** Emergency contact numbers must include telephone
numbers for the local fire department, hospital and
Part V of the Environmental Protection Act to poison control centre. The number for the MOECC Spills
carry hazardous wastes. Look in the Yellow Action Centre (1-800-268-6060) should also be readily
Pages of your telephone directory under Liquid available.
Waste Removal.
• CleanFARMS operates a free Obsolete Pesticide
Collection Program throughout the province For more information about storing pesticides, see:
every three years. To locate the closest collection
• OMAFRA Factsheet Farm Pesticide Storage
point and date, visit the CleanFARMS website
Facility
(www.cleanfarms.ca), contact CleanFARMS at
416-622-4460 (toll free at 877-622-4460) or • OMAFRA Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
info@cleanfarms.ca or contact your local dealer booklet Best Management Practices —
Pesticide Storage, Handling and Application,
for program details.
Order No. BMP13
• Contact your municipality to see if any waste
collection days are scheduled and verify • Ontario Pesticide Education Program (University
whether quantities of agricultural pesticides will of Guelph, Ridgetown Campus) Grower
Pesticide Safety Course Manual, available at
be accepted.
www.opep.ca. Select “Learning.”
8
PESTICIDE SPILLS The clean-up guidelines above may not be

appropriate for all spill situations. Once you have
If a pesticide spill causes, or is likely to cause, contained the spill, follow directions from the
an adverse effect that is greater than that which manufacturer and regulatory authorities on cleaning
would result from the proper use of the pesticide, the contaminated area.
you must notify the Ministry of the Environment
and Climate Change Spills Action Centre at Some of the information contained in this chapter
1-800-268-6060 (24 hr a day, 7 days a week) and is not authoritative. It is derived from the Pesticides
your municipality. Act, Ontario Regulation 63/09 and the federal Pest
Control Products Act, Fisheries Act and Species at Risk
Act and is for informational purposes only. Efforts
A spill is defined as a discharge of pollutant that have been made to make it as accurate as possible,
is abnormal in quality or quantity, from or out but in the event of a conflict, inconsistency or error,
of a structure, vehicle or other container into the the requirements set out in the referenced legislation
environment. An incident such as an overturned take precedence. For specific legal details, please
pesticide sprayer that results in the loss of the spray visit ontario.ca/laws (for Ontario legislation) and
solution to the environment is an example of a spill. A www.laws.justice.gc.ca (for federal legislation) and
pesticide container that ruptures and leaks its contents consult your lawyer if you have questions about your
is another example of a spill. The discharge or spraying legal obligations.
of a pesticide in an unapproved area is also considered
a spill.
For information on preventing spills, see:
Before you begin to clean up a spill of any nature,
remember to protect yourself against pesticide • OMAFRA Factsheet Ways to Avoid Pesticide
exposure. Wear the proper protective clothing and Spills
personal protective equipment. If the spill occurs
• OMAFRA Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
inside an enclosed area (e.g., a pesticide storage area booklet Best Management Practices —
or a vehicle during transport), ventilate the area Pesticide Storage, Handling and Application,
first. Once you have protected yourself and removed Order No. BMP13
other persons or animals from the spill site, take
• Ontario Pesticide Education Program (University
additional measures to stop the spill at the source of Guelph, Ridgetown Campus) Grower
and prevent it from spreading and/or contaminating Pesticide Safety Course Manual, available at
watercourses. Specific precautions, emergency www.opep.ca. Select “Learning.”
contact information and first aid procedures may be
found on the label.
For minor spills, it may be possible to rectify For pesticide poisonings and
the problem: pesticide injuries, call:
• For a liquid spill — Cover the spill with a thick Poison Information Centre: 1-800-268-9017
layer of absorbent material such as kitty litter,
(TTY) 1-877-750-2233
vermiculite or dry soil. Sweep or shovel the
material into a waste drum and dispose of the For more information, see Emergency and First
contents as you would a hazardous waste. Aid Procedures for Pesticide Poisoning on inside
• For a dust, granular or powder spill — Sweep or back cover.
shovel the material into a waste drum and dispose
of the contents as you would a hazardous waste.
For major spills, it is essential to stop the spill

from spreading.
9
10
2. Crop Protection:
Insects, Mites and Diseases
USING PESTICIDES LD50 is the number of milligrams of a pesticide per

Classification of Pesticides for Sale and Use kilogram of body weight that will kill 50% of the
in Ontario tested subjects. LD50 is commonly measured as the
The Cosmetic Pesticides Ban Act, 2008, and Ontario Acute Oral LD50, which means the chemicals are
Regulation 63/09 came into effect in 2009 from ingested through the mouth or nose. In addition,
the Ministry of Environment and Climate Change toxicity values for penetration through the skin
(MOECC). Under this act, pesticides cannot be (Dermal LD50) can usually be found on the material
used for cosmetic purposes on lawns, vegetable safety data sheet (MSDS) and are available from
and ornamental gardens, patios, driveways, the manufacturer.
cemeteries, or in parks and schoolyards. In these
areas, biopesticides and alternatives to pesticides can Prevent Bee Poisoning
be used. Pesticides can be used for some excepted Honeybees, as well as other bees and insects, are
uses such as agriculture, which includes nursery important pollinators of crops. Many crops also
production. Pesticides are now classified for sale and offer bees important sources of nectar for honey
use under 12 different classes. For more information production. For more information on the prevention
on the legislation, see ontario.ca/pesticides. of bee poisoning, see Bee Poisoning on page 5. Most
organophosphate and carbamate insecticides are
Toxicity Information highly toxic to bees. Examples of insecticides used in
The “relative toxicity” of a pesticide is expressed greenhouse and outdoor ornamental crop production
in the LD50 value. The higher the LD50 value of a that are toxic to bees are listed in Table 2–1, Relative
pesticide, the less toxic the product is to humans. Toxicity of Pesticides to Honeybees.
Read each pesticide label

for specific precautions regarding bees.
11
Table 2–1. Relative Toxicity of Pesticides Table 2–1. Relative Toxicity of Pesticides

to Honeybees to Honeybees
For more detailed information on the toxicity of specific For more detailed information on the toxicity of specific
pesticides to honeybees, see the pesticide label. pesticides to honeybees, see the pesticide label.
Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient
Group 1 — Highly toxic. Group 3 — Pesticides relatively non-toxic to bees.
Severe losses may be expected if the following materials Acelepryn chlorantraniliprole
are used when bees are present at treatment time or Actinovate SP Streptomyces lydicus
within a few days thereafter.
Aliette T&O fosetyl-Al
AceCap 97 acephate
Apollo SC clofentezine
Actara 25 WG thiamethoxam
BioProtec CAF Bacillus thuringiensis
Admire 240 imidacloprid
Bravo 500 chlorothalonil
Ambush 50 EC permethrin
Confirm 240 F tebufenozide
Avid 1.9% EC abamectin
Daconil 2787, Daconil Ultrex chlorothalonil
Confidor 200 SL imidacloprid
Decree 50 WDG fenhexamid
Cygon 480 dimethoate
Dipel 2X DF Bacillus thuringiensis
DeltaGard deltamethrin
Elevate 50WDG fenhexamid
Diazinon diazinon
Folpan 50 WP, Folpan 80 WDG folpet
Dursban T, Dursban WDG chlorpyrifos
Forbid 240 SC spiromesifen
Dyno-Mite 75 W pyridaben
Funginex DC triforine
Ima-jet imidacloprid
Insecticidal soap potassium salts of fatty acids
Imidan 50 WP phosmet
Kontos spirotetramat
Lagon 480 dimethoate
Lorsban NT chlorpyrifos
Lorsban 4 E chlorpyrifos
MilStop potassium bicarbonate
Malathion malathion
Nova 40 W myclobutanil
Orthene 75 SP acephate
Pristine WG boscalid + pyraclostrobin
Pounce 384 EC permethrin
Rhapsody ASO Bacillus subtilis
Pyrate 480 chlorpyrifos
Rovral 50 WP iprodione
Scimitar CS lambda-cyhalothrin
Senator 70 WP thiophanate-methyl
Sevin carbaryl
Serenade Bacillus subtilis
Success 480 SC spinosad
Shuttle 15 SC acequinocyl
Group 2 — Moderately toxic.
Subdue Maxx metalaxyl
These can be used around bees if dosage, timing and
method of application are correct, but do not apply them TreeAzin azadirachtin
directly on bees, in the field or at the colonies.
Floramite SC bifenazate CHEMICAL FAMILIES
Horticultural oil mineral oil Most agricultural chemicals belong to a chemical
Landscape Oil mineral oil “family” which is a group of substances that share
Maestro 80 DF captan
important characteristics. To prevent pests from
Purespray Green Spray Oil mineral oil
becoming resistant to a particular product, rotate
between pesticides from different chemical families.
Supra Captan 80 WDG captan
Thionex 50 W, endosulfan
Thionex 50 W WSP, Thionex EC
Table 2–2. Insecticides and Fungicides Used to
Tristar 70 WSP acetamiprid
Protect Ornamentals, lists pesticide products in
alphabetical order. This reference table can be used
to help make decisions (e.g., pesticide resistance
management) about pesticide applications by
providing information on toxicity, chemical family
and classification.
12
Table 2–2. Insecticides and Fungicides Used to Protect Ornamentals (as of January 1, 2016)
LEGEND: I = insecticide; F = fungicide and/or bactericide; R = rodenticide; A = acaricide (miticide); M = molluscicide; – = no information
Oral LD50 Ontario
Product Name Type Common Name (mg a.i./kg) Chemical Family Group* Classification
AceCap 97 I acephate 1,490 organophosphate 1B 3
Acrobat F dimethomorph 2,939 cinnamic acid amides 40 3
Acelepryn I chlorantraniliprole > 5,000 anthanilic diamide 28 2
Actara I thiamethoxam > 5,000 neonicotinoid 4 3
Aliette F fosetyl-al 2,860 ethyl phosphonate 33 3
Apollo SC A chofentezine > 5,000 tetrazine, mite growth 10A 3
inhibitor
Arbotect 20-S I thiabendazole > 5,000 benzimidazole 1 4
Banner MAXX F propiconazole > 4,000 triazole 3 3
Beleaf I flonicamid > 2,000 pyridinecarboxamide 9C 4
BioProtec I Bacillus thuringiensis > 15,000 biological – 3
BlightBan A506 F Pantoea agglomerans (strain A506) non-toxic biological – 4
non-toxic biological
BlightBan C9-1 F Pantoea agglomerans (strain C9-1) non-toxic biological – 4
Bloomtime Biological F Pantoea agglomerans (strain E325) non-toxic biological – 4
Captan 50 WP F captan > 5,000 phthalimide M4 3
Compass 50 WG F trifloxystrobin > 5,050 strobilurin 11 3
Confidor 200 SL I imidacloprid 1,858 neonicotinoid 4A 4
Confirm 240 F I tebufenozide > 5,000 insect growth regulator 18 3
Copper F copper sulphate 472 inorganic M1 3
Copper Spray F copper oxychloride 1,700 inorganic M1 3
Daconil 2787 F chlorothalonil 4,200 chloronitrile M5 4
Daconil Ultrex F chlorothalonil > 5,000 chloronitrile M5 4
Deadline M metaldehyde 250 – – 4
Decree F fenhexamid > 5,000 anilide 17 3
Diazinon I diazinon 300 organophosphate 1B 3
Dipel I Bacillus thuringiensis > 15,000 biological 11 3, 4
Dithane DG F mancozeb > 5,000 dithiocarbamate M3 4
Dithane M-45 F mancozeb > 5,000 dithiocarbamate M3 4
Dragnet FT I permethrin 998 synthetic pyrethroid 3A 3
Dursban Turf I chlorpyrifos 135 organophosphate 1B 3
Dutch Trig F Verticillium albo-atrum strain WCS850 – biological – 4
Dygall F Agrobacterium radiobacter – biological – 3
Dyno-Mite A, I pyridaben 1,930 pyridazone 21A 4
Eagle F myclobutanil 1,600 triazole 3 3
Endeavor 50 WG I pymetrozine > 5,000 pyridine azomethine 9B 4
Equal 65 WP F dodine 1,000 aliphatic nitrogenous U12 4
compound
Ferbam 76 WDG F ferbam > 5,000 dithiocarbamate M3 4
Floramite SC A bifenazate > 5,000 carbazate 25 4
Folpan 50 WP F folpet 10,000 phthalimide M4 4
Foray I Bacillus thuringiensis > 15,000 biological 11A 3, 4
Forbid I spiromesifen > 2,000 lipid biosynthesis 23 3
inhibitor
* Pesticide Group classifies the compound according to mode of action. This system helps the user rotate among pesticides with different
modes of action in order to reduce the risk of resistance to a specific pesticide product.
13
Oral LD50 Ontario
Funginex F triforine > 16,000 piperazine 3 3
Ground Force R chlorophacinone 2 anticoagulant – 4
Guardsman Copper F copper oxychloride 1,700 inorganic M1 3
Oxychloride
Heritage F azoxystrobin > 5,000 strobilurin 11 3
Heterohabditis I Heterohabditis bacteriophora (H.b.) non-toxic biological – –
bacteriophora
Heterohabditis megidis I Heterohabditis megidis (H.m.) non-toxic biological – –
Ima-jet I Imidacloprid > 1,600 neonicotinoid 4A 3
Imidan 50 WP I phosmet 300 organophosphate 1B 3
Insecticidal soap I potassium salts of fatty acids > 5,000 insecticidal soap and – 4
botanical
Intercept 60 WP I imidacloprid 1,858 neonicotinoid 4A 4
Kanemite 15 SC I acequinocyl > 5,000 naphthaquinone 20B 3
derivative
Kasumin F kasugamycin > 5,000 hexopyranosyl 24 3
antibiotic
Kontos I spirotetramat > 2,000 tetramic acid 23 4
Lagon 480 E I dimethoate 215 organophosphate 1B 3
Landscape Oil I mineral oil > 15,000 horticultural oil – 4
Lannate I methomyl 17 carbamate 1A 2
Lorsban I chlorpyrifos 300 organophosphate 1B 4
Maestro 80 DF F captan 9,000 phthalimide M4 4
Malathion I malathion 1,400 organophosphate 1B 4
Medallion F fludioxonil > 5,000 phenylpyrrole 12 2
Meltatox F dodemorph 4,500 morpholine 5 4
Met 52 I Metarhizium anisopliae strain F52 > 2,000 biological – 4
MilStop F potassium bicarbonate 2,700 inorganic – 4
Mimic 240 LV I tebufenozide > 5,000 insect growth regulator 18 3
Nova F myclobutanil 1,600 triazole 3 3
Opal Insecticidal Soap I potassium salts of fatty acids > 5,000 insecticidal soap and – 4
botanical
Orthene I acephate 866 organophosphate 1B 3
Phostrol F phosphorous acid and salts > 5,000 phosphonates 33 3
Palladium F cyprodinil > 5,000 anilino-pyrimidine 9 2
fludioxonil phenylpyrrole 12
Polyram F metiram > 10,000 dithiocarbamate M2 4
Pounce I permethrin > 4,000 pyrethroid 3A 4
Presidio F fluopicolide > 2,000 pyridinylmethyl- 43 2
benzamides
Previcur F propamocarb 2,000 carbamate 28 3
Pristine WG F boscalid > 1,490 methoxy carbamate 7 2
pyraclostrobin pyridine carboxamide 11
Purespray Green Spray Oil I mineral oil > 15,000 horticultural oil – 6
Pyrate I chlorpyrifos 135 organophosphate 1B 3
14
Oral LD50 Ontario
Ramik Brown, R diaphacinone 3 anticoagulant – 4
Ramik Green
Ratak+ R brodifacoum 0.27 anticoagulant – 4
Regalia Maxx F Reynoutria sachalinensis – biological – 3
Rhapsody F, B Bacillus subtilis > 5,000 biological 44 4
Bacillus subtilis QST 713
Ripcord 400 EC I cypermethrin 242 pyrethroid 3A 3
Rodent Bait, R zinc phosphide 45 phosphide – 3
Rodent Pellets
Rootshield F Trichoderma harzianum – biological – 3, 4
Rovral F iprodione 3,550 dicarboximide 2 3
Rozol R chlorophacinone – anticoagulant – 4
Scimitar CS I lambda-cyhalothrin 93 pyrethroid 3A 2
Senator 70 WP F thiophanate-methyl 7,500 benzimidazole 1 4
Serenade Max F Bacillus subtilis – biological 44 3, 4
Sevin I carbaryl 560 carbamate 1A 3
Shuttle 15 SC M acequinocyl > 5,000 naphthaquinone 20B 3
derivative
Sluggo M ferric phosphate > 5,000 mineral – 4, 6
Streptomycin F streptomycin sulphate 400 glucopyranosyl 25 4
antibiotic
Subdue MAXX F metalaxyl-M and S-isomer 3,436 phenylamide 4 3
Success 480 SC I spinosad > 2,000 spinosin 5 3
Sulphur (various) F sulphur > 5,000 inorganic M2 4
Supra Captan 80 WDG F captan 9,000 phthalimide M4 4
Switch 62.5 WG F cyprodinil > 5,000 anilino pyrimidine 9 3
fludioxonil phenylpyrrole 12
Thionex 50W WSP, I endosulfan 110 organochlorine 2A 4
Thionex EC
Thiram F thiram 780 dithiocarbamate M 4
Thuricide I Bacillus thuringiensis > 15,000 biological 11 4
Tivano F, B citric acid, lactic acid none known biological – 4
Torrent F cyazofamid > 5,000 cyano-imidazole 21 4
TreeAzin I azadirachtin > 2,000 uncertain UN 4
Tristar 70 WSP I acetimiprid 1,064 neonicotinoid 4A 3
Trounce I potassium salts of fatty acid and > 5,000 insecticidal soap and 3A 4
pyrethrin botanical
Truban F etridiazole 1,077 thiadiazole 14 4
Vectobac I Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis > 15,000 biological 11 4
Vendex A fenbutatin oxide 2,631 organotin 12 4
Waxed Mouse Bait R zinc phosphide 45 phosphide – 3
15
A COMPENDIUM OF PESTS AND DISEASES WITH RECOMMENDED MANAGEMENT PRACTICES —

AS OF JANUARY 1, 2016
Common pests and diseases found on nursery crops are listed below. The list is organized according to the host
plant genus. The pesticide products listed appear alphabetically within the tables and the order in which products
appear does not constitute a preference ranking.
If no product is listed in the compendium, either a pesticide application would not be effective, or there is no
product registered at the time of printing for this publication. The “Notes” column contains information on pest
biology and monitoring and additional remarks about the use of registered pesticides.
See Table 2–2. Insecticides and Fungicides Used to Protect Ornamentals, on page 13–15, for a list of pesticides
registered on outdoor ornamentals and their chemical properties, such as toxicity.
ABIES — FIR
Pest Product Rate Notes
INSECTS AFFECTING ABIES
Balsam twig aphid Admire 240 250 mL/ha The eggs overwinter on bark and hatch into first-generation nymphs
(Mindarus DZN 600 EW see label (“stem mothers”) in early spring when bud caps begin to loosen, but
abietinus) before new growth emerges. Second-generation nymphs feed on newly
Endeavor 50 WG 193 g/ha developing needles, causing the needles to become distorted and
in 275 L water discoloured.
Malathion 500 EC 1.25 L/ Treat when stem mothers first hatch (about 180–250 GDD Base 10°C).
1,000 L water Second-generation nymphs are more difficult to manage due to their
Tristar 70 WSP 3 solupaks protective, waxy covering.
Cutworms Confirm 240 F 0.5 L/ha Cutworms are moth larvae (caterpillars) that hide in shallow soil
(various species) Dylo 2.75–4 L/ha burrows during the day and crawl up plant stems to harvest plant parts
at night. Injury appears as chewed or girdled stems on woody species
Pounce 180 mL/ha (and clipped stems on herbaceous plants). Larvae are greyish-brown in
colour, often with black spots along their sides and stripes along their
body. They have three pairs of true legs, four pairs of fleshy prolegs
and one pair of “claspers” at the end of their abdomen. They can be
up to 3 cm long. Late instar larvae overwinter and pupate in spring.
Use insecticides to reduce cutworm populations at the first sign of
feeding injury. Treat plants with insecticides in the evening since the
larvae feed at night.
Applications of Confirm should be made with a high-volume spray and
sprayed to run-off (for greenhouse use). Applications of Pounce should
be made under warm, moist conditions when larvae are small.
Spruce budworm Dragnet 160 mL/ Larvae have a black head and brownish body with four light spots
(Choristoneura 1,000 L water on the back of each segment. This pest is a widespread, important
fumiferana) Foray 48 B 1.6–2.4 L/ha defoliator of balsam fir and spruce. Tiny overwintering larvae begin
to feed as buds break and continue feeding until late spring. Larvae
Malathion 500 EC 2.5 L/ can often be found feeding inside emerging shoots from suspiciously
1,000 L water persistent bud caps. There is 1 generation per year.
Mimic 240 LV 290 mL/ha Apply Mimic to control early instar larvae; allow 3–7 days for larval
Pounce 45–90 mL/ mortality. A second application may be required. Apply a general
1,000 L water coverage spray for broad-spectrum insecticides in mid-May to reduce
larval populations.
Sevin 50 W 1.1–2.2 kg/
1,000 L water
16
ABIES — FIR
INSECTS AFFECTING ABIES (cont’d)
Spruce spider mite Cygon 480 E 1.25 L/ Overwintered eggs hatch in early May, when Amelanchier laevis and
(Oligonychus 1,000 L water Magnolia x soulangiana are in full bloom. Mites prefer older needles
ununguis) Floramite SC 625 mL/ as feeding sites. To monitor for mites, use a hand lens to check the
1,000 L water undersides of twigs and needles for tiny reddish eggs or brown mites
with black backs. Shake a branch over a white sheet of paper and look
horticultural oil 20 L/ for crawling specks. Apply miticides when mites first appear.
1,000 L water
Kanemite is effective against mobile life stages but may also reduce
insecticidal soap see label egg viability.
Kanemite 15 SC 0.42–0.92 L/ Use horticultural oil as a dormant treatment in early spring to target
1,000 L water eggs and newly hatched nymphs. Do not use horticultural oil (including
Lagon 480 1.25 L/ Landscape Oil) on white pine. Horticultural oil (including Landscape
1,000 L water Oil) can be used when plants are dormant. Landscape Oil can be used
in summer when leaves are fully expanded and hardened off. See
Malathion 500 EC 1.25 L/
product label. Permanent discolouration of foliage will occur to blue
1,000 L water
cultivars of both Juniperus and Picea. To prevent foliar discolouration
Orthene 75 SP 1 kg/ on blue Colorado spruce, use only wettable powders and avoid
1,000 L water horticultural oil. If populations are still significant, make 2 applications
Pyrate 480 EC 375–500 mL/ of other miticides at 10-day intervals when mites exist in spring.
1,000 L water Many predatory mites co-exist with pest mite populations. To conserve
Vendex 50 W 0.5–1.0 kg/ predatory mites, try miticides that are less toxic to these beneficials,
1,000 L water such as Vendex and Floramite.
Tarnished plant bug Ripcord 400 EC 172 mL/ha These are small (5-mm) yellowish-brown insects. Adults have wings
(Lygus lineolaris) that are folded in an X pattern. Tarnished plant bugs feed by inserting
their mouthparts inside leaf tissue and sucking out the contents,
leaving the lower and upper epidermis behind. The resulting injury
appears as small, clear “windows” on leaf tissue of broad-leaved
plants. On conifers, feeding often causes terminal growth to yellow
and become distorted and bushy.
Treat in spring and early summer to manage populations of this insect.
White grubs: Larval management: These beetle larvae are referred to as “white grubs.” They chew fibrous
European chafer Acelepryn 5.6–8.8 mL/ roots and girdle underground stems of many woody ornamentals
(Rhizotrogus 100 m2 (including Cornus sp.).
majalis)
Lorsban NT 4.5 L/ Before planting, cultivate infested fields to expose grubs to natural
June beetle (rescue treatment 1,000 L water predators.
(Phyllophaga sp.) for shipping) Sevin T&O is registered as a foliar spray for adults.
Intercept 60 WP 467 g/ha Apply Intercept 60 WP once per year, during the mating period/egg-
Adult management: laying period and up to egg hatch (usually late June/early July in
southern Ontario). In the field, sufficient irrigation (5–10 mm) should
Imidan 50 WP 1.25 kg/ occur within 24 hr after application; avoid overwatering.
1,000 L water
Apply Acelepryn any time that larvae are present or during the mating
Sevin 50 W 2–3 kg/ period/egg-laying period to egg-hatch.
1,000 L water
Sevin T&O 2.3–3.5 L/
1,000 L water
17
ABIES — FIR
DISEASES AFFECTING ABIES
Botrytis Rovral 50 WP 1.2–2 kg/ha During very humid conditions (e.g., storage), a fuzzy, grey growth may
develop on succulent plant parts.
Treat twigs and buds in spring before leaves develop. Treat conifer
seedlings at the onset of botrytis. Remove all fading and diseased
plant parts promptly, especially when wet weather is predicted. Do not
crowd plants. Maintain adequate sunlight and good air circulation.
Damping off, root Presidio 60–119 mL/ Stem rot and root rot cause rapid dieback and mortality and are often
rot and stem rot 380 L water characterized by reddish-brown discolouration of the cambium.
(Phytophthora, Previcur see label Subdue MAXX can be used as a drench or a pre-incorporated
Pythium)
Subdue MAXX 1.2 L/ha treatment for media to help protect conifer seedlings and transplants
(drench) from Pythium and Phytophthora. Subdue MAXX can be used on conifer
seedbeds, plugs and 2-0 transplants only. See product label.
Torrent 400SC see label
Needlecast Banner MAXX 350 mL/ This is principally a nursery disease. It is caused by several fungi
(various fungi) 1,000 L water with 2-yr life cycles. Symptoms develop early in the second season.
Copper Spray 4 kg/ Infected needles turn brown and drop. Badly infected plants have only
1,000 L water current season needles.
Daconil 2787 F 2.5 L/ Spray after new growth begins and again 10 days later.
1,000 L water
ACER — MAPLE
INSECTS AFFECTING ACER
Aphids Beleaf 50 SG 0.12–0.16 kg/ha Treat when aphids first appear and repeat as required. Check leaves
(various) insecticidal soap see label for honeydew and sooty mould. Aphids have many natural predators
(e.g., ladybugs, hover flies, lacewings), so monitor for beneficial
*Kontos see label insects before making pesticide applications. Orthene may damage
Malathion 500 EC 1.25 L/ sugar maple leaves.
1,000 L water * Do not apply Kontos insecticide during bloom as this product Is
Orthene 75 SP 1 kg/ toxic to bee brood.
1,000 L water **Thionex is toxic to fish.
Pyrate 480 EC 375 mL/
1,000 L water
**Thionex 50W see label
WSP, Thionex EC
Tristar 70 WSP 3 solupaks
Trounce 50 L/
1,000 L water
Asian long-horned Ima-jet see label Asian long-horned beetle is a serious pest of deciduous trees; it
beetle bores into stems and trunks and weakens trees, leading to dieback
(Anoplophora and mortality. Make Ima-jet applications when the pest has been
glabripennis) detected in your area (or within 24 km) and trees still appear healthy.
This cerambycid borer is mostly found on maple species, especially
Acer negundo, Manitoba maple. For trees that may be visited by
pollinators, applications of Ima-jet must be made post-bloom, as this
product is toxic to bees and bee brood.
18
ACER — MAPLE
INSECTS AFFECTING ACER (cont’d)
Cottony maple scale horticultural oil 20 L/ The mature female scale with white egg sac resembles a partially
(Pulvinaria 1,000 L water popped corn kernel. This scale infests maple, linden, elm, beech, oak,
innumerabilis) insecticidal soap see label and other trees and shrubs. It is found only on twigs.
Malathion 500 EC 2.5 L/ Use horticultural oil as an early-spring dormant treatment. Do not use
1,000 L water horticultural oil on sugar or Japanese maples.
Orthene 75 SP 1 kg/ Nymphs are active in late June/early July, about when Philadelphus
1,000 L water and Tilia cordata are in bloom. Direct insecticidal spray to the lower
leaf surface. Repeat application 10 days later. Do not use Malathion
Pyrate 480 EC 2 L/ on Crimson King maple. Orthene may damage sugar maple leaves.
1,000 L water
Sevin 50 W 2–3 kg/
1,000 L water
Forest tent caterpillar Dipel 0.5–1.0 L/ha Forest tent caterpillar larvae are hairy with a series of keyhole-
(Malacosoma disstria) Dragnet 230 mL/ shaped white spots along their backs. Larvae are present early in the
1,000 L water season. Larvae feed in colonies. Forest tent caterpillar larvae do not
form a tent on their host. Larvae may completely defoliate broadleaf
Foray 1.0–1.6 L/ha trees, particularly poplars.
Orthene 75 SP 1 kg/ Treat foliage in mid-to-late May to reduce populations of larvae.
1,000 L water Orthene may damage sugar maple leaves.
Pounce 90 mL/ha
1,000 L water
1,000 L water
Thuricide 1.5–2.0 L/
1,000 L water
Greenstriped Sevin 50 W 2–3 kg/ Larvae have a cherry-red head and yellowish body with seven dark
mapleworm 1,000 L water lines running the entire body length. Preferred hosts are maple, oak
(Dryocampa and box elder. Insecticidal applications are usually not required. Eggs
rubicunda) hatch over an extended period.
If necessary, spray insecticides when larvae are present (from
mid-June to late July).
Gypsy moth AceCap 97 see label Gypsy moth larvae are dark, hairy caterpillars with five pairs of blue
(Lymantria dispar) Dipel 132 ES 1.6–2.4 L/ha spots (tubercles) followed by six pairs of red ones along their backs.
They feed in the spring and early summer, reaching about 6 cm long
Dragnet 230 mL/ at maturity. They consume foliage of many trees and shrubs, most
1,000 L water notably basswood, birch, hawthorn, oak, poplar and willow. Adult
Foray 48 B 1.0–1.6 L/ha females lay eggs in brown, fuzzy masses in July and August.
Imidan 50 WP 1.25 kg/ Remove and destroy egg masses before they hatch. Newly hatched
1,000 L water larvae produce webs in order to disperse via wind to other hosts.
Wait until larvae settle on hosts and begin feeding before applying
Orthene 75 SP 850 g/
Dipel or Foray.
1,000 L water
A folded burlap cloth wrapped around a tree provides a daytime
shelter for larger larvae or pupae. Collect them from these shelters
1,000 L water
and destroy them.
AceCap 97 applications must be made post-bloom as this product is
1,000 L water
toxic to bees and bee brood.
Success 480 SC 25 mL/
Orthene may damage sugar maple leaves. Success may be applied
1,000 L water
to larvae at any time during larval development. Dipel and Foray are
Thuricide HPC 1.6 L/ most effective when sprayed before larvae become mature (before
1,000 L water the head capsule turns yellow).
19
ACER — MAPLE
Leafhopper Imidan 50 WP 1.25 kg/ Leafhoppers are tiny, yellowish-green to pale-coloured insects that
(several species) 1,000 L water jump quickly when disturbed. Wingless nymphs will often “side step”
Sevin 50 W 2 kg/ quickly to hide from potential predators. Leafhoppers have piercing-
1,000 L water sucking mouthparts that cause yellowish flecks on the leaf surface.
Sevin T&O 2.3–3.5 L/ Check regularly for infestation of nursery crops when neighbouring
1,000 L water farms are cutting alfalfa or hay. Hang yellow sticky traps in the canopy
to monitor for leafhoppers. Check by disturbing plants or looking
at the leaf bottoms for leafhopper nymphs or molted skins. Injury
appears as leaf distortion with blackened leaf margins. Older leaves
will appear bronze coloured or stippled. Treat as required.
Lecanium or horticultural oil 20 L/ When adults are mature in late spring/summer, they appear as a
European fruit 1,000 L water large, reddish-brown, spherical scale usually found on the underside
lecanium insecticidal soap see label of twigs. This scale infests many deciduous trees and shrubs.
(Lecanium corni)
Malathion 500 EC 2.5 L/ Use horticultural oil as an early-spring dormant treatment to reduce
1,000 L water populations of overwintering nymphs. To suppress crawlers, spray
insecticides when the Sambucus canadensis begins blooming.
Orthene 75 SP 1 kg L/
1,000 L water Do not use Malathion on Crimson King maple. Orthene may damage
Pyrate 480 EC 2 L/ sugar maple leaves.
1,000 L water
Sevin 50 W 2–3 kg L/
1,000 L water
Sevin T&O 2.3–3.5 kg L/
1,000 L water
Trounce 50 L/
1,000 L water
Maple bladder gall mite horticultural oil 20 L/ Maple bladder gall mite causes globular, wart-like galls on the upper
(Vasates quadripedes) 1,000 L water surface of silver and red maple leaves. Heavy infestations may
Maple spindle gall mite Malathion 500 EC completely deform leaves but seldom injure trees seriously.
2.5 L/
(Vasates Maple spindle gall mite produces slender fusiform galls 5 mm long
1,000 L water
aceriscrumena) on the upper surface of sugar and silver maple leaves. There are
several generations per year.
Crimson erineum mite
(Eriophyes regulus) Crimson erineum mite causes red granular, velvety patches on both
sides of sugar, silver and red maple leaves.
Use horticultural oil as an early-spring dormant treatment. Do not
use oil on sugar maple or Japanese maples. Apply Malathion in the
spring when the temperature is 2°C or higher. Do not use Malathion on
Crimson King maple.
Maple petiole borer There is no product registered at the The larvae bore inside leaf stems (petioles), causing petioles to
(Caulocampis time of this publication. turn black, shrivel and break near the blade, causing leaf drop.
acericaulis) Collecting and destroying fallen leaves will not reduce the population
of this pest. Larvae remain in petioles that are still attached to the
tree, where they complete their life cycle. The adult is a tiny, amber-
coloured sawfly that emerges as leaves are starting to emerge.
Management with insecticides is usually not necessary.
Maple spider mite horticultural oil 20 L/ These tiny mites look very similar to spruce spider mite: brown
(Oligonychus aceris) 1,000 L water bodies and legs with black backs. Mites overwinter as reddish-brown
eggs close to bud scars on the previous year’s growth. Eggs hatch in
spring, and mite numbers can build up by early summer. Mites feed
on the undersides of leaves, causing stippling and bronzing. Maple
spider mites are most common on silver-red hybrids.
Maple trumpet Sevin 50 W 2–3 kg/ This pest is normally a minor problem. It attacks sugar, red and silver
skeletonizer 1,000 L water maples. It spins a long trumpet-like tube of silk and frass on the
(Epinotia aceriella) underside of a leaf, which folds around it. The maple trumpet skeletonizer
feeds from within this tube, skeletonizing the part of the leaf covered
by the web. This causes the leaf to crumple. This pest may also attack
hawthorn and beech. Larvae exist from late July to September.
Where necessary, apply control to bottom leaf surfaces from mid-July
to mid-August.
20
ACER — MAPLE
Sugar maple borer There is no product registered at the This borer is usually a landscape problem, especially on stressed
(Glycobius speciosus) time of this publication. trees. It is a robust, black, long-horned beetle with five yellow bands
on the wing covers. The fleshy white larva cuts deep channels in
the wood. Cracked, swollen areas resembling cankers indicate
infestation. The borer has a 2-year life cycle. Females cut a slit into
the bark and lay eggs in late July and into August.
Keep trees healthy in order to help them withstand infestations.
Western flower thrips Success 480 SC 50 mL/ Western flower thrips can feed openly on new leaves or from inside
(Frankliniella 1,000 L water terminal vegetative buds and flower buds. They have piercing-sucking
occidentalis) mouthparts that suck out plant juices of immature leaves and
flowers, resulting in major distortion and colour flecking when flowers
and foliage emerge. Injury may be confused with that of leafhoppers.
Do not make more than 3 applications of Success 480 SC per year.
Whitemarked tussock Dragnet 160 mL/ The caterpillars are large (up to 3 cm long), with a multi-coloured body
moth 1,000 L water marked by 2 tufts of black hairs behind the head and white hairs
(Orgyia leucostigma) Mimic 240 LV 290 mL/ha along the sides of the abdomen. Caterpillars are found throughout
the growing season on many species of deciduous and evergreen
trees.
Apply Mimic to control early instar larvae; allow 3–7 days for larval
mortality. A second application of Mimic may be required.
DISEASES AFFECTING ACER
Anthracnose Banner MAXX 280 mL/ Leaves are infected as they emerge in the spring. This disease
(Gloeosporium 1,000 L water causes irregular brown lesions, often in between veins. Leaves may
apocrytum) be distorted.
Collect and destroy fallen leaves in autumn, as they are a source of
inoculum the following spring. Often, the second flush of growth will
cover up this disease. Where disease pressure is high, protect newly
emerging leaves with fungicides before leaf wetness periods.
Tar spot Banner MAXX 28 mL/ Emerged leaves are infected in spring during cool, wet weather. This
(Rhytisma acerinum) 100 L water disease causes irregular, black, tar-like spots on Norway and sugar
Compass 50 WG 14–21 g/ maple by late summer. The tar spot fungus overwinters on fallen
100 L water leaves.
Apply fungicides before rain events to protect foliage during leaf
emergence (during and after bloom). Compass 50 WG gives
suppression of tar spot and can only be applied once per season.
Banner MAXX can be applied up to 4 times per season.
Collect fallen leaves in late summer and autumn and destroy.
Removing fallen leaves from all infected neighbourhood trees may
help reduce disease incidence the following year.
Verticillium wilt There is no product registered at the This is a soil pathogen that enters trees via roots and travels
(Verticillium dahliae) time of this publication. systemically to the crown, resulting in crown wilt and dieback.
Infection causes the sapwood to darken into a greenish black. This
disease is often followed by frost cracks and associated cankers.
Prune wilted branches back to healthy wood. Thin the remainder
of the crown. Fertilize and water to promote vigour, especially
root growth. Organic amendments to soil may help decrease soil
Verticillium populations and improve tree growth.
PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDERS AFFECTING ACER
Leaf scorch A pesticide application would not be Physiological leaf scorch is a common symptom of desiccation on
effective. broadleaf decidous urban or roadside trees during hot, dry summers.
Look for brown, dry leaf margins and areas in between leaf veins.
It is often misdiagnosed as a foliar disease. Supplemental irrigation
can help reduce stress on symptomatic trees.
21
AESCULUS — HORSECHESTNUT
DISEASES AFFECTING AESCULUS
Anthracnose Daconil 2787 F 2.5 L/ Protect leaves with fungicides during cool, wet springs. Encourage
(Glomerella 1,000 L water good air circulation through the canopy. Do not crowd plants.
cingulata)
Leaf blotch Daconil 2787 F 2.5 L/ Symptoms include large, blotchy, reddish-brown lesions surrounded by
(Guignardia aesculi) 1,000 L water a yellow halo. Lesions appear on leaves by mid-summer. Leaves often
(Botryosphaeria Daconil Ultrex 1.5 kg/ curl and distort. A tree may show symptoms of leaf blotch, scorch and
aesculi) 1,000 L water anthracnose.
Protect leaves with fungicides during cool, wet springs. Encourage
good air circulation through the canopy. Do not crowd plants.
PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDERS AFFECTING AESCULUS
Leaf scorch Application of a pesticide will not be Physiological leaf scorch is a common symptom of desiccation on
(physiological) effective on this disorder. broadleaf decidous urban or roadside trees during hot, dry summers.
Look for brown, dry leaf margins and areas in between leaf veins.
Leaf scorch is easily confused with the fungal disease anthracnose
(see above). Supplemental irrigation can help reduce stress on
symptomatic trees.
AMELANCHIER — SERVICEBERRY
INSECTS AFFECTING AMELANCHIER
Western flower Success 480 SC 50 mL/ Western flower thrips can feed openly on new leaves or from inside
thrips 1,000 L water terminal vegetative buds and flower buds. They have piercing-sucking
(Frankliniella mouthparts that suck out plant juices of immature leaves and flowers,
occidentalis) resulting in major distortion and colour flecking when flowers and
foliage emerge. Injury may be confused with that of leafhoppers.
DISEASES AFFECTING AMELANCHIER
Gymnosporangium Nova 40 W 250–340 g/ Spores from Juniperus hosts can infect rosaceous plants (Malus,
rusts 1,000 L water Crataegus, Amelanchier, etc.).
Pristine WG 1–1.6 kg/ha Treat when sporulation begins on the alternate host (Juniperus), in
early-to-mid-spring when foliage is emerging and still tender. Repeat
fungicidal application every 10–14 days if needed. Rotate registered
fungicides with other chemical families to avoid resistance.
Powdery mildew Nova 40 W 113 g/ Fungal infection appears as white, powdery growth on the upper leaf
1,000 L water surface.
Palladium WG 1 kg/ Use Nova 40 W at the first sign of powdery mildew to manage this
1,000 L water disease on Saskatoonberry. Use Nova 40 W no more than 3 times per
season.
22
BETULA — BIRCH
INSECTS AFFECTING BETULA
Aphids Beleaf 50 SG 0.12–0.16 kg/ha Calaphis betulaecolens, a large green aphid, feeds only on birch.
(Calaphis Cygon 480 E 625 mL/ Euceraphis punctipennis, a black-and-green aphid, leaves a cottony-
betulaecolens), 1,000 L water white wax on birch and alder. Hamamelistes spinosus feeds on birch
(Euceraphis and on Hamamelis (witch hazel). Feeding nymphs cause corrugated
insecticidal soap see label
punctipennis), swellings between veins on leaves.
(Hamamelistes Tristar 70 WSP 3 solupaks
Treat when adults first appear and repeat as required. Check the
spinosus) Trounce 50 L/ underside of leaves for honeydew and sooty mould. Many natural
1,000 L water predators feed on aphids (e.g., ladybugs, hoverflies, lacewings).
Birch leafminer AceCap see label Larval mines look like a brown blotch sometimes covering half or more
(Fenusa pusilla Cygon 480 E 500 mL/ of each leaf. Foliage of heavily infested trees looks scorched. There
and many other 1,000 L water are 2 generations of leafminer per year; the second flush of growth
species) is also attacked. The adult is a small black sawfly that emerges from
Imidan 50 WP 1.25 kg/
the soil when the first leaves are half grown. First mines appear when
1,000 L water
Spiraea x vanhouttei blooms.
Lagon 480 500 mL/
When mines appear, use any listed control in mid-May and about
1,000 L water
6 weeks later (when the second flush of leaves is attacked).
1,000 L water AceCap 97 and Treeazin applications must be made post-bloom as
these products are toxic to bees and/or bee brood.
Orthene 75 SP 1 kg/
1,000 L water
1,000 L water
Treeazin see label
Birch skeletonizer Sevin 50 W 2–3 kg/ This pest is generally not a significant problem. Small yellowish-green
(Bucculatrix 1,000 L water larvae attack birches and some alders. Larvae feed on the bottom of
canadensisella) leaves from mid-to-late summer.
Collect and destroy fallen leaves to remove overwintering pupae.
Thoroughly spray the underside of leaves about mid-August.
Bronze birch borer Confidor 200 SL see label This beetle attacks injured and weakened birch trees. The elongated
(Agrilus anxius) white larvae make long, winding tunnels just under the bark. Tunnels
Pyrate 480 EC 500 mL/ show up as spiral ridges around the branches and trunk. Larvae
1,000 L water develop over 2 years and emerge as adults from June to August,
through a D-shaped hole. The adult is a slender, olive-bronze beetle.
Remove and destroy weakened and dying branches before mid-May.
Good tree health reduces infestation risks. Birch roots do not compete
well with lawn grasses. Deeply water the root zone several times
during the growing season. Manage birch leafminers to reduce stress.
Apply Pyrate as a direct spray at the trunk and branches.
Confidor is registered as a trunk-inject to suppress populations of
bronze birch borer. Confidor 200 SL applications must be made
post-bloom, as this product is toxic to bees and bee brood.
Gypsy moth Dipel 132 ES 1.6–2.4 L/ha Gypsy moth larvae are dark, hairy caterpillars with five pairs of blue
(Lymantria dispar) Dragnet 230 mL/ spots (tubercles) followed by six pairs of red ones along their backs.
1,000 L water They feed in the spring and early summer, reaching about 6 cm long
at maturity. They consume foliage of many trees and shrubs but prefer
Foray 48 B 1.0–1.6 L/ha
basswood, birch, hawthorn, oak, poplar and willow.
Adult females lay eggs in brown, fuzzy masses in July and August.
1,000 L water
Remove and destroy egg masses before they hatch. Newly hatched
Orthene 75 SP 850 g/ larvae produce webs in order to disperse via wind to other hosts. Wait
1,000 L water until larvae settle on hosts and begin feeding before applying Dipel or
Sevin 50 W 2–3 kg/ Foray.
1,000 L water A folded burlap cloth wrapped around a tree provides a daytime shelter
Sevin T&O 2.3–3.5 L/ for larger larvae or pupae. Collect them from these shelters and
1,000 L water destroy them.
Success 480 SC 25 mL/ Orthene may damage sugar maple leaves. Success may be applied to
1,000 L water larvae at any time during larval development. Dipel and Foray are most
Thuricide HPC 1.6 L/ effective when sprayed before larvae become mature (before the head
1,000 L water capsule turns yellow).
23
BUXUS — BOXWOOD
INSECTS AFFECTING BUXUS
Boxwood Cygon 480 E 1 L/ Larvae overwinter in leaves and pupate in spring. The adult is a
leafminers 1,000 L water gnat-like fly that lays eggs into newly emerged foliage in spring. Newly
(Monarthropalpus Lagon 480 1 L/ hatched larvae mine new leaves in spring and throughout the summer.
buxi, M. flavus) 1,000 L water Treat newly emerged foliage when adult midges appear to reduce
Malathion 50 1.5 L/ successful egg hatch and larval development.
1,000 L water
1,000 L water
Boxwood psyllid insecticidal soap see label Orange eggs overwinter in bud scales. Overwintering eggs hatch as
(Psylla buxi) Sevin 50W 2–3 kg/ buds begin to break in spring. Young nymphs are light green and
1,000 L water develop a white, woolly protective mass as they get older. Nymphs feed
on developing leaves. Leaves become cupped, enclosing the nymphs.
Treat young psyllids after egg hatch, as leaves are emerging.
DISEASES AFFECTING BUXUS
Boxwood blight and Products registered for boxwood Black cankers appear on stems and leaves of Buxus. In high
canker blight in Canada are temporary humidity, cankers may be accompanied by orange-white pustules
(Volutella buxi) registrations only. Emergency uses (e.g., propagation). This blight can be a problem in propagation areas
for 2016 include Switch 62.5 WG and and sometimes in older plants.
Daconil 2787. See labels for more Always inspect cuttings and rooting beds for signs of canker. Higher
information. temperatures and well-drained media will accelerate rooting and
decrease incidence of this disease in propagation (e.g., summer
propagation). Remove and destroy infected leaves and stems in
established plants.
CARAGANA — PEA SHRUB

INSECTS AFFECTING CARAGANA
Leafhopper Imidan 50 WP 1.25 kg/ Leafhoppers are tiny, yellowish-green to pale-coloured insects that jump
(several species) 1,000 L water quickly when disturbed. Wingless nymphs will often “side step” quickly
Sevin 50 W 2 kg/ to hide from potential predators. Leafhoppers have piercing-sucking
1,000 L water mouthparts that cause yellowish flecks on the leaf surface.
Sevin T&O 2.3–3.5 L/ Check regularly for infestation of nursery crops when neighbouring
1,000 L water farms are cutting alfalfa or hay. Hang yellow sticky traps in the canopy
to monitor for leafhoppers. Check by disturbing plants or looking at the
Tristar 70 WSP 5 solupaks leaf bottoms for leafhopper nymphs or molted skins. Treat as required.
Two-spotted spider Apollo SC 80 mL/ha TSSM overwinters as adult mites in the soil or media around host plants.
mite (TSSM) It becomes active during warm weather (late spring in the field). Attacked
(Tetranychus Dyno-Mite 284 g/ha leaves become dull-coloured, stippled or bronzed. Check the undersides
urticae) of leaves for mites and webs. These mites are very tiny. A hand lens will
Floramite SC 333 mL/ be needed to see the two faint black spots on their backs.
1,000 L water Treat leaf undersides with miticides/insecticides when mites appear,
and repeat as needed. Monitor for mites by examining lower leaf
surfaces with a hand lens or vigorously shaking a branch over a sheet of
Forbid 300 mL/
white paper and looking for tiny, moving specks.
1,000 L water
Apollo SC acts primarily on mite eggs but has an effect on young mobile
stages as well. It is not effective against adult mites. Apollo SC should
insecticidal soap see label be applied when mite populations are predominantly in the egg stage,
with few young nymphs present. Do not make more than 1 application of
Kanemite 15 SC 2.1 L/ha Apollo SC per season.
Apply Dyno-Mite when mites first appear. Apply Dyno-Mite a maximum of
2 times per season at an interval of 28 days.
Vendex 50 W 0.5–1.0 kg/ Apply Kanemite as mites appear. Kanemite may reduce the viability of eggs.
1,000 L water
Two-spotted spider mite does not overwinter on the plant, and
populations are not reduced with a dormant horticultural oil treatment.
24
CARYA — HICKORY
INSECTS AFFECTING CARYA
Hickory gall adelgid Malathion 500 EC 1.25 L/ This pest produces nearly round galls on hickory twigs and leaf stems.
(Phylloxera 1,000 L water Galls are about 16 mm in diameter. Girdled twigs die and break at the
caryaecaulis) Pyrate 480 EC 375 mL/ location of a gall.
1,000 L water Overwintering eggs hatch as buds break. Apply insecticides at that
Tristar 70 WSP 3 solupaks time. Treatment is ineffective once galls appear. Infestations will not
kill the tree.
Walnut caterpillar Malathion 500 EC 2.5 L/ Larvae are black with long grey hairs. This caterpillar feeds on walnut
(Datana 1,000 L water and hickory. Caterpillar colonies descend tree trunks and molt, leaving
integerrima) Sevin 50 W 1.0–1.5 kg/ a conspicuous clump of grey cast skins on the trunk. Adult moths lay
1,000 L water eggs in early July, and larvae feed until the end of August.
Spray when larvae first appear, usually in July. Spray or remove larvae
clustering on trunk.
CHAENOMELES — QUINCE
Disease Product Rate Notes
DISEASES AFFECTING CHAENOMELES
Fire blight Kasumin 2L 5 L/ Fire blight infects succulent vegetative growth. Dead, dry leaves
(Erwinia amylovora) 1,000 L water persist on infected branches. Spray bactericidal products at early
(see label) bloom, full bloom and petal fall when the weather is warm and humid
Serenade Max 2.5–6 kg/ha and fire blight is a recurring problem.
Avoid excessive pruning and nitrogen fertilization in spring. During
dormancy, prune out infected branches about 30 cm below the
cankered area when the tree is dry.
CLEMATIS — CLEMATIS
INSECTS AFFECTING CLEMATIS
Two-spotted spider Apollo SC 80 mL/ha TSSM overwinters as adult mites in the soil or media around host plants.
mite Dyno-Mite 284 g/ha It becomes active during warm weather (late spring in the field). Attacked
(Tetranychus leaves become dull-coloured, stippled or bronzed. Check the undersides
urticae) Floramite SC 333 mL/ of leaves for mites and webs. These mites are very tiny. A hand lens will
1,000 L water be needed to see the two faint black spots on their backs.
Forbid 300 mL/ Treat leaf undersides with miticides/insecticides when mites appear, and
1,000 L water repeat as needed. Monitor for mites by examining lower leaf surfaces
insecticidal soap see label with a hand lens or vigorously shaking a branch over a sheet of white
paper and looking for tiny, moving specks.
Kanemite 15 SC 2.1 L/ha
Vendex 50 W 0.5–1.0 kg/
1,000 L water
be applied when mite populations are predominantly in the egg stage,
Apollo SC per season.
Apply Kanemite as mites appear. Kanemite may reduce the viability of
eggs.
populations are not reduced with a dormant horticultural oil treatment.
occidentalis) resulting in major distortion and colour flecking when flowers and
foliage do emerge. Injury may be confused with that of leafhoppers.
25
CORNUS — DOGWOOD
INSECTS AFFECTING CORNUS
Aphids Beleaf 50 SG 0.12–0.16 kg/ha Aphids appear as new growth emerges in the spring. Repeated
(various) insecticidal soap see label applications of insecticidal soap will be required to reduce aphid
populations.
*Kontos see label
*Do not apply Kontos insecticide during bloom, as this product is toxic
Trounce 50 L/
to bee brood.
1,000 L water
White grubs: Larval management: These beetle larvae are referred to as “white grubs.” The larvae
European chafer Acelepryn 5.6–8.8 mL/ chew fibrous roots and girdle underground stems of many woody
(Rhizotrogus 100 m2 ornamentals (including Cornus sp.).
majalis)
Lorsaban NT 4.5 L/ To expose grubs to natural predators, cultivate infested fields before
June beetle 1,000 L water planting.
(Phyllophaga sp.) (rescue Sevin T&O is registered as a foliar spray for adults.
treatment for
shipping) Apply Intercept 60 WP once per year, during the mating period/egg-
laying period and up to egg hatch (usually late June/early July in
Intercept 60 WP 467 g/ha southern Ontario). In the field, sufficient irrigation (5–10 mm) should
Adult management: occur within 24 hr after application. Avoid overwatering.
Imidan 50 WP 1.25 kg/ Apply Acelepryn any time that larvae are present or during the mating
1,000 L water period/egg-laying period to egg-hatch.
1,000 L water
1,000 L water
DISEASES AFFECTING CORNUS
Anthracnose Banner MAXX 280 mL/ Leaves develop brown lesions in spring, often between veins. Leaves
(Glomerella 1,000 L water may become deformed and fall off. This fungus infects leaves as they
cingulata), Nova 40 W 340 g/ are emerging in the spring.
(Colletotrichum 1,000 L water Where disease pressure is high, protect newly emerging leaves with
gloeosporioides) fungicides before leaf wetness periods in spring.
Leaf spot Daconil 2787 F 2.5 L/ This disease is caused by several different fungi. Avoid overhead
1,000 L water irrigation late in the day or at night. Do not crowd plants. Maintain
Daconil Ultrex 1.5 kg/ adequate sunlight and good air circulation. Protect new leaves with
1,000 L water fungicides at the first sign of disease.
Nova 40 W 340 g/
1,000 L water
Powdery mildew MilStop 2.8–6.5 kg/ This disease appears as a white, powdery fungal growth on the tops of
1,000 L water leaves.
Palladium WG 1 kg/ MilStop will help suppress powdery mildew when applied preventively.
1,000 L water
Twig blight There is no product registered at the This disease is caused by several different fungi. Cankers appear at
time of this publication. the base of dead twigs.
Prune infected twigs and branches back to healthy wood. Improve
cultural conditions by watering during dry conditions. Do not crowd
plants. Maintain adequate sunlight and good air circulation.
CORYLUS — CORKSCREW HAZEL, FILBERT

DISEASES AFFECTING CORYLUS
Eastern filbert Copper Spray 3 kg/ha Filbert blight causes branch dieback and small, crescent-shaped, black
blight cankers on killed stems.
(Anisogramma Prune out cankered branches when the plant is dormant and dry.
anomala) Protect new growth with fungicides from bud swell to leaf emergence.
26
COTONEASTER — COTONEASTER
DISEASES AFFECTING COTONEASTER
Phytophthora Presidio 60–119 mL/ Infected roots become water-soaked and turn brown. Infected stems and
root rot 380 L water leaves turn brown and die. Diseased leaves often persist on stems. Quite
Previcur see label often the cambium turns from green to reddish-brown. This disease is often
associated with overwatering or low aeration porosity of the media.
CRATAEGUS — HAWTHORN
INSECTS AFFECTING CRATAEGUS
Aphids Beleaf 50 SG 0.12–0.16 kg/ha Aphids are soft-bodied insects that suck plant sap. They can be found on
(various) Endeavor 100–200 g/ soft, succulent plant tissue. Feeding causes distorted growth, honeydew
1,000 L water and sooty mould.
Tristar 70 WSP 3 solupaks Apply insecticides to reduce populations. Do not make more than
3 applications of Endeavor per year. Do not apply more than 3 kg of
Trounce 50 L/ Endeavor/ha/yr.
1,000 L water
Eastern tent Dipel 132 ES 0.5–1.0 L/ha This caterpillar has one white stripe down its back. Colonies feed early in
caterpillar Dragnet 230 mL/ the season. Silken tents appear in the forks of branches, mainly of apple,
(Malacosoma 1,000 L water cherry and hawthorn trees.
americanum)
Foray 48 B 1.0–1.6 L/ha Prune and destroy overwintering egg masses. These are silver in colour,
about 1–2 cm long in a raised band circling a twig. They hatch when
Malathion 500 EC 2.5 L/ buds break in the spring. Treat then or at the first sign of webs. In light
1,000 L water infestations, remove and destroy the tents (which contain larvae).
Orthene 75 WP 1 kg/
1,000 L water
Pounce 90 mL/
1,000 L water
1,000 L water
1,000 L water
1,000 L water
Hawthorn Malathion 500 EC 2.5 L/ This leafminer forms a blotch mine covering half or more of each leaf. Foliage
leafminer 1,000 L water of heavily infested trees looks scorched. The adult is a small, black sawfly that
(Profensua Sevin 50 W 2–3 kg/ emerges from the soil as the first leaves start to emerge and blossoms begin
canadensis) 1,000 L water to open. Adults are active as the leaves begin to unfold.
Treat foliage as it emerges in the spring to reduce larval populations.
27
CRATAEGUS — HAWTHORN
INSECTS AFFECTING CRATAEGUS (cont’d)
Two-spotted Apollo SC 80 mL/ha TSSM overwinters as adult mites in the soil or media around host plants.
spider mite It becomes active during warm weather (late spring in the field). Attacked
(TSSM) Dyno-Mite 284 g/ha leaves become dull-coloured, stippled or bronzed. Check the undersides of
(Tetranychus leaves for mites and webs. These mites are very tiny. A hand lens will be
urticae) Floramite SC 333 mL/ needed to see the two faint black spots on their backs.
1,000 L water Treat leaf undersides with miticides/insecticides when mites appear and
repeat as needed. Monitor for mites by examining lower leaf surfaces with
a hand lens or vigorously shaking a branch over a sheet of white paper
Forbid 300 mL/ and looking for tiny, moving specks.
1,000 L water
stages as well. It is not effective against adult mites. Apollo SC should be
insecticidal soap see label applied when mite populations are predominantly in the egg stage, with
few young nymphs present. Do not make more than 1 application of Apollo
Kanemite 15 SC 2.1 L/ha SC per season.
Vendex 50 W 0.5–1.0 kg/ 2 times per season at an interval of 28 days.
1,000 L water Apply Kanemite as mites appear. Kanemite may reduce the viability of eggs.
Two-spotted spider mite does not overwinter on the plant, and populations
are not reduced with a dormant horticultural oil treatment.
occidentalis) resulting in major distortion and colour flecking when flowers and foliage
emerge. Injury may be confused with that caused by leafhoppers.
DISEASES AFFECTING CRATAEGUS
Fire blight Copper Spray 1.25 kg/ Fire blight affects succulent vegetative growth. Dead, dry leaves persist on
(Erwinia 1,000 L water infected branches.
amylovora) Serenade Max 2.5–6 kg/ha Spray bactericidal products at early bloom, full bloom and petal fall when
weather is warm and humid and fire blight is a recurring problem. Avoid
excessive pruning and nitrogen fertilization in spring. During dormancy,
prune out infected branches about 30 cm below the cankered area when
the tree is dry.
Hawthorn rust Daconil 2787 F 2.5 L/ Symptoms appear as orange spots on leaf surfaces in late spring. In
(Gymnosporangium 1,000 L water the case of G. globosum, finger-like structures appear on leaf undersides
globosum) Daconil Ultrex 1.5 kg/ by mid-to-late summer. Infections of G. clavipes also appear on fruit and
Quince rust 1,000 L water stems.
(G. clavipes) Nova 40 W 340 g/ Apply fungicide before bloom, when the fungus is sporulating on the
1,000 L water alternate hosts (juniper). Remove alternate juniper hosts and/or separate
alternate hosts as far away as possible from Rosaceous hosts (Malus,
Crataegus, etc.).
Leaf blight Dithane DG, 2.75–3.5 kg/ Symptoms appear as small brown spots on leaves in mid-summer. Spray
(Diplocarpon sp.) M-45, 80 WP 1,000 L water fungicides in spring to help protect leaves as they emerge. Do not crowd
Manzate DF 2.75–3.5 kg/ plants. Maintain adequate sunlight and good air circulation. Avoid summer
1,000 L water pruning, which encourages susceptible soft growth.
Leaf spot Daconil 2787 F 2.5 L/ Leaf spot appears as slightly depressed, angular, reddish-brown spots that
(Fabraea sp.) 1,000 L water join together. By mid-summer, dead areas have dark, raised bumps (fruiting
Daconil Ultrex 1.5 kg/ structures).
1,000 L water Collect and destroy fallen leaves. Spray protectant fungicides as flower
buds open. Repeat applications if spots develop. Do not crowd plants.
Maintain adequate sunlight and good air circulation.
Powdery mildew Compass 50 WG 140–210 g/ This fungus appears as a white, powdery growth on the tops of leaves.
1,000 L water Apply fungicides at the first sign of disease to reduce disease spread.
Palladium WG 1 kg/
1,000 L water
28
EUONYMUS — EUONYMUS
INSECTS AFFECTING EUONYMUS
Black vine weevil, Actara 25G 10.5–14 g/ Larvae are small, white, legless grubs that eat fibrous roots or strip bark
Taxus weevil 100 L water off larger roots. Infested plants grow slowly or fail to grow. They look dry
(Otiorhynchus and off-colour. Transplants often die without becoming established. Larval
Heterohabditis see label
sulcatus) control is difficult.
bacteriophora
Adults are black snout beetles that hide in soil litter during the day
Met 52 see label and cut crescent-shaped notches in needle margins at night. They
Scimitar SC 36 mL/ also attack arborvitae, hemlock, azaleas, yews and rhododendrons. In
100 L water container production, they are also significant pests of several hosts,
including herbaceous perennials. The beetles have fused wing covers and
*Thionex 50W see label cannot fly.
WSP, Thionex EC
To control adults, treat the foliage, trunk bark and branches during the
last week of June and in early July. Spray in the evening, as adult activity
increases about an hour after sunset. Do not use Thionex on Anderson
yew. To test treatment safety, treat some conifer seedlings, especially
pine, before treating a larger area.
Entomopathogenic nematodes (e.g., Heterohabditis sp.) are available
to help suppress populations of larvae. Nematodes work very well in
infested containers but with less success in the field. Nematodes can be
applied in late summer/early autumn and in mid-spring to suppress larval
populations. See the product label for complete directions.
To monitor for adults, wrap a sheet of burlap around infested plant bases.
Adult weevils will hide in the burlap during the day. Place a white sheet
under the plant, and shake the plant vigorously to dislodge any adults.
*Thionex is toxic to fish.
Euonymus scale Cygon 480 E 2 L/ This greyish, pear-shaped scale also affects bittersweet (Celastrus) and
(Unaspis euonymi) 1,000 L water Pachysandra. It produces 2 generations a year; the second generation
horticultural oil 20 L/ appears about 6 weeks after the first.
1,000 L water Examine plants during the dormant season, prune out highly infested
regions and use dormant oil. Apply insecticides as nymphs emerge.
*Kontos see label
Catalpa speciosa are beginning to bloom at this time; Kolkwitzia and
Lagon 480 E 2 L/ Philadelphus are also blooming. Repeat the treatment after 7 days.
1,000 L water
Landscape Oil (horticultural oil) can be used when plants are dormant
Orthene 75 SP 1 kg/ or in the summer when foliage is fully expanded and hardened off. See
1,000 L water product label for rates and tolerant plants. Kontos insecticide can be
used as a drench application.
*Do not apply Kontos during bloom, as this product is toxic to bee brood.
Euonymus Dragnet 230 mL/ The larva is a pale yellow caterpillar with black spots along each side.
webworm 1,000 L water Larvae feed on leaves in localized, webbed colonies. Severe defoliation
(Yponomeuta can occur during June.
Pounce 90 mL/
cagnagella)
1,000 L water Monitor deciduous euonymus for webbed colonies in May and June.
Where possible, prune colonies out and destroy them.
29
EUONYMUS — EUONYMUS
INSECTS AFFECTING EUONYMUS (cont’d)
spider mite Dyno-Mite 284 g/ha It becomes active during warm weather (late spring in the field). Attacked
(TSSM) leaves become dull-coloured, stippled or bronzed. Check the undersides of
(Tetranychus Floramite SC 333 mL/ leaves for mites and webs. These mites are very tiny. A hand lens will be
urticae) 1,000 L water needed to see the two faint black spots on their backs.
1,000 L water repeat as needed. Monitor for mites by examining lower leaf surfaces with
insecticidal soap see label a hand lens or vigorously shaking a branch over a sheet of white paper and
looking for tiny, moving specks.
Vendex 50 W 0.5–1.0 kg/ stages as well. It is not effective against adult mites. Apollo SC should be
1,000 L water applied when mite populations are predominantly in the egg stage, with few
young nymphs present. Do not make more than 1 application/season of
Apollo SC.
2 times/season at an interval of 28 days.
Apply Kanemite as mites appear. Kanemite may reduce the viability of eggs.
DISEASES AFFECTING EUONYMUS
Anthracnose Daconil 2787 2.5 L/ Symptoms appear as a leaf spot and stem blight that is most prevalent
(Glomerella 1,000 L water on container-grown euonymus. Leaf spots are small, circular and dark
cingulata, brown with light brown centres about 0.5–3 mm in diameter. Infected
Colletotrichum foliage often drops (although extreme temperatures and humidity will
gloeosporioides) Daconil Ultrex 1.5 kg/ also cause leaf drop). Stem lesions appear as brown-to-grey, raised, oval,
1,000 L water scabby cankers that lead to dieback of stem and leaves above the canker.
Variegated cultivars of Euonymus fortunei are the most susceptible to
anthracnose.
This fungus is a weak pathogen, and infection is usually facilitated by
mechanical wounds (e.g., pruning) or low-temperature injury and freezing
damage. This fungus infects and grows best during leaf wetness periods
(June, July) with high temperatures and high humidity.
To protect new growth, spray at bud break and through leaf emergence,
especially during high temperatures and humidity. Maintain good air
circulation. To limit leaf wetness periods, irrigate susceptible cultivars
during mid-morning only. Prune out dead and dying twigs, especially in fall.
Crown gall Dygall 160 g/ This gall appears as large, abnormal growths on stems and roots.
(Agrobacterium 50 L water Susceptible plants (Euonymus, Rosa, Salix) must be treated before
tumefaciens) disease exposure or final field placement. Wounding (e.g., pruning) and
damaging plants facilitate entry and infection by this pathogen.
Remove and destroy infected plants and soil. This is a soil-borne
bacteria. Avoid growing susceptible plants at sites with a history of this
disease.
30
FAGUS — BEECH
INSECTS AFFECTING FAGUS
Aphids Beleaf 50 SG 0.12–0.16 kg/ha Conspicuous white, cottony threads cover beech blight aphids and
(various) insecticidal soap see label woolly beech leaf aphids. Beech blight aphid appears on twigs and
Beech blight aphid small branches. The woolly beech leaf aphid feeds on leaf undersides.
Malathion 500 EC 1.25 L/ While unsightly, woolly beech aphids cause little tree damage unless
(Fagiphagus 1,000 L water very high populations exist.
imbricator,
Grylloprociphilus Orthene 75 SP 1 kg/ Treat aphids when they first appear, and repeat as needed. Excessive
imbricator) 1,000 L water fertilization or pruning can cause undesirable succulent growth levels
Woolly beech leaf that attract these aphids.
aphid 1,000 L water * Thionex is toxic to fish.
(Phyllaphis fagi)
*Thionex 50W see label
WSP, Thionex EC
Trounce 50 L/
1,000 L water
Cankerworm Dipel 132 ES 1.6–2.4 L/ha Green and dark-grey inchworms (loopers, geometrids) can be
(Alsophila Orthene 75 SP 1 kg/ found feeding on leaf undersides and edges in spring. Unchecked,
pometaria), 1,000 L water cankerworm can cause significant defoliation to deciduous trees.
(Paleacrita vernata) Treat with insecticides when larvae are small.
Gypsy moth Dipel 132 ES 1.6–2.4 L/ha Gypsy moth larvae are dark, hairy caterpillars with five pairs of blue
(Lymantria dispar) Dragnet 230 mL/ spots (tubercles) followed by six pairs of red ones along their backs.
1,000 L water They feed in the spring and early summer, reaching about 6 cm long at
maturity. They consume foliage of many trees and shrubs, most notably
Foray 48 B 1.0–1.6 L/ha basswood, birch, hawthorn, oak, poplar and willow.
Imidan 50 WP 1.25 kg/ Adult females lay eggs in brown, fuzzy masses in July and August.
1,000 L water Remove and destroy egg masses before they hatch. Newly hatched
Orthene 75 SP 850 g/ larvae produce webs in order to disperse via wind to other hosts. Wait
1,000 L water until larvae settle on hosts and begin feeding before applying Dipel or
Foray.
1,000 L water A folded burlap cloth wrapped around a tree provides a daytime shelter
for larger larvae or pupae. Collect them from these shelters and destroy
them.
1,000 L water
Orthene may damage sugar maple leaves. Success may be applied to
larvae at any time during larval development. Dipel and Foray are most
1,000 L water
effective when sprayed before larvae become mature (before the head
Thuricide HPC 1.6 L/ capsule turns yellow).
1,000 L water
FORSYTHIA — FORSYTHIA
DISEASES AFFECTING FORSYTHIA
Bacterial blight Clean Crop 6 kg/ Young shoots or leaves turn black between early spring and early
(Pseudomonas Copper Spray 1,000 L water summer, especially during wet, cool weather.
syringae) Apply copper spray once in October and again in January. In addition,
during warm, humid blight conditions in April and May, apply 1 g/L
of active ingredient (2 g 50% wettable powder). Repeat at 7–10-day
intervals.
Avoid overhead irrigation late in the day. Do not crowd plants. Maintain
adequate sunlight and good air circulation. Excessive fertilization or
pruning can cause undesirable succulent growth levels and reduce
natural resistance to disease.
31
FRAXINUS — ASH
INSECTS AFFECTING FRAXINUS
Ash flower gall horticultural oil 20 L/ This mite becomes active as male ash flower buds break in the spring. It feeds
mite 1,000 L water on the unfolding tissues, causing them to form irregular gall clusters of 12 mm
(Eriophyes Malathion 25 WP 2 kg/ diameter.
fraxiniflora) 1,000 L water Use horticultural oil as a dormant treatment. Use Malathion when the first
blossoms begin to emerge.
Landscape Oil (horticultural oil) can be used when the plant is dormant or in
the summer when leaves are fully expanded and hardened off. See product
label for rates and tolerant plants.
Ash-lilac borer Pyrate 480 EC 500 mL/ Adults are dark brown, wasp-like moths, present from late May to late July
(Podosesia 1,000 L water (during Syringa vulgaris bloom). Larvae bore into trunks near the base. Lilac,
syringae) *Thionex 50W see label mountain ash and privet are also hosts.
WSP, Thionex EC Cut and destroy infested wood before May. Stressed trees are more susceptible to
borers. Remove badly infested trees. Use pheromone traps to monitor adult activity.
Treat trunk and large branches, especially around wounds, with insecticides
when the Syringa vulgaris is in bloom. Repeat twice at 10-day intervals. Begin
applications about 10 days after peak catch numbers.
Ash plant bug Sevin T&O 2.6 L/ This plant bug feeds on Fraxinus americana and F. pennsylvanica. Young
(Tropidosteptes 1,000 L water nymphs feed on leaf bottoms, causing leaf stippling.
amoenus) To monitor for plant bugs, tap a branch over a sheet of white paper or a tapping
tray. Treat with insecticides when nymphs appear.
Emerald ash AceCap 97 see label This exotic insect was first found in Essex County, Ontario, in 2002. Larvae bore
borer into the phloem, making serpentine tunnels just under the bark. Small (8–14
(Agrilus Confidor 200 SL see label mm), metallic-green, adult beetles emerge through tiny D-shaped holes in the bark
planipennis) from spring to summer. The larval tunnels in the cambium kill off sections of the
Ima-jet see label tree, leading to dieback, epicormic (adventitious) branching at the base, and tree
mortality. This borer is most commonly found on Fraxinus pennsylvanica. This is a
TreeAzin see label regulated pest of quarantine significance to the Canadian Food Inspection Agency.
It is difficult to detect infestations of emerald ash borer.
Injectible insecticides are registered to combat this pest. However, trees
with vascular damage due to boring larvae may not translocate insecticide
as well as un-infested trees, so the efficacy may be lower. AceCap 97,
Confidor 200 SL, Ima-jet and TreeAzin applications must be made post-bloom
as these products are toxic to bees and bee brood.
Fall webworm Dipel see label Large webs appear in August over branch ends of ash, box-elder, flowering crab and
(Hyphantria Dragnet 230 mL/ many shade trees. The very hairy caterpillar is pale yellowish green.
cunea) 1,000 L water Chemical control is rarely needed. Remove webs and caterpillars by hand and
Orthene 75 SP 1 kg/ destroy.
1,000 L water
Pounce 90 mL/
1,000 L water
Gypsy moth Dipel 132 ES 1.6–2.4 L/ha Gypsy moth larvae are dark, hairy caterpillars with five pairs of blue spots
(Lymantria Dragnet 230 mL/ (tubercles) followed by six pairs of red ones along their backs. They feed
dispar) 1,000 L water in the spring and early summer, reaching about 6 cm long at maturity. They
Foray 48 B 1.0–1.6 L/ha consume foliage of many trees and shrubs, most notably basswood, birch,
Imidan 50 WP 1.25 kg/ hawthorn, oak, poplar and willow.
1,000 L water Adult females lay eggs in brown, fuzzy masses in July and August. Remove
Orthene 75 SP 850 g/ and destroy egg masses before they hatch. Newly hatched larvae produce
1,000 L water webs in order to disperse via wind to other hosts. Wait until larvae settle on
Sevin 50 W 2–3 kg/ hosts and begin feeding before applying Dipel or Foray.
1,000 L water A folded burlap cloth wrapped around a tree provides a daytime shelter for
Sevin T&O 2.3–3.5 L/ larger larvae or pupae. Collect them from these shelters and destroy them.
1,000 L water
Orthene may damage sugar maple leaves. Success may be applied to larvae
Success 480 SC 25 mL/ at any time during larval development. Dipel and Foray are most effective
1,000 L water when sprayed before larvae become mature (before the head capsule turns
Thuricide HPC 1.6 L/ yellow).
1,000 L water
32
FRAXINUS — ASH
INSECTS AFFECTING FRAXINUS (cont’d)
Lecanium or horticultural oil 20 L/ When adults are mature in late spring/summer, they appear as a large,
European fruit 1,000 L water reddish-brown, spherical scale usually found on the underside of twigs. This
lecanium insecticidal soap see label scale insect infests many deciduous trees and shrubs.
(Lecanium corni)
1,000 L water populations of overwintering nymphs. To suppress crawlers, spray insecticides
when the Sambucus canadensis begins blooming. Do not use Malathion on
Orthene 75 SP 1 kg/ Crimson King maple. Orthene may damage sugar maple leaves.
1,000 L water
Pyrate 480 EC 2 L/
1,000 L water
1,000 L water
Sevin T&O 2.3–3.5 kg/
1,000 L water
Trounce 50 L/
1,000 L water
Leopard moth There is no product registered at The larval stage of leopard moth bores into the branch tips and eventually
(Zeuzera pyrina) the time of this publication. into the heartwood of trees (as larvae grow larger), weakening the tree and
causing dieback and tree mortality. Look for bore holes in branch tips and
large bore holes with sawdust at the base of the trunk. Larvae are large (up to
50 mm) and cream-coloured with black spots.
Control is difficult once the borer has become established in a tree. Remove
infested trees and destroy. Insert a piece of flexible wire in and upwards
via the bore hole to destroy larvae. Leopard moths are rarely found in large
numbers.
Oystershell insecticidal soap see label This scale insect attacks over 125 forest, shade, fruit and ornamental tree
scale Malathion 500 EC 2.5 L/ species. In heavy infestations, greyish scales completely encrust twigs and
(Lepidosaphes 1,000 L water stems. This can cause branch and tree mortality. Mature females are 3 mm
ulmi) long and rounded at the rear, resembling oyster shells. Eggs overwinter under
Orthene 75 SP 1 kg/ dead female shells, rendering them completely resistant to pesticides applied
1,000 L water in fall or early spring.
Pyrate 480 EC 2 L/ Use insecticides when crawlers are present in late May. Apply again 10 days
1,000 L water later, about the time Spiraea x vanhouttei is blooming. Ensure good coverage
of trunk, branches and leaf bottoms.
Landscape Oil (horticultural oil) can be used in the summer when leaves are
fully expanded and hardened off. See product label for rates and tolerant
plants.
Sycamore Malathion 500 EC 1.25 L/ Lacebugs are flat, rectangular insects, 4–6 mm long with broad, transparent,
lacebug 1,000 L water lace-like wing covers. Adults and nymphs feed on the underside of leaves.
(Corythucha Orthene 75 SP 1 kg/ Leaves become pale and mottled, with white splotches. Lower leaf surfaces
ciliata) 1,000 L water develop black and brownish dots. Heavily infested leaves may turn entirely
brown and fall off. Most lacebug species produce 2 generations per year.
Sevin 50 W 2–3 kg/ Lacebugs usually occur on a single host, but sycamore lacebug can also be
1,000 L water found on elm, hickory, linden, oak and walnut.
Apply insecticides to leaf undersides when insects first appear.
DISEASES AFFECTING FRAXINUS
Anthracnose Dithane DG, 2.75–3.5 kg/ Symptoms appear as leaf spots, marginal leaf browning and leaf deformation.
(Gloeosporium M-45, 80 WP 1,000 L water Defoliation may occur in late spring and early summer.
aridum) Manzate 200 DF 2.75–3.50 Apply treatments at 10–14-day intervals, beginning before bud burst and
kg/ continuing while wet weather persists in spring. Collect and destroy fallen
1,000 L water leaves. Do not crowd plants. Maintain adequate sunlight and good air
circulation.
Leaf spot Daconil 2787 F 2.5 L/ Brown spots with yellowish borders appear by late summer. Apply fungicides
(Mycosphaerella 1,000 L water at bud break. Collect and destroy fallen leaves to help reduce disease
sp.) Daconil Ultrex 1.5 kg/ pressure. Do not crowd plants. Maintain adequate sunlight and good air
1,000 L water circulation.
33
GLEDITSIA — HONEYLOCUST
INSECTS AFFECTING GLEDITSIA
Cottony maple scale horticultural oil 20 L/ Mature female scale insects with white egg sacs resemble a partially
(Pulvinaria 1,000 L water popped corn kernel. This insect infests maple, linden, elm, beech,
innumerabilis) insecticidal soap see label oak, and other trees and shrubs. It is found only on twigs.
Malathion 500 EC 2.5 L/ Use horticultural oil as an early-spring dormant treatment. Do not use
1,000 L water horticultural oil on sugar or Japanese maples. Nymphs are active in
late June/early July, about when Philadelphus and Tilia cordata bloom.
Orthene 75 SP 1 kg/
Direct the insecticidal spray to the lower leaf surface. Repeat the
1,000 L water
application 10 days later.
Pyrate 480 EC 2 L/
1,000 L water Do not use Malathion on Crimson King maple. Orthene may damage
sugar maple leaves.
1,000 L water
Honeylocust plant bug insecticidal soap see label Plant bugs become active as new leaves begin to emerge. Plant bug
(Diaphnocoris feeding causes leaf yellowing, stippling, stunting and deforming early
chlorionis) in the season. Shoot dieback may occur.
To monitor for plant bugs, tap a branch over a sheet of paper or a
tapping tray or use a sweep net. Apply insecticides when nymphs are
active and numerous.
Honeylocust podgall There is no product registered at The adult is a small insect similar to a fruit fly. It lays eggs on new
midge the time of this publication. leaflets, and larvae feed on the inner surface. This causes leaves to
(Dasyneura gleditchiae) curl into a pod-like structure. There are several generations a year.
Honeylocust spider horticultural oil see label Adults overwinter on bark. Mites are light orange and very difficult
mite Orthene 75 SP 1 kg/ to see with the naked eye. Feeding causes stippling, bronzing and
(Eotetranychus 1,000 L water discoloured foliage. Heavy infestation may cause defoliation.
multidigituli) Treat when mites appear and again in 10 days. Repeat the procedure
as needed. Landscape Oil (horticultural oil) can be used in the
summer when leaves are fully expanded and hardened off. See
product label for rates and tolerant plants.
Leafhopper Orthene 75 SP 1 kg/ Symptoms of leafhoppers include leaf spotting and stippling and
(Macropsis fumipennis) 1,000 L water blackening of leaf margins. Leafhoppers become active as new leaves
Pyrate 480 EC 1 L/ begin to develop.
1,000 L water Treat leaf bottoms when leafhoppers are active (about mid-June), and
Sevin 50 W 2–3 kg/ repeat as needed. To monitor for leafhoppers, tap a branch over a
1,000 L water sheet of paper or a tapping tray or use a sweep net.
1,000 L water
Leafrollers Dipel see label Leafrollers are caterpillars that feed while hidden in folded or rolled
(various) leaves. Fruit tree and redbanded leafrollers primarily affect fruit trees
but also attack many shade trees and ornamentals.
Apply insecticide to foliage soon after leaves unfold in early June.
Lecanium or horticultural oil 20 L/ When adults are mature in late spring/summer, they appear as a
European fruit lecanium 1,000 L water large, reddish-brown, spherical scale usually found on the underside
(Lecanium corni) insecticidal soap see label of twigs. This scale insect infests many deciduous trees and shrubs.
1,000 L water populations of overwintering nymphs. To suppress crawlers, spray
insecticides when the Sambucus canadensis begins blooming.
Orthene 75 SP 1 kg/
1,000 L water
Pyrate 480 EC 2 L/
1,000 L water
1,000 L water
1,000 L water
Trounce 50 L/
1,000 L water
34
HEDERA — IVY
INSECTS AFFECTING HEDERA
Aphids Beleaf 50 SG 0.12–0.16 kg/ha Aphids become numerous as new growth emerges in the spring.
(various) insecticidal soap see label Repeated applications of insecticidal soap will help smother
aphids.
Black vine weevil, Actara 25 G 10.5–14 g/ Larvae are small, white, legless grubs that eat fibrous roots or
Taxus weevil 100 L water strip bark off larger roots. Infested plants grow slowly or fail to
(Otiorhynchus sulcatus) grow. They look dry and off-colour. Transplants often die without
becoming established. Larvae control is difficult.
bacteriophora
Adults are black snout beetles that hide in soil litter during the
Met 52 see label day and cut crescent-shaped notches in needle margins at night.
They also attack arborvitae, euonymus, hemlock, azaleas, yew and
Scimitar SC 36 mL/100 L
rhododendrons. They are a significant pest in container production.
The beetles have fused wing covers and cannot fly.
1,000 L To control adults, treat foliage, trunk bark and branches during the
last week of June and in early July. Spray in the evening, as adult
*Thionex 50W see label activity increases about an hour after sunset. Do not use Thionex
WSP, Thionex EC on Anderson yew. To test treatment safety, treat some conifer
seedlings, especially pine, before treating a larger area.
Entomopathogenic nematodes (e.g., Heterohabditis sp.) are
available to help suppress populations of larvae. Nematodes work
very well in infested containers but with less success in the field.
Nematodes can be applied in late summer/early autumn and in
mid-spring to suppress larval populations. See product label for
complete directions.
To monitor for adults, wrap a sheet of burlap around infested plant
bases. Adult weevils will hide in the burlap during the day. Place
a white sheet under the plant, and shake the plant vigorously to
dislodge any adults.
Two-spotted spider mite Apollo SC 80 mL/ha TSSM overwinters as adult mites in the soil or media around host
(Tetranychus urticae) Dyno-Mite 284 g/ha plants. It becomes active during warm weather (late spring in the
field). Attacked leaves become dull-coloured, stippled or bronzed.
Floramite SC 333 mL/ Check undersides of leaves for mites and webs. These mites are
1,000 L water very tiny. A hand lens will be needed to see the two faint black
Forbid 300 mL/ spots on their backs.
1,000 L water Treat leaf undersides with miticides/insecticides when mites
insecticidal soap see label appear, and repeat as needed. Monitor for mites by examining
lower leaf surfaces with a hand lens or vigorously shaking a branch
over a sheet of white paper and looking for tiny, moving specks.
Vendex 50 W 0.5–1.0 kg/
Apollo SC acts primarily on mite eggs but has an effect on young
1,000 L water
mobile stages as well. It is not effective against adult mites. Apollo
SC should be applied when mite populations are predominantly in
the egg stage, with few young nymphs present. Do not make more
than 1 application of Apollo SC per season.
Apply Dyno-Mite when mites first appear. Apply Dyno-Mite a
maximum of 2 times per season at an interval of 28 days.
Apply Kanemite as mites appear. Kanemite may reduce the viability
of eggs.
populations are not reduced with a dormant horticultural oil
treatment.
35
HEMEROCALLIS — DAYLILY
INSECTS AFFECTING HEMEROCALLIS
Western flower Success 480 SC 50 mL/ Western flower thrips can feed openly on new leaves or from inside terminal
thrips 1,000 L water vegetative buds and flower buds. They have piercing-sucking mouthparts
(Frankliniella that suck out plant juices of immature leaves and flowers, resulting in major
occidentalis) distortion and colour flecking when flowers and foliage emerge. Injury may
be confused with that of leafhoppers.
DISEASES AFFECTING HEMEROCALLIS
Daylily rust Heritage EC 282 g/ha Daylily rust appears as orange, raised pustules in late summer and autumn.
(Puccinia (0.3 g/L) Yellow zones often encircle the pustules and leaves may be killed, especially
hemerocallidis) on very susceptible cultivars. Orange, dusty spores arise from the pustules
and spread by wind and rain to infect other plant foliage. See the OMAFRA
Factsheet Daylily Rust, at ontario.ca/crops.
Heritage fungicide is for use on daylilies to prevent the infection of daylily
rust whenever spores may be present (usually starting in September in
Ontario). Apply every 14–28 days. Do not make more than 2 applications
per season.
Rhizoctonia stem Compass 50 WG 3.8 g/ Apply Compass as a drench at the time of propagation to help protect
blight 100 L water Hemerocallis from rhizoctonia stem blight.
(Rhizoctonia sp.) Medallion 300–600 mL/
1,000 L water
HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS — VARIOUS

INSECTS AFFECTING HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS
Aphids Beleaf 50 SG 0.12–0.16 Various species of aphids feed on herbaceous ornamentals. Aphids are
(various) kg/ha small, soft-bodied insects that have piercing-sucking mouthparts to suck
Endeavor 100–200 g/ plant sap. Feeding causes distortion and stunting of foliage.
1,000 L water *Do not apply Kontos insecticide during bloom as this product is toxic to bee
*Kontos see label brood. See Kontos label for host sensitivity.
Black vine weevil, Actara 25G 10.5–14 g/ Larvae are small, white, legless grubs that eat fibrous roots or strip bark off
Taxus weevil 100 L water larger roots. Infested plants grow slowly or fail to grow. They look dry and off-
(Otiorhynchus Heterohabditis see label colour. Transplants often die without becoming established. Larvae control is
sulcatus) bacteriophora difficult.
Adults are black snout beetles that hide in soil litter during the day and
cut crescent-shaped notches in needle margins at night. They also attack
Met 52 see label
arborvitae, euonymus, hemlock, azaleas, yew and rhododendrons. They are a
significant pest in container production. The beetles have fused wing covers
Scimitar SC 36 mL/
and cannot fly.
100 L water
To control adults, treat foliage, trunk bark and branches during the last week
of June and in early July. Spray in the evening, as adult activity increases
1,000 L water
about an hour after sunset. Do not use Thionex on Anderson yew.
Entomopathogenic nematodes (e.g., Heterohabditis sp.) are available to
*Thionex 50W see label help suppress populations of larvae. Nematodes work very well in infested
WSP, Thionex EC containers but with less success in the field. Nematodes can be applied to
suppress larval populations in late summer/early autumn and in mid-spring.
See product label for complete directions.
Adult weevils will hide in the burlap during the day. Place a white sheet under
the plant, and shake the plant vigorously to dislodge any adults.
36

INSECTS AFFECTING HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS (cont’d)
Vendex 50 W 0.5–1.0 kg/
1,000 L water
applied when mite populations are predominantly in the egg stage, with few
young nymphs present. Do not make more than 1 application of Apollo SC
per season.
Western flower Success 480 SC 50 mL/ Western flower thrips can feed openly on new leaves or from inside terminal
thrips 1,000 L water vegetative buds and flower buds. They have piercing-sucking mouthparts
(Frankliniella that suck out plant juices of immature leaves and flowers, resulting in major
occidentalis) distortion and colour flecking when flowers and foliage do emerge. Injury may
be confused with that of leafhoppers.
DISEASES AFFECTING HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS
Botrytis flower Captan 50 W 2 kg/ Botrytis blight appears as a grey, fuzzy mould on succulent plant tissues
blight 1,000 L water (e.g., flowers).
(Botrytis cinerea) Compass 50 WG 7.5–30 g/ Apply fungicides when disease first appears, and repeat at 7–10-day
100 L water intervals.
Daconil 2787 2.5 L/
1,000 L water
Daconil Ultrex 1.5 kg/
1,000 L water
Rhapsody 10–20 L/
1,000 L water
Rovral WP 1 kg/
1,000 L water
Crown and root Medallion 300–600 mL/ Various fungi cause root and crown rots on ornamentals. Many are a
rots 1,000 L water function of unsuitable environmental conditions and media properties.
Rhapsody 1–2 L/ Apply Rootshield or Rhapsody as a preventive drench after cuttings are
100 L water stuck, seeds are sown or young plants are transplanted. Rootshield can
Rootshield see label also be applied as pre-mix granules with media. Rootshield helps suppress
(Trichoderma soil-borne pathogens such as Pythium, Rhizoctonia and Fusarium. It is
harzianum) registered for greenhouse ornamentals only.
Senator 70 WP 650–850 g/
1,000 L water
Damping-off, bulb Captan 50W 6–15 kg/ Use Captan as a bulb dip before storage of bulbs. Allow the fungicide to dry
rots 1,000 L water on the bulbs prior to storage.
Captan 80 WDG 3.8–9.4 kg/
1,000 L water
37

DISEASES AFFECTING HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS (cont’d)
Damping-off, Phostrol see label Pythium and Phytophthora cause stem and root rots in many ornamentals,
root and stem especially under saturated soil conditions where the media does not offer
diseases Presidio 60–119 mL/ enough drainage (or aeration).
— pythium, 380 L water
Subdue MAXX can be used on a specific group of ornamentals (see product
phytophthora label). Apply Subdue MAXX to the media prior to potting or as a drench after
Previcur see label
seeding or transplanting. Irrigate within 1–2 days to ensure the product
Subdue MAXX see label reaches the root zone. To avoid fungicide resistance, rotate Subdue MAXX
with other families/groups of fungicides.
Torrent 400SC see label Phostrol gives preventative suppression of Phytophthora root diseases only.
Downy mildew Acrobat 50 WP 48 L/ Downy mildew is a common disease on several species of herbaceous
(Peronospora 100 L water perennials, and symptoms can vary per host. Most often they appear as
spp.) Presidio 60–119 mL/ purplish zones on leaves. Downy mildew is most prevalent in warm, humid
380 L water conditions.
Torrent 400SC see label Fungicides must be applied preventatively, before disease symptoms are
evident, to be effective. Make the first application when conditions are
favourable for disease development.
Leaf spot Folpan 50 WP 2 kg/ Look for distinct, brown spots on herbaceous perennials. Protect new growth
(various fungi) 1,000 L water with fungicides at the first sign of disease. Apply Rhapsody prior to or at the
Rhapsody 10–20 L/ early stages of disease, and repeat every 7 days.
1,000 L water
Powdery mildew Compass 50 WG 15–20 g/ Powdery mildew appears as a white, powdery fungal growth on the tops of
100 L water leaves. Early signs include small, circular whitish colonies.
Folpan 50 WP 2 kg/ MilStop and Rhapsody can be used for the suppression of powdery mildew.
1,000 L water Start applications at the first sign of disease.
MilStop 0.28–0.56 Regalia Maxx gives suppression of Oidium spp. powdery mildew only.
kg/ Switch 62.5 WG gives suppression of Sawadea and Erysiphe powdery
1,000 m2 mildews only.
Palladium WG 1 kg/
1,000 L water
Regalia Maxx 0.5–1 L/
400 L water
Rhapsody 10–20 L/
1,000 L water
Switch 62.5 WG 100 g/
100 L water
Rhizoctonia root Compass 50 WG 3.8 g/ Rhizoctonia causes crown and root rot of several ornamentals.
and crown rot 100 L water Apply Compass as a drench at the time of propagation. Compass may cause
Medallion 300–600 mL/ injury to petunia, violet and New Guinea impatiens.
1,000 L water
Rovral WP 400 g/
1,000 L water
1,000 L water
38
HYDRANGEA — HYDRANGEA
DISEASES AFFECTING HYDRANGEA
Botrytis blight Phyton 27 125–200 mL/ Infected plant parts develop a fuzzy, grey growth under very high humidity.
(Botrytis cinerea) 1,000 L water Remove all fading and diseased plant parts promptly, especially when wet
weather is predicted. Do not crowd plants. Maintain adequate sunlight and
good air circulation.
Cercospora Daconil Ultrex 1.5 kg/ Look for circular, distinct grey lesions encircled by purplish halos. Apply
hydrangeae leaf 1,000 L water fungicides to protect leaves at the first sign of disease symptoms or
spot preventively during periods of prolonged leaf wetness.
Powdery mildew MilStop 2.8–5.6 kg/ Powdery mildew appears as a white, powdery fungal growth on the tops of
(Erysiphe 1,000 L water leaves. Early signs include small, circular, whitish colonies.
polygoni) Palladium WG 1 kg/ MilStop can be used for the suppression of powdery mildew. Start
1,000 L water application of MilStop at the first sign of disease. Switch fungicide provides
Switch 62.5 WG 100 g/ suppression of Sawadea and Erysiphe powdery mildews only.
100 L water
Rust Daconil Ultrex 1.5 kg/ Look for small, orange pustules on the undersides of leaves in mid-to-late
(Pucciniastrum 1,000 L water summer.
hydrangeae and Protect healthy foliage with fungicides where disease incidence is severe.
others) Rust on hydrangea rarely impacts plant health.
JUGLANS — BUTTERNUT, WALNUT

INSECTS AFFECTING JUGLANS
Walnut blister mite There is no product registered at This mite feeds on walnut and butternut leaves, causing yellow or brown
(Eriophyes erinea, the time of this publication. felt-like galls. Overwintering mites become active as new spring growth
Aceria erinea) begins.
Walnut caterpillar Malathion 500 EC 2.5 L/ Larvae are black with long grey hairs. Larvae feed on walnut and hickory
(Datana 1,000 L water foliage. Caterpillar colonies descend tree trunks and molt, leaving a
integerrima) conspicuous clump of grey cast skins on the trunk. Adult moths lay eggs in
Sevin 50 W 1.0–1.5 kg/
early July, and larvae feed until the end of August.
1,000 L water
Spray when larvae first appear, usually in July. Spray or remove larvae
clustering on the trunk.
DISEASES AFFECTING JUGLANS
Butternut canker There is no product registered at Dark brown-black cankers appear on branches and/or stems. Cankers
(Sirococcus the time of this publication. are sunken, elongated and diamond-shaped. Dying branches can often
clavigignenti- be seen in the crown. Older cankers may show successive rings of callus
juglandacearum) loosely covered with bark. During spring, thin black fluid oozes from cracks
in the bark and deposits a dried, sooty black stain.
There is no known treatment for this disease.
39
JUNIPERUS — JUNIPER
INSECTS AFFECTING JUNIPERUS
Juniper midge Cygon 480 E 2.5 L/ This midge is a problem on eastern red cedar, Juniperus virginiana. Tips of
(Contarinia 1,000 L water injured plant shoots turn brown during June and July due to midge larvae
juniperina) feeding from the previous summer. Injury is rarely serious. Adult midges
are active from late May to July.
If needed, treat the foliage at 2–3-week intervals beginning in late June.
Juniper scale insecticidal soap see label Adults appear as a small, circular, white scale with a yellow centre. Needles
(Carulaspis of juniper and arborvitae will turn yellow. This scale insect can infest all
juniperi) Malathion 500 EC 2.5 L/ juniper species, especially Pfitzer and Savin. Juniper scale overwinters
1,000 L water as eggs underneath the dead female shells, which makes dormant oil
treatments ineffective. Sooty mould fungus sometimes develops.
Treat crawlers about mid-June and repeat as needed, starting when
Sevin 50 W 2–3 kg/ Philadelphus is in full bloom and Catalpa are beginning to bloom. Do not
1,000 L water use Malathion on Savin or Canaertii junipers.
Juniper tip gall There is no product registered at These midge larvae feed inside vegetative buds and cause galls to form
midge the time of this publication. on the ends of shoots. Juniperus scopulorum is particularly susceptible.
(Oligotrophus O. apices causes an enlarged bud gall and O. betheli causes infested bud
apicis, O. betheli) scales to reflex into star-shaped “flower” like structures.
Prune out green galls and destroy them to reduce the number of next-
generation adults that emerge.
Juniper webworm Cygon 480 E 2.5 L/ This webworm appears as a light brown caterpillar about 12 mm long.
(Dichomeris 1,000 L water Larvae feed at the base of needles. Needles are webbed together during
marginella) Lagon 480 2.5 L/ early fall and again the following spring.
1,000 L water Treat foliage when larvae are active (late August and September).
1,000 L water
DISEASES AFFECTING JUNIPERUS
Blight (dieback) Copper Spray 4 kg/ This blight appears as a dieback of new shoots. Stressed plants and
(Kabatina juniperi) 1,000 L water wounded shoots are more susceptible.
adequate sunlight and good air circulation. If possible, prune out infected
twigs well below the site of the symptoms. Dip pruners in disinfectant as
Dithane M-45, 2.75–3.5 kg/ frequently as possible. Maintain healthy growth, but do not encourage soft,
80 WP 1,000 L water succulent growth through excessive pruning or over-fertilization.
Shoot blight of juniper can also be caused by the fungus Phomopsis, but
Kabatina is most commonly found in Ontario. Laboratory diagnosis is
needed to distinguish between Kabatina and Phomopsis.
Spray when spring growth starts. Repeat at 10-day intervals until growth
stops.
Cedar-apple rust Eagle WSP 300 g/ Cedar-apple rust and hawthorn rust cause slimy, orange galls on juniper
(Gymnosporangium 1,000 L water twigs in mid-spring. When dormant, cedar-apple rust galls and hawthorn
juniperi-virginianae) (1 pouch in rust galls can be located in juniper foliage by their orange horns. Quince
Hawthorn rust 280 L water) rust causes cankers in the twigs.
(G. globosum) Nova 40 W 340 g/ Eagle WSP and Nova 40 W have the same active ingredient. Starting in
Quince rust 1,000 L water mid-summer, apply Eagle WSP or Nova 40 W every 10–14 days when
(G. clavipes) infected alternate rosaceous hosts (Malus, Crataegus, Amelanchier, etc.)
are sporulating. To avoid resistance, rotate Eagle or Nova with registered
fungicides from other chemical families where possible. Eagle or Nova can
also be tank-mixed with Dithane DG (3 kg/ha).
Prune out dormant galls and cankers on infected branches before May.
Separate rosaceous rust hosts from junipers. Plant resistant junipers
where possible.
40
LARIX — LARCH
INSECTS AFFECTING LARIX
Cutworms Confirm 240 F 0.5 L/ha Cutworms are moth larvae that hide in shallow soil burrows during the day
(various species) Pounce 180 mL/ha and crawl up plant stems to harvest plant parts at night. Injury appears
as chewed or girdled stems on woody species and clipped stems on
herbaceous plants. Larvae are greyish-brown in colour, often with black
spots along their sides and stripes along their body. They have three pairs
of true legs, four pairs of fleshy prolegs and one pair of “claspers” at the
end of their abdomen. They can be up to 3 cm long. Late instar larvae
overwinter and pupate in spring.
Use insecticides to reduce cutworm populations at the first sign of feeding
injury. Treat plants with insecticides in the evening since the larvae feed
at night.
sprayed to run-off (for greenhouse use). Application of Pounce should be
made under warm, moist conditions when larvae are small.
Larch casebearer Malathion 500 EC 2.5 L/ Larvae feed from within papery cases that resemble a killed needle.
(Coleophora 1,000 L water These straw-coloured larval cases protect larvae while they migrate to new
laricella) feeding sites. Larvae will migrate from overwintering sites and fasten their
cases to newly emerging foliage in the spring. Larvae chew a hole into the
green needle and mine the tissue within. Straw-coloured mined needles
make the tree appear frost-damaged. Larvae feed in needles until late
summer.
Treat emerging needles with insecticides to reduce young larval
populations in early spring.
Larch sawfly Malathion 500 EC 2.5 L/ Larvae are grey with black heads and can be up to 20 mm long. Larvae
(Pristiphora 1,000 L water are active in mid-to-late summer.
erichsonii) Orthene 75 SP 1 kg/ Monitor for shepherd’s crooks, caused by egg-laying, in the new growth.
1,000 L water Treat foliage in July when larvae are still young.
Sevin 50 W 1.0–1.5 kg/
1,000 L water
Tarnished plant bug Ripcord 400 EC 172 mL/ha These are small (5 mm), yellowish-brown insects. Adults have wings that
(Lygus lineolaris) are folded in an X pattern. Tarnished plant bugs feed by inserting their
mouthparts inside leaf tissue and sucking out the contents, leaving the
lower and upper epidermis behind. The resulting injury appears as small,
clear “windows” on leaf tissue of broad-leaved plants. On conifers, feeding
often causes terminal growth to yellow and become distorted and bushy.
Woolly larch adelgid Malathion 500 EC 1.25 L/ Adelgids feed on needles and are covered by waxy, woolly, cottony threads.
(Adelges laricis) 1,000 L water Heavy infestations look like snow. Damaged leaves become bent or
twisted.
Treat foliage thoroughly when adelgids first appear.
41
LIGUSTRUM — PRIVET
INSECTS AFFECTING LIGUSTRUM
Privet rust mite There is no product registered at Mites become active as new leaves emerge, from May to November.
(Aculus ligustri) the time of this publication. Damage appears as leaf russetting.
This insect is more active in cool weather.
Privet thrips Malathion 500 EC 2.5 L/ These tiny, narrow insects suck plant sap from inside buds and newly
(Dendrothrips 1,000 L water emerging leaves. Injury appears as yellowish flecks on leaves. Leaves look
ornatus) Orthene 75 SP 1 kg/ greyish or dusty.
1,000 L water Treat at the first sign of infestation and repeat as needed.
1,000 L water
1,000 L water
1,000 L water
DISEASES AFFECTING LIGUSTRUM
Anthracnose and Nova 40 W 340 g/ Leaves turn brown and remain attached to twigs. Prune and destroy infected
twig blight 1,000 L water branches during dry weather. Spray fungicides to protect emerging shoots in
(Glomerella sp.) spring. Ligustrum amurense, L. x ibolium and L. obtusifolium regelianum do
not appear susceptible to this fungal disease.
Leaf spot Daconil 2787 F 2.5 L/ Symptoms appear as brown spots on leaves, especially after a wet spring.
(several fungi) 1,000 L water Treat plants during prolonged wet conditions. Do not crowd plants. Maintain
Daconil Ultrex 1.5 kg/ adequate sunlight and good air circulation.
1,000 L water
Nova 40 W 340 g/
1,000 L water
Rhizoctonia root Medallion 300–600 mL/ Rhizoctonia is a fungus that causes crown and root rot on several
rot 1,000 L water ornamentals. Lab testing will be necessary to confirm diagnosis.
Compass 50 WG 3.8 g/ Protect healthy plants with fungicides at the first sign of disease.
100 L water
LIRIODENDRON — TULIPTREE
INSECTS AFFECTING LIRIODENDRON
Tuliptree aphid Beleaf 50 SG 0.12–0.16 kg/ha This is a green aphid found on the underside of leaves from late June to
(Macrosiphum insecticidal soap see label late September.
liriodendri)
Malathion 500 EC 1.25 L/ Treat when aphids first appear and repeat as needed. Excessive
1,000 L water fertilization or pruning can cause excessive, susceptible succulent growth
that is attractive to insects.
WSP, Thionex EC *Thionex is toxic to fish.

Trounce 50 L/
1,000 L water
Tuliptree scale horticultural oil 20 L/ This scale insect appears as a dark-brown, rounded scale. Tuliptree scale
(Toumeyella 1,000 L water attacks several deciduous tree species.
liriodendri) Malathion 500 EC 2.5 L/ Use horticultural oil as a dormant treatment in early spring. Use any
1,000 L water of the other materials when crawlers appear in August. Landscape Oil
Sevin 50 W 2–3 kg/ (horticultural oil) can be used when plants are dormant or in summer
1,000 L water when new foliage is fully expanded and hardened off. See product label
for rates and tolerant plants.
42
LONICERA — HONEYSUCKLE
INSECTS AFFECTING LONICERA
Honeysuckle aphid Beleaf 50 SG 0.12–0.16 kg/ha Feeding injury from this aphid causes early-season curling and dwarfing
(Hyadaphis horticultural oil see label of terminal shoots. Affected stems eventually die, causing a witches’
tataricae) broom appearance. Injury may completely disfigure heavily affected
insecticidal soap see label plants. Dead shoots may be visible the following spring. Prune out
Malathion 500 EC 1.25 L/ witches’ brooms (15 cm below the broom) when plants are dormant,
1,000 L water before buds begin to break in early spring.
Tristar 70 WSP 3 solupaks Apply horticultural oil after pruning to suppress overwintering eggs.
Apply treatment when buds begin to break. Repeat at least once
after a 3-week interval. Susceptible varieties include Lonicera x bella
‘Dropmore,’ L. korolkowii ‘Zabelli,’ L. tatarica ‘Grandiflora,’ ‘Rosea,’
‘Hack’s Red,’ and ‘Red Giant.’
DISEASES AFFECTING LONICERA
Honeysuckle blight Dithane DG 2 kg/ Symptoms appear as new leaves expand in spring. Infected leaves curl
(Herpobasidium 1,000 L water and turn brown. The veins tend to remain green at first. Many species of
deformans) honeysuckle are susceptible.
Spray fungicides when the leaf buds show a green tip or up to 1.25 cm
of green leaf. Repeat applications in 10–14-day intervals. Avoid
overhead irrigation late in the day. Remove and destroy fallen, infected
leaf material in autumn to reduce inoculum the following spring.
Powdery mildew Nova 40 W 340 g/ This fungus appears as a white, powdery growth on the tops of leaves.
1,000 L water Treat at the first sign of disease and repeat applications to protect
Palladium WG 1 kg/ healthy tissue.
1,000 L water Switch 62.5 WG gives suppression of Sawadea and Erysiphe powdery
Switch 62.5 WG 100 g/ mildews only.
100 L water
MAGNOLIA — MAGNOLIA
INSECTS AFFECTING MAGNOLIA
Magnolia scale horticultural oil 20 L/ Mature scales are large (up to 1 cm) and pinky-orange in colour. Feeding
(Neolecanium 1,000 L water injury causes honeydew, sooty mould and twig dieback on Magnolia
cornuparvum) insecticidal soap see label acuminata, M. x soulangiana and M. stellata. Nymphs are purple in
mid-summer, turning white by late summer. They overwinter as tiny
Malathion 500 EC 2.5 L/ nymphs on the current season’s wood.
1,000 L water
Dormant oil applications can suppress overwintering nymphs in fall and/
Orthene 75 WP 1.75 kg/ or early spring. Landscape Oil (horticultural oil) can be used when plants
1,000 L water are dormant or in summer when new leaves are fully expanded and
Sevin 50 W 2–3 kg/ hardened off. See product label for rates and tolerant plants.
1,000 L water
43
MALUS — APPLE
INSECTS AFFECTING MALUS
Aphids Beleaf 50 SG 0.12–0.16 kg/ha Aphids are small, soft-bodied insects that feed by sucking on plant tissue.
(various) Cygon 480 E 1.25 L/ They produce honeydew that often attracts other insects (e.g., ants) and
1,000 L water sooty mould growth.
Endeavor 100–200 g/ Treat when adults first appear, and repeat as required.
1,000 L water *Do not apply Kontos during bloom as this product is toxic to bee brood.
insecticidal soap see label **Thionex is toxic to fish.
*Kontos see label
Lagon 480 1.25 L/
1,000 L water
1,000 L water
WSP, Thionex EC
Trounce 50 L/
1,000 L water
Apple rust mite Dyno-Mite 284 g/ha Adult females overwinter in bark crevices or cracks in twigs. When leaves
(Aculus horticultural oil see label begin to emerge, the overwintered females move to feed on the new leaf
schlechtendali) tissue. Apple rust mites feed on both surfaces of host tree leaves, causing
them to turn brown and dry. The first symptom of infestation is an upward
curling of the leaf. Severe infestation can result in all the leaves turning
brown.
Dyno-Mite can be applied as soon as mites appear. Apply Dyno-Mite a
maximum of 2 times per season at an interval of 28 days.
Landscape Oil (horticultural oil) can be used when plants are dormant to
control overwintering females in bark and twig crevices. Bark injury may
occur on Red Delicious, Empire and Mutsu apples. See product label for
rates and tolerant plants.
Codling moth Confirm 240 F 1 L/ha Apply Confirm at larval hatch. Allow 3–7 days for larval mortality. Repeat
(Cydia piononella) (330–600 mL/ the application of Confirm every 14–21 days, with a maximum of
1,000 L water) 4 applications per year.
Eastern tent Dipel 132 ES 0.5–1.0 L/ha This caterpillar has one white stripe down its back. Colonies feed early in
caterpillar Dragnet 230 mL/ the season. Silken tents appear in the forks of branches, mainly of apple,
(Malacosoma 1,000 L water cherry and hawthorn trees.
americanum)
Foray 48 B 1.0–1.6 L/ha Prune and destroy overwintering egg masses. These are silver in colour,
about 1–2 cm long, in a raised band circling a twig. They hatch when
Malathion 500 EC 2.5 L/ buds break in spring. Treat then or at the first sign of webs. Young
1,000 L water larvae (< 2 cm) hide in tents during the day. Where infestations are light,
Pounce 90 mL/ remove and destroy them in early spring.
1,000 L water
1,000 L water
1,000 L water
1,000 L water
44
MALUS — APPLE
INSECTS AFFECTING MALUS (cont’d)
European red Dyno-Mite 284 g/ha These mites overwinter as tiny red eggs on twigs. Apply oil when plants
mite horticultural oil 20 L/ show 1.25 cm of green tissue. Horticultural oil may cause bark injury on
(Panonychus ulmi) 1,000 L water Red Delicious, Empire and Mutsu apples.
insecticidal soap see label Apply Dyno-Mite when mites first appear. Apply Dyno-Mite a maximum of
2 times per season at an interval of 28 days apart.
Landscape Oil (horticultural oil) can be applied when plants are dormant
Vendex 50 W 0.5–1.0 kg/ and in summer when new leaves are fully expanded and hardened off. Bark
1,000 L water injury may occur on Red Delicious, Empire and Mutsu apples. See product
label for rates and tolerant species.
Fall cankerworm Dipel 132 ES 0.5–1.7 L/ha Cankerworms are greenish-to-black loopers (inchworms) that appear early
(Alsophila Foray 48 B 1.0–1.6 L/ha in the season and feed on the leaves of many deciduous hosts.
pometaria)
Malathion 500 EC 2.5 L/ Place sticky bands around tree trunks, close to the ground, in the spring
Spring 1,000 L water and fall. This traps adult females as they emerge from the ground and
cankerworm crawl up the tree trunk. Treat when larvae appear in mid-May, when Acer
(Paleacrita Pounce 90 mL/ platanoides and Magnolia x soulangiana are blooming.
vernata) 1,000 L water
1,000 L water
1,000 L water
(Lymantria dispar) Dragnet 230 mL/ (tubercles) followed by six pairs of red ones along their backs. They feed
1,000 L water in the spring and early summer, reaching about 6 cm long at maturity. They
consume foliage of many trees and shrubs, most notably basswood, birch,
Foray 48 B 1.0–1.6 L/ha hawthorn, oak, poplar and willow.
Imidan 50 WP 1.25 kg/ Adult females lay eggs in brown, fuzzy masses in July and August. Remove
1,000 L water and destroy egg masses before they hatch. Newly hatched larvae produce
Orthene 75 SP 850 g/ webs in order to disperse via wind to other hosts. Wait until larvae settle
1,000 L water on hosts and begin feeding before applying Dipel or Foray.
Sevin 50 W 2–3 kg/ A folded burlap cloth wrapped around a tree provides a daytime shelter for
1,000 L water larger larvae or pupae. Collect them from these shelters and destroy them.
Sevin T&O 2.3–3.5 L/ Orthene may damage sugar maple leaves. Success may be applied to
1,000 L water larvae at any time during larval development. Dipel and Foray are most
capsule turns yellow).
1,000 L water
Thuricide HPC 1.6 L/
1,000 L water
Japanese beetle Adult management: Japanese beetle adults are metallic green and copper in colour and about
(Popillia japonica) Imidan 50 WP 1.25 kg/ 13 mm long. They are easily recognized by the six tufts of white hair
1,000 L water on each side of the abdomen. As the beetles feed, they consume and
skeletonize foliage. Preferred hosts include members of the rosaceous
Sevin 50 W 2–3 kg/ family, maple, birch, linden and fruit trees. Spray adulticides when adults
1,000 L water appear in early July, when the Yucca filamentosa is blooming. Larvae are
Sevin XLR PLUS 2.3–3.5 L/ C-shaped milky-white grubs about 25 mm long with brown heads and
1,000 L water 3 pairs of legs. They can be distinguished from other white grubs by a
V-shaped arrangement of spines on the underside of the abdomen. Larvae
Larval management:
are most commonly found feeding on fibrous roots of turfgrass.
Intercept 60 WP 467 g/ha
Lorsban 4 E is a rescue treatment to allow shipping from infested to
Lorsban 4 E 4.5 L/ uninfested regions. Apply to soil when grubs are young and actively
1,000 L water feeding near the soil surface. Apply as a coarse spray and irrigate with
(rescue 1–2 cm of water to wash the insecticide into the underlying soil. For
treatment for containerized stock, submerge the root ball into a solution of Lorsban 4 E
shipping) (45 mL/10 L water) until all bubbling stops.
Apply Intercept 60 WP once per year, during the mating period/egg-laying
period and up to egg hatch (usually late June/early July in southern
Ontario). In the field, sufficient irrigation (5–10 mm) should occur within
24 hr after application; avoid overwatering.
45
MALUS — APPLE
INSECTS AFFECTING MALUS (cont’d)
1,000 L water mouthparts that cause distorted foliage with black margins and yellowish
flecks on the leaf surface.
1,000 L water Check regularly for infestation of nursery crops when neighbouring farms
are cutting alfalfa or hay. Hang yellow sticky traps in the canopy to monitor
Tristar 70 WSP 5 solupaks for leafhoppers. Check by disturbing plants or looking at the leaf bottoms
for leafhopper nymphs or molted skins. Treat as required.
Leafrollers: Dipel see label Leafrollers are caterpillars that feed while hidden in folded or rolled leaves.
Fruit tree leafroller Fruit tree and redbanded leafrollers primarily affect fruit trees but also
(Archips attack many shade trees and ornamentals.
argyrospila) Apply the insecticide to foliage soon after leaves emerge in early June.
Redbanded
leafroller
(Argyrotaenia
velutinana)
Oystershell scale insecticidal soap see label This scale insect infests over 125 species of forest, shade, fruit and
(Lepidosaphes Malathion 500 EC 2.5 L/ ornamental trees. In heavy infestations, greyish scales completely encrust
ulmi) 1,000 L water twigs and stems and can kill branches and trees. Mature females are
3 mm long and rounded in the rear.
Since this scale insect overwinters as eggs under dead female shells,
dormant treatments in fall and early spring are ineffective. Use insecticides
against crawlers in late May. Repeat in 10 days, when Spiraea x vanhouttei
is blooming. Ensure good coverage of trunk, branches and leaf bottoms.
Tentiform Confirm 240 F see label Use insecticides to control the first generation during the prebloom or calyx
leafminer Tristar 70 WSP 5 solupaks stage. Early mines are only visible from lower leaf surfaces. Later stages are
(Phyllonorycter visible from upper leaf surfaces. There are 3 generations per year.
blancardella) Controlling the first generation is more effective than controlling
subsequent generations.
Vendex 50 W 0.5–1.0 kg/
1,000 L water
per season.
occidentalis) resulting in major distortion and colour flecking when flowers and foliage
do emerge. Injury may be confused with that of leafhoppers.
46
MALUS — APPLE
DISEASES AFFECTING MALUS
Apple scab Banner MAXX 140 mL/ Scab infection causes purplish blotches on leaves and lesions on fruit.
(Venturia 1,000 L water Start fungicide applications when leaf buds begin to break. Repeat every
inaequalis) Captan 50 WP 2 kg/ 7–10 days during spring, especially in rainy weather. Nova is a triazole
1,000 L water fungicide and should be rotated with fungicides of other chemical families
Captan 80 WDG 1.25 kg/ to manage resistance.
1,000 L water If disease spread stops after new leaves harden off, cease fungicide
Compass 50 WG 140–175 g/ treatment. Clean up and remove/destroy fallen leaves. Prune to improve
1,000 L water air circulation through the canopy. Try to use resistant cultivars (e.g., Sugar
Tyme).
Daconil 2787 F 2.5 L/
1,000 L water
1,000 L water
Dithane DG, 2 kg/
M-45, 80 WP 1,000 L water
Equal 65 WP 1.08–2.25 kg/ha
Maestro 80 DF see label
Manzate DF 6 kg/ha
Microscopic 6.5 kg/
Sulphur 1,000 L water
Nova 40 W 340 g/
1,000 L water
Polyram 80 DF see label
Pristine WG 1 kg/ha
Serenade Max 3–6 kg/ha
Supra Captan see label
80 WDG
Cedar-apple rust Daconil 2787 F 2.5 L/ Orange spots on leaf surface appear in early summer, followed by cream-
(Gymnosporangium 1,000 L water coloured, finger-like structures on the underside of leaves by mid-to-late
juniperi-virginianae) Daconil Ultrex 1.5 kg/ summer.
1,000 L water Remove alternate hosts (junipers) where possible. Treat with fungicides
Dithane DG, 2 kg/ when sporulation (slimy orange galls) begins on the alternate host
M-45, 80 WP 1,000 L water (Juniperus), in mid-spring. Spores from juniper can infect alternate
rosaceous hosts (Malus, Crataegus, Amelanchier, etc.). Repeat fungicidal
Ferbam 76 WDG 1.25–2.25 kg/ applications every 10–14 days if needed.
1,000 L water
Manzate DF 6 kg/ha
Nova W 340 g/
1,000 L water
Polyram 80 DF 2 kg/
1,000 L water
Pristine WG 1.0–1.6 kg/ha
47
MALUS — APPLE
DISEASES AFFECTING MALUS (cont’d)
Fire blight BlightBan A506 370–530 g/ Fire blight affects succulent, vegetative growth. Dead, dry leaves persist on
(Erwinia 1,000 L water infected branches. Some cultivars are resistant to this disease.
amylovora) BlightBan C9-1 370–500 g/ Spray bactericidal products at early bloom, full bloom and petal fall when
1,000 L water the weather is warm and humid, and fire blight is a recurring problem.
Bloomtime 375–500 g/ Avoid excessive pruning and nitrogen fertilization in spring. During
1,000 L water dormancy, prune out infected branches about 30 cm below the cankered
area when the tree is dry. Blightban and Bloomtime are biopesticides that
Copper Spray 1.25 kg/ may help suppress fire blight.
1,000 L water
Kasumin 2L 5 L/
1,000 L water
(see label)
Serenade Max 2.5–6 kg/ha
Streptomycin 17 600 g/
1,000 L water
Powdery mildew Compass 50 WG 140–175 g/ In this disease, a white, powdery substance develops on the tops of leaves
(Podosphaera 1,000 L water in summer. Powdery mildew may lead to stunting and leaf drop.
leucotricha) Funginex 190 DC 2.5 L/ha Treat with fungicides when symptoms first appear. Repeat every
Microscopic 6.5 kg/ 10–14 days as needed. To avoid resistance to Nova, rotate with registered
Sulphur 1,000 L water fungicides from other chemical families where possible.
Palladium WG 1 kg/
1,000 L water
Pristine WG 1.0–1.2 kg/ha
Nova 40 W 340 g/
1,000 L water
Serenade Max 3–6 kg/ha
ORNAMENTAL TREES AND SHRUBS — VARIOUS

INSECTS AFFECTING ORNAMENTAL TREES AND SHRUBS
Brown marmorated Malathion 85E 1.22 L/ha This brown stink bug is a new pest introduced into North America. This
stink bug plant bug feeds openly on fruit, making them unmarketable. It also
(Halyomorpha feeds on the foliage of over 60 plants (e.g., Acer, Amelanchier, Buddleia,
halys) Catalpa, Cercis, Ilex, Juglans, Malus, Prunus, Pyrus, Rosa, Tilia, Viburnum)
and can cause serious economic losses in crops. Although it has not
been detected in Ontario nurseries, it has been intercepted in residential
neighbourhoods (inside homes) in southern Ontario.
Malathion, as a foliar treatment, provides suppression of brown
marmorated stink bug.
PACHYSANDRA — PACHYSANDRA
INSECTS AFFECTING PACHYSANDRA
Euonymus scale Cygon 480 E 2 L/ This greyish, pear-shaped scale found commonly on euonymus also affects
(Unaspis euonymi) 1,000 L water bittersweet (Celastrus) and Pachysandra. It produces 2 generations a year;
horticultural oil 20 L/ the second generation appears about 6 weeks after the first.
1,000 L water Examine plants during the dormant season, prune out highly infested
insecticidal soap see label regions and use dormant oil. Apply insecticides as nymphs emerge. Catalpa
speciosa are beginning to bloom at this time; Kolkwitzia and Philadelphus
Lagon 480 E 2 L/ are also blooming. Repeat treatment after 7 days.
1,000 L water
Landscape Oil (horticultural oil) can be used when plants are dormant or in
Orthene 75 SP 1 kg/ the summer when foliage is fully expanded and hardened off. See product
1,000 L water label for rates and tolerant plants.
48
PHLOX — PHLOX
DISEASES AFFECTING PHLOX
Powdery mildew Folpan 50 WP 2 kg/ Powdery mildew appears as a white, powdery fungal growth on the tops of
1,000 L water leaves. Early signs include small, circular, whitish colonies.
MilStop 2.8–5.6 kg/ MilStop and Rhapsody can be used for the suppression of powdery
1,000 L water mildew. Start application at the first sign of disease. Switch fungicide
Nova 40 W 340 g/ provides suppression of Sawadea and Erysiphe powdery mildews only.
1,000 L water
Palladium WG 1 kg/
1,000 L water
Rhapsody 10–20 L/
1,000 L water
Switch 62.5 WG 100 g/
100 L water
Rust (various) Nova 40 W 250–340 g/ In this disease, orange-brown lesions form on leaves. Protect healthy
1,000 L water tissue with fungicide applications, especially during warm, wet conditions.
PICEA — SPRUCE
INSECTS AFFECTING PICEA
Bagworm Lagon 480 E 2 L/ This moth pest is a native of North America. It has a wide host range but
(Thyridopteryx 1,000 L water is most commonly found on spruce. Look for masses of dead needles
ephemeraeformis) Orthene 75 SP see label hanging like small bags from the tips of branches. Eggs overwinter inside
the bags. Larvae feed on needles, partially enclosed in a small woven
Sevin 50 W 2–3 kg/ case. Larvae form bags on branch tips in late summer and pupate inside.
1,000 L water Males emerge and fly to bags containing flightless females to mate. As
many as 1,000 eggs are laid inside each bag.
Remove and destoy bags by early spring. Insecticides may be effective on
young larvae only.
Black vine weevil Actara 25 G 10.5–14 g/ The weevil larvae are small, white, legless grubs that eat fibrous roots or
Taxus weevil 100 L water strip bark off larger roots. Infested plants grow slowly or fail to grow. They
(Otiorhynchus look dry and off-colour. Transplants often die without becoming established.
sulcatus) Larvae control is difficult.
bacteriophora Adults are black snout beetles that hide in lower branches and soil litter
during the day and cut crescent-shaped notches in needle margins at night.
They also attack arborvitae, hemlock, azaleas and rhododendrons. The
Met 52 see label beetles have fused wing covers and cannot fly.
To control adults, treat foliage, trunk bark and branches during the last
Scimitar SC 36 mL/
week of June and in early July. Spray in the evening, as adult activity
100 L water
increases about an hour after sunset. Do not use Thionex on Anderson
yew. To test product safety, treat some conifer seedlings, especially pine,
Sevin 50 W 2–3 kg/ before treating a larger area.
1,000 L water Entomopathogenic nematodes (e.g., Heterohabditis sp.) are available
*Thionex 50W see label infested containers but with less success in the field. Nematodes can be
WSP, Thionex EC applied in late summer/early autumn and in mid-spring to suppress larval
populations. See label for complete directions.
49
PICEA — SPRUCE
INSECTS AFFECTING PICEA (cont’d)
Cooley spruce Malathion 500 EC 1.25 L/ Nymphs of this adelgid feed inside long, plump galls on the current year’s
gall adelgid 1,000 L water shoots of blue Colorado spruce, Engelmann spruce and Sitka spruce.
(Adelges cooleyi) Pyrate 480 EC 375 mL/ Douglas fir is an alternate host. Feeding injury causes needles to twist and
1,000 L water turn yellow. This adelgid does not form a gall on Douglas fir.
Sevin 50 W 2–3 kg/ Treat in early spring before bud break or in early October. Thoroughly cover
1,000 L water crevices in the bark of terminal twigs and the bases of buds. On blue
spruce, use only wettable powders to prevent foliage discolouration. If
*Thionex 50W see label possible, remove and destroy galls in June.
WSP, Thionex EC
as chewed or girdled stems on woody species (and clipped stems on
herbaceous plants). Larvae are greyish-brownish in colour, often with black
spots along their sides and stripes along their body. They have three pairs
of true legs, four pairs of fleshy prolegs and one pair of “claspers” at the
end of their abdomen. They can be up to 3 cm long. Late instar larvae
overwinter and pupate in spring.
injury. Treat plants with insecticides in the evening since the larvae feed at
night.
sprayed to run-off (for greenhouse use). Applications of Pounce should be
Eastern spruce horticultural oil 20 L/ Nymphs of these adelgids feed inside pineapple-shaped galls at the base
gall adelgid 1,000 L water of current-year shoots on Norway, white, red and black spruce. Old galls
(Adelges abietis) Malathion 500 EC 1.25 L/ remain attached for long periods, turning black and making the tree look
1,000 L water unsightly.
Sevin 50 W 2–3 kg/ With light infestations, remove and destroy galls before midsummer. Use
1,000 L water horticultural oil as a dormant treatment. Use any of the other materials
when adelgids migrate to new shoots in mid-May. On blue spruce, use only
*Thionex 50W see label wettable powders to prevent foliage discolouration, and avoid horticultural
WSP, Thionex EC oils because they remove the blue hue of blue spruce foliage.
Tristar 70 WSP 3 solupaks *Thionex is toxic to fish.
Gypsy moth Dipel 132 ES 1.6–2.4 L/ha Gypsy moth larvae appear as dark, hairy caterpillars with five pairs of blue
(Lymantria dispar) Dragnet 230 mL/ spots (tubercles) followed by six pairs of red ones along their backs. They
1,000 L water feed in the spring and early summer, reaching about 6 cm long at maturity.
They consume foliage of many trees and shrubs, most notably basswood,
Foray 48 B 1.0–1.6 L/ha birch, hawthorn, oak, poplar and willow.
Sevin 50 W 2–3 kg/ A folded burlap cloth wrapped around a tree provides a daytime shelter for
1,000 L water larger larvae or pupae. Collect them from these shelters and destroy them.
Sevin T&O 2.3–3.5 L/ Orthene may damage sugar maple leaves.
1,000 L water Success may be applied to larvae at any time during larval development.
Success 480 SC 25 mL/ Dipel and Foray are most effective when sprayed before larvae become
1,000 L water mature (before the head capsule turns yellow).
1,000 L water
50
PICEA — SPRUCE
Pine needle scale Cygon 480 E 1.5 L/ Pine needle scale causes whitish flecks on pine and spruce needles.
(Chionaspis 1,000 L water Reddish crawlers appear in late May, then turn yellowish. There are
pinifoliae) horticultural oil 20 L/ 2 generations per year. Infestations often start on lower branches.
1,000 L water Prune out small infestations in late winter and early spring. Dormant
insecticidal soap see label treatments are ineffective because pine needle scale overwinter as eggs
underneath the dead female shells.
Lagon 480 1.5 L/
1,000 L water Crawlers are active when Syringa vulgaris and Spiraea x vanhouttei are
blooming in late May. Treat at that time and again about 10 days later.
1,000 L water Landscape Oil (horticultural oil) can be applied when plants are dormant
and in summer when foliage is fully expanded and hardened off. Permanent
Orthene 75 SP 1 kg/ discolouration of foliage will occur to Pinus strobus and blue cultivars of
1,000 L water both Juniperus and Picea. See product label for rates and tolerant plants.
Spruce bud scale horticultural oil 20 L/ This scale insect is a rounded, mahogany-brown scale that clusters on
(Physokermes 1,000 L water spruce. Lower branches become ragged, with some dieback.
piceae, insecticidal soap see label Monitor for honeydew and sooty mould. Spray to control the crawlers in
P. hemieryphus)
Lagon 480 E 1.5 L/ mid-July. Repeat 10 days later.
1,000 L water Landscape Oil (horticultural oil) can be applied when plants are dormant
Malathion 500 EC 2.5 L/ and in summer when new leaves are fully expanded and hardened off.
1,000 L water Permanent discolouration of foliage will occur to blue cultivars of both
Juniperus and Picea. See product label for rates and tolerant plants.
Spruce budworm Cygon 480 E 1.5 L/ This is a widespread and important defoliator of balsam fir and spruce.
(Choristoneura 1,000 L water It is seldom a problem on landscape trees. Larvae begin to feed as buds
fumiferana) Dipel see label break, and they continue to feed until mid-to-late June. They have a black
Also see under head and brownish body with four light spots on the back of each segment.
Abies. Dragnet 160 mL/ There is 1 generation per year.
1,000 L water
In mid-spring, apply general-coverage spray to control larvae. Use Mimic
Foray 48 B 1.6–2.4 L/ha to control early instar larvae; allow 3–7 days for larval mortality. A second
Lagon 480 1.5 L/ application of Mimic may be needed.
1,000 L water On balsam fir, overwintering larvae become active about 2 weeks before
Lannate L 1.25–1.75 L/ bud break. Apply general-coverage spray to control larvae from mid-May to
1,000 L water mid-June.
1,000 L water
Mimic 240 LV 290 mL/ha
Pounce 45–90 mL/
1,000 L water
Sevin 50 W 1.1–2.2 kg/
1,000 L water
Thuricide see label
Spruce Lagon 480 E 1.5 L/ Needleminer larvae bore into the bases of old needles. Young larvae feed
needleminer 1,000 L water in groups, while older larvae feed alone. Larvae build unsightly nests of
(Taniva Malathion 500 EC 2.5 L/ dead needles and frass, held together by fine silk strands. Small grey
albolineana, 1,000 L water moths appear throughout infested plants in late May and June.
Endothenia
albolineana) Orthene 75 SP 1 kg/ Apply insecticide to foliage about mid-June and repeat in late June. In the
1,000 L water fall, or in spring before buds swell, dislodge nests with a strong stream of
water.
51
PICEA — SPRUCE
Spruce spider Cygon 480 E 1.5 L/ Overwintered eggs hatch in early May, when Amelanchier laevis and
mite 1,000 L water Magnolia x soulangiana are in full bloom. Mites prefer older needles as
(Oligonychus Floramite SC 625 mL/ feeding sites.
ununguis) 1,000 L water To monitor for mites, use a hand lens to check the undersides of twigs
horticultural oil 20 L/ and needles for tiny reddish eggs or brown mites with black backs. Shake
1,000 L water a branch over a white sheet of paper and look for crawling specks. Apply
miticides when mites first appear.
Kanemite 15 SC 0.42–0.92 L/ Kanemite is effective against mobile life stages but may also reduce egg
1,000 L water viability.
Lagon 480 1.25 L/ Use horticultural oil as a dormant treatment in early spring to target eggs
1,000 L water and newly hatched nymphs. Do not use horticultural oil on white pine
or blue cultivars of Colorado spruce or juniper. Landscape Oil is a brand
of horticultural oil that can be used on labelled plants in summer, when
1,000 L water
leaves are fully expanded and hardened off (see product label). If mite
Orthene 75 SP 1 kg/ populations are still significant, make 2 applications of other miticides at
1,000 L water 10-day intervals when mites exist in spring.
Pyrate 480 EC 375–500 mL/ Many predatory mites co-exist with pest mite populations. To conserve
1,000 L water predatory mites, try miticides that have less impact on these beneficials,
Vendex 50 W 0.5–1.0 kg/ such as Vendex and Floramite.
1,000 L water
Strawberry root Met 52 see label Strawberry root weevil larvae are small, white, legless grubs that eat fibrous
weevil Pounce 45–90 mL/ roots or strip bark from larger roots. The reddish-brown flightless adult is
(Otiorhynchus 1,000 L water less than 6 mm long and is much smaller than the black vine weevil. Adults
ovatus) hide during the day and feed at night. Adults are active in late June and early
July, when Wiegela florida and Syringa reticulata are blooming.
Adults injure plants by puncturing or girdling the current season’s shoots while
feeding. Infested plants grow slowly or fail to grow. They look dry and off-colour.
Transplants often die without becoming established. These pests have a large
host range. Commonly injured plants include white cedar, spruce and juniper.
Pounce is registered for use on seedlings. To test treatment safety, treat
some conifer seedlings before treating a larger area.
Tarnished plant Ripcord 400 EC 172 mL/ha Plant bugs are small (5 mm), yellowish-brown insects. Adults have wings
bug that form an X pattern when folded closed. They feed by inserting their
(Lygus lineolaris) mouthparts inside leaf tissue and sucking out the contents, leaving the
European chafer Acelepryn 5.6–8.8 mL/ roots and girdle underground stems of many woody ornamentals (including
(Rhizotrogus 100 m2 Cornus sp.).
majalis)
Lorsban NT 4.5 L/ To expose grubs to natural predators, cultivate infested fields before
(Phyllophaga sp.) (rescue treatment Sevin T&O is registered as a foliar spray for adults.
for shipping)
Intercept 60 WP 467 g/ha period and up to egg hatch (usually late June/early July in southern
Adult management: Ontario). In the field, sufficient irrigation (5–10 mm) should occur within
Imidan 50 WP 1.25 kg/ 24 hr after application. Avoid overwatering. Apply Acelepryn any time
1,000 L water that larvae are present or during the mating period/egg-laying period to
egg-hatch.
1,000 L water
1,000 L water
52
PICEA — SPRUCE
White pine weevil There is no product registered at the This is a small, brownish snout beetle that attacks only vertical terminals
(Pissoides strobi) time of this publication. on pines and spruce. It kills at least 2 years’ growth. Attacks cause
crooked, forked or multiple-stemmed trees. Legless, white larvae are found
in the terminal shoots.
Remove and destroy infested, flagging leaders in June and July.
Yellow-headed Dragnet 160 mL/ Sawfly larvae overwinter as late instar larvae in spun cocoons in the soil
spruce sawfly 1,000 L water under the host tree. Adult sawflies are reddish brown and 8–10 mm long.
(Pikonema Pounce 45–90 mL/ Adults emerge in mid-late spring to mate and lay eggs in the branches at
alaskensis) 1,000 L water the base of needles. Larvae are green with lighter longitudinal stripes and
yellow-brown heads. They feed on needles for 4–6 weeks.
1,000 L water Target pesticide applications to young larvae where possible.
DISEASES AFFECTING PICEA
Botrytis Rovral WP 1.5–2 kg/ This disease can be an issue on seedlings in cold storage. Look for grey,
(Botrytis cinerea) 1,000 L water fuzzy mould on tissue. Treat with fungicides at the first sign of disease.
Canker, branch There is no product registered at the This canker is often associated with the death of scattered lower branches.
dieback time of this publication. The first symptoms are browning and needle loss. Norway and Colorado
(Cytospora valsa) spruce are very susceptible.
Prune out diseased branches and twigs when the bark is dry. Maintain
good growing conditions. Avoid damaging the trunk and branches.
(Phytophthora, Previcur see label Subdue MAXX can be used as a drench or a pre-incorporated treatment
Pythium)
Subdue MAXX 1.2 L/ha for media to help protect conifer seedlings and transplants from Pythium
(drench) and Phytophthora. Subdue MAXX is registered on conifer seedbeds, plugs
and 2-0 transplants only. See product label for rates and application
Torrent 400SC see label information.
Needlecast Banner MAXX 350 mL/ Symptoms of needlecast appear between early spring and early summer
(Rhizosphaera 1,000 L water when needles infected the previous season turn purple or lavender and
kalkhoffii) Copper Spray 4 kg/ stomates turn from white to black. By mid-season, infected needles
1,000 L water drop, leaving only current season growth. Blue Colorado spruce is very
susceptible.
Daconil 2787 F 9.5 L/
1,000 L water Apply the first fungicide treatment in spring when new growth is 1–2 cm
long. Repeat at 3–4-week intervals. Do not crowd plants. Maintain
Daconil Ultrex 5.75 kg/ adequate sunlight and good air circulation.
1,000 L water
Needlecast Banner MAXX 350 mL/ Needles infected with Stigmina often remain green, but stomates turn
(Stigmina lautii) 1,000 L water from white to black. Black fruiting structures emerging out of stomates
have small dark appendages, similar to arms on a spider (visible with a
hand lens). In contrast, fruiting structures emerging out of stomates of
Rhizosphaera-infected needles are smooth and black.
Banner MAXX gives preventive control of needlecast diseases when applied
starting when new growth is 1–2 cm long.
Tip blight Copper Spray 4 kg/ Apply the first treatment in spring when new growth is 1–2 cm long. Repeat
(Sirococcus 1,000 L water at 3–4-week intervals. Do not crowd plants. Maintain adequate sunlight
conigenus) Daconil 2787 F 3.6–6 L/ and good air circulation.
1,000 L water
Daconil Ultrex 2.9–3.6 kg/
1,000 L water
53
PINUS — PINE
INSECTS AFFECTING PINUS
as chewed or girdled stems on woody species (and clipped stems on
herbaceous plants). Larvae are greyish-brownish in colour, often with black
spots along their sides and stripes along their body. They have three pairs of
true legs, four pairs of fleshy prolegs and one pair of “claspers” at the end
of their abdomen. They can be up to 3 cm long. Late instar larvae overwinter
and pupate in spring.
injury. Treat plants with insecticides in the evening since the larvae feed at
night.
sprayed to run-off (for greenhouse use). Applications of Pounce should be
European pine Cygon 480 E 2 L/ These larvae are brown with black heads. They feed inside emerging shoots
shoot moth 1,000 L water in the spring. Feeding injury causes “hooking” of new candles and pitch
(Rhyacionia Lagon 480 E 2 L/ proliferation. The adult is a small, orange-flecked moth, usually active in late
buoliana) 1,000 L water June to early July. Egg hatch coincides with the bloom of Catalpa speciosa.
There is 1 generation per year.
1,000 L water In late April, apply spray to the area between buds on terminals and laterals
when Acer rubrum and Cornus mas are blooming. Spray terminals about
mid-July to prevent injury the following year. Delaying shearing until mid-July
will destroy many eggs. Use pheromone traps to monitor for adult activity.
Northern pine Sevin 50 W 2–3 kg/ This weevil can be a problem on all pines, especially nursery production. It
weevil 1,000 L water is often found on Pinus sylvestris. Damage includes flagging and browning of
(Pissoides new shoots and seedlings. Adult feeding injury may result in small, circular
approximatus) wounds at the base of the damage that exude pitch resin.
Remove freshly cut stumps and recently dead and dying trees by late spring
to eliminate adult breeding grounds. Stressed trees are most susceptible.
To control adults, treat the tender bark of seedlings and young shoots of
larger trees in April or late August.
Pales weevil Sevin 50 W 2–3 kg/ This is a small, brownish-black weevil that feeds on tender pine twig bark,
(Hylobius pales) 1,000 L water causing branches to turn brown and die. This weevil is a common pest in
nursery production. Larvae bore into stem tissue at the soil line, girdling
the tree. The white, legless larvae have brown heads. Larvae feed in long
underground tunnels along the wood grain and on the outside of major
roots.
Remove freshly cut stumps and recently dead and dying trees by late spring
to eliminate adult breeding grounds. Stressed trees are most susceptible.
To manage adults, treat the tender bark of seedlings and young shoots of
larger trees in April or late August.
Pine bark adelgid horticultural oil 20 L/ This adelgid mainly affects white pine, although other pine species may be
(Pineus strobi) 1,000 L water infested. Adelgids appear covered in white, woolly masses on trunks, stems
Malathion 500 EC 1.25 L/ and branches.
1,000 L water In early spring, use horticultural oil on the trunk and branch bark as a
Orthene 75 SP 1 kg/ dormant treatment. Horticultural oil may remove the waxy hue of white
1,000 L water pine foliage. Avoid contacting white pine foliage with horticultural oil. Apply
other insecticides to newly hatched nymphs in mid-late May. Repeat the
Tristar 70 WSP 3 solupaks application in 2–3 weeks. Ensure good coverage.
54
PINUS — PINE
INSECTS AFFECTING PINUS (cont’d)
Pine false There is no product registered at This insect is a web-spinning sawfly that feeds on pine. The larvae feed on
webworm the time of this publication. clipped needles from the safety of their webbed and frass-covered masses
(Acantholyda on branches against the trunk (mainly white pine). Pine false webworms
erythrocephala) overwinter as late instar larvae and pupae in soil cocoons below the host.
Adults emerge in early spring.
Adults are large and black; the females have an orange head, while the
males have a yellow face. Adults can be seen flying around foliage in May.
Eggs are laid end-to-end along needles of white pine. Larvae are yellowish-
brown with two dark longitudinal stripes on each side and obvious antennae.
The short thoracic legs and absence of fleshy, abdominal prolegs gives this
insect a very wobbly appearance when it moves around.
Apply a strong stream of water with sufficient pressure to penetrate the
webbing and knock out larvae. In light infestations, hand-pick or prune out
nests.
Pine needle scale Cygon 480 E 1.5 L/ Reddish crawlers appear in late May, and then turn yellowish. Feeding injury
(Chionaspis 1,000 L water causes yellow spots on pine and spruce needles. There are 2 generations
pinifoliae) horticultural oil 20 L/ per year. Infestations often start on lower branches.
1,000 L water Prune out small infestations in late winter and early spring. Dormant
insecticidal soap see label treatments are ineffective, because pine needle scale overwinter as eggs
underneath the dead female shells.
Lagon 480 1.5 L/
1,000 L water Crawlers are active when Syringa vulgaris and Spiraea x vanhouttei are
blooming in late May. Treat at that time and again about 10 days later.
1,000 L water Landscape Oil (horticultural oil) can be applied when plants are dormant and
in summer when foliage is fully expanded and hardened off. Discolouration
Orthene 75 SP 1 kg/ of foliage will occur in Pinus strobus and blue cultivars of both Juniperus and
1,000 L water Picea. See product label for rates and tolerant species.
Pine pitch mass There is no product registered at Pinkish-white borer larvae feed inside bark and can be found on established
borer the time of this publication. pine trees in the landscape. Large pitch resin masses appear on trunks.
(Vespamima pini, This moth has a 2–3-year life cycle. Stressed and wounded plants are most
Synanthedon pini) susceptible.
Maintain good tree health, since no registered chemical controls exist.
Larvae and pupae are found under the pitch masses. They can be removed
and killed. Remove severely infested trees.
Pine root collar There is no product registered at This weevil feeds on many species of pine. White, Scots and Austrian
weevil the time of this publication. are most susceptible. Infested trees often appear in isolated pockets or
(Hylobius radicis) on sandy soils. The white, legless, grub-like larvae feed at the root collar,
causing the trunk to swell. Pitch resin masses mixed with soil also appear.
Prune off bottom branches. Pull away fallen needles and other organic
matter to expose a circle of bare soil 60 cm across around the trunk. This
increases light and temperature at the tree base, discouraging adult weevils.
55
PINUS — PINE
Pine sawflies Cygon 480 E 1 L/ European pine sawfly has a dark-greenish body with dark longitudinal stripes
(open feeding): 1,000 L water and a black head. It appears in late May/June.
European pine Dragnet 160 mL/ Redheaded pine sawfly has a yellow body with six rows of black spots
sawfly 1,000 L water and a reddish head. It feeds on older foliage in July and August. Multiple
(Neodiprion
sertifer) Lagon 480 1 L/ generations can be present at one time and will attack all foliage.
1,000 L water Initial feeding begins in small, easily removed colonies. Spot-treat foliage
Redheaded pine
sawfly Malathion 500 EC 2.5 L/ when small larvae are first observed feeding.
(Neodiprion 1,000 L water
lecontei) Orthene 75 SP 1 g/
1,000 L water
Pounce 45–90 mL/
1,000 L water
1,000 L water
1,000 L water
1,000 L water
Pine shoot beetle There is no product registered at This introduced bark beetle was found in Ohio in 1992 and in Ontario in
(Tomicus the time of this publication. 1993. By 1994, it was regulated under the Plant Protection Act. Pines from
piniperda) many areas of the province are subject to quarantine. The primary host is
Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris.
The 3–mm-long adult beetles tunnel within the current season’s growth,
causing flagging and dropping of shoots. Adult beetles overwinter at the
base of trees (within the first 30 cm above the soil), just inside the outer
bark. The adults start to emerge in February–March, when temperatures
reach 10°C. They bore into bark to lay their eggs, causing sap to flow out of
these wounds. The larvae form galleries in the bark, thereby destroying the
cambium and weakening or killing the tree.
Maintain plant health, since no registered chemical controls exist. Do not
plant nursery pines and Christmas trees near abandoned pine plantations.
To discourage egg laying, remove stumps, pine debris, dying trees and
pruned limbs from the area by February 1. Place uninfested “trap logs” (with
a diameter greater than 6 cm) to attract mating adults, and destroy the logs
by May 31.
Contact the Canadian Food Inspection Agency for the Pest Alert Factsheet
on pine shoot beetle.
Pine spittlebug Malathion 500 EC 2.5 L/ Several different pines are susceptible hosts for pine spittlebug, with Scots
(Aphrophora 1,000 L water pine often heavily infested. Young nymphs feed on sap from new growth and
cribrata) Pyrate 480 EC 88–150 mL/ cover themselves with white, foam-like spittle. Several nymphs may be found
1,000 L water in one spittle mass.
Sevin 50 W 2–3 kg/ This pest rarely causes serious damage. Treat when spittle masses first
1,000 L water appear in mid-to-late May.
Pine tortoise horticultural oil 20 L/ This reddish-brown oval, convex scale, about 6 mm long, infests several
scale 1,000 L water kinds of pine. It removes plant sap and secretes large amounts of
(Toumeyella insecticidal soap see label honeydew.
numismaticum,
T. parvicornis) Malathion 500 EC 2.5 L/ Remove heavily infested limbs and trees in late winter and early spring. In
1,000 L water late June, treat twigs to control nymphs. There are several natural predators.
Sevin 50 W 2–3 kg/ Landscape Oil (horticultural oil) can be applied when plants are dormant
1,000 L water and in summer when foliage is fully expanded and hardened off. Permanent
discolouration of foliage will occur to Pinus strobus and blue cultivars of both
Juniperus and Picea. See product label for rates and tolerant plants.
56
PINUS — PINE
Spruce spider Cygon 480 E 1.5 L/ Overwintered eggs hatch in early May, when Amelanchier laevis and Magnolia
mite 1,000 L water x soulangiana are in full bloom. Mites prefer older needles as feeding sites.
(Oligonychus Floramite SC 625 mL/ To monitor for mites, use a hand lens to check the undersides of twigs
ununguis) 1,000 L water and needles for tiny reddish eggs or brown mites with black backs. Shake
horticultural oil 20 L/ a branch over a white sheet of paper and look for crawling specks. Apply
1,000 L water miticides when mites first appear.
insecticidal soap see label Kanemite is effective against mobile life stages but may also reduce egg
viability.
Kanemite 15 SC 0.42–0.92 L/
1,000 L water Use horticultural oil as a dormant treatment in early spring to target eggs
and newly hatched nymphs. Horticultural oil (including Landscape Oil) will
Lagon 480 1.25 L/ discolour foliage of white pine. Permanent discolouration of foliage will occur
1,000 L water to blue cultivars of both Juniperus and Picea. To prevent foliar discolouration
Malathion 500 EC 1.25 L/ on blue Colorado spruce, use only wettable powders and avoid horticultural
1,000 L water oil.
Orthene 75 SP 1 kg/ Horticultural oil (including Landscape Oil) can be used on other species
1,000 L water when plants are dormant. Landscape Oil can be used in summer when
leaves are fully expanded and hardened off. See product label.
Pyrate 480 EC 375–500 mL/
1,000 L water If populations are still significant, make 2 applications of other miticides at
10-day intervals when mites exist in spring.
Vendex 50 W 0.5–1.0 kg/
1,000 L water Many predatory mites co-exist with pest mite populations. To conserve
predatory mites, try miticides that have less impact on these beneficials,
such as Vendex and Floramite.
Strawberry root Met 52 see label Strawberry root weevil larvae are small, white, legless grubs that eat fibrous
weevil Pounce 45–90 mL/ roots or strip bark from larger roots. The reddish-brown flightless adult is
(Otiorhynchus 1,000 L water less than 6 mm long and is much smaller than the black vine weevil. It
ovatus) hides during the day and feeds at night.
Adults are active in late June and early July, when Wiegela florida and Syringa
reticulata are blooming. Adults injure plants by puncturing or girdling the
current season’s shoots while feeding. Infested plants grow slowly or fail to
grow. They look dry and off-colour. Transplants often die without becoming
established.
These pests have a large host range. Commonly injured plants include white
cedar, spruce and juniper.
Pounce is registered for use on seedlings. To test product safety, treat some
conifer seedlings, especially pine, before treating a larger area.
Tarnished plant Ripcord 400 EC 172 mL/ha These are small (5 mm), yellowish-brown insects. Adults have wings that
bug are folded in an X pattern. Tarnished plant bugs feed by inserting their
often causes terminal growth to turn yellow and become distorted and
bushy.
57
PINUS — PINE
majalis)
(Phyllophaga sp.) (curative Sevin is registered as a foliar spray for adults.
treatment for
larvae)
period and up to egg hatch (usually late June/early July in southern Ontario).
Intercept 60 WP 467 g/ha In the field, sufficient irrigation (5–10 mm) should occur within 24 hr after
Adult management: application; avoid overwatering.
1,000 L water
Sevin XLR PLUS 2.3–3.5 L/
1,000 L water
White pine aphid Malathion 500 EC 2.5 L/ These are black aphids that often cluster together on shoots. Look for
(Cinara strobi) 1,000 L water honeydew and sooty mould on needles. Treat active stages in May.
Orthene 75 SP 1 kg/
1,000 L water
1,000 L water
White pine weevil There is no product registered at This is a small, brownish snout beetle that lays its eggs into the bark of
(Pissoides strobi) the time of this publication. vertical terminals of pine and spruce when the Forsythia blooms (April).
Legless, white larvae feed under the bark from May to July, killing at least
2 years’ growth. Attacks cause wilting and dying of terminal.
Remove and destroy infested, flagging leaders in June and early July.
Zimmerman pine Cygon 480 E 2 L/ These grey-green larvae cause pitch resin to collect on pine trunks. Pitch
moth 1,000 L water masses appear at the branch whorls, on the trunk or on shoots near
(Dioryctria Lagon 480 2 L/ terminal branches. Individual branches may die back completely.
zimmermani) 1,000 L water Remove larvae from pitch masses in June and July. Prune damaged shoots
and remove heavily infested trees.
Chemical control is difficult. Spray bark thoroughly in late April to early May
when overwintering larvae are breaking dormancy (when Acer platanoides
is blooming). Treat again in mid-August when larvae hatch. Use pheromone
traps to monitor adult activity.
58
PINUS — PINE
DISEASES AFFECTING PINUS
Brown spot Daconil 2787 F 9.5 L/ Apply treatment in spring when new growth is 12 cm long. Repeat at
(Scirrhia or 1,000 L water 3–4-week intervals. Do not crowd plants. Maintain adequate sunlight and
Mycosphaerella) Daconil Ultrex 5.75 kg/ good air circulation.
1,000 L water
Canker Daconil 2787 F 2.4–4.8 L/ This canker may affect many pine species, especially Scots and red pine.
(Ascocalyx 1,000 L water Trees under 2 m are most susceptible. Symptoms appear in spring after
abietina or Daconil Ultrex 1.45–2.9 kg/ infection. Bases of infected needles turn reddish brown by May or June.
Scleroderris 1,000 L water Needles may be bent. Cool, moist weather encourages infection.
abietina) To reduce spread, prune out lower branches of pine windbreaks around
nurseries. Apply treatment in spring when new growth reaches 1–5 cm.
Repeat at 3–4-week intervals.
(Phytophthora, Previcur see label Subdue MAXX can be used as a drench or a pre-incorporated treatment for
Pythium)
Subdue MAXX 1.2 L/ha media to help protect conifer seedlings and transplants from Pythium and
(drench) Phytophthora. Subdue MAXX is registered for conifer seedbeds, plugs and
2-0 transplants only. See product label for rates and application information.
Diplodia tip blight Copper Spray 4 kg/ New shoots do not elongate in spring. They appear brown and stunted by
(Sphaeropsis 1,000 L water June. Recent research suggests this fungus sporulates all year round.
sapinea or Maintain tree health, since infection is difficult to manage. Apply fungicides
Diplodia pinea) at bud break, using a maximum of 3 applications per year at 2-week
intervals to help protect new shoots. Removing infected branches does not
reduce infection, since spores are also produced on seed cones. Do not
Lophodermium Copper Spray 4 kg/ This fungus severely defoliates pines, especially Scots and Austrian pine.
needlecast 1,000 L water Only the current season’s needles remain on the tree over winter. The
(Lophodermium Daconil 2787 F 2.4–4.8 L/ previous season’s needles turn red in late winter and early spring. Infected
seditiosum) 1,000 L water needles drop from late spring to early summer. Black, football-shaped
fruiting bodies appear on cast needles in mid-summer.
1,000 L water Apply treatment in mid-July to early August before infection occurs. Repeat
at 3–4-week intervals as required. Do not crowd plants. Maintain adequate
Dithane DG, 2.5 kg/ sunlight and good air circulation.
M-45, 80 WP 1,000 L water
Manzate DF 2.5 kg/
1,000 L water
Sweetfern blister There is no product registered at This rust disease affects hard two- and three-needle pines, especially jack
rust the time of this publication. pine (Pinus banksiana). It can cause serious losses in nurseries and young
(Cronartium plantations. Cankers often appear on the trunk, less than 2 m above the
comptoniae) ground. Trees with basal diameters of more than 8 cm seem resistant.
Destroy diseased pines. Eliminate alternate hosts such as sweet fern
(Comptonia peregrina) and sweet gale (Myrica gale) from plantations and
from the immediate vicinity of pine nursery stock.
Tip blight Copper Spray 4 kg/ Apply treatment in spring when new growth is 12 cm long. Repeat at
(Sirococcus) 1,000 L water 3–4-week intervals. Do not crowd plants. Maintain adequate sunlight and
Daconil 2787 F 3.6–6 L/ good air circulation.
1,000 L water
1,000 L water
White pine blister There is no product registered at This rust is a serious disease of five-needle pines, especially white pine,
rust the time of this publication. Pinus strobus. It infects the needles, eventually causing a perennial canker
(Cronartium on branches and trunks. It can also cause an insignificant leaf spot.
ribicola) When plants are dormant, prune out girdled pine branches before the canker
reaches the main stem. Prune infected, flagging branches 30 cm below the
cankered area. Separate white pine nurseries and plantations from alternate
host Ribes sp. by at least 600 m.
59
PLATANUS — LONDON PLANE, SYCAMORE

DISEASES AFFECTING PLATANUS
Anthracnose Daconil 2787 F 2.5 L/ As with frost damage, new leaves turn black-brown. Light-brown dead areas
(Apiognominia 1,000 L water appear along the veins of mature leaves. Twigs that are 20–25 cm long may
veneta) Daconil Ultrex 1.5 kg/ show signs of cankers and dieback.
1,000 L water Treat up to 3 times, especially in cool, wet weather: as buds swell, at bud
Dithane DG, 2.75–3.5 kg/ break and about 7 days after bud break. Prune out and destroy cankered
M-45, 80 WP 1,000 L water twigs and branches. Collect and remove fallen, infected leaves. Do not
Manzate DF 2.75–3.5 kg/
1,000 L water
POPULUS — POPLAR
INSECTS AFFECTING POPULUS
Forest tent Dipel 0.5–1.0 L/ha Forest tent caterpillar larvae are hairy with a series of keyhole- or footstep-
caterpillar Foray 1.0–1.6 L/ha shaped white spots along their backs. The larvae are present early in the
(Malacosoma Orthene 75 SP 1 kg/ season. They feed in colonies. Forest tent caterpillar larvae do not form
disstria) 1,000 L water a tent on their host. Larvae may completely defoliate broadleaf trees,
particularly poplars.
Pounce 90 mL/ha
Pyrate 480 EC 500 mL/ Treat foliage in mid-to-late May to reduce populations of larvae. Orthene may
1,000 L water damage sugar maple leaves.
1,000 L water
1,000 L water
Gypsy moth Dipel 132 ES 1.6–2.4 L/ha Gyspsy moth larvae are dark, hairy caterpillars with five pairs of blue spots
1,000 L water in the spring and early summer, reaching about 6 cm long at maturity. They
Foray 48 B 1.0–1.6 L/ha consume foliage of many trees and shrubs but prefer basswood, birch,
hawthorn, oak, poplar and willow.
1,000 L water Adult females lay eggs in brown, fuzzy masses in July and August. Remove
Orthene 75 SP 850 g/ and destroy egg masses before they hatch. Newly hatched larvae produce
hosts and begin feeding before applying Dipel or Foray.
Sevin T&O 2.3–3.5 L/ larger larvae or pupae. Collect them from these shelters and destroy them.
1,000 L water Orthene may damage sugar maple leaves. Success may be applied to larvae
Success 480 SC 25 mL/ at any time during larval development. Dipel and Foray are most effective
1,000 L water when sprayed before larvae become mature (before the head capsule turns
Thuricide HPC 1.6 L/ yellow).
1,000 L water
Poplar and willow Pyrate 480 EC 500 mL/ This borer is a stout, black, rough-bodied snout beetle with pink outer wing
borer 1,000 L water covers. White, legless larvae honeycomb the trunks and larger branches of
(Cryptorhynchus *Thionex 50W see label willows and poplars.
lapathi) WSP, Thionex EC Cut and destroy badly infected branches and trees before the end of June.
Treat trunk and branch bark in mid-August and September with insecticides.
DISEASES AFFECTING POPULUS
Canker There is no product registered at Most poplar species are susceptible to canker, especially when stressed.
(several different the time of this publication. Prune out and destroy infected branches during dry weather. Remove and
fungi) destroy severely infected trees. Do not wound or injure trees. Do not crowd
Leaf spot Daconil 2787 F 2.5 L/ Brown spots appear on leaves, followed by defoliation. Collect and remove
(several fungi) 1,000 L water fallen, infected leaves. Treat at bud break, then twice more at 10–14-day
Daconil Ultrex 1.5 kg/ intervals.
1,000 L water Applications of Senator can be repeated every 10–14 days, with a maximum
Senator 70 WP 1 kg/ of 3 applications per year.
1,000 L water
60
POTENTILLA — POTENTILLA
INSECTS AFFECTING POTENTILLA
urticae) Floramite SC 333 mL/ needed to see the two faint black spots on their backs.
1,000 L water Treat leaf undersides with miticides/insecticides when mites appear, and
repeat as needed. Monitor for mites by examining lower leaf surfaces with
a hand lens or vigorously shaking a branch over a sheet of white paper and
Forbid 300 mL/ looking for tiny, moving specks.
1,000 L water
insecticidal soap see label applied when mite populations are predominantly in the egg stage, with few
Kanemite 15 SC 2.1 L/ha per season.
Vendex 50 W 0.5–1.0 kg/ 2 times per season at an interval of 28 days.
61
PRUNUS — BLACK CHERRY, CHOKECHERRY, FLOWERING CHERRY, PIN CHERRY, PEACH, PLUM
INSECTS AFFECTING PRUNUS
Aphids Beleaf 50 SG 0.12–0.16 kg/ha Aphids are small, soft-bodied insects that suck plant sap from stems and
(various) Endeavor 100–200 g/ leaves. Injury appears as distorted foliage, and plants may be severely
1,000 L water weakened.
insecticidal soap see label Treat when aphids first appear, and repeat as required. Excessive
fertilization or pruning can cause undesirable levels of succulent growth.
*Kontos see label
*Do not apply Kontos during bloom as this product is toxic to bee brood.
1,000 L water **Thionex is toxic to fish.
Orthene 75 SP 1 kg/
1,000 L water
1,000 L water
WSP, Thionex EC
Trounce 50 L/
1,000 L water
Eastern tent AceCap 97 see label This caterpillar has one white stripe down its back. Colonies feed early in
caterpillar Dipel 132 ES 0.5–1.0 L/ha the season. Silken tents appear in the forks of branches, mainly of apple,
(Malacosoma cherry and hawthorn trees.
americanum) Dragnet 230 mL/
1,000 L water Prune and destroy overwintering egg masses. These are silver in colour,
about 1–2 cm long, in a raised band circling a twig. They hatch when
Foray 48 B 1.0–1.6 L/ha buds break in spring. Treat then or at the first sign of webs. Young larvae
Malathion 500 EC 2.5 L/ (< 2 cm) hide In tents during the day. Where infestations are light, remove
1,000 L water and destroy the tents in early spring.
Pounce 90 mL/ AceCap 97 applications must be made post-bloom as this product is toxic
1,000 L water to bees and bee brood.
1,000 L water
1,000 L water
1,000 L water
European red Dyno-Mite 284 g/ha These mites overwinter as tiny red eggs on twigs. Apply oil when plants
mite horticultural oil 20 L/ are dormant or show 2.5 cm of green tissue and flowers are in a tight
(Panonychus ulmi) 1,000 L water cluster. This can improve control of European red mite.
Vendex 50 W 0.5–1.0 kg/ Apply Dyno-Mite when mites first appear. Apply Dyno-Mite a maximum of
1,000 L water 2 times per season at an interval of 28 days.
62
INSECTS AFFECTING PRUNUS (cont’d)
1,000 L water in the spring and early summer, reaching about 6 cm long at maturity.
Foray 48 B 1.0–1.6 L/ha birch, hawthorn, oak, poplar and willow.
Sevin 50 W 2–3 kg/ A folded burlap cloth wrapped around a tree provides a daytime shelter
1,000 L water for larger larvae or pupae. Collect them from these shelters and destroy
them.
1,000 L water Orthene may damage sugar maple leaves. Success may be applied to
1,000 L water
1,000 L water
Japanese beetle Adult management: The adult beetles are metallic green and copper, about 13 mm long.
(Popillia japonica) Imidan 50 WP 1.25 kg/ They are easily recognized by six tufts of white hair on each side of the
1,000 L water abdomen. As the beetles feed, they consume and skeletonize foliage.
Preferred hosts include members of the rosaceous family, maple, birch,
Sevin 50 W 2–3 kg/ linden and fruit trees.
1,000 L water
Spray adulticides when adults appear in early July, when the Yucca
Sevin XLR PLUS 2.3–3.5 L/ filamentosa is blooming.
1,000 L water
Larvae are C-shaped, milky-white grubs (about 25 mm long) with brown
Larval management: heads and 3 pairs of legs. They are distinguishable from other white
Intercept 60 WP 467 g/ha grubs by a V-shaped arrangement of spines on the underside of the
abdomen. Larvae are most commonly found feeding on the fibrous roots
Lorsban 4 E 4.5 L/
of turfgrass.
1,000 L water
(rescue Lorsban 4 E is a rescue treatment to allow shipping from infested to
treatment for uninfested regions. Apply to soil when grubs are young and actively
shipping) feeding near the soil surface. Apply as a coarse spray, and irrigate
with 1–2 cm of water to wash the insecticide into underlying soil. For
containerized stock, submerge the root ball into a solution of Lorsban 4 E
(45 mL/10 L water) until all bubbling stops.
Leafrollers: Dipel see label Leafrollers are caterpillars that feed while hidden in folded or rolled
Fruit tree leaves. Fruit tree and redbanded leafrollers primarily affect fruit trees but
leafroller also attack many shade trees and ornamentals.
(Archips Apply insecticides to foliage soon after leaves unfold in early June.
argyrospila)
Redbanded
leafroller
(Argyrotaenia
velutinana)
63
INSECTS AFFECTING PRUNUS (cont’d)
Peachtree borer *Thionex 50W see label Peachtree borers attack tree/shrub bases of Prunus (e.g., Prunus x
(Synanthedon WSP, Thionex EC cistena) at the soil line. Lesser peachtree borers attack higher limbs and
exitiosa) are found mainly on fruit tree species of Prunus. Adults are clear-winged
Lesser peachtree moths and resemble wasps when flying.
borer Borers overwinter in bark or wood as partly grown larvae. Feeding
(Synanthedon resumes in spring, with gum and frass accumulating near the burrows.
pictipes) Treat in mid-to-late spring, when Philadelphus is blooming. Repeat twice at
3-week intervals. Spray with a gun, covering the trunk and scaffold limbs
thoroughly. Use pheromone traps to monitor adult activity.
Pearslug insecticidal soap see label Small, dark, clear-bodied sawfly larvae feed from the undersides of leaves
(Caliroa cerasi) Orthene 75 SP 1 kg/ and cause significant defoliation.
1,000 L water Treat with insecticides at the first sign of larval damage.
(TSSM) leaves become dull-coloured, stippled or bronzed. Check the undersides
(Tetranychus Floramite SC 333 mL/ of leaves for mites and webs. These mites are very tiny. A hand lens will
urticae) 1,000 L water be needed to see the two faint black spots on their backs.
insecticidal soap see label a hand lens or vigorously shaking a branch over a sheet of white paper
and looking for tiny, moving specks.
Vendex 50 W 0.5–1.0 kg/
1,000 L water
eggs.
Uglynest Sevin 50 W 2–3 kg/ These caterpillar larvae are dark yellow-green with black heads. They
caterpillar 1,000 L water favour low-growing shrubs as hosts. Larvae feed on choke, pin and
(Archips Sevin XLR PLUS 1.058 L/ black cherry. Webbed nests appear at branch ends between May and
cerasivorana) 1,000 L water September.
Thuricide see label Prune out nests when found. Chemical control is seldom used because
insects are so well protected inside the nest.
64
DISEASES AFFECTING PRUNUS
Bacterial canker Copper Spray 6 kg/ This disease often develops after plastic film is removed from cold
(Pseudomonas 1,000 L water frames (container production) and plants experience extreme shifts in
syringae) (dormant rate) temperature.
Apply bactericidal products before autumn rains and again when most
leaves have fallen. Do not crowd plants. Maintain adequate sunlight
and good air circulation. Excessive fertilization or pruning can cause
undesirable succulent growth that is susceptible to this disease.
Black knot Maestro 80 DF 3.75–4.5 kg/ Black knot causes large black swellings up to 10 cm long on branches
(Apiosporina 1,000 L water and small twigs, eventually girdling and killing the branch.
morbosa or Spray fungicide at green tip, pre-bloom and blossom time. In late
Dibotryon winter and early spring, prune and destroy infested twigs and branches
morbosa) 20–30 cm below knots. Eliminate wild or neglected Prunus species from
the area.
Blossom and twig Captan 50 WP 2 kg/ This disease causes blossoms and new shoots to suddenly collapse and
blight 1,000 L water turn brown. Shoot or twig blight appears in early spring. Fruit will turn
(Monilina Captan 80 WDG 1.25 kg/ brown, rot and hang on the tree.
fructicola) 1,000 L water Spray just before blossom buds open. Repeat in 10 days if wet weather
Daconil 2787 F 2.5 L/ persists. Prune out and destroy infected twigs. Remove infected fruit from
1,000 L water the tree and the adjacent ground.
1,000 L water
Funginex 190 DC 750 mL/
1,000 L water
(or 2.5 L/ha)
Peach leaf-curl Ferbam 76 WDG 1.75–3.5 kg/ Peach leaf-curl spores lodged in winter buds cause infections during
(Taphrina 1,000 L water spring. As leaves unfold in spring, they become puckered and curled.
deformans) Thickened areas eventually turn pinkish. Infected leaves become
weakened and drop.
Apply fungicide in fall (preferred time) just after complete leaf drop or
apply in early spring just before buds swell.
Powdery mildew Compass 50 WG 140–210 g/ This fungus appears as a white, powdery growth on the tops of leaves.
(various) 1,000 L water Apply fungicides at the first sign of disease, and repeat applications to
Palladium WG 1 kg/ protect healthy foliage.
100 L water
Shothole leaf Captan 80 WP 1.25–1.5 kg/ In this disease, leaf spots appear as leaves expand to full size. New
spot 1,000 L water spots appear until late summer. Disease spots fall out with age, giving
(Blumeriella a shothole appearance. (Note that similar symptoms can be caused by
jaapii) insect pests.)
adequate sunlight and good air circulation.
65
PSEUDOTSUGA — DOUGLAS FIR

INSECTS AFFECTING PSEUDOTSUGA
Cooley spruce Malathion 500 EC 1.25 L/ This pest causes galls on spruce. Douglas fir is an alternate host for this
gall adelgid 1,000 L water insect. Open-feeding, woolly nymphs cause new needles of Douglas fir to
(Adelges cooleyi) Pyrate 480 EC 375 mL/ twist and turn yellow. Cooley spruce gall adelgid does not form a gall on this
1,000 L water host.
Sevin 50 W 2–3 kg/ To catch newly hatched nymphs as they migrate to new foliage, treat in early
1,000 L water spring as buds are breaking and new foliage is emerging.
*Thionex 50W see label *Thionex is toxic to fish.
WSP, Thionex EC
Tarnished plant Ripcord 400 EC 172 mL/ha These are small (5 mm), yellowish-brown insects. Adults have wings that
bug are folded in an X pattern. Tarnished plant bugs feed by inserting their
DISEASES AFFECTING PSEUDOTSUGA
Needlecast Daconil Ultrex 1.45–2.9 kg/ Various pathogens cause needlecast diseases on this host. Protect
(various fungi) 1,000 L water emerging needles in spring with fungicide to reduce fungal infections.
Dithane DG, 2.75–3.5 kg/
M-45, 80 WP 1,000 L water
66
PYRACANTHA — FIRETHORN
INSECTS AFFECTING PYRACANTHA
Vendex 50 W 0.5–1.0 kg/
1,000 L water
per season.
DISEASES AFFECTING PYRACANTHA
the weather is warm and humid and fire blight is a recurring problem. Avoid
excessive pruning and nitrogen fertilization in spring. During dormancy,
prune out infected branches about 30 cm below the cankered area when
the tree is dry.
Scab Banner MAXX 140 mL/ Scab infection causes dark zones on leaves that develop into yellow lesions.
(Spilocaea 1,000 L water Infected leaves may drop, and dull scabs may appear on twigs and fruit.
pyracanthae) Daconil 2787 F 2.5 L/ Plant scab-resistant cultivars. Clean up and destroy fallen leaves. Prune to
1,000 L water improve air circulation through the canopy.
Daconil Ultrex 1.5 kg/ Start fungicide applications when leaf buds begin to break. Repeat every
1,000 L water 7–10 days during mid-spring, especially in rainy weather. Apply Banner MAXX
every 14 days, beginning when leaf buds are at the green tip stage. Rotate
Banner with fungicides from other chemical families to avoid resistance. Do
not exceed 4 applications of Banner per year. Stop treatments if no infection
exists when foliage is hardened off.
67
PYRUS — PEAR
INSECTS AFFECTING PYRUS
(various) Endeavor 100–200 g/ leaves. Injury appears as distorted foliage, and plants may be severely
1,000 L water weakened.
Tristar 70 WSP 3 solupaks Treat when aphids first appear, and repeat as required. Do not make
more than 3 applications of Endeavor per year. Do not apply more than
3 kg/ha of Endeavor per year.
European red Dyno-Mite 284 g/ha These mites overwinter as tiny red eggs on twigs. Apply horticultural oil
mite horticultural oil 20 L/ when plants are dormant and continue applications until the plants reach
(Panonychus ulmi) 1,000 L water the green tip stage and flower buds are in a tight cluster.
Kanemite 15 SC 2.1 L/ha Apply Dyno-Mite when mites first appear. Apply Dyno-Mite a maximum of
Vendex 50 W 0.5–1.0 kg/
1,000 L water
Pear rust mite Dyno-Mite 284 g/ha Adult females overwinter in bark crevices or cracks in twigs. When leaves
(Epitrimerus pyri) begin to emerge, the overwintered females move to feed on the bud
scales. Pear rust mites feed on the leaves and fruit, causing browning of
foliage and russeting on the skin of the fruit.
insecticidal soap see label a hand lens or vigorously shaking a branch over a sheet of white paper
and looking for tiny, moving specks.
Vendex 50 W 0.5–1.0 kg/
1,000 L water
applied when mite populations are predominantly in the egg stage, with
few young nymphs present. Do not make more than 1 application of Apollo
SC per season.
68
PYRUS — PEAR
DISEASES AFFECTING PYRUS
Fire blight BlightBan A506 370–530 g/ Fire blight affects succulent vegetative growth. Dead, dry leaves persist
(Erwinia 1,000 L water on infected branches. Some cultivars are resistant to this disease.
amylovora) BlightBan C9-1 370–500 g/ Spray bactericidal products at early bloom, full bloom and petal fall when
1,000 L water the weather is warm and humid and fire blight is a recurring problem.
Bloomtime 375–500 g/ Avoid excessive pruning and nitrogen fertilization in spring. During
1,000 L water dormancy, prune out infected branches about 30 cm below the cankered
area when the tree is dry.
Copper Spray 1.25 kg/
1,000 L water Blightban and Bloomtime are biopesticides that may help to suppress fire
blight.
Kasumin 2L 5 L/
1,000 L water
(see label)
Serenade Max 2.5–6 kg/ha
Streptomycin 17 600 g/
1,000 L water
Pear trellis rust Nova 40 W 340 g/ Pear trellis rust affects all species of pear. It causes bright orange-red
(Gymnosporangium 1,000 L water lesions on the leaves of pear trees that start to show around late
sabinae spring–early summer. Over the summer months, the undersides of the
[G. fuscum]) leaf lesions develop swellings that later produce cream-coloured, lantern-
shaped sporulating structures in early autumn. These spores travel to
the alternate host, Juniperus sabinae (Savin juniper) and infect current
season’s growth, forming a perennial gall. The disease is carried over the
winter in the juniper galls. These galls sporulate, producing orange, slimy
projections during warm, wet conditions in early spring. The spores from
the juniper galls can infect newly emerging leaves on pear trees, and the
cycle begins again.
Pristine WG 1–1.6 kg/ha
This disease does not overwinter on pear and therefore cannot be
carried on dormant pear nursery stock or on overwintering foliage.
Pear trellis rust on pear requires annual infection by the juniper host
galls each spring. Protect emerging foliage of pear trees before warm,
wet conditions in early spring with fungicides. Where possible, flag
sporulating galls on juniper and remove and destroy them when dormant.
To reduce disease severity on established pear trees in the landscape,
employ cultural methods that reduce soil compaction and increase soil
moisture during drought periods.
69
QUERCUS — OAK
INSECTS AFFECTING QUERCUS
(various) insecticidal soap see label leaves. Injury appears as distorted foliage, and plants may be severely
weakened.
*Kontos see label
Treat when aphids first appear, and repeat as required.
1,000 L water *Do not apply Kontos during bloom as this product is toxic to bee brood.
Orthene 75 SP 1 kg/ **Thionex is toxic to fish.
1,000 L water
1,000 L water
WSP, Thionex EC
Fall Dipel 132 ES 0.5–1.7 L/ha Cankerworms are greenish-to-black loopers (inchworms) that appear early in
cankerworm Foray 48 B 1.0–1.6 L/ha the season and feed on leaves of many deciduous hosts.
(Alsophila
pometaria) Malathion 500 EC 2.5 L/ Place sticky bands around tree trunks, close to the ground, in the spring and
1,000 L water fall. This traps adult females as they emerge from the ground and crawl up
Spring the tree trunk. Treat when larvae appear in mid-May, when Acer platanoides
cankerworm Pounce 90 mL/ and Magnolia x soulangiana are blooming.
(Paleacrita 1,000 L water
vernata) Sevin 50 W 2–3 kg/
1,000 L water
1,000 L water
Golden oak Cygon 480 E 2 L/ Yellowish-golden scale feeds in small pits on white and English oak twigs,
scale 1,000 L water branches and trunks. Infestations can cause branch dieback.
(Asterolecanium horticultural oil 20 L/ Use horticultural oil as a dormant treatment in early spring. Use any of the
variolosum) 1,000 L water other materials against crawlers in late June. Crawlers can appear on first
insecticidal soap see label year and current season wood.
Lagon 480 2 L/ Landscape Oil (horticultural oil) can be used when the plants are dormant
1,000 L water or in the summer when foliage has fully expanded and hardened off. See
product label for rates and tolerant plants.
Orthene 75 SP 1 kg/
1,000 L water
Pyrate 480 EC 2 L/
1,000 L water
1,000 L water
70
QUERCUS — OAK
INSECTS AFFECTING QUERCUS (cont’d)
Gypsy moth AceCap see label Gypsy moth larvae are dark, hairy caterpillars with five pairs of blue spots
(Lymantria Dipel 132 ES 1.6–2.4 L/ha (tubercles) followed by six pairs of red ones along their backs. They feed
dispar) in the spring and early summer, reaching about 6 cm long at maturity. They
Dragnet 230 mL/ consume foliage of many trees and shrubs but prefer basswood, birch,
1,000 L water hawthorn, oak, poplar and willow.
Foray 48 B 1.0–1.6 L/ha Adult females lay eggs in brown, fuzzy masses in July and August. Remove
Imidan 50 WP 1.25 kg/ and destroy egg masses before they hatch. Newly hatched larvae produce
hosts and begin feeding before applying Dipel or Foray.
Orthene 75 SP 850 g/
larger larvae or pupae. Collect them from these shelters and destroy them.
Sevin T&O 2.3–3.5 L/ Success may be applied to larvae at any time during larval development.
1,000 L water Dipel and Foray are most effective when sprayed before larvae become
Success 480 SC 25 mL/ mature (before the head capsule turns yellow).
1,000 L water AceCap 97 applications must be made post-bloom, as this product is toxic
Thuricide HPC 1.6 L/ to bees and bee brood.
1,000 L water
Lacebug Malathion 500 EC 1.25 L/ Lacebugs are flat, rectangular insects, 4–6 mm long with broad, transparent,
(Coruthuca 1,000 L water lace-like wing covers. Adults and nymphs feed on the underside of leaves.
arcuata) Orthene 75 SP 1 kg/ The leaves become pale and mottled, with white splotches. Lower leaf
1,000 L water surfaces develop black and brownish dots. Heavily infested leaves may turn
entirely brown and fall off. Most species have 2 generations a year.
1,000 L water Lacebugs usually occur on a single host. Other trees commonly attacked by
lacebugs include elm, hickory, linden, sycamore and walnut.
Apply insecticides to leaf undersides when insects first appear.
Lecanium or horticultural oil 20 L/ This scale infests many deciduous trees and shrubs. When adults are
European fruit 1,000 L water mature in late spring/summer, they appear as a large, reddish-brown,
lecanium insecticidal soap see label spherical scale usually found on the underside of twigs.
(Lecanium
corni) Malathion 500 EC 2.5 L/ Use horticultural oil as early-spring dormant treatment to reduce populations
1,000 L water of overwintering nymphs. To suppress crawlers, spray insecticides when the
Sambucus canadensis begins blooming. Do not use Malathion on Crimson
Orthene 75 SP 1 kg/ King maple. Orthene may damage sugar maple leaves.
1,000 L water
Pyrate 480 EC 2 L/
1,000 L water
1,000 L water
1,000 L water
Trounce 50 L/
1,000 L water
Oak leaf gall There is no product registered at the Many gall makers infest oak roots, bark, twigs, leaves, flowers and acorns.
(several time of this publication. Each gall has a characteristic appearance. Many are conspicuous and
species) interesting, but few cause serious damage.
Oak leafminer Malathion 500 EC 2.5 L/ Oak leafminer larvae cause flat, blister-like mines from mid-June to July.
(Profenusa 1,000 L water Larvae are pale with stubby black legs and are found inside hollowed-out
lucifex) Orthene 75 SP 1 kg/ tissue within the leaf.
1,000 L water Early treatment is most effective. Treat foliage to control larvae beginning
Sevin 50 W 2–3 kg/ the first week of June.
1,000 L water
71
QUERCUS — OAK
INSECTS AFFECTING QUERCUS (cont’d)
Oak leaftier Sevin 50 W 2–3 kg/ Small, whitish larvae enter unopened buds in May. They feed on the young
(Croesia 1,000 L water leaves, then tie the leaves together and shred the tissue.
semipurpurana) Treat with insecticides to reduce populations of larvae when leaves are
partially expanded.
Oak red mite horticultural oil see label Feeding from mites causes bronzing and bleaching of oak leaves. Treat
(Oligonychus Orthene 75 SP 1 kg/ upper leaf surfaces from mid-June to mid-July.
bicolor) 1,000 L water Weather and predators often keep populations under control. Landscape
Oil (horticultural oil) can be used when the plants are dormant or in the
summer when foliage has fully expanded and is hardened off. See product
label for rates and tolerant plants.
Oak Malathion 500 EC 2.5 L/ Small yellowish-green larvae skeletonize the lower surface of oak leaves.
skeletonizer 1,000 L water There is 1 generation in June and a second in August/September.
(Bucculatrix Sevin 50 W 2–3 kg/ Treat foliage when damage first appears in mid-June. Repeat in August.
ainsliella) 1,000 L water Collect and destroy leaves in the autumn to reduce overwintering
populations.
Oak twig pruner There is no product registered at the This is a long-horned beetle that attacks oak and some other deciduous
(Elaphidionoides time of this publication. trees. Larvae tunnel inside the twigs. Foliage on infested branches begins to
villosus) wilt in mid-summer, and damaged twigs fall to the ground.
Collect and destroy fallen twigs before mid-May and in the autumn to remove
pupae. Chemical control is difficult and impractical.
Orangestriped Malathion 500 EC 2.5 L/ The black larvae have orange or yellow stripes running lengthwise down the
oakworm 1,000 L water sides and back. Two stiff, black horns project from the top of the second
(Anisota Sevin 50 W 2–3 kg/ body segment. There are small, sharp spines on the other body segments.
senatoria) 1,000 L water If necessary, treat in August when larvae are young and concentrated on the
lower branches.
Red oak There is no product registered at the Larvae bore into the wood of red oak trees, causing dieback in the canopy
clearwing moth time of this publication. and sometimes tree mortality. Look for large holes with sawdust on tree
(Paranthrene trunks. Bore holes and tunnels often ascend up into the trunk. Insert a
simulans) piece of flexible wire in the bore hole to destroy larvae.
Adults are clearwing moths and resemble wasps when they are flying.
Monitor adult populations with clearwing moth pheromone traps in late
spring. High densities of pheromone traps may interrupt mating in small
stands of red oak.
DISEASES AFFECTING QUERCUS
Anthracnose Daconil 2787 F 2.5 L/ This disease appears as irregular leaf-margin browning on red and white
(Gnomonia 1,000 L water oak. Areas between veins also turn brown. Anthracnose often develops after
quercina or Daconil Ultrex 1.5 kg/ a cool, wet spring.
Apiognomonia 1,000 L water Collect and destroy fallen leaves in the fall. Do not crowd plants. Maintain
quercina)
Dithane DG, 2.75–3.5 kg/ adequate sunlight and good air circulation.
M-45, 80 WP 1,000 L water
Manzate DF 2.75–3.5 kg/
1,000 L water
Leaf spot Daconil 2787 F 2.5 L/ Well-defined brown or black spots appear on the leaves. Treat when plants
(several fungi) 1,000 L water are dormant or at bud swell. Do not crowd plants. Maintain adequate
Daconil Ultrex 1.5 kg/ sunlight and good air circulation.
1,000 L water
PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDERS AFFECTING QUERCUS
Chlorosis or A pesticide application would not be This is a physiological problem for pin oak (Quercus palustris) and red oak
leaf yellowing effective. (Q. rubra) on high-pH soils (pH > 6). Chlorosis is also caused by poor soil
conditions such as water logging and compaction.
Leaf scorch A pesticide application would not be Irregular browning appears on leaf margins and between veins in response
(physiological) effective. to hot, dry conditions. It occurs late in the season and during dry weather.
72
RHODODENDRON — RHODODENDRON, AZALEA

INSECTS AFFECTING RHODODENDRON
Black vine weevil, Actara 25 G 10.5–14 g/ The weevil larvae are small, white, legless grubs that eat fibrous roots or
(Otiorhynchus Heterohabditis see label look dry and off-colour. Transplants often die without becoming established.
sulcatus) bacteriophora Larvae control is difficult.
Met 52 see label Adults are black snout beetles that hide in soil litter during the day and
Heterohabditis see label arborvitae, euonymus, yew and hemlock. They are a significant pest in
megidis container production. The beetles have fused wing covers and cannot fly.
Scimitar SC 36 mL/ To control adults, treat foliage, trunk bark and branches during the last week
100 L water of June and in early July. Spray in the evening, as adult activity increases
Sevin 50 W 2–3 kg/ about an hour after sunset. Do not use Thionex on Anderson yew.
1,000 L water Entomopathogenic nematodes (e.g., Heterohabditis sp.) are available to
*Thionex 50W see label help suppress populations of larvae. Nematodes work very well in infested
WSP, Thionex EC containers but with less success in the field. Nematodes can be applied in
late summer/early autumn and in mid-spring to suppress larval populations.
Adult weevils will hide in the burlap during the day. Place a white sheet under
the plant, and shake the plant vigorously to dislodge any adults.
DISEASES AFFECTING RHODODENDRON
Dieback, canker Daconil 2787 F 2.5 L/ This canker is visible on the stem. Terminal buds and leaves turn brown, and
(Phytophthora) 1,000 L water leaves droop and curl. This pathogen may also affect the root and crown,
Daconil Ultrex 1.5 kg/ resulting in water-soaked tissue that turns brown.
1,000 L water Treat with Daconil as new leaves emerge. Repeat every 7–14 days during
Presidio 60–119 mL/ wet weather.
380 L water Prune out infected branches, and avoid overhead irrigation late in the day.
Previcur see label Do not crowd plants. Maintain adequate sunlight and good air circulation.
Maintain media air porosity, and reduce watering where root rot exists. Do
Torrent 400SC see label not grow near lilacs, a common host for this disease.
Truban 25% EC see label
Truban 30% WP see label
Powdery mildew Banner MAXX 350 mL/ Symptoms appear as white, powdery growth on the tops of leaves,
1,000 L water especially during hot days and cool nights.
Nova 40 W 340 g/ Apply Nova at the first sign of disease, and repeat every 10–14 days as
1,000 L water required. Rotate fungicides with those from other chemical families to avoid
Palladium WG 1 kg/ resistance. Do not exceed a maximum of 4 applications per year.
100 L water
Stem rot of Captan 50 W 8–15 g/ Various fungi will cause a stem rot on Rhododendron. Protect cuttings with
cuttings 10 L water fungicides during the propagation phase and any time high moisture and
Captan 80 WDG 5–9.4 g/ humidity is a problem. When using Captan, dip cuttings for 20–30 min and
10 L water drain before planting.
Sudden oak Acrobat 50 WP 450 g/ha Sudden oak death is a foliar blight and stem canker found on Camellia,
death Aliette WG 5 kg/ha Rhododendron, Pieris, Kalmia, Viburnum and Syringa. The Canadian Food
(Phytophthora Inspection Agency has designated it a quarantinable, regulated pest.
ramorum) Presidio 60–119 mL/
380 L water Apply preventive fungicides to protect growth during cool, wet conditions.
For resistance management, rotate Subdue MAXX with other fungicides that
Subdue MAXX 78–156 mL/ belong to a different chemical group. Apply Acrobat 50 WP in at least 200 L
1,000 L water of water/ha.
73
RIBES — CURRANT
INSECTS AFFECTING RIBES
Vendex 50 W 0.5–1.0 kg/
1,000 L water
per season.
ROBINIA — LOCUST
INSECTS AFFECTING ROBINIA
Locust borer Pyrate 480 EC 500 mL/ Locust borer larvae are fleshy, white grubs that tunnel in black locust stems.
(Megacyllene 1,000 L water Weakened trees break in the wind. The black and yellow beetles feed on
robiniae) *Thionex 50W see label goldenrod pollen in late summer.
WSP, Thionex EC Remove and destroy heavily infested trees. Maintain tree vigour, since chemical
control is difficult. Treat the bark or trunk and larger branches to control adult
beetles from mid-August to late September when goldenrod is blooming.
Locust leafminer Confidor 200 SL see label In their adult and larval stages, leafminers feed on black locust leaves.
(Odontota Orthene 75 SP 1 kg/ Heavy infestations make trees unsightly. There are 2 generations a year. The
dorsalis) 1,000 L water adult is a small, wedge-shaped black beetle with bright orange wing covers.
Sevin 50 W 2–3 kg/ To control adult beetles, treat foliage in spring, when leaves open fully, and
1,000 L water in early July.
Confidor is registered as a trunk-inject to control this pest. Confidor 200 SL
applications must be made post-bloom, as this product is toxic to bees and
bee brood.
74
ROSA — ROSE
INSECTS AFFECTING ROSA
Aphids Beleaf 50 SG 0.12–0.16 kg/ha Aphids are small, soft-bodied insects that feed by sucking plant sap from
(various) Cygon 480 E 1.25 L/ tissue. Feeding injury often causes distortion of growth. Aphids produce
1,000 L water honeydew that attracts ants and sooty mould.
Endeavor 100–200 g/ Do not make more than 3 applications of Endeavor per year. Do not apply
1,000 L water more than 3 kg of Endeavor/ha/yr.
insecticidal soap see label *Do not apply Kontos during bloom as this product is toxic to bee brood.
*Kontos see label
Lagon 480 E 1 L/
1,000 L water
Trounce 50 L/
1,000 L water
Japanese beetle Adult management: The adult beetles are metallic green and copper, about 13 mm long. They
(Popillia japonica) Imidan 50 WP 1.25 kg/ are easily recognized by six tufts of white hair on each side of the abdomen.
1,000 L water As the beetles feed, they consume and skeletonize foliage. Preferred hosts
include members of the rosaceous family, maple, birch, linden and fruit trees.
1,000 L water Spray adulticides when adults appear in early July, when the Yucca
filamentosa is blooming.
1,000 L water Larvae are C-shaped, milky-white grubs about 25 mm long with brown heads
and 3 pairs of legs. Japanese beetle larvae are distinguishable from other
Larval management: white grub species by a V-shaped arrangement of spines on the underside of
Intercept 60 WP 467 g/ha the abdomen. Larvae are most commonly found feeding on the fibrous roots
of turfgrass.
Lorsban 4 E 4.5 L/
1,000 L water Lorsban 4 E is a rescue treatment to allow shipping from infested to
(rescue uninfested regions. Apply to the soil when grubs are young and actively
treatment for feeding near the soil surface. Apply as a coarse spray, and irrigate with
shipping) 1–2 cm of water to wash the insecticide into the underlying soil. For
In the field, sufficient irrigation (5–10 mm) should occur within 24 hr after
application; avoid overwatering.
(several species) 1,000 L water quickly when disturbed. Wingless nymphs will often “side step” quickly to
Sevin 50 W 2 kg/ hide from potential predators. Leafhoppers have piercing-sucking mouthparts
1,000 L water that cause yellowish flecks on the leaf surface.
Sevin T&O 2.3–3.5 L/ Check regularly for infestation of nursery crops when neighbouring farms are
1,000 L water cutting alfalfa or hay. Hang yellow sticky traps in the canopy to monitor for
leafhoppers. Check by disturbing plants or looking at the leaf bottoms for
Tristar 70 WSP 5 solupaks leafhopper nymphs or molted skins. Treat as required.
Rose chafer Sevin 50 W 2–3 kg/ Rose chafer adults are slender, long-legged, tan beetles. They are densely
(Macrodactylus 1,000 L water covered with short, dull-yellow hairs. Beetles swarm in early June and feed
subspinosus) on the opening buds of many hosts. They later attack the flowers, fruit and
foliage. The larvae feed mostly on turfgrass roots but may attack the roots of
WSP, Thionex EC
woody ornamentals.
Monitor for rose chafer in June. It is often a problem in sandy soils. With
small infestations, pick off beetles by hand. Adult control is difficult. Treat
foliage thoroughly when beetles appear.
Roseslug insecticidal soap see label These sawflies feed on the undersides of leaves from late May to mid-June.
(Endelomyia Sevin 50 W 2–3 kg/ Treat both leaf surfaces with insecticides. A. cinctus may need a second
aethiops, Allantus 1,000 L water treatment in mid-to-late August.
cinctus)
Trounce 50 L/
1,000 L water
75
ROSA — ROSE
INSECTS AFFECTING ROSA (cont’d)
spider mite Cygon 480 E 1.25 L/ It becomes active during warm weather (late spring in the field). Attacked
(TSSM) 1,000 L water leaves become dull-coloured, stippled or bronzed. Check the undersides of
urticae) Dyno-Mite 284 g/ha needed to see the two faint black spots on their backs.
Floramite SC 333 mL/ Treat leaf undersides with miticides/insecticides when mites appear, and
Forbid 300 mL/ a hand lens or vigorously shaking a branch over a sheet of white paper and
1,000 L water looking for tiny, moving specks.
insecticidal soap see label Apollo SC acts primarily on mite eggs but has an effect on young mobile
Kanemite 15 SC 0.42 L/ applied when mite populations are predominantly in the egg stage, with few
1,000 L water young nymphs present. Do not make more than 1 application of Apollo SC
Lagon 480 1.25 L/ per season.
1,000 L water Apply Dyno-Mite when mites first appear. Apply Dyno-Mite a maximum of
Orthene 75 SP 1 kg/ 2 times per season at an interval of 28 days.
Vendex 50 W 0.5–1.0 kg/ Two-spotted spider mite does not overwinter on the plant, and populations
1,000 L water are not reduced with a dormant horticultural oil treatment.
DISEASES AFFECTING ROSA
Bacterial canker Clean Crop 6 kg/ Bacterial canker appears as a blackening of new tissue and is often
(Pseudomonas Copper Spray 1,000 L water associated with low-temperature events.
syringae) Do not crowd plants. Maintain adequate sunlight and good air circulation.
Excessive fertilization or pruning can cause undesirable levels of succulent
growth.
Treat with copper once in October and once in January. Treat during warm,
humid blight conditions in April and May with 1 g/L of active ingredient
(2 g 50% wettable powder). Repeat at 7–10-day intervals.
Black spot Banner MAXX 330 mL/ Black spot is a common disease on rose. It appears on leaves and stems
(Diplocarpon 1,000 L water as purplish-black spots with yellow halos. Leaves may turn yellow and
rosae) Captan 50 W, 2–2.5 kg/ drop.
Captan 50 WP 1,000 L water Where possible, use resistant cultivars. Remove and destroy cankered
Captan 80 WDG 1.2–1.4 kg/ canes. Where disease occurs, use fungicides every 7–10 days from
1,000 L water mid-May (as leaves begin to emerge) until frost kills the foliage. Apply
Eagle and/or Senator every 10–14 days, and rotate with fungicides from
Clean Crop 6 kg/
other chemical families to avoid resistance. Eagle WSP and Nova 40 W
Copper 53 W 1,000 L water
have the same active ingredient. Reduce spray intervals in cool, wet
Compass 50 WG 15–20 g/ weather.
100 L water
Avoid overhead irrigation, especially late in the day. A 6-hr period of
Daconil 2787 1.8 L/ wet foliage will permit infection to start. Do not crowd plants. Maintain
1,000 L water adequate sunlight and good air circulation.
Tivano fungicide provides suppression only.
1,000 L water
Eagle WSP 30 g/
100 L water
(1 pouch in
280 L water)
Funginex 190 DC 1 L/
1,000 L water
Nova 40 W 340 g/
1,000 L water
Rhapsody ASO 10–20 L/
1,000 L water
1,000 L water
Tivano see label
76
ROSA — ROSE
DISEASES AFFECTING ROSA (cont’d)
Botrytis Daconil 2787 F 2.5 L/ Botrytis can be an issue on roses in cold storage. Look for grey, velvety
(Botrytis cinerea) 1,000 L water fungal growth on plants.
Daconil Ultrex 1.5 kg/ Apply fungicide before lifting for storage. Repeat during storage. Apply
1,000 L water fungicides at the first sign of disease, and repeat every 10–14 days if
Senator 70 WP 500–750 g/ needed.
1,000 L water
Botrytis flower Captan 50 W 2 kg/ Botrytis is a grey, velvety fungus that may grow on succulent tissue
blight 1,000 L water (e.g., flowers). Apply fungicides when the disease first appears, and
(Botrytis cinerea) Daconil 2787 1.8 L/ repeat at 7–10-day intervals.
1,000 L water
1,000 L water
Crown gall Dygall 160 g/ This gall appears as large, abnormal growths on stems and roots.
(Agrobacterium 50 L water Susceptible plants (Euonymus, Rosa, Salix) must be treated before
tumefaciens) disease exposure or final field placement. Wounding (e.g., pruning) and
damaging plants facilitate entry and infection by this pathogen.
Remove and destroy infected plants and soil. This is a soil-borne bacteria.
Avoid planting susceptible species into soil with a history of this disease.
Downy mildew Acrobat 50 WP 48 g/ This fungus causes purplish to brownish blotches on the upper leaf
(Peronospora 100 L water surface. Under cool, moist conditions, slight symptoms of sporulation
sparsa) Presidio 60–119 mL/ (fuzzy appearance) may be evident on the lower leaf surface below the
380 L water lesion. These spores will disappear quickly once it warms up. Downy
mildew infections often lead to premature leaf drop.
Increase air circulation around susceptible plants, and reduce leaf
wetness periods by watering only in the mid-morning.
Powdery mildew Banner MAXX 350 mL/ This fungus appears as a white, powdery growth on leaves and shoot ends.
(Sphaerotheca 1,000 L water Leaves become stunted and curled.
pannosa var. Clean Crop 6 kg/ Treat when symptoms first appear. Apply fungicides every 10 days. Apply
rosae) Copper 53 W 1,000 L water Nova or Eagle every 10–14 days, and rotate with fungicides from other
Eagle WSP 30 g/ chemical families to avoid resistance. Senator can be applied every
100 L water 10–14 days as needed. Do not apply sulphur when temperatures exceed
(1 pouch in 27°C.
280 L water) Do not crowd plants. Maintain adequate sunlight and good air circulation.
Folpan 50 WP 2 kg/ Overhead watering during the day may reduce the spread and development
1,000 L water of the disease, but avoid overhead irrigation late in the day.
Funginex 190 EC 1 L/ MilStop can be used for the suppression of powdery mildew. Start
1,000 L water application of MilStop at the first sign of disease.
Meltatox 2.5 L/ Rhapsody is a biological fungicide that can help protect healthy tissues at
1,000 L water the first sign of disease.
MilStop 2.8–5.6 kg/ Tivano fungicide provides disease suppression only.
1,000 L water Meltatox is being phased out. The last date of use is December 31, 2016.
Nova 40 W 340 g/
1,000 L water
Rhapsody 10–20 L/
1,000 L water
1,000 L water
sulphur see label
Tivano see label
77
SALIX — WILLOW
INSECTS AFFECTING SALIX
Aphids Beleaf 50 SG 0.12–0.16 kg/ha Aphids are small, soft-bodies insects that feed by sucking on plant sap.
(various) Endeavor 100–200 g/ Feeding causes distortion and weakens the plant.
1,000 L water Treat when aphids first appear, and repeat as needed. Do not make more
insecticidal soap see label than 3 applications of Endeavor per year. Do not apply more than 3 kg of
Endeavor/ha/yr.
1,000 L water *Thionex is toxic to fish.
Orthene 75 SP 1 kg/
1,000 L water
1,000 L water
WSP, Thionex EC
Trounce 50 L/
1,000 L water
They consume foliage of many trees and shrubs but prefer basswood,
Foray 48 B 1.0–1.6 L/ha birch, hawthorn, oak, poplar and willow. Females lay eggs in brown, fuzzy
Imidan 50 WP 1.25 kg/ masses July and August.
1,000 L water Remove and destroy egg masses before they hatch. Newly hatched larvae
Orthene 75 SP 850 g/ produce webs in order to disperse via wind to other hosts. Wait until
1,000 L water larvae settle on hosts and begin feeding before applying Dipel or Foray.
them.
Success 480 SC 25 mL/ Success may be applied to larvae at any time during larval development.
1,000 L water Dipel and Foray are most effective when sprayed before larvae become
Thuricide HPC 1.6 L/ mature (before the head capsule turns yellow).
1,000 L water
Imported willow Malathion 500 EC 2.5 L/ Adults are small, oval, metallic-blue beetles. Adults and larvae skeletonize
leaf beetle 1,000 L water willow and Lombardy poplar leaves. There are 2 or more generations per
(Plagiodera Orthene 75 SP 1 kg/ year. Larvae are black, slug-like grubs.
versicolora) 1,000 L water Treat at the first sign of leaf feeding after leaves appear, in late May to
Sevin 50 W 2–3 kg/ early June. Repeat the application in early July if necessary. A pupal
1,000 L water parasite exists, so avoid insecticide applications at the time of pupation.
1,000 L water
Poplar and willow Pyrate 480 EC 500 mL/ This borer is a stout, black, rough-bodied snout beetle with pink outer
borer 1,000 L water wing covers. The white, legless larvae honeycomb the trunks and larger
(Cryptorhynchus branches of willows and poplars.
lapathi) Cut and destroy badly infected branches and trees before the end of
WSP, Thionex EC
June. Treat trunk and branch bark in mid-August and September with
insecticides.
Spiny elm Malathion 500 EC 2.5 L/ Adult moths are called the “mourning cloak butterfly.” Larvae are black
caterpillar 1,000 L water with scattered white dots and are covered with large, branched spines.
(Nymphalis Sevin 50 WP 2–3 kg/ They feed in groups on elm, willow and poplar.
antiopa) 1,000 L water Treat when caterpillars first appear and are small.
78
SALIX — WILLOW
INSECTS AFFECTING SALIX (cont’d)
Treat leaf undersides with miticides/insecticides when mites appear, and
Forbid 300 mL/ repeat as needed. Monitor for mites by examining lower leaf surfaces with
1,000 L water a hand lens or vigorously shaking a branch over a sheet of white paper and
Kanemite 15 SC 2.1 L/ha stages as well. It is not effective against adult mites. Apollo SC should be
Vendex 50 W 0.5–1.0 kg/ young nymphs present. Do not make more than 1 application of Apollo SC
1,000 L water per season.

twice per season at an interval of 28 days.
DISEASES AFFECTING SALIX
Blight scab and There is no product registered at the This fungal infection causes leaves to turn brown to black. Branches and
black canker time of this publication. twigs die back.
complex Prune out infected wood. Do not crowd plants. Maintain adequate sunlight
and good air circulation.
SORBUS — MOUNTAIN ASH

INSECTS AFFECTING SORBUS
European red horticultural oil 20 L/ Use horticultural oil as a dormant spray in early spring when plants show
mite 1,000 L water 2.5 cm of green tissue and flower buds are a tight cluster. Use other
(Panonychus ulmi) Kanemite 15 SC 0.42–0.92 L/ materials about mid-spring.
1,000 L water Landscape Oil (horticultural oil) can be used when the plants are dormant.
Malathion 500 EC 1.25 L/ See product label for rates and tolerant plants.
1,000 L water
Mountain ash Malathion 500 EC 2.5 L/ Sawfly larvae are yellow with black spots on all body segments except the
sawfly 1,000 L water last one. There are four lines of spots along each side of the larvae. Two
(Pristiphora Sevin 50 W 2–3 kg/ broken lines run down the back.
geniculata) 1,000 L water Sawflies feed in colonies from June to early August. A second generation
appears from late August to early September. Young larvae feed in colonies
and are easily pruned out.
Treat foliage to control larvae during late spring. Repeat the treatment in
areas where the second generation appears in August.
Pearleaf blister horticultural oil see label Feeding injury from this mite causes small blisters on the leaf undersides of
mite Sevin 50 W 2–3 kg/ pear, apple and mountain ash. There are several generations per year. Mites
(Eriophyes pyri or 1,000 L water overwinter under the outer bud scales, resuming activity in the spring.
Phytoptus pyri) Apply horticultural oil as a dormant treatment in the spring. Apply Sevin as a
foliar spray. Landscape Oil can be used when the plants are dormant and, in
some cases, as a summer application. See product label.
DISEASES AFFECTING SORBUS
the weather is warm and humid and fire blight is a recurring problem. Avoid
excessive pruning and nitrogen fertilization in spring. During dormancy, prune out
infected branches about 30 cm below the cankered area when the tree is dry.
79
SYRINGA — LILAC
INSECTS AFFECTING SYRINGA
Japanese beetle Adult management: The adult beetles are metallic green and copper coloured, about 13 mm
(Popillia japonica) Imidan 50 WP 1.25 kg/ long. They are easily recognized by six tufts of white hair on each side of
1,000 L water the abdomen. As the beetles feed, they consume and skeletonize foliage.
1,000 L water
1,000 L water
Larvae are C-shaped, milky-white grubs about 25 mm long with brown
Larval management: heads and 3 pairs of legs. Larvae are distinguishable from other white
Intercept 60 WP 467 g/ha grub species by a V-shaped arrangement of spines on the underside of the
abdomen. Larvae are most commonly found feeding on fibrous roots of
Lorsban 4 E 4.5 L/
turfgrass.
1,000 L water
treatment for uninfested regions. Apply to soil when the grubs are young and actively
shipping) feeding near the soil surface. Apply as a coarse spray, and irrigate with
1–2 cm of water to wash the insecticide into the underlying soil. For
In the field, sufficient irrigation (5–10 mm) should occur within 24 hr after
application; avoid overwatering.
Lilac borer Pyrate 480 EC 500 mL/ Lilac borer larvae bore into the trunk near the base. Stressed trees are
(Podosesia 1,000 L water most susceptible to borers.
syringae var.
*Thionex 50W see label Cut and destroy infested wood before May. Prevent mechanical damage to
syringae) wood and bark.
WSP, Thionex EC
The adults are dark-brown, wasp-like moths, present from late May to late
July. They emerge through holes 1–1.5 cm in diameter. They are clearwing
moths and resemble wasps when flying.
Use pheromone traps to monitor adult activity. Begin treatment 10 days
after peak catch numbers. Treat trunk and large branches, especially around
wounds. Repeat twice at 10-day intervals.
Lilac leafminer Cygon 480 E 1.25 L/ The adult is a small, dark-brown moth, active in late May to early June.
(Caloptilia 1,000 L water Larvae are pale yellow and feed between leaf surfaces, causing brown
syringella or Lagon 480 1.25 L/ blotches to form.
Gracillaria 1,000 L water For small infestations, pick and destroy affected leaves. Treat when pest
syringella)
Malathion 500 EC 2.5 L/ activity first appears (immediately after flowering) and repeat 6 weeks later.
1,000 L water Privet (Ligustrum) is an alternate host.
Orthene 75 SP 1 kg/
1,000 L water
Oystershell scale insecticidal soap see label Oystershell scale can be found on over 125 forest, shade, fruit and
(Lepidosaphes horticultural oil see label ornamental tree species. In heavy infestations, greyish scales completely
ulmi) encrust twigs and stems. This can cause branch and tree mortality. Mature
Malathion 500 EC 2.5 L/ females are 3 mm long and rounded at the rear, resembling oyster shells.
1,000 L water Eggs overwinter under dead female shells, rendering them completely
Orthene 75 SP 1 kg/ resistant to pesticides applied in fall or early spring (dormant applications of
1,000 L water horticultural oil are ineffective).
Pyrate 480 EC 2 L/ Use insecticides when crawlers are present in late May. Apply again 10 days
1,000 L water later, about the time Spiraea x vanhouttei is blooming. Ensure good coverage
of trunk, branches and leaf bottoms. Landscape Oil (horticultural oil) can be
used in the summer when leaves are fully expanded and hardened off. See
product label.
80
SYRINGA — LILAC
INSECTS AFFECTING SYRINGA (cont’d)
majalis)
(Phyllophaga sp.) (rescue Sevin is registered as a foliar spray for adults.
treatment for
shipping)
Lorsban 4 E 4.5 L/ application; avoid overwatering.
1,000 L water Apply Acelepryn any time that larvae are present or during the mating
(rescue period/egg-laying period to egg-hatch.
treatment for
shipping)
Adult management:
1,000 L water
1,000 L water
1,000 L water
DISEASES AFFECTING SYRINGA
Bacterial canker Copper Spray 6 kg/ In this disease, young shoots or leaves turn black between early spring and
(Pseudomonas 1,000 L water early summer, especially during wet, cool weather. Bacterial canker can kill
syringae) (dormant rate) young twigs during wet springs. It can be found on container-grown plants
after plastic film has been removed from the cold frame in early spring. It is
commonly found after low-temperature injury.
Apply treatment once in October and again in January. During blight conditions
in April and May, apply 1 g/L of active ingredient (2 g 50% wettable powder).
Repeat at 7–10-day intervals. Avoid overhead irrigation late in the day.
Prune out infected twigs. Do not crowd plants. Maintain adequate sunlight
and good air circulation.
Powdery mildew Nova 40 W 340 g/ This white-to-grey powdery mould appears on leaves in late summer and
(Microsphaera 1,000 L water early autumn.
alni) Palladium WG 1 kg/ It does not usually require chemical control. Do not crowd plants. Maintain
1,000 L water adequate sunlight and good air circulation. Overhead watering during the day
sulphur see label may reduce the spread and development of this disease, but avoid overhead
irrigation late in the day.
Apply fungicide when first symptoms appear in mid-to-late August. Repeat at
5–10-day intervals. Do not apply sulphur when temperatures exceed 27°C.
Rhizoctonia root Medallion 300–600 mL/ Rhizoctonia causes a stem blight and root rot at or below the soil line. Lab
rot 1,000 L water testing is needed to confirm the identification of this disease.
Compass 50 WG 3.8 g/ Protect healthy plants with fungicides at the first sign of disease.
100 L water
81
TAXUS — YEW
DISEASES AFFECTING TAXUS
Black vine weevil, Actara 25 G 10.5–14 g/ The weevil larvae are small, white, legless grubs that eat fibrous roots or
Met 52 see label Adults are black snout beetles that hide in lower branches and soil litter
during the day and cut crescent-shaped notches in needle margins at night.
Scimitar SC 36 mL/ They also attack arborvitae, hemlock, azaleas and rhododendrons. The
100 L water beetles have fused wing covers and cannot fly.
Sevin 50 W 2–3 kg/ To control adults, treat foliage, trunk bark and branches during the last week
1,000 L water of June and in early July. Spray in the evening, as adult activity increases
*Thionex 50W see label about an hour after sunset. Do not use Thionex on Anderson yew. To test
WSP, Thionex EC product safety, treat some conifer seedlings, especially pine, before treating
a larger area.
help suppress populations of larvae. Nematodes work very well in infested
containers but with less success in the field. Nematodes can be applied in
See label for complete directions.
Fletcher scale Cygon 480 E 2 L/ The adult is a reddish-brown sphere that appears on branches. Look for
(Lecanium 1,000 L water black honeydew and black sooty mould on the needles in mid-to-late spring.
fletcheri) horticultural oil see label Heavily infested plants look off-colour.
insecticidal soap see label Treat newly emerged crawlers in early July when Yucca filamentosa
is blooming, or in September when the nymphs migrate. Repeat the
Lagon 480 2 L/ application in about 10 days to catch all nymphs.
1,000 L water
Apply horticultural oils when plants are dormant. Apply Landscape Oil
Malathion 500 EC 2.5 L/ (horticultural oil) to target crawlers when new foliage is fully expanded and
1,000 L water hardened off. See product label for rates and tolerant plants.
Orthene 75 SP 1 kg/
1,000 L water
1,000 L water
Taxus mealybug Cygon 480 E 2 L/ Taxus mealybug is a slow-moving, white, woolly insect that can completely
(Pseudococcus 1,000 L water cover heavily infested branches and trunks with a waxy secretion. Feeding
cuspidatae or horticultural oil see label discolours needles and causes excessive needle cast. This mealybug
Dysmicoccus attacks all yew species.
wistariae) insecticidal soap see label
Use insecticide on the bark of small branches and twigs to control nymphs
Lagon 480 2 L/ when the Aesculus hippocastanum is blooming. Apply horticultural oils when
1,000 L water plants are dormant. Apply Landscape Oil (horticultural oil) to target nymphs
Malathion 500 EC 2.5 L/ when new foliage is fully expanded and hardened off. See product label.
1,000 L water
1,000 L water
Trounce 50 L/
1,000 L water
82
THUJA — EASTERN WHITE CEDAR, ARBORVITAE

INSECTS AFFECTING THUJA
Black vine weevil, Actara 25 G 10.5–14 g/ The weevil larvae are small, white, legless grubs that eat fibrous roots
Taxus weevil 100 L water or strip bark off larger roots. Infested plants grow slowly or fail to grow.
(Otiorhynchus Heterohabditis see label They look dry and off-colour. Transplants often die without becoming
sulcatus) bacteriophora established. Larvae control is difficult.
Met 52 see label Adults are black snout beetles that hide in soil litter during the day and
Scimitar SC 36 mL/ euonymus, hemlock, yew, azaleas and rhododendrons. They can be a
100 L water significant pest in container production. The beetles have fused wing
Sevin 50 W 2–3 kg/ covers and cannot fly.
1,000 L water To control adults, treat foliage, trunk bark and branches during the last
*Thionex 50W see label week of June and in early July. Spray in the evening, as adult activity
WSP, Thionex EC increases about an hour after sunset. Do not use Thionex on Anderson
yew. To test treatment safety, treat some conifer seedlings, especially
pine, before treating a larger area.
Entomopathogenic nematodes (e.g., Heterohabditis sp.) are available
infested containers but with less success in the field. Nematodes can be
applied in late summer/early autumn and in mid-spring to suppress larval
populations. See label for complete directions.
Cedar leafminer, Cygon 480 E 2 L/ Four caterpillar species mine cedar foliage, but A. thuiella is the most
Arborvitae 1,000 L water common. Feeding causes branch tips to turn brown. The adult is a small,
leafminer Lagon 480 2 L/ light-grey moth that appears in late June to early July.
(Argyresthia 1,000 L water Prune out infected tips before June to provide some suppression.
thuiella and other
species) Malathion 500 EC 2.5 L/ To manage larvae, spray with Cygon in early May or late August.
1,000 L water
Use Malathion in June to suppress populations of adult moths.
Fletcher scale Cygon 480 E 2 L/ The adult is a reddish-brown sphere that appears on branches. Look for
(Lecanium 1,000 L water black sooty mould and honeydew on the needles in mid-to-late spring.
fletcheri) insecticidal soap see label Heavily infested plants look off-colour.
Lagon 480 2 L/ Treat newly emerged crawlers in early July when Yucca filamentosa is
1,000 L water blooming or in September when the nymphs move around before settling
on twigs and foliage. Repeat the application in about 10 days to catch all
Malathion 500 EC 2.5 L/ nymphs.
1,000 L water
Orthene 75 SP 1 kg/
1,000 L water
1,000 L water
Trounce 50 L/
1,000 L water
Juniper scale insecticidal soap see label This small, circular, white scale with a yellow centre causes juniper and
(Carulaspis Malathion 500 EC 2.5 L/ arborvitae needles to turn yellow.
juniperi) 1,000 L water Treat crawlers in late June when Philadelphus is at full bloom and Catalpa
Orthene 75 SP 1 kg/ are beginning to bloom. Repeat as needed about 10 days later.
1,000 L water
1,000 L water
83

INSECTS AFFECTING THUJA (cont’d)
Spruce spider Cygon 480 E 2 L/ Overwintered eggs hatch in early May, when Amelanchier laevis and
mite 1,000 L water Magnolia x soulangiana are in full bloom. Mites prefer older needles as
(Oligonychus Floramite SC 625 mL/ feeding sites.
ununguis) 1,000 L water To monitor for mites, use a hand lens to check the undersides of twigs
horticultural oil 20 L/ and needles for tiny reddish eggs or brown mites with black backs. Shake
1,000 L water a branch over a white sheet of paper and look for crawling specks. Apply
miticides when mites first appear.
Kanemite 15 SC 0.42–0.92 L/ Kanemite is effective against mobile life stages but may also reduce egg
1,000 L water viability.
Lagon 480 2 L/ Use horticultural oil as a dormant treatment in early spring to target eggs
1,000 L water and newly hatched nymphs. Do not use horticultural oil on white pine
or blue cultivars of Colorado spruce or juniper. Landscape Oil is a brand
of horticultural oil that can be used on labelled plants in summer, when
1,000 L water
leaves are fully expanded and hardened off (see product label). If mite
Orthene 75 SP 1 kg/ populations are still significant, make 2 applications of other miticides at
1,000 L water 10-day intervals when mites exist in spring.
Pyrate 480 EC 375–500 mL/ Many predatory mites co-exist with pest mite populations. To conserve
1,000 L water predatory mites, try miticides that have less impact on these beneficials,
Vendex 50 W 0.5–1.0 kg/ such as Vendex and Floramite.
1,000 L water
Strawberry root Met 52 see label The weevil larvae are small, white, legless grubs that eat fibrous roots or
weevil Pounce see label strip bark from larger roots. The reddish-brown flightless adult is less than
(Otiorhynchus 6 mm long and is much smaller than the black vine weevil. Adults hide
ovatus) during the day and feed at night. Adults are active in late June and early
July, when Wiegela florida and Syringa reticulata are blooming. Adults injure
plants by puncturing and girdling the current season’s shoots while feeding.
These pests have a large host range. Commonly injured plants include white
cedar, spruce and juniper. Infested plants grow slowly or fail to grow. They
look dry and off-colour. Transplants often die without becoming established.
Adults remain immobile during daylight hours and feed at night.
Pounce is registered for use on seedlings. To test treatment safety, treat
some conifer seedlings before treating a larger area.
Tarnished plant Ripcord 400 EC 172 mL/ha This plant bug is a small (5 mm), yellowish-brown insect. Adults have wings
bug that form an X pattern when folded over their back. Tarnished plant bugs
(Lygus lineolaris) feed by inserting their mouthparts inside leaf tissue and sucking out the
contents, leaving the lower and upper epidermis behind. The resulting injury
appears as small, clear “windows” on leaf tissue of broad-leaved plants.
On conifers, feeding often causes terminal growth to yellow and become
distorted and bushy.
majalis)
(Phyllophaga sp.) (rescue treatment Sevin T&O is registered as a foliar spray for adults.
for shipping)
Intercept 60 WP 467 g/ha period and up to egg hatch (usually late June/early July in southern
Adult management: Ontario). In the field, sufficient irrigation (5–10 mm) should occur within
Imidan 50 WP 1.25 kg/ 24 hr after application; avoid overwatering.
1,000 L water Apply Acelepryn any time that larvae are present or during the mating
Sevin T&O 2.3–3.5 L/ period/egg-laying period to egg-hatch.
1,000 L water
1,000 L water
84

DISEASES AFFECTING THUJA
Botrytis Rovral 50 WP 1.2–2 kg/ha During very humid conditions, a fuzzy, grey growth develops on infected
(Botrytis cinerea) plant parts.
Treat twigs and buds in spring before new leaves emerge. Treat conifer
seedlings at the onset of botrytis. Remove all fading and diseased plant
parts promptly, especially when wet weather is predicted. Do not crowd
Damping off, root Presidio 60–119 mL/ Pythium and Phytophthora cause root and stem rots during conditions of
rot and stem rot 380 L water high humidity and moisture (e.g., propagation).
(Phytophthora, Previcur see label Protect healthy tissue with preventive fungicides or treat at the first sign
Pythium)
Subdue MAXX 1.2 L/ha of disease. Subdue MAXX can be used as a drench or a pre-incorporated
(drench) treatment for media to help protect conifer seedlings and transplants from
Pythium and Phytophthora. See product label.
Leaf blight Copper Spray 4 kg/ This leaf blight mainly attacks western red cedar (Thuja plicata). Apply
(Didymascella 1,000 L water fungicides at 10–14-day intervals starting at bud break to protect new
thujina) Dithane M-45, 2.75–3.5 kg/ growth.
80 WP 1,000 L water
Manzate 200 DF 2.75–3.50 kg/
1,000 L water
TILIA — LINDEN, BASSWOOD

INSECTS AFFECTING TILIA
Aphids Beleaf 50 SG 0.12–0.16 kg/ha Aphids are small, soft-bodied insects that suck plant sap. Feeding injury
(various) Endeavor 100–200 g/ often causes distortion and weakens the plant. Apply insecticides at the
1,000 L water first sign of aphids.
*Kontos see label Do not make more than 3 applications of Endeavor per year. Do not apply
more than 3 kg of Endeavor/ha/yr.
*Do not apply Kontos during bloom as this product is toxic to bee brood.
Trounce 50 L/
1,000 L water
Fall cankerworm Dipel 132 ES 1.6–2.4 L/ha Green and dark-grey inchworms (loopers, geometrids) can be found
(Alsophila Orthene 75 SP 1 kg/ feeding on leaf undersides and edges in spring. Cankerworm can cause
pometaria) 1,000 L water significant defoliation to deciduous trees.
Spring Treat with insecticides when larvae are small.
cankerworm
(Paleacrita
vernata)
Foray 48 B 1.0–1.6 L/ha birch, hawthorn, oak, poplar and willow. Adult females lay eggs in brown,
Imidan 50 WP 1.25 kg/ fuzzy masses in July and August.
them.
1,000 L water
85
TILIA — LINDEN, BASSWOOD

INSECTS AFFECTING TILIA (cont’d)
Japanese beetle Adult management: The adult beetles are metallic green and copper coloured, about 13 mm
(Popillia japonica) Imidan 50 WP 1.25 kg/ long. They are easily recognized by six tufts of white hair on each side of
1,000 L water the abdomen. As the beetles feed, they consume and skeletonize foliage.
1,000 L water
1,000 L water
Larvae are C-shaped, milky-white grubs about 25 mm long with brown
Larval management: heads and 3 pairs of legs. Japanese beetle larvae are distinguishable
Intercept 60 WP 467 g/ha from other white grubs by a V-shaped arrangement of spines on the
underside of the abdomen. Larvae are most commonly found feeding on
Lorsban 4 E 4.5 L/
the fibrous roots of turfgrass.
1,000 L water
treatment for uninfested regions. Apply to soil when grubs are young and actively
shipping) feeding near the soil surface. Apply as a coarse spray, and irrigate with
1–2 cm of water to wash the insecticide into the underlying soil. For
Linden looper Malathion 500 EC 2.5 L/ Linden looper larvae are bright yellow with rusty-brown heads and 10 wavy
(Erannis tiliaria) 1,000 L water black lines down the back. Larvae are present from early spring to early
Sevin 50 W 2–3 kg/ summer. This looper feeds on a wide variety of deciduous tree leaves.
1,000 L water Band specimen trees with sticky trapping materials in late summer. This
will trap wingless females as they climb up the trunk to lay their eggs.
Treat foliage when larvae first appear.
(TSSM) Dyno-Mite 284 g/ha leaves become dull-coloured, stippled or bronzed. Check the undersides
(Tetranychus of leaves for mites and webs. These mites are very tiny. A hand lens will
urticae) Floramite SC 333 mL/ be needed to see the two faint black spots on their backs.
1,000 L water
Treat leaf undersides with miticides/insecticides when mites appear, and
Forbid 300 mL/ repeat as needed. Monitor for mites by examining lower leaf surfaces with
1,000 L water a hand lens or vigorously shaking a branch over a sheet of white paper
insecticidal soap see label and looking for tiny, moving specks.
Kanemite 15 SC 2.1 L/ha Apollo SC acts primarily on mite eggs but has an effect on young mobile
Vendex 50 W 0.5–1.0 kg/
1,000 L water
eggs.
86
TSUGA — HEMLOCK
INSECTS AFFECTING TSUGA
Black vine weevil, Actara 25G 10.5–14 g/ The weevil larvae are small, white, legless grubs that eat fibrous roots or
Scimitar SC 36 mL/ Adults are black snout beetles that hide in soil litter during the day and
100 L water cut crescent-shaped notches in needle margins at night. They also attack
arborvitae, euonymus, yew, azaleas and rhododendrons. They can be a
Sevin 50 W 2–3 kg/ significant pest in container production. The beetles have fused wing covers
1,000 L water and cannot fly.
*Thionex 50W see label To control adults, treat foliage, trunk bark and branches during the last week
WSP, Thionex EC of June and in early July. Spray in the evening, as adult activity increases
about an hour after sunset. Do not use Thionex on Anderson yew. To test
treatment safety, treat some conifer seedlings, especially pine, before
treating a larger area.
help suppress populations of larvae. Nematodes work very well in infested
containers but with less success in the field. Nematodes can be applied in
Eastern hemlock Foray 48 B 2.5–3.1 L/ha This looper is 3 cm long, greyish and flecked with black dots. It prefers
looper Mimic 240 LV 290 mL/ha hemlock, balsam fir and white spruce but will feed on several other
(Lambdina coniferous and broadleaf hosts.
fiscelleria) Apply Mimic to control early instar larvae. Allow 3–7 days for larval mortality.
A second application of Mimic may be required.
Hemlock woolly Confidor 200 SL 20 L/ This is a serious pest of eastern hemlock. Look for white egg sacs on
adelgid 1,000 L water the undersides of young twigs in early spring (April and May). It is the
(Adelges tsugae) only adelgid species on hemlock with eggs sacs in early spring. Treat with
Landscape Oil see label multiple applications of contact insecticides when nymphs hatch, usually
starting in early-mid May. Nymphs are tiny, blue, aphid-like insects that feed
by sucking plant sap. Treat with injectable, systemic insecticides any time
trees are actively transpiring.
majalis)
(Phyllophaga sp.) (rescue Sevin T&O is registered as a foliar spray for adults.
treatment for
shipping)
Adult management: application; avoid overwatering.
1,000 L water
1,000 L water
87
ULMUS — ELM
INSECTS AFFECTING ULMUS
Aphids Beleaf 50 SG 0.12–0.16 kg/ha Aphids are small, soft-bodied insects that suck plant sap. Feeding injury
(various) Endeavor 100–200 g/ often causes distortion and weakens the plant.
1,000 L water Apply insecticides at the first sign of aphids. Do not make more than
Tristar 70 WSP 3 solupaks 3 applications of Endeavor per year. Do not apply more than 3 kg of
Endeavor/ha/yr.
Trounce 50 L/
1,000 L water
Elm bark beetle: Pyrate 480 EC 10 L/ Elm bark beetles are vectors of the Dutch elm disease fungus. The smaller
European elm bark 1,000 L water European elm bark beetle feeds in the crotches of small twigs. The native
beetle elm bark beetle attacks rough-barked branches and stems, causing distinct
(Scolytus gallery formations. Both are small, brownish beetles about 3 mm long.
multistriatus) Destroy elms infected with Dutch elm disease before overwintering adult
Native elm bark beetles emerge and lay eggs. To control beetles, treat on suitable days
beetle in March and April, before leaves appear on the trees. Apply a second
(Hylurgopinus treatment in late July.
rufipes)
Elm casebearer Malathion 500 EC 2.5 L/ Overwintering casebearer larvae feed on emerging leaves. The larvae mine
(Coleophora 1,000 L water leaves. Heavy infestations cause leaf browning or scorching. All elms are
ulmifoliella) Sevin 50 W 2–3 kg/ potential hosts.
1,000 L water Treat foliage in early June as mines begin to appear.
Elm flea weevil There is no product registered at the Adult weevils overwinter in leaf litter and become active as leaves start to
(Orchetes alni) time of this publication. emerge in early spring. Adult flea weevils are very tiny (2–3 mm) and brown
with black spots on their back. Adults feed on new leaves, and injury ranges
from small holes to skeletonized leaves. Adults lay eggs in leaf veins, and
larvae hatch to feed inside leaf tissue as leafminers do. Larvae are very tiny,
white and legless. The preferred host is Siberian elm (Ulmus pumila).
Elm leaf beetle Orthene 75 SP 1 kg/ The adult beetle is olive green with a dark stripe on each wing cover. The
(Pyrrhalta luteola) 1,000 L water beetles chew holes in developing leaves, while the black larvae skeletonize
Sevin 50 W 2–3 kg/ the underside. They may attack all elm species. Treat the upper and lower
1,000 L water leaf surfaces when they are about three-quarters expanded.
Success 480 SC 25 mL/ Do not apply Orthene on American elm.
1,000 L water *Thionex is toxic to fish.
WSP, Thionex EC
Elm leafminer Confidor 200 SL see label Treat foliage around late May to early June to control larvae as mines first
(Fenusa ulmi) insecticidal soap see label become apparent. For small infestations, mined leaves can be picked
off and destroyed. The adults are tiny, black sawflies that appear in early
Sevin 50 W 2–3 kg/ spring. Spray insecticides to target adults.
1,000 L water
Confidor is registered as a trunk-inject to control this pest. Confidor 200 SL
applications must be made post-bloom as this product is toxic to bees and
bee brood.
European elm Confidor 200 SL see label Overwintering scale nymphs become active in early spring. Crawlers are
scale horticultural oil see label covered in white, waxy, cottony strands. By June, females can easily be
(Gossyparia recognized by the white margins around the scale.
spuria) insecticidal soap see label
Treat when young crawlers have emerged in early summer. Horticultural oils
can be used when plants are dormant. See the product label for rates and
tolerant plants. Confidor 200 SL applications must be made post-bloom as
this product is toxic to bees and bee brood.
European red Dyno-Mite 284 g/ha These mites overwinter as eggs. Apply horticultural oils when plants are
mite horticultural oil 20 L/ dormant. See product label for rates and tolerant plants.
(Panonychus ulmi) 1,000 L water
1,000 L water
88
ULMUS — ELM
INSECTS AFFECTING ULMUS (cont’d)
Fall cankerworm Dipel 132 ES 1.6–2.4 L/ha Green and dark-grey inchworms (loopers, geometrids) can be found
(Alsophila Orthene 75 SP 1 kg/ feeding on leaf undersides and edges in spring. Cankerworm can cause
pometaria) 1,000 L water significant defoliation to deciduous trees.
Spring cankerworm Treat with insecticides when larvae are small. Do not use Orthene on
(Paleacrita vernata) American elm.
Foray 48 B 1.0–1.6 L/ha birch, hawthorn, oak, poplar and willow. Adult females lay eggs in brown,
Imidan 50 WP 1.25 kg/ fuzzy masses in July and August.
them.
1,000 L water
1,000 L water
1,000 L water mouthparts that cause yellowish flecks on the leaf surface.
Sevin T&O 2.3–3.5 L/ Check regularly for infestation of nursery crops when neighbouring farms
1,000 L water are cutting alfalfa or hay. Hang yellow sticky traps in the canopy to monitor
for leafhoppers. Check by disturbing plants or looking at the leaf bottoms
Tristar 70 WSP 5 solupaks for leafhopper nymphs or molted skins. Treat as required.
Lecanium or horticultural oil 20 L/ This scale insect infests many deciduous trees and shrubs. When adults
European fruit 1,000 L water are mature in late spring/summer they appear as a large, reddish-brown,
lecanium insecticidal soap see label spherical scale usually found on the underside of twigs.
(Lecanium corni)
1,000 L water populations of overwintering nymphs. To reduce populations of crawlers,
spray insecticides when the Sambucus canadensis begins blooming. Do
Orthene 75 SP 1 kg/ not use Malathion on Crimson King maple. Orthene may damage sugar
1,000 L water maple leaves.
Pyrate 480 EC 2 L/
1,000 L water
1,000 L water
1,000 L water
89
ULMUS — ELM
INSECTS AFFECTING ULMUS (cont’d)
Vendex 50 W 0.5–1.0 kg/
1,000 L water
per season.
twice per season at an interval of 28 days.
eggs.
DISEASES AFFECTING ULMUS
Dutch elm Arbotect 20-S see label This disease often begins as the wilting of large branches, sometimes
disease on one side of the tree. Leaves turn yellow and begin to flag or droop.
(Ceratocystis ulmi) Stripping away bark reveals stained wood.
(Ophiostoma ulmi) Control elm bark beetles that carry fungus from diseased trees to
healthy ones. Remove diseased and dead materials to control the beetle
populations that breed in them.
Arbotect 20-S is a trunk-inject unit that introduces a fungicide into the
plant system. Arbotect 20-S is registered for use by trained arborists or
others trained in trunk injection techniques. This product may be effective
when used where:
• 20% or less of canopy is showing wilt symptoms
• infested branches are removed at the first sign of wilt
• leaves have fully expanded and the plant is actively transpiring (late
May, June and early July)
90
VIBURNUM — VIBURNUM
INSECTS AFFECTING VIBURNUM
Snowball aphid Beleaf 50 SG 0.12–0.16 kg/ha This aphid overwinters as eggs in Viburnum opulus buds. It does not
(Neoceruraphis insecticidal soap see label seem to infest other species of Viburnum. Overwintering eggs hatch as
viburnicola) buds begin to open in the spring. Feeding causes severe leaf distortion
Malathion 500 EC 1.25 L/ and twists young shoots.
1,000 L water
Treat foliage when aphids first appear (about mid-May) and repeat as
Orthene 75 SP 1 kg/ needed.
1,000 L water
1,000 L water
WSP, Thionex EC
Trounce 50 L/
1,000 L water
Viburnum crown There is no product registered at the The larvae of this clearwing moth borer are cream coloured with a small
borer time of this publication. brown head. They can be found boring in stems at the soil line (similar to
(Synanthedon peach tree borer). Signs of larval infestation include sawdust at the soil
viburni, S. fatifera) surface, disintegration of bark at the soil line, wilting and shrub dieback
after it leafs out in spring.
Remove and destroy infested plants before the larvae pupate (before mid-
May). Pheromone traps are available to monitor for the adult stage of this
pest.
Viburnum leaf Actara 25 G 280 g/ha Adults and larvae of this beetle skeletonize foliage of Viburnum opulus,
beetle Success 480 SC 25 mL/ European cranberry and their cultivars. Eggs overwinter in twigs of last
(Pyrrhalta viburni) 1,000 L water year’s growth. Larvae hatch and begin feeding on leaf undersides as
leaves emerge in the spring. Apply insecticides when larvae are newly
hatched.
Actara 25 G is toxic to bees; avoid applications of Actara when Virburnum
is blooming.
Prune out and destroy terminal shoots (containing eggs) before May 1.
DISEASES AFFECTING VIBURNUM
Downy mildew Acrobat 50 WP 48 g/ Symptoms of this disease appear as angular lesions between leaf veins.
(Peronospora 100 L water The undersides of leaves have a woolly appearance caused by fungal
viburni) Presidio 60–119 mL/ growth. Plants often defoliate in response to infection. Downy mildew
380 L water needs moist conditions and cool or warm (not hot) temperatures.
Torrent 400SC see label Do not crowd plants. Maintain adequate sunlight and good air circulation.
Avoid overhead irrigation late in the day. Collect and destroy infected plant
material.
Powdery mildew Daconil 2787 F 2.5 L/ This fungus appears as a white, powdery growth on the tops of leaves.
(Microsphaera 1,000 L water Apply fungicides at the first sign of disease. Do not crowd plants.
sparsa) Daconil Ultrex 1.5 kg/ Maintain adequate sunlight and good air circulation. Overhead watering
1,000 L water during the day may reduce the spread and development of the disease.
Palladium WG 1 kg/ Avoid overhead irrigation late in the day.
1,000 L water Apply fungicides when symptoms are first noticed, in mid-summer.
Reapply at 5–10-day intervals.
91
92
3. Crop Protection: Weeds
CHEMICAL WEED CONTROL Herbicides are applied as emulsions, solutions

Selective and non-selective herbicides may be used or suspensions. The volume to apply per hectare
to control weeds. Use selective chemicals to control depends on the herbicide being used and the
weeds in crops. Use non-selective chemicals to crop being treated. Generally, apply low volumes
control perennial weeds or weeds on land not in (50–200 L/ha) of postemergent chemical solutions on
crops such as roadsides, fencerows and areas that are emerged weeds. Higher volumes (150–300 L/ha) are
difficult to cultivate. A list of herbicides registered usually required for preemergent herbicides. Read the
for weed management in nursery crops (Tables 4–1 herbicide label and manufacturer’s recommendations
and 4–2) and a list of herbicides registered for weed for the correct volume and pressure.
management in specific woody crops (Table 4–3) are
provided later in this chapter. General Precautions
Selective weed control requires precision spraying
Herbicide Licensing Requirements equipment, expertly used.
An exterminator’s licence is required to apply
herbicides for commercial use. Any person operating Herbicide drift can damage nearby plants.
an extermination business must hold an operator’s High-pressure, small-nozzle tips, herbicide dusts
and herbicide mists increase the risk of damage.
licence. For further information about pesticide
Take all possible precautions to prevent drift from
licensing or to obtain an application package, treated areas into non-target areas.
please contact the Ministry of the Environment and
Climate Change, Environmental Assessment and Never apply herbicides in enclosed structures (cold
Approvals Branch: frames or greenhouses) unless the manufacturer
specifically recommends this use.
Toronto: 416-314-8001 Equipment used with 2,4-D–like chemicals
Toll Free: 1-800-461-6290 must never be used to spray other solutions on
2,4-D–susceptible crops.
In April 2009, the Ministry of the Environment To minimize drift, do not apply herbicides using
amended the Pesticides Act with the Cosmetic mist sprayers or air-blast sprayers in agricultural
Pesticides Ban Act, 2008, and Ontario areas of Ontario.
Regulation 63/09. Pesticides are now classified
for sale and use under 12 different classes. Note Herbicide Drift
that agriculture (including nursery production) is Herbicides can drift away from the intended
excepted. There is also an exception for the use target, damaging neighbouring plants and crops
of pesticides to maintain the health of trees. and impacting the environment. Drift injuries
For more information on the legislation, see depend on the extent of herbicide escape and the
the Ministry of the Environment and Climate
susceptibility of the crops or plants it reaches.
Change’s website at ontario.ca/pesticides.
High-pressure sprayers and windy conditions
increase the danger of drift.
Applying Chemical Herbicides
To successfully control weeds, the correct amount of When spraying herbicides, always guard against
herbicide must be applied uniformly over the target physical spray drift and vapour drift. Physical
area. While small areas can be treated with a garden spray drift occurs when wind carries spray particles
sprayer or even a watering can, power equipment away from the intended target areas. Vapour drift
will be required for larger areas. Whatever comes from herbicide evaporation or volatilization.
application method is used, it is important to wet all Vapours can escape during application or from
weed foliage. droplets deposited on plant or soil surfaces. In
addition to causing damage, vaporization reduces
herbicide effectiveness.
93
To minimize drift, do not spray in hot weather, Developments in New Equipment

windy weather or when humidity is low. Use low In building sprayers that accurately apply herbicides,
pressures, larger nozzles and a higher water volume. equipment manufacturers work closely with the
Since large droplets drift less than small ones, use crop-protection industry. Innovations, such as
the largest droplet size that gives the desired coverage closed-injection systems with herbicide concentrate
and distribution. To choose nozzles that produce carried separately from the water carrier, are now
large droplets, follow these guidelines: in use. Electronic rate controllers provide more
accurate spray application by utilizing speed sensors,
• A nozzle with a narrow spray angle produces
flow controllers and microprocessors to maintain the
large droplets.
desired application rate. This technology has also
• A larger orifice produces larger droplets.
included radar to accurately sense true ground speed
• A lower operating pressure produces
of the sprayer. Rate controllers are commonly used
larger droplets.
by professional applicators. GPS guidance control
systems with possible auto steer allow sprayers to
When to Use Herbicides
cover the field with minimal overlap swath to swath.
Apply herbicides when both crop resistance and
This allows for complete field spray coverage while
weed susceptibility are high. The timing depends
not double applying product in certain areas.
on the herbicide, the weeds to be managed and
the crop. Several different terms describe when
The industry is currently working towards the
herbicides may be applied. Unless otherwise
closed-injection system. Work continues in the area
stated, these terms refer to the crop plant’s
of drift reduction using air assist and electrostatic
developmental stage.
spray methods.
Application Technology
Air-induction nozzles significantly reduce spray drift
Herbicide application should be a precision
and are available in a range of sizes from a number
operation. Recent advances in equipment and
of suppliers. Operating these nozzles within their
control systems can make the job relatively simple
working pressure range is crucial to ensure designed
and precise.
spray angle development, proper air induction into
the nozzle and necessary droplet size for the job at
Pesticides applied incorrectly may result in wasted
hand. Before buying air induction spray tips, make
pesticide, poor or no control, damage to crops
sure your sprayer pump can produce sufficient
(possibly the neighbour’s) or environmental
pressure to operate these tips under all conditions.
contamination. Every effort must be made to apply
Check with the nozzle manufacturers for operating
chemicals properly.
pressures required. Most nozzle manufacturers
produce a variety of air induction nozzles, including
For detailed information on best practices both low-pressure and high pressure designs.
in the safe, efficient and effective
operation of agricultural sprayers, check Sprayers for Small Areas
www.Sprayers101.com. Sprayers 101 has Use a 9–14 L knapsack or compressed-air garden
practical information on sprayer settings, sprayer on small areas. A nozzle tip producing coarse
nozzles, coverage, maintenance, pesticide spray minimizes spray drift. Keep spray pressure low.
mixing, drift and more. A downloadable manual Although many smaller sprayers can create pressures
is also available. up to 700 kPa, high pressures produce smaller spray
droplets that can drift in light winds to susceptible
garden plants. If the sprayer is to be used for
herbicides, it should only be used for herbicides and
not for other types of pesticides.
To find out what products are excepted for use

around the home in Ontario, check the Ministry
of the Environment and Climate Change’s website
at ontario.ca/pesticides.
94
Field Sprayers Care and Use of Equipment

The most common type of sprayer used in herbicide Spraying Speeds
application is the boom sprayer. This sprayer applies Since herbicides must be uniformly applied,
a uniform amount of spray solution across the width the forward speed of a sprayer must be constant
of the boom. whenever the nozzles are delivering liquid. If the
driving wheels of a tractor slip on the soil surface,
The main requirements for field spraying are: the tractor’s speedometer does not indicate a change
• uniform pressure across the whole boom in forward speed. To be certain that the forward
• nozzles that all have the same output and a good speed is constant in spite of wheel slippage on hills
spray pattern or loose soil, use an independent speedometer
• a constant forward speed in actual field conditions powered by a non-driven wheel or use newer radar
• the ability to adjust boom height so that the or GPS speed sensors. Spray monitors and other
required nozzle-to-target height can be achieved electronic rate controllers also may be installed.
• a stable boom height to ensure proper overlap of Only rate controllers will automatically adjust for
the nozzle-tip patterns variation in tractor speed to maintain a constant rate
of application.
Most commercially built sprayers can be adapted
and used safely to apply liquid fertilizers. Extra Water
agitation may be required. Ensure that the sprayer Use only clean water that contains no debris, soil or
components being used will resist the corrosive organic matter. On your farm water supply, use a
nature of some fertilizer formulations and follow the frost-free water hydrant located outside a building.
manufacturer’s recommendations. An anti-backflow or anti-siphon valve should always
be installed on any hydrant or water supply. Never
Air-Blast or Mist Sprayers allow the suction screen to rest on the bottom of a
These machines should never be used to apply farm pond while filling a sprayer. The intake line
herbicides, especially hormone-type herbicides such near the screen must, by law, be equipped with a
as 2,4-D. The danger of causing off-target crop spring-loaded check valve or anti-backflow device to
injury at a great distance from the treated area is prevent contamination of the pond or stream when
very high. the pump is shut off. Tank-refilling nozzles, volume-
booster nozzles or injection pumps should not be
Wiper Applicators for Selective Weed Control used to refill the sprayer tank from farm ponds or
Wiper applicators (rope-wick, roller applicator or streams. These tank-refilling aids may cause pond or
similar devices) containing glyphosate can be used stream contamination.
when the target weeds are taller than the crop so
as to avoid contact with a crop sensitive to that Agitation
herbicide. Other products may exist that can be When chemical formulations in solution are used
wick applied. Refer to intended product labels for (e.g., 2,4-D and water) at least 2–14 L of spray
use of this application technique. The main criteria solution should be returned to the tank each minute
for using wiper applicators are: to provide adequate agitation. Higher rates will
apply with wettable powders. To be effective, the
• contact enough of the target plant to get agitation line from the pump should pass through
herbicidal effectiveness a control valve and deliver the liquid to the bottom
• keep the wick application above the crop to avoid (not the top) of the tank. Agitation propellers,
crop injury agitation nozzles or a sparge tube should always
be used to ensure sufficient liquid circulation in
Travel speeds should be 4–10 km/h for wick the tank.
application. Two passes in opposite directions may
be beneficial, especially in heavy weed infestations When wettable powder herbicides are used, the
and where higher vehicle speed is contemplated. return to the tank should be 14–27 L/min for
Care must be taken not to contact sucker growth in each 450 L of tank capacity. A dedicated line from
orchards, vineyards and shelterbelts. This may result the pressure side of the pump (not the pressure
in crop injury. regulator) to the tank must be used to supply the
95
liquid necessary for hydraulic agitation in the tank. Nozzle Tips

Always use a venturi jet or sparge tube. This flow Numerous companies make spray nozzles. Nozzles
can be reduced if the sprayer has a mechanical from different suppliers may be similar in design but
agitator. Sparge tube agitation requires more water may differ in set-up requirements. Always follow the
than venturi nozzles to give the same agitation. manufacturer’s recommendations for nozzle spacing
and nozzle-to-target distances. These distances may
Preparing a Wettable Powder and Oil or vary according to the spray angle of the nozzle.
Emulsifiable Concentrate Mix Proper spacing and orientation of nozzles is essential
To prepare a tank mix of wettable powder and an to ensure adequate overlap of adjacent nozzle
oil or emulsifiable concentrate, follow these steps spray plumes.
(unless the product label states differently):
Care should be taken to maintain a stable boom
1. Fill the sprayer tank with water to the half-full
height to ensure uniform overlap of the nozzle
mark.
spray patterns.
2. Start the agitator.
The success of the spray application is dependent
3. Add a pre-mixed slurry of wettable powder
in part on the condition of the nozzle tips and
and water.
the uniformity of application across the whole
4. Agitate for 2–3 minutes before adding spray boom. The spray pattern of all nozzles
more water. should be examined prior to their use. In addition,
every nozzle should be checked when calibrating
5. Add the oil or emulsifiable concentrate last.
the sprayer.
Avoid excessive agitation of the mixture, as it may
Materials used for nozzle tips include brass, stainless
turn into an invert emulsion, a grease-like mass that
steel, hardened stainless steel, as well as plastics/
will settle to the bottom of the tank and cannot
polymers and ceramics. All product formulations
be pumped. Excessive agitation may also cause
and carriers cause wear of the nozzle orifice.
foaming, resulting in pumping problems. To prevent
Wettable powders cause abrasive wear, more than
a build-up of oil in the sprayer, the tank should be
other formulations.
emptied completely before refilling. After any break
in the spraying operation, agitate thoroughly before
Sprayers should be calibrated regularly. (See Sprayer
resuming operation. Immediately after use, clean
Calibration, on page 98.)
the tank and sprayer with a detergent or solvent and
flush with clean water. Nozzle tips should be replaced when they deliver
10% more than the manufacturer’s rated output
Pumps
specifications or when their distribution pattern
The pump is the most important part of the sprayer
becomes unacceptable.
and should have adequate capacity to maintain
the desired pressure, volume and agitation. Piston, Flat-Fan Nozzle Tips
diaphragm and centrifugal pumps are best for Flat-fan nozzle tips work well with boom-type
pumping wettable-powder suspensions. For liquid herbicide sprayers. Flat-fan tips may be colour-coded
herbicide applications, roller pumps may be used in for size (i.e., output). Some colour-coded tips have
addition to the above types. When used for wettable stainless steel, ceramic or plastic/polymer inserts or
powders or flowable formulations, choose a pump are used for specialized applications. Always read
with an abrasion resistant housing. Carefully follow manufacturers’ labels carefully. Set spacings, boom
the manufacturer’s care and storage instructions for height and pressure according to the manufacturer’s
the best pump performance. recommendations. Unless the instructions state
otherwise, maintain spray pressure at 275 kPa
CAUTION: Running a spray pump without water for standard elliptical-orifice flat-fan tips. Some
may cause damage or premature wear. flat-fan nozzle tips operate at a reduced pressure of
approximately 140 kPa. These tips reduce the risk
of drift.
96
Maintain a full overlap spray pattern by using Cleaning the Sprayer

110-series flat-fan nozzle tips (instead of 80-series tips) Before cleaning the sprayer, dispose of surplus
with the same 51-cm spacing and the same height as tank mix. As suggested in the Grower Pesticide
the 80-series tips. This reduces misses in the event the Safety Course, one method of disposal is to dilute
boom bounces while crossing rough ground. Special the remaining spray solution at least 10:1 with
“even spray” nozzle tips are available for herbicide band water. This diluted solution can be applied to the
applications. The spray bandwidth is controlled by a previously treated area as long as the maximum
combination of the nozzle’s tip height, the spray angle labelled product rate is not exceeded.
and the orientation to the direction of travel. Follow
the manufacturer’s directions closely. Clean out the sprayer immediately after finishing the
day’s work or when changing chemicals. At the end of
Flooding-Fan Nozzle Tips each spray day, thoroughly flush out the boom with
Flooding-fan nozzle tips have a wide spray angle. They plenty of water to rinse lines, diaphragm check valves
can be used closer to the ground and at lower pressures and nozzles. Delaying clean-out, even overnight, can
than flat-fan tips. This reduces drift. Flooding-fan allow the formation of hard-to-remove deposits. The
nozzle tips come in brass, plastic/polymers and stainless sprayer tank is much more difficult to clean out if it
steel. They cover roughly twice the width as flat-fan is allowed to dry. Don’t forget to also clean out the
nozzle tips. However, they tend to distribute herbicides measuring containers.
less evenly than flat-fan tips.
Steps
Broadcast Nozzle Tips 1. Read the product label to determine the
Broadcast nozzle tips cover a very wide swath. Use recommended cleaning procedure. Have all
broadcast nozzle tips for lanes and fencerows where the materials required for the clean-up ready,
a uniform spray pattern is not needed. Never use a including appropriate personal safety equipment.
broadcast-type nozzle tip near a susceptible crop. 2. Drain the spray tank.
The spray may drift severely with even a light breeze.
3. Fill the tank with water and add detergent,
Full and Hollow Cone Nozzle Tips ammonia or other tank cleaner product and
Use full or hollow cone nozzle tips to spray the soil agitate for 10–20 minutes (clean the whole tank,
surface when the herbicide is incorporated into not just the bottom half ). Flush boom and hoses
the soil with a disk harrow, cultivator or similar with solution, allow to stand for several hours (or
tillage implement. overnight if possible) and then flush boom and
nozzles again and drain the tank. When flushing
NOTE: When using any nozzle for spraying the boom, open the boom ends to get particles
wettable powders or micronutrients, it is essential out of the boom.
to calibrate the sprayer frequently because, as
a nozzle wears, the quantity of spray material 4. Inspect the inside of the tank for visual residues.
delivered increases, and distribution is uneven. Rinse the inside of the tank if necessary. Repeat
Worn nozzles usually result in a poor spray pattern. step 2.
5. Wash the outside of the sprayer with soap or mild
detergent and water.
Nozzle Screens
Ball-check and plain nozzle screens are available. 6. Remove nozzles and screens, and wash them
Ball-check screens use a diaphragm check valve on separately in a bucket containing cleaning
each nozzle to minimize dripping from the boom. solution. Wash out measuring containers with the
Never mix screen types in a spray boom, since cleaning solution.
different screen types produce different flow rates 7. Remove all boom end plugs or caps. Product
through the nozzle. Always clean nozzle screens residues collected in the ends of the various boom
thoroughly. Using protective gloves, remove them pipe sections could cause crop injury. Thoroughly
from the nozzle body and wash them with soap, clean out the plugs or caps and pipe ends with
water and a bristle brush. Flushing water through cleaning solution. Carefully replace all the boom
the boom and nozzles will not remove pesticide end plugs or caps.
residue build-up on the nozzle screens.
97
Thoroughly rinse the tank, hoses, booms, nozzles Sprayer Calibration

and screens with clean water for a minimum of Field Boom-Type Sprayer Calibration —
10 minutes. Repeat immediately before the next use. Determining application rates in L/ha.
There are many ways of determining the rate of
Use household detergent at rate of 250 mL/100 L spray material that is being applied to 1 ha of land.
or 1 kg/150 L of water. Use ammonia (3%) at
1 L/100 L of water. Use other cleaning agents Instructions
according to label directions. Never mix ammonia 1. Measure the time.
with chlorine bleach. Chlorine gas is produced, • Place 2 stakes 50 m apart in the field.
which may cause severe eye, nose, throat or • Select the gear and throttle setting (rpm) at
lung irritation. which you plan to spray. Half-fill the sprayer
with water.
NOTE: Contact the manufacturer of pesticides • Drive the distance between the stakes 3 times,
being used to determine the best methods timing each pass. Each time, make sure the
and product(s) to clean residue from tanks and tractor is at the desired speed as you pass the
associated equipment. Read the label, since many first stake. Continue driving at this speed until
products provide specific tank-cleaning information you pass the second stake.
on their label. • Note the average time of the 3 passes.
2. Measure the average nozzle output.
When surfactants or fertilizer solutions • Park the sprayer with the PTO engaged and the
(e.g., AGRAL 90, 28% UAN) are used in a throttle adjusted to reach the PTO speed set in
labelled mix with herbicides, there may be some the test run.
inadvertent cleaning of previous residues from the • Adjust the pressure regulator to the desired
tank/equipment that could affect the crop. Proper working pressure with full flow to the boom.
clean-out when changing products is essential to • Collect the output from each nozzle for the
prevent crop injury. average length of time needed to travel the
50 m in the test run.
The wash water contains herbicide. Never allow • Enter the nozzle outputs into the equation below.
wash water to run into a well, lake, pond, river or • If any nozzle is more than 10% above or below
other water source. the average output, it should be cleaned,
re-tested and, if still 10% off, replaced.
Do not leave puddles of herbicide solution, tank 3. Measure the nozzle spacing in metres.
cleaning water or rinse water that may be accessible
to children, pets, farm animals or wildlife. 4. Use the following formula to determine the
sprayer output:
Environmental Issues When Cleaning

Equipment used with phenoxy herbicides 5. Calculate the area sprayed per full tank of spray
(e.g., 2,4-D, MCPA) must never be used to spray solution. Re-check the sprayer calibration after
other types of solutions on phenoxy-susceptible each tank of spray is applied by dividing the
crops or garden plants. Never store these products volume sprayed by the area sprayed. The nature
near greenhouses or other areas with susceptible of some products may slightly alter the calibration
crops. The wash water contains herbicide. Never from that of clean water.
allow wash water into a well, lake, pond, river
or other water source. For more information, 6. Growers who are more comfortable with
see the Pesticide Application and Safety section litres/acre or gallons/acre can use the following
at ontario.ca/crops. conversion guide.
Litres/hectare × 0.4 = L/acre
Litres/hectare × 0.09 = Imp. gal/acre
Litres/hectare × 0.11 = U.S. gal/acre
98
Sample Calculation Method II

Aver. time to travel 50 m (164 ft) = 24.5 sec 1. Set 2 stakes 50 m apart in the field.
Aver. amount of liquid collected 2. Half-fill the sprayer with water.
per nozzle for 24.5 sec = 525 mL
3. Walk the 50 m 3 times at a steady pace. Calculate
Nozzle spacing on the boom = 0.5 m (~ 20 in.)
your average time to travel the 50 m.
210 L/ha × 0.4 = 84 L/acre
4. Measure the width of the band sprayed by the
210 L/ha × 0.09 = 18.9 imp. gal/acre
nozzle (in metres) at your walking pace.
210 L/ha × 0.11 = 23 U.S. gal/acre
5. Pump the sprayer for the same amount of time as
Band Spraying: The same formula can be used to calculated in step #3, collecting the liquid from
calibrate when banding. Instead of using nozzle the nozzle in a measuring device.
spacing in metres, use width of area sprayer per
6. Use the following formula to determine the
nozzle in metres.
sprayer output:
NOTE 1: Sprayer-calibration bottles or kits are
available from a number of suppliers. For further
Method III
information contact your local office of the Ontario
Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs
1. Partially fill sprayer. Pump to the pressure you
or manufacturers of sprayers, sprayer parts will use during the pesticide application.
or herbicides. 2. Spray to determine width of swath (in metres).
3. Walk at a steady pace for 15 seconds. Measure the
distance (in metres).
NOTE 2: For banded-spray applications, measure 4. Multiply spray width times distance travelled to
the width of the spray band (at the soil surface or provide the area (in square metres) sprayed in
surface of the crop canopy) and enter this value into 15 seconds.
the formula instead of the “nozzle spacing.” Note 5. Spray into a measuring device for 15 seconds –
that in band spraying, the acreage sprayed is NOT gives amount of solution sprayed in 15 seconds.
the same as the crop acreage (When broadcast 6. Use the following formula to determine the
spraying a row crop with 1-m rows, the whole field sprayer output:
is treated. A band spray may only treat 30 cm over
each row. Therefore, only about one-third of the field
is actually treated.). The herbicide rates referred to To convert the application rate of any pesticide to the
in most herbicide publications and labels refer to
amount required for a small area, follow this guide:
the actual area sprayed unless otherwise stated.
• solids: 1 kg/ha = 10 grams/100 m2
Hand-Held/Backpack Sprayer Calibration • liquids: 100 L/ha = 1 L/100 m2
Many people use small hand-held or backpack (Source: Ontario Pesticide Education Program Manual
sprayers for treating problem areas or spraying areas 1995).
that were missed. Calibration of these sprayers is as
important as calibrating your field sprayer. Determining Amount of Herbicides Needed
Method I
Determining Amount of Product Required per
1. Measure an area that is 100 m2 — Hectare
e.g., 10 m × 10 m or 25 m × 4 m Most rates suggested in this publication are given
in terms of both active ingredients (common
2. Fill the spray tank with water. Mark the level on a name) per hectare and product (TRADE NAME)
measuring stick. Pump to the pressure that will be per hectare. However, where the amount of active
used during the pesticide application. ingredient in the formulations varies considerably
3. Spray the water over the 100 m2 area. Walk at a (e.g., glyphosate is available in concentrations of
steady pace, taking care to apply it as evenly as 360 g/L, 480 g/L, 500 g/L and 540 g/L), the rate
possible, just as you would when applying pesticide. may be given in terms of active ingredient only.
4. Measure the amount of water needed to refill the
spray tank to the mark on the measuring stick. This
amount will be the sprayer output per 100 m2.
99
When the label does not provide mixing instructions

NOTE: Throughout this publication, the common
for a registered tank-mix, pesticides should generally
name of each herbicide (its active ingredient)
is printed in lowercase letters (e.g., atrazine, be mixed using the following procedure:
dicamba), whereas the product trade name (the • Fill the spray tank with water to half of the total
name of the liquid or powder etc., inside the spray volume required and start agitation. Add
container as supplied by the manufacturer) is the different formulation types in the order listed
printed in capital letters (e.g., AATREX, BANVEL II),
below, allowing time for complete mixing and
and its formulation is listed within brackets
dispersion after adding each product.
following the trade name.
1. dissolvable packs
2. wettable powders
Determining Amount of Product Required per Tankful
3. water-dispersible granules and dry flowables
After determining how much commercial product
is needed per hectare, calibrate the sprayer and • Maintain agitation and fill spray tank to
determine the number of hectares each tank will three-quarters of total spray volume. Then add:
cover. Determine the quantity of herbicide needed to 4. water-based solutions
add to the spray tank using the following formula: 5. emulsifiable concentrates
Area covered per tankful 6. spray adjuvants
= sprayer tank size (L)/application rate (L/ha) • Finish filling the spray tank to the required
= hectares volume. Maintain continuous agitation
Product required/tank during mixing and final filling, and
= hectares covered by tank × product rate/ha throughout application.
Sample Calculations Mixtures of different herbicides or mixtures of
(a) product/tank = 4.1 ha × 2.2 kg/ha
herbicides with pesticides or foliar fertilizers
= 9.02 kg LOROX/tank
should not be applied in a single application unless
(b) product/tank = 4.1 ha × 2.1 L/ha registered for use in this way.
= 8.61 L AATREX/tank
Materials, Mixing and Mixtures Unless specifically mentioned in this publication or
Dry herbicide formulations include granules, soluble on a herbicide label, the addition of a surfactant or a
powders and wettable powders. Granules do not detergent to a spray solution is not recommended.
require prior mixing into a slurry. They are ready to
be mixed in water. Soluble powders can be dissolved Where water is known to have an excessive salt
in water. Wettable powders will not dissolve but will content, compatibility of the water and the chemical
form a suspension that requires constant agitation. at field strength should be tested first on a small
Follow the manufacturer’s recommendations on scale. See note on “Agitation” in the section on Care
mixing order and procedures. and Use of Equipment section, page 95.
Liquid herbicide formulations either mix in water Application Indicators

to form a solution or may be oil-based and form an Colourants/Foam Markers for Pesticides Application
emulsion that will require agitation. Colourants added to the pesticide solution help show
where pesticides have been applied. Foam marking
Pesticide labels usually provide mixing directions for systems help minimize overlap. Adding a colourant
registered tank-mixes, often describing the order of to the basal sprays of herbicides on cut stumps of
mixing. Whenever a label provides mixing directions, woody plants helps assure thorough coverage without
they should be followed. Consult the package labels respraying. Examples of colourants are listed below:
for information on the compatibility of different • Blazon: blue, water soluble
herbicide products as certain formulations may react • Bas-oil Red: red, oil soluble
when mixed together, resulting in materials with • Red Dye Foam
different properties and activities than the original
ones. If the pH or hardness of the water requires Colourants are available from agricultural
adjustment, adjustments should be made prior to the chemical dealers.
addition of spray material to the tank.
100
A COMPENDIUM OF HERBICIDES WITH THEIR Table 3–1. Herbicides Registered for Nursery Crops
RECOMMENDED USES IN ONTARIO — AS OF in Ontario (by Trade Name)
JANUARY 1, 2016 Trade Name Common Name
All listed products are registered for the listed AIM carfentrazone-ethyl
purpose. The order in which products appear does
AMITROL amitrole
not constitute a preference ranking. Information is
BASAMID dazomet
presented as it appears on the product label.
BONANZA trifluralin
BROADSTAR flumioxazin
Classification of Pesticides for Sale and CASORON dichlobenil
Use in Ontario
DACTHAL chlorthal dimethyl
In April 2009, the Ministry of the Environment
DEVRINOL napropamide
amended the Pesticides Act with the Cosmetic
Pesticides Ban Act, 2008, and Ontario DUAL II MAGNUM s-metolachlor
Regulation 63/09. Pesticides are now classified FRONTIER MAX dimethenamid-p
for sale and use under 12 different classes. GALLERY isoxaben
It should be noted that agriculture (including GARLON triclopyr
nursery production) is excepted. For more
GOAL 2XL oxyflurofen
information on the legislation, see the Ministry
GRAMOXONE paraquat
of the Environment and Climate Change
website at ontario.ca/pesticides. KERB propyzamide
PRINCEP NINE-T simazine
RIVAL trifluralin
Notes on Herbicides PROWL H2O pendimethalin
These notes are listed below as a reference for RONSTAR oxadiazon
applicators. Complete information on each ROUNDUP glyphosate
herbicide is available on the product label located
SIMADEX simazine
on the herbicide container. The federal Pest
SUREGUARD flumioxazin
Management Regulatory Agency also provides
TERR-O-GAS methyl bromide/
pesticide labels under their “Search Pesticide
chloropicrin
Labels” section at www.pmra-arla.gc.ca. Many
TREFLAN trifluralin
herbicide manufacturers also list product labels
and/or material safety data sheets (MSDS) on VAPAM metam sodium
their websites. For a list of herbicides registered on Various products glyphosate
nursery crops in Ontario, see Table 3–1. Herbicides VENTURE L fluazifop-p-butyl
Registered for Nursery Crops in Ontario (by Trade
Name) and Table 3–2. Herbicides Registered for
Nursery Crops in Ontario (by Common Name). Lists
of ratings of weed susceptibility to herbicides for
broadleaf annuals, broadleaf perennials and annual
grasses can be found later in this chapter.
101
Table 3–2. Herbicides Registered for Nursery Crops To use preplant fumigants effectively:
in Ontario (by Common Name) • Fumigate in the fall when soil temperatures
Common Name Trade Name are above 4°C. Fumigant dispersal improves at
amitrole AMITROL warmer soil temperatures (above 15°C).
carfentrazone-ethyl AIM • Remove trash and old root systems.
chlorthal dimethyl DACTHAL • Work the soil to a depth of 25–30 cm. Soil
dazomet BASAMID moisture is important for fumigant efficacy.
dichobenil CASORON • Inject the fumigant about 30–40 cm deep.
dimethenamid-p FRONTIER MAX • Pack or water immediately after injection to seal
fluazifop-p-butyl VENTURE L
the soil surface.
• Ideally, leave the soil undisturbed until spring.
flumioxazin BROADSTAR, SUREGUARD
If fall planting is necessary, delay it until at least
glyphosate Various products (including
ROUNDUP)
1 week after the fumigant injection.
• Work and aerate the soil for about a week before
isoxaben GALLERY
planting. Colder soils (below 15°C) require longer
metam sodium VAPAM
periods between injection and aeration. For
methyl bromide/chloropicrin TERR-O-GAS fall planting, aerate the soil for at least 2 weeks
napropamide DEVRINOL after working.
oxadiazon RONSTAR • Fall ryegrass has been recently linked with high
oxyflurofen GOAL 2XL populations of root lesion nematodes. To avoid
paraquat GRAMOXONE this problem, try using non-traditional types
propyzamide KERB of annual cover crops such as pearl millet and
pendimethalin PROWL H2O sorghum. Italian ryegrass may also be an option
s-metolachlor DUAL II MAGNUM because it is a poor host for root lesion nematode.
simazine PRINCEP NINE-T, SIMADEX
The following chemicals may be used as preplant
triclopyr GARLON
treatments.
trifluralin BONANZA, RIVAL, TREFLAN
Common Name: dazomet

PREPLANTING TREATMENTS
Trade Name: BASAMID 
Some preplant herbicides act on germinating
Chemical Family: dithiocarbamate
seedlings, while others kill weed seeds in addition
to seedlings. Apply preplant herbicide treatments
Rates of Application
before sowing or planting the crop. Incorporate dazomet 500.0 kg/ha
preplanting herbicides (e.g., Treflan) into the soil BASAMID (98 Gr) 510.0 kg/ha
soon after application. Incorporation instructions
are provided on the label. Sensitive Weeds
Most germinating weed seeds.
Soil Fumigants
Fumigants generally control nematodes and soil Uptake and Translocation
diseases. At higher application rates, they can also Breaks down on contact with soil moisture and
control weeds. releases toxic gases that control germinating
weed seeds.
Before applying fumigants for nematode control, have
the soil tested for nematode count. See Appendix D, Basis of Selectivity
Diagnostic Service, on page 132, for sampling Non-selective. Chemical must dissipate completely
instructions. Ensure that nematodes are the problem from the seedbed before planting, otherwise, crop
before using chemicals. Carefully follow the fumigant injury may occur.
manufacturer’s directions for dosage and methods of
use. Wear a suitable respirator and full protective gear
when using fumigants. Telone, Vapam, Vorlex and
methyl bromide are extremely toxic to the applicator.
102
Application Methods Basis of Selectivity

Apply granular product to a well-worked seedbed Most plant parts are sensitive. Do not plant
and incorporate evenly. Seal soil immediately after crops until all fumigant dissipates from the soil.
incorporation by rolling and flooding or by covering When moisture is present, Vapam releases methyl
with heavy polyethylene plastic and sealing the isothiocyanate gas. This kills most scarified seeds
edges. After waiting 10–40 days, depending on and fleshy vegetative parts (including rhizomes and
soil temperature, aerate the soil. Conduct a safety germinating seedlings).
germination test before using the treated soil. Do
not use when soil temperature is below 6°C. See Application Methods
the manufacturer’s directions for specific details on Apply as a drench to soil, wetting at least 8 cm deep.
sealing soil, evacuating gases and performing the Apply uniformly using injectors, water or other
safety germination test. incorporation tools that carry the product to the
desired depth. It may be applied via the irrigation
Residual Activity system. No gas-proof cover is needed unless the soil
Depends on the rate applied, soil moisture and soil is very porous. Apply water via sprinklers to provide
temperature. The gases are toxic to all growing plants. a surface water seal. Do not plant for 10–14 days (or
Perform a safety germination test before planting. longer if the weather is cool). To prevent crop injury,
make sure all traces of toxic gas have dissipated from
Unique Characteristics the treated soil before planting crops.
Also controls unencysted nematodes and soil fungi.
Residual Activity
Manufacturer: Mitsui & Co. (Canada) Ltd. Expect 10–40 days of residual activity, depending on
soil temperature and the amount of organic matter
in the soil. Vapam persists longer if temperatures are
Common Name: metam sodium low or organic matter levels are high. Plant crop at
Trade Name: VAPAM  least 12–16 days after treatment following a lettuce
Chemical Family: thiocarbamate seedling bioassay that indicates no injury.
Rates of Application Unique Characteristics

metam sodium 1,250.0 kg/ha  Also controls nematodes, soil fungi and soil insects.
VAPAM (380 g/L) 3,287.5 L/ha
Manufacturer: Amvac Chemical Corp.
Remarks
Use on field replant sites of ornamentals and
forest tree stock. For summer and fall treatment of Common Name: methyl bromide/
seedbeds, plant beds, lawns, greenhouses and other chloropicrin
limited areas. Trade Name: TERR-O-GAS 67 
Chemical Family: organohalogen
Sensitive Weeds
Most scarified weed seeds and fleshy vegetative Rates of Application
parts, including rhizomes and germinating See product label.
seedlings. Vapam controls germinating weed seeds
such as annual grasses, Bermuda grass, chickweed, Remarks
dandelion, henbit, Johnson grass, lamb’s-quarters, This product is registered for use as a preplant soil
pigweed, purslane, ragweed and wild morning glory. fumigant in ornamental and forest nurseries.
It suppresses perennial weeds such as quackgrass. It
also controls nematodes and symphylans (the garden Caution: Methyl bromide is very poisonous to
centipede) as well as soil-borne fungus diseases, humans and livestock. Only experienced, licensed
particularly damping-off and root rot, including operators may use it.
diseases caused by species of Rhizoctonia, Pythium,
Fusarium, Phytophthora, Verticillium, Sclerotinia, oak Sensitive Weeds
root fungus and clubroot of crucifers. Methyl bromide gas is toxic to germinating
seedlings.
103
Application Methods The following chemicals may be used as

Methyl bromide is formulated as a pressurized liquid preemergence treatments.
that, when released from its container, forms a gas.
The product must be applied under a gas-proof
cover, usually one made of plastic. The soil must Common Name: chlorthal dimethyl
be sealed with a plastic sheet since the gas is highly Trade Name: DACTHAL W-75 
volatile. See the label for detailed directions. Chemical Family: phthalate 
Site of Action: Group 3
Methyl bromide gas is very volatile and highly
poisonous to humans and livestock. It can be Rates of Application
absorbed through inhalation, ingestion and dermal Field applications
contact. A permit from the Ontario Ministry of the chlorthal dimethyl 5.02–16.88 kg/ha
Environment and Climate Change is required each DACTHAL 6.75–22.5 kg/ha
time it is used.
Remarks
The seedbed or greenhouse must be aired Use on established nursery stock: abelia, alyssum,
completely after the treatment period. If there baby’s breath, barberry, candytuft, deutzia, English
is any question, study the safety precautions in ivy, euonymus, feverfew, forsythia, gladiolus, holly,
the Pesticides Act and follow the manufacturer’s juniper, locust, maple, marigold, oak, peony, petunia,
directions to the letter. salvia, spiraea, sycamore, tulip tree, walnut, weigela,
willow and yew. Can also be used on established
Unique Characteristics ornamental plantings (e.g., flower gardens).
Also controls soil insects, nematodes and fungal
diseases. Do not use on bugleweed, button pink, carnation,
celosia, germander, geum, mesembryanthemum,
Manufacturer: Great Lakes Chemical Corp. pansy, phlox, snapdragon, sweet William, telanthera
or Vinca minor.
PREEMERGENCE TREATMENTS Sensitive Weeds
Some preemergence treatment chemicals control Carpetweed, common chickweed, common
weeds by killing weed seedlings. Others function as lamb’s-quarters, green foxtail, groundcherry, large
a toxic chemical layer (in which germinating seeds crabgrass, lovegrass, purslane, redroot pigweed,
and young seedlings cannot survive) on or near the smooth crabgrass, witch grass and yellow foxtail.
soil surface. A herbicide may have either or both
effects on a target weed. Uptake and Translocation
Absorbed by roots, not foliage. Not translocated
Apply preemergence treatments either: through the plant.
• after the seedling stage but before the specified
weed or crop emerges, or Basis of Selectivity
• after planting new nursery stock Inhibits growth of germinating seeds.
To avoid damage, make sure either: Application Methods

Must be applied before weed seed germination.
•  the crops tolerate the chemical at the seedling Rain or irrigation is needed for activation. Remove
stage, or all existing weeds before application, as only
• the chemical’s toxicity will have disappeared germinating weeds will be controlled.
before the crop emerges
Residual Activity
For best results, apply the treatment to a smooth, Average half-life is 100 days in most soil types.
well-prepared, clod-free seedbed. Effective weed control can be maintained for as long
The surface soil should be moist and the as 2 months.
temperature favourable for rapid weed-seed
germination. Manufacturer: AMVAC Chemical Corporation
104
Basis of Selectivity
Common Name: dichlobenil Selectivity is based on the physical separation
Trade Name: CASORON G-4  between the dichlobenil vapour layer in the top
Chemical Family: nitriles  5 cm of soil and the established crop roots below
Site of Action: Group 20 this level.
Rates of Application Application Methods

Field applications Apply as a preemergence treatment to susceptible
dichlobenil 4.4–7 kg/ha weeds, preferably in the fall or early spring. Apply to
CASORON (4 Gr) 110–175 kg/ha cool, moist soil.
Container applications Container nursery stock: Use only on containers

dichlobenil 4.4 kg/ha growing outside. Apply at least 4 weeks after
CASORON (4 Gr) 110 kg/ha planting into containers with a weed-free surface.
Do not use after September 15 or within 30 days of
Container bed preparation placing treated stock in overwintering structures.
dichlobenil 4.4–7 kg/ha
CASORON (4 Gr) 110–175 kg/ha Container bed preparation: Apply to bare soil
before putting container pots onto the bed. For
Remarks best results, apply to soils containing more than 2%
Use on field woody nursery stock: ash, birch (cutleaf organic matter. Dichlobenil provides inconsistent
weeping), boxwood, caragana, crabapple, eastern weed control on gravel or sandy soils. Apply in
red cedar, eastern white cedar (arborvitae), elm, spring on a cool day and incorporate immediately
euonymus, forsythia, heather, holly (Ilex sp., except using irrigation or mechanical methods. Do not
I. crenata, I. rotunda, I. vomitoria), honeysuckle, cover polyhouses with plastic for 1 month after
juniper, lilac, linden, locust, maple, mock orange, application. Do not apply in plastic-covered
rhododendron, rose, spirea, willow and yew. polyhouses or greenhouses. Do not transplant
seedlings into treated soils until at least 1 year
Use only on specific container woody nursery after application.
stock: Juniperus chinensis, J. horizontalis and Thuja
occidentalis only. Residual Activity
May persist and provide weed control for
Do not use on: ajuga, fir (Abies sp.), gladiolus,
2–6 months. Higher rates and applications following
hemlock, Ilex crenata, I. rotunda, I. vomitoria, mugo use in previous years may cause soil residues to
pine or spruce. persist for more than 1 year.
Do not use on: herbaceous perennials (all plants that
Unique Characteristics
die down to the ground in the fall). Although applied as a granular herbicide, it kills
with a vapour layer in the topsoil profile. Weed
Use cautiously on: shallow-rooted ground covers
roots take up the herbicide when entering this
(euonymus can be treated with this product).
zone. Do not apply to very warm soils, since high
Sensitive Weeds
temperatures volatilize the herbicide and prevent
Most weeds are susceptible to, or suppressed weed control.
by, dichlobenil, including perennials, vetch
Manufacturer: Chemtura Canada Co.
and horsetail.
Uptake and Translocation

Absorbed by roots and rapidly translocated upward
in the plant. Casoron inhibits cell growth at the
growing points or meristematic tissues of the
plant. Weed germination and growth initiation is
strongly affected.
105
Spiraea vanhouttei, Taxus media, Thuja occidentalis,

Common Name: dimethenamid-p Thuja plicata.
Trade Name: FRONTIER MAX 
Chemical Family: chloroacetamide  Do not apply Frontier Max herbicide during spring
Site of Action: Group 15 growth of conifers or injury to terminals may occur.
Do not apply more than one application of Frontier
Rates of Application Max herbicide per season. Before treating a large
dimethanamid-p 0.54–0.69 kg/ha number of plants, spray a few plants and observe
FRONTIER MAX 0.756–0.963 L/ha for 1–2 months for plant damage prior to full-scale
application.
Remarks
Frontier Max herbicide will control labelled annual Sensitive Weeds
grass weeds and certain broadleaf weeds in and Barnyard grass, crabgrass (smooth, large), eastern
around field, liner and container nurseries of black nightshade, fall panicum, foxtail (green,
commercial ornamental production. Frontier Max yellow, giant), old witchgrass and redroot pigweed.
is used as preemergent or preplant incorporated Use 963 mL/ha of Frontier Max herbicide for
herbicide. Frontier Max does not control weeds that control of eastern nightshade and redroot pigweed.
have already emerged.
Established Container or Field-Grown Nursery Not readily translocated in the plant, so application
Stock: Apply as a directed spray. Do not make placement and coverage are important.
over-the-top applications. Do not apply during
bud swell, bud break or at time of first flush of new Basis of Selectivity
growth. If newly budded or grafted rootstock is to Frontier Max inhibits the growth of seedling shoots
be sprayed, make an application using a shielded (grasses) and roots (broadleaf ). Susceptible grasses
sprayer. Care must be taken to ensure there are no often fail to emerge from the soil. The mode of
cracks in the soil where Frontier Max herbicide action is not well understood. This herbicide affects
could come in contact with the roots. various biochemical processes in the plant and
interferes with normal cell development.
Newly Transplanted Container or Field-Grown
Nursery Stock: Apply as a directed spray. Do not Application Methods
make over-the-top applications. Use a shielded Frontier Max is used as preemergent or preplant
sprayer until plantings have been established for incorporated herbicide. Frontier Max herbicide will
1 year or more in the field. Do not apply until provide most effective weed control when applied
transplants have been watered and the soil has been and subsequently incorporated into soil by rainfall
thoroughly packed and settled around transplants. or mechanical tillage before weed seedlings emerge
Care must be taken to ensure there are no cracks from the soil. Frontier Max herbicide treatments
in the soil where Frontier Max herbicide could are most effective in controlling weeds when
come in contact with the roots. For container- adequate rainfall or overhead irrigation is received.
grown ornamentals, delay the first application of If Frontier Max herbicide is not activated by rainfall
the product to bareroot liners or young seedlings or irrigation within 30 days, erratic weed control
(e.g., plugs) for 2 weeks after transplanting. Do not may result.
apply during bud swell, bud break or the first flush
of new growth. Direct sprays away from grafted or Residual Activity
budded tissue on transplants at all times. Provides season-long weed control. The length of
residual activity depends upon soil and moisture
Applications can be made to ornamental plant factors, application rate and timing. Heavy rainfall
species such as: Abies fraseri, Acer rubrum, Buxus following an incorporated treatment may reduce
sempervirens, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Hydrangea weed control.
macrophylla, Ilex cornuta, Ilex crenata, Juniperus sp.,
Lagerstroemia indica, Magnolia grandiflora, Manufacturer: BASF Canada Inc.
Pseudotsuga menziesii, Rhododendron sp., Rosa spp.,
106
Do not use BroadStar on Buddleia davidii, Clethra

Common Name: flumioxazin alnifolia, Deutzia gracilus ‘Nikko’, Hydrangea spp.,
Trade Name: BROADSTAR G, Ilex verticillata, Myrica cerifera, Nandina domestica
  SUREGUARD WDG  ‘Firepower’, Plumbago auriculata, Rhododendron
Chemical Family: N-phenylphthalimide  ‘Delaware Valley’, Rosa spp., Spiraea japonica or
Site of Action: Group 14 Syringa spp.
Rates of Application BroadStar herbicide can injure liners of several

Field applications woody ornamental species that are tolerant when
flumioxazin 143–215 g/ha more mature.
SUREGUARD WDG 280–420 g/ha
Sensitive Weeds
Container applications Common lamb’s-quarters (Chenopodium album),
flumioxazin 0.21–0.42 kg/ha common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia),
BROADSTAR G 84–168 kg/ha dandelion (Taraxacum officinale), eastern black
nightshade (Solanum ptycanthum), green foxtail
Remarks (Setaria viridis), green pigweed (Amaranthus
Use BroadStar granular herbicide for preemergent powellii), hairy bittercress/snapweed (Cardamine
weed control on outdoor, container-grown woody hirsuta), hairy nightshade (Solanum sarachoides),
ornamentals. Apply BroadStar herbicide before liverwort (Marchantia polymorpha), redroot pigweed
target weeds germinate or immediately after (Amaranthus retroflexus).
disturbing the soil surface. BroadStar herbicide can
be safely applied over the top of many species of Suppression only: common chickweed (Stellaria
woody ornamental shrubs and trees, providing the media), common groundsel (Senecio vulgaris).
user follows the label directions. Apply to dry foliage
only. Do not apply more than twice in a single Uptake and Translocation
year. See product label for more information. Use Root and shoot uptake.
BroadStar on: Acer ginnala, Acer palmatum, Buxus
sempervirens, Juniperus horizontalis, Juniperus sabina, Basis of Selectivity
Picea glauca, Picea pungens, Quercus rubra, Taxus x BroadStar herbicide controls weeds by inhibiting
media, Thuja occidentalis. protoporphyrinogen oxidase, an essential enzyme
required by plants for chlorophyll biosynthesis.
Use SureGuard herbicide for preemergent weed Seedling weeds are controlled when they start to
control in field-grown ornamental deciduous and emerge and are exposed to sunlight, following
coniferous trees, including Christmas trees and contact with the soil-applied herbicide. BroadStar
trees produced for reforestation, and to maintain herbicide is tightly bound to soil and does
bare-ground non-crop areas in and around not inhibit or limit root growth under normal
ornamental nurseries and field-grown ornamentals. growing conditions.
SureGuard herbicide should be applied to tilled,
weed-free and deciduous tree plantings. The Application Methods
deciduous trees species listed in the “Tolerant Container-grown ornamentals: BroadStar herbicide
Deciduous Trees” section on the label have shown can be safely applied over the top of many species of
tolerance to applications of SureGuard herbicide woody ornamental shrubs and trees, providing the
only when applied to the soil and base of the plant. user follows the label directions. BroadStar herbicide
Tolerant ornamentals include: Abies balsamea, Abies should be applied over dry foliage. Wait 7 days after
fraseri, Acer ginnala, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Picea treatment and apply 2.5 cm of irrigation before
pungens, Pseudotsuga menzesii, Syringa reticulata, placing treated plants in an enclosed structure. See
Thuja occidentalis. product label.
Do not use BroadStar on annual bedding plants and Field-grown coniferous trees: All over-the-top
herbaceous perennials (e.g., hosta and daylily). applications of SureGuard herbicide should be
applied before bud swell in the spring or delayed
until coniferous trees have sufficiently hardened
107
off in the fall. For non-dormant coniferous plant injury if the herbicide contacts the tree foliage.
ornamentals, applications may be made using a Splashing of herbicide-treated soil onto foliage can
directed hooded or shielded spray. result in plant injury and should be avoided. Do
not apply to trees that have been established for less
Field-grown deciduous trees: For maximum than 1 year, unless they are protected from spray
safety of deciduous trees, directed applications contact by non-porous wraps, grow tubes or waxed
of SureGuard herbicide should be made to the containers. Newly established or transplanted trees
soil surface before bud swell in the spring or after should be sufficiently watered-in before application
dormancy has initiated in the fall. Direct the to settle soil around the plant.
application of SureGuard herbicide to the soil
surface and away from plant material. Moisture is necessary to activate SureGuard herbicide
in the soil for residual weed control. Dry weather
Do not make more than 2 applications of following applications of SureGuard herbicide may
SureGuard per season, and wait 8 weeks reduce its effectiveness. However, when adequate
between applications. moisture is received after dry conditions, SureGuard
herbicide will control susceptible germinating weeds.
Special Recommendations, Cautions or SureGuard herbicide may not control weeds that
Restrictions germinate after application but before an activating
Apply BroadStar herbicide before weed seeds rainfall or irrigation or weeds that germinate through
germinate. Disturbing the soil surface after cracks resulting from dry soil.
application may reduce herbicide efficacy. Remove
existing weeds, weed residues and trash before Residual Activity
applying BroadStar herbicide. Apply to dry foliage The length of residual control depends on
only. To test for moisture, rub hands over plant the application rate as well as on rainfall and
foliage. Approximately 1–2 cm of rainfall, overhead temperature conditions. Length of residual control
sprinkler irrigation or hand irrigation is required to will decrease as temperature and precipitation
activate BroadStar herbicide. Irrigate plants within increase. It will also decrease when there are high
1 hr after application with 1–2 cm of water to levels of organic matter and/or clay in the soil.
wash the particles off the plant foliage. Inadequate
irrigation or rainfall following application may Manufacturer: Valent Canada Inc.
reduce the effectiveness of BroadStar herbicide. Drip
irrigation cannot be relied on to activate BroadStar
herbicide. If adequate soil moisture is maintained Common Name: isoxaben
following application, BroadStar herbicide will Trade Name: GALLERY 75 DF 
provide residual control of the listed weeds, except Chemical Family: benzamide 
under unusual environmental conditions (excessive Site of Action: unknown
rainfall, irrigation or temperature).
SureGuard herbicide may be applied to established isoxaben 0.75 kg/ha
field-grown deciduous trees. Preemergence GALLERY 75 DF 1.0 kg/ha
applications of SureGuard herbicide should be made
to tilled, weed-free deciduous tree plantings. Remarks
To be used on bareroot and container-grown
For maximum safety of deciduous trees, directed nursery stock grown for silvicultural purposes and
applications of SureGuard herbicide should be made containerized ornamentals grown in nurseries.
to the soil surface before bud swell in the spring Use on the following nursery stock 4 weeks after
or after dormancy has begun in the fall. Direct germination or crop emergence: Picea abies, Picea
the application of SureGuard herbicide to the soil glauca, Picea mariana, Pinus banksiana, Pinus
surface and away from plant material. contorta, Pinus resinosa, Pinus strobus. Do not use
on cut flowers. Germination of some sensitive
Avoid direct spray onto plant surfaces, flowers, crop species may be reduced in the year following
foliage and green bark. SureGuard herbicide treatment. Gallery is labelled for use on several
applications made after bud swell may result in
108
container-grown ornamentals: Acer, Clematis, Use on any of the following field-grown

Cornus, Euonymus, Hemerocallis, Heuchera, Hosta, nursery stock:
Juniperus, Picea, Potentilla, Prunus, Pseudotsuga,
Deciduous and evergreen trees: maple (Acer spp.),
Rhododendron, Rosa, Spiraea, Taxus and Thuja.
ash (Fraxinus spp.), birch (Betula spp.), black
Gallery is UV-sensitive.
walnut (Juglans nigra), cedar (Juniperus spp.),
cypress (Cupressus spp.), dogwood (Cornus florida),
Sensitive Weeds
Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), eucalyptus
Common lamb’s-quarters, common purslane,
(Eucalyptus spp.), fir (Abies spp.), hawthorn
low cudweed, pineappleweed, purslane speedwell,
(Crataegus spp.), hemlock (Tsuga spp.), honey-
shepherd’s-purse, St. John’s wort.
locust (Gleditsia tricanthos), Japanese larch (Larix
Uptake and Translocation kaempferi), laburnum (Laburnum spp.), flowering
Absorbed by roots and translocated to the shoots of crab apple tree (Malus spp.), spruce (Picea spp.),
germinating weeds. pin oak (Quercus palustris), pine (Pinus spp.),
pittosporum (Pittosporum tobira), podocarpus
Basis of Selectivity (Podocarpus macrophyllus), poplar, cottonwood,
Root selectivity. aspen (Populus spp.), cherry, peach, plum, apricot
(Prunus spp.) and pear (Pyrus spp.).
Application Methods
Do not use more than once per season. Apply in late Deciduous and evergreen shrubs: abelia
summer to early fall, early spring or any time before (Abelia spp.), asparagus (Sprengeri) (Asparagus
germination of target weeds or immediately after densiflorus and A. Sarmentosus), aucuba
cultivation. A single rainfall or sprinkler irrigation (Aucuba japonica), azalea (Rhododendron spp.),
of 1 cm after application is necessary to activate bottlebrush (Callistemon spp.), boxwood
Gallery 75 DF within 21 days after application. (Buxus microphylla or B. sempervirens), camellia
Apply Gallery 75 DF in 100–400 L of water carrier (Camellia spp.), cotoneaster (Cotoneaster spp.),
per hectare. For outdoor use only. crepe myrtle (Lagerstroemia spp.), dogwood
(Cornus florida), euonymus (Euonymus spp.),
Residual Activity forsythia (Forsythia spp.), hibiscus (Hibiscus spp.),
Provides season-long control. Germination of some honeysuckle (Lonicera spp.), St. John’s-wort
sensitive crop species may be reduced in the year (Hypericum spp.), holly, yaupon (Ilex spp.), juniper
following treatment. (Juniperus spp.), leucothoe (Leucothoe spp.), privet
(Ligustrum spp.), heavenly bamboo, (Nandina
Manufacturer: Dow AgroSciences domestica), osmanthus (Osmanthus spp.),
chokecherry (Photinia spp.), pittosporum
(Pittosporum tobira), podocarpus (Podocarpus spp.),
Common Name: napropamide firethorn (Pyrancantha spp.), Indian hawthorn
(Raphiolopsis indica), rhododendron (Rhododendron
Trade Name: DEVRINOL 2 G, DEVRINOL 10 G,
spp.), rose (Rosa spp.), star jasmine (Trachelospermum
  DEVRINOL 50 DF 
asiaticum), yew (Taxus spp.) and viburnum
Chemical Family: amide 
(Viburnum spp.).
Fruit and nuts: filbert (Corylus americana), walnut
napropamide 4.5 kg/ha
(Juglans nigra) and grape (Vitis spp.).
DEVRINOL 2 G 225 kg/ha
DEVRINOL 10 G (10 Gr) 45 kg/ha Ground covers: Carpet bugleweed (Ajuga spp.),
DEVRINOL 50 DF (50 DF) 9 kg/ha gazania (Gazania spp.), English ivy (Hedera helix),
ivy (Hedera spp.), St. John’s-wort (Hypericum spp.),
Remarks lantana (Lantana spp.), liriope (Liriope muscari and
Use on newly transplanted or established ornamentals, L. spicata), pachysandra or spurge (Pachysandra
woody nursery stock, forest tree stock and container- procumbens and P. Terminalis), stonecrop
grown ornamentals. Do not apply to species right after (Sedum spp.), periwinkle (Vinca major or V. minor).
direct seeding. Devrinol is UV-sensitive.
109
Flowers: Aster (Aster spp.), daisy or mechanical methods (e.g., tandem discs,
(Chrysanthemum spp.), dahlia (Dahlia spp.), African field cultivator with sweep teeth). Follow with a
daisy (Dimorphotheca aurantiaca and D. sinuata), levelling device.
geranium (Geranium spp.), plantain lily (hosta)
(Hosta spp.), daffodils (Narcissus spp.), petunia Apply on established crops to a weed-free soil
(Petunia hybrida). surface. Irrigate unless there is adequate rainfall
within 7 days after spring/fall application or within
Use on the following container-grown nursery stock: 2 days after summer application. Soil must be wet to
abelia (Abelia sp.), agapanthus (Agapanthus sp.), a depth of 5–10 cm.
ageratum (Ageratum houstonianum), asparagus
(Asparagus sp.), azalea (Rhododendron sp.), Container nursery stock: Apply at any time of the
bottlebrush (Callistemon sp.), bougainvillea year to a weed-free media surface. May be used on
(Bougainvillea sp.), boxwood (Buxus sp.), camellia newly planted container stock once the potting
(Camellia sp.), cotoneaster (Cotoneaster sp.), crape media settles after the first watering. Incorporate
myrtle (Lagerstroemia sp.), cypress (Cupressus sp.), by watering within 7 days after a spring or fall
dogwood (Cornus florida), Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga application. Water within 2 days after a summer
menziesii), ivy (Hedera sp.), eucalyptus application. Does not control bittercress.
(Eucalyptus sp.), euonymus (Euonymus sp.), fir
(Abies sp.), firethorn (Pyracantha sp.), forsythia Residual Activity
(Forsythia sp.), gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides), Provides season-long weed control if properly
geranium (Geranium sp.), heather (Erica sp.), incorporated. Deep ploughing minimizes carry-
hibiscus (Hibiscus sp.), holly (Ilex sp.), juniper over effects.
(Juniperus sp.), leucothoe (Leucothoe sp.), liriope
(Liriope muscari, L. spicata), nandina (Nandina Unique Characteristics
domestica), pachysandra (Pachysandra procumbens, Does not control germinated weeds. Resists
P. terminalis), photinia (Photinia sp.), pine leaching. To avoid crop injury, do not plant crops
(Pinus sp.), raphoiolepis (Raphiolopsis indica), not registered for product use for 12 months after a
rhododendron (Rhododendron sp.), rose (Rosa sp.), napropamide application.
sedum (Sedum sp.), star jasmine (Trachelospermum
asiaticum), thuja (Thuja occidentalis) and vinca Manufacturer: United Phosphorus Inc.
(Vinca major and V. minor).
Sensitive Weeds Common Name: oxadiazon

Many annual weeds including annual bluegrass, Trade Name: RONSTAR 2 G 
barnyard grass, chickweed, crabgrass, foxtail, goose Chemical Family: oxadiazole 
grass, groundsel, lamb’s-quarters, pineappleweed, Site of Action: Group 14
prickly lettuce, prostrate knotweed, purslane,
redroot pigweed, sandbur and wild oats. Rates of Application
oxadiazon 2–4.5 kg/ha
Uptake and Translocation RONSTAR 2G (2 Gr) 100–225 kg/ha
Absorbed through the roots of germinating weeds.
Translocated upward through seedlings. Remarks
Use in container nursery stock on: alpine currant,
Basis of Selectivity Colorado spruce, dogwood, emerald and gold
Metabolized by tolerant species. Inhibits root euonymus, golden elder, juniper, lilac, mugo pine,
growth of germinating seedlings. Does not affect Nanking cherry, potentilla, Scotch pine, Serbian
established plants due to placement selectivity. spruce and vine maple.
Application Methods The following plants are sensitive to Ronstar 2 G:

Field nursery stock: Apply herbicide before Andromeda ‘Temple Bell’ (snowdrift); Calluna
planting, using water as the carrier. Incorporate ‘Mediterranean pink’ (heath); Cotoneaster ‘Eichholz’,
uniformly to a depth of 2.5–5 cm, using irrigation ‘Himalayan’, ‘Shangri-la’; Hibiscus ‘Red Heart’;
Picea abies ‘Primila’ (Primila Norway spruce);
110
Picea glauca ‘Densena’ (Densena white spruce);

Rhododendron ‘Everest’, ‘Girard Roberta’, ‘Hershey’, Common Name: pendimethalin
‘Himo-Crimson’, ‘John Hearrens’, ‘Leuchtenfuer’, Trade Name: PROWL H2O 
‘Memoire’, ‘Nova Zimbela’ (azalea), ‘Pink Chemical Family: dinitroaniline 
Champagne’, ‘White Grandeur’; Tsuga canadensis Site of Action: Group 3
‘Pendula’ (weeping hemlock); Viburum davidii.
Sensitive Weeds pendimethalin 1.68 kg/ha
Annual weeds including annual bluegrass, barnyard PROWLS H2O 3.7 L/ha
grass, bittercress, black nightshade, common
groundsel, crabgrass, green foxtail, lamb’s-quarters, Remarks
pigweed, purslane, redroot pigweed, shepherd’s- Prowl H2O herbicide will control annual grasses
purse, stinkweed, tumble and yellow foxtail. and certain broadleaf weeds in and around field,
liner and container outdoor ornamentals and
Uptake and Translocation conifers for field production, including Christmas
Primarily through emerging shoots when they trees. For use on established container or field grown
penetrate through the layer of treated soil. ornamentals and conifers for field production,
including Christmas trees. Plant only those plant
Basis of Selectivity species for which tolerance has been confirmed into
Greater physiological tolerance relative to susceptible soil treated the previous season with Prowl H2O
species and lack of contact with sensitive crop tissue. herbicide, or injury may occur.
Application Methods Tolerant species include: Fraser fir (Abies fraseri),

Use on newly transplanted and established common yarrow (Achillea millefolium), columbine
ornamentals and trees. Apply uniformly to soil. (Aquilegia sp. ‘McKana’), river birch (Betula nigra),
Apply at any time of the year before weed seeds shasta daisy (Chrysanthemum maximum), lanceleaf
germinate. Remove existing weed growth for tickseed (Coreopsis lanceolata), Leyland cypress
satisfactory weed control. Do not apply to wet (Cupressocyparis leylandii), foxglove (Digitalis
foliage or when granules can collect on leaves. purpurea), purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea),
Apply the herbicide at least 4 weeks before covering forsythia (Forsythia intermedia), green ash (Fraxinus
polyhouses in the fall. pennsylvanica), blanket flower (Gaillardia aristata,
Gaillardia pulchella), avens (Geum quellyon, Geum
Residual Activity chiloense), baby’s breath (Gypsophila paniculata),
60–120 days. daylily (Hemerocallis spp.), Andorra juniper
(Juniperus horizontalis), crepe myrtle (Lagerstroemia
Unique Characteristics indica), statice (Limonium latifolium), peony
Because moisture activates the chemical, rainfall (Paeonia sp.), loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), water
or overhead irrigation after application improves oaks (Quercus nigra), blood stonecrop (Sedium
weed control. When the product is applied to soil, spurium), Stokes aster (Stokesia laevis), spreading yew
it is rapidly and strongly fixed by soil colloids. (Taxus cuspidate), globe cedar (Thuja occidentalis),
This adsorption to soil, along with the product’s Canadian hemlock (Tsuga canadensis).
limited water solubility, mean the product is not
easily leached. Do not apply PROWL H2O on the following: Japanese
holly fern (Cyrtomium falcatum), golden balsam
Manufacturer: Bayer CropScience Inc. (Impatiens sp.), petunia (Petunia hybrid), false
dragonhead (Physostegia virginiana), white pine
(Pinus strobus), black-eyed Susan (Rudbeckia hirta)
and lamb’s ear (Stachys byzantine).
Sensitive Weeds
Broadleaf Weeds: Lamb’s-quarters and Redroot
pigweed (suppression only).
111
Grasses: Barnyard grass, crabgrass (large and

smooth), fall panicum and green foxtail. Common Name: propyzamide
Trade Name: KERB 50 WSP 
Uptake and Translocation Chemical Family: amide 
Rapidly absorbed by primary roots of emerging/ Site of Action: Group 15
germinating seedlings as they penetrate through
the layer of treated soil. Translocation with the Rates of Application
plant is not significant and emerged weeds are not propyzamide 1.5 kg/ha
controlled. KERB (50WG) 3 kg/ha
Basis of Selectivity Remarks

Small-seeded grasses and broadleaf weeds. Weed Use on established ornamentals such as coniferous
seeds must germinate and grow within the treated trees and shrubs, ground covers, iris and peony. Do
soil layer to be affected. not use on Vinca minor.
Application Methods Sensitive Weeds

Apply as a directed spray. Uniformly apply the Perennial grasses including annual grasses, common
recommended rate of Prowl H2O herbicide with chickweed, quackgrass and volunteer cereals.
properly calibrated ground equipment before weed
emergence. PROWL H2O herbicide will not Uptake and Translocation
control emerged weeds. Do not make over-the-top Taken up by plant roots and translocated to foliage.
applications. DO NOT apply during bud swell, bud Little foliar absorption.
break or at time of first flush of new growth. If newly
budded or graphed rootstock, make an application Basis of Selectivity
using a shielded sprayer. Care must be taken to ensure Faster degradation in tolerant species.
there are no cracks in the soil where PROWL H2O
herbicide could come in contact with the roots. Do Application Methods
not apply during bud swell, bud break or at time Use as a preemergence treatment for annual weeds,
of first flush of new growth. Direct sprays away or apply it in the fall for postemergence control of
from graphed or budded tissue on transplants at all perennial grasses. Apply from late September to
times. PROWL H2O herbicide treatments are most November when the soil temperature is low but
effective in controlling weeds when adequate rainfall above freezing and soil moisture is high.
or overhead irrigation is received. If PROWL H2O
is not activated by rainfall or irrigation within 7 days, Residual Activity
erratic weed control may result. Persists 2–9 months, depending on soil type and
climate. Decomposes slowly at temperatures below
Residual Activity 1°C but accelerates at temperatures above this
Season-long control. level. Persistence is greatest in sandy soils with low
organic matter.
Manufacturer: BASF Canada Inc.
Rainfall or irrigation is required after application.
This moves the herbicide into the root zone for
uptake by perennial grasses and germinating
annual grasses.
Manufacturer: Dow AgroSciences Canada Inc.
112
work the soil 10 cm deep with a disc operating

Common Name: s-metolachlor at 6–10 km/h or a vibrating shank cultivator at
Trade Name: DUAL II MAGNUM  10–13 km/h. One incorporation is sufficient
Chemical Family: acetanilide  and need not be immediate. Rainfall within
Site of Action: Group 15 10 days is required for maximum activity of the
preemergence application.
s-metolachlor (915 g/L) 0.14–1.6 kg/ha Residual Activity
DUAL II MAGNUM 1.25–1.75 L/ha Activity will normally last for 10–14 weeks.
Remarks Unique Characteristics

Use on white spruce 2 years or older, black spruce, The rate required depends on weed pressure (use a
Norway spruce, jack pine, red pine and white higher rate for heavier weed pressure). Yellow nut
pine transplant or seedling stock. Also for use on sedge control requires a preplant, incorporated
poplar stoolbeds and second-year, non-bearing fruit application. Winter cereals may be planted
trees. Use on outdoor ornamentals (woody and 4–5 months after s-metolachlor application. Many
herbaceous): Euonymus alata, Hemerocallis, Hosta, tank mix combinations are registered for various
Juniperus, Rhododendron, Thuja. May be used for crops. Do not use on muck soils or coarse-textured
field-grown conifers that are established: Abies soils low in organic matter.
balsamea, Abies fraseri, Picea glauca, Pinus strobus.
Use on non-bearing stone fruit trees. Manufacturer: Syngenta Canada Inc.
May be applied as a preemergent or early

postemergent application to weeds before they pass Common Name: simazine
the two-leaf stage. For poplar stoolbeds, apply to Trade Name: PRINCEP NINE-T, SIMADEX 
dormant and flushing stoolbeds. Chemical Family: S-triazine 
Apply to soil before bud break. Do not apply Dual II
Magnum within 4 weeks after bud burst or until the Rates of Application
needles have hardened. Do not use on sandy soils Field applications
with less than 2% organic matter. Make only one simazine 2.3–3.4 kg/ha
ground application per year, banded over top of trees. PRINCEP NINE-T (90 WG) 2.5–3.8 kg/ha
Apply in a minimum of 300 L water/ha. simazine 1.8–6.8 kg/ha
SIMADEX (500 g/L) 3.6–13.5 kg/ha
Sensitive Weeds
Annual broadleaf weeds and grasses such as Container applications
American nightshade, barnyard grass, eastern black simazine 2.3 kg/ha
nightshade, fall panicum, giant foxtail, green foxtail, PRINCEP NINE-T (90 WG) 2.5 kg/ha
hairy crabgrass, redroot pigweed (suppression only),
smooth crabgrass, witch grass, yellow foxtail, yellow Remarks
nut sedge. Use on new or established Christmas tree and
woodland plantations (white pine 2 years or older
Uptake and Translocation and balsam fir). Use Princep Nine-T (only) for
Absorbed by germinating grasses mainly through the conifer site preparation before planting fir, pine
shoot, just above the seed. Absorbed by germinating or spruce.
broadleaf weeds through roots and shoots.
Use on woody ornamentals and nursery stock
Basis of Selectivity established for at least 1 year: apple, barberry, black
Metabolized by tolerant species. walnut, boxwood, cedar, chamaecyparis, cotoneaster,
dogwood, flowering crabapple, hemlock, holly,
Application Methods juniper, mugo pine, multiflora rose, peony, rose,
Early preplant, preplant incorporated or spruce, white ash and yew.
preemergence. Set incorporation equipment to
113
Use on container nursery stock: Juniperus, Thuja

and Taxus only. Common Name: trifluralin
Trade Name: BONANZA 480 EC, RIVAL EC,
Sensitive Weeds   TREFLAN EC 
Annual broadleaf weeds such as clover (volunteer), Chemical Family: dinitroaniline 
groundsel, lady’s-thumb, lamb’s-quarters, pigweed, Site of Action: Group 3
plantain, purslane, ragweed, smartweed and wild
buckwheat. Annual grasses such as barnyard grass, Rates of Application
crabgrass, wild oats and yellow foxtail. Most trifluralin 0.6–1.15 kg/ha 
perennial species starting freshly from seed. Does BONANZA 480 (480 g/L) 1.25–1.7 L/ha 
not control triazine-resistant biotypes of foxtail, RIVAL EC 1.2–2.3 L/ha 
groundsel, lamb’s-quarters or pigweed. TREFLAN EC (480 g/L) 1.2–1.7 L/ha
Uptake and Translocation Remarks

Absorbed by roots, but little or no foliar absorption. Use with field-grown nursery stock, perennials
Translocated upwards in the xylem, accumulating in (except Ajuga, Pachysandra and Vinca) and
the apical meristem and leaves on new plantings of established shelterbelts.
apples, apricots, cherries, peaches, pears and plums.
Sensitive Weeds
Basis of Selectivity Effective on most annual grasses. Provides good
Some species, such as corn, metabolize simazine. control of pigweed and lamb’s-quarters, including
In most crops, selectivity depends on crop-plant the triazine-tolerant biotypes of these weeds.
roots being deeper than the depth to which
simazine leaches. Uptake and Translocation
No significant absorption or translocation in crops.
Application Methods Controls susceptible weeds as they germinate. Does
Remove any existing weeds from containers before not control established weeds.
application. Apply once per season: 1 month after
planting, before weeds emerge. Basis of Selectivity
Physiological growth processes associated with
Residual Activity seed germination.
Persists longer than atrazine. Soil residues may
persist for more than one season. Do not plant any Application Methods
crop but corn in the treated area for 1 year after Preplant incorporated. Apply in 100–300 L water/ha.
a simazine application. If more than 2 kg/ha of Use a lower rate of the chemical on sandy soils
product was applied, do not plant rotational crops and a greater rate for loam-to-clay soils. Do not
the following year. If in any doubt, test the soil for use on soils with a high organic content (muck,
excess residues. peat or black sands with more than 15% organic
matter). Incorporate twice in crosswise directions
Unique Characteristics using a tandem disc (7–10 km/h) or tine cultivator
Apply only once per season. Needs sufficient (10–13 km/h) set 8–10 cm deep. Incorporate
moisture to activate. Rotate with non-triazine immediately after application if possible, although
residual herbicides to avoid resistant weeds. Where a delay of up to 24 hr is acceptable, as per label
rainfall causes erosion, soil containing simazine directions. Incorporate again any time before
may wash to lower land and injure existing or planting. Trifluralin is activated upon incorporation.
subsequent crops. Irrigation is not required.
Manufacturer: PRINCEP NINE-T: Syngenta Residual Activity

Crop Protection Canada Inc.; SIMADEX: Bayer Recommended application rates provide season-long
CropScience Inc. weed control. Trifluralin does not injure succeeding
crops under normal conditions. Fall-seeded grain
crops will grow in soil treated with trifluralin the
preceding spring.
114
Unique Characteristics seedlings or transplant bareroot spruce beyond the

Strongly absorbs to soil particles and shows first year of growth, the rate may be increased to
negligible leaching. Organic matter and clay 3.0 L/ha. This product has activity against a wide
content influence the application rate. Does not range of plants (both evergreen and deciduous).
control ragweed, annual nightshades or mustards. Avoid spray drift into non-target areas.
Lady’s-thumb may escape.
Sensitive Weeds
Manufacturer: BONANZA: Loveland Products Many annual and perennial broadleaf weeds and
Canada Inc.; RIVAL: NuFarm Agriculture Inc.; grasses, including ash, Canada thistle, cattail,
TREFLAN: Dow AgroSciences Canada dandelions, hoary cress, honeysuckle, horsetail, leafy
spurge, locust, milkweed, poison-ivy, poison-oak,
POSTEMERGENCE TREATMENTS quack grass, sow-thistle, sumac and toadflax.
Postemergence treatments are applied after crops
and weeds emerge. Uptake and Translocation
Absorbed by foliage and roots. Translocates well in
• Selective chemicals kill weeds with little damage the xylem and phloem. Accumulates in the growing
to desirable plants. regions of the plant.
• Many postemergent treatments are non-selective
and can damage desirable plants if used carelessly. Basis of Selectivity
• The types of weeds controlled depend on weed Resistant plants metabolize amitrole more rapidly
susceptibility and crop tolerance to the chemical. than sensitive plants and may have lower uptake
Treatments must be applied at the correct stage as a result of leaf structure that reduces wetting
of crop development. Since weed susceptibility and penetration.
is greatest when most weeds are young, early
treatments need less herbicide and cause Application Methods
less  crop damage. Use foliar postemergence application for actively
• Some herbicides may be applied for preemergence growing plants. Good coverage is essential. If weeds
weed action after the crop has emerged. For are mature, it is advisable to cut them and then
example, after a crop has been cultivated to ensure spray the regrowth. Do not disturb treated plants
the soil is weed-free, a herbicide can be applied to for at least 2 weeks after application. Do not make
control the weeds that subsequently germinate. postharvest applications after October 1. For control
of quackgrass and Canada thistle, apply in spring or
The following chemicals may be used as fall to actively growing plants 15–20 cm tall, then
postemergence treatments. wait 10–14 days to plough or disk. Poor results may
occur if heavy rain falls within 6 hr after application.
Common Name: amitrole Residual Activity
Trade Name: AMITROL 240   Approximately 2–4 weeks in moist, warm soil.
Chemical Family: triazole 
Site of Action: Group 11 Manufacturer: Nufarm Agriculture Inc.
amitrole 0.39–0.69 kg/ha
AMITROL 240 1.7–3.0 L/ha
Remarks
To be applied only on spruce (Picea spp.).
Caution: Avoid application during the period of

rapid shoot elongation in the spring. Applications
can be made in the first year (1.7 L/ha), either
in the seedbed or on transplants, but only after
the seedlings have set bud. For actively growing
115
Weed control is optimized when the product is

Common Name: carfentrazone-ethyl applied to actively growing weeds up to 10 cm in
Trade Name: AIM EC   height, or as specified. For conventional boom and
Chemical Family: triazolinone  nozzle sprayers, use nozzles that produce minimal
Site of Action: Group 14 amounts of fine spray droplets. Do not exceed
210 kPa spray pressure, unless otherwise required for
Rates of Application optimal drift-reduction nozzle performance. Apply
carfentrazone-ethyl 36 g/ha with an adjuvant such as Agral 90 or Ag-Surf at
AIM EC 150 mL/ha 0.25% v/v (0.25 L/100 L of spray solution) or use
Merge at 1% v/v (1 L/100 L of spray solution).
Remarks
To be applied on field-grown woody ornamental Residual Activity
nurseries (genus such as Malus, Prunus, Sorbus). None.
Aim EC herbicide can be applied a maximum of
twice per growing season. Do not enter or allow Manufacturer: FMC Corporation
workers to enter treated areas during the restricted
entry interval (REI) of 12 hr.
Common Name: clopyralid
Caution: This product contains aromatic petroleum
Trade Name: LONTREL 360 
distillates that are toxic to aquatic organisms.
Chemical Family: pyridine carboxylic acid 
Sensitive Weeds
Apply Aim EC to manage undesirable sucker growth
from the base of vine or tree trunks or root sprouts. clopyralid 0.150–0.2 kg/ha
Treat when the tissue is young and not mature LONTREL 360 (360 g/L) 0.42–0.56 L/ha
and/or hardened off.
Remarks
Uptake and Translocation Use for established, field-grown conifers including
Aim EC herbicide is a contact herbicide. Within Christmas trees (Abies balsamea, Abies fraseri, Picea
a few hours following application, the foliage of abies, Pinus strobus) and for bearing and non-bearing
susceptible weeds show signs of desiccation, and, apple trees.
in subsequent days, necrosis and death of the
plant occur. Sensitive Weeds
Vetch (post-emergent).
Aim EC herbicide is a selective, contact herbicide. Uptake and Translocation
It inhibits an enzyme of chlorophyll and heme Most growth regulator herbicides are readily
biosynthesis. absorbed through both roots and foliage and are
translocated in both the xylem and phloem.
Application Methods
Directed spray at the base of the tree for sucker control Basis of Selectivity
with special precaution not to get spray on fruit, foliage Growth regulator herbicide. Weeds cannot grow due
or tender growing parts. Use ground sprayers designed, to disruption of plant cell growth.
calibrated and operated to deliver uniform spray
droplets to the targeted plant or plant parts. Avoid Application Methods
using fine droplet nozzles that produce a droplet VMD Postemergence.
of 300 microns or less (see the drift prevention section
of the Aim label for more instructions). When using Residual Activity
hooded sprayers or directed sprayer application: use Half-life in soil is less than 30 days under conditions
drift-reducing nozzles, splash screens or a full screen to that are favourable for microbial degradation. Little
prevent drift from reaching other parts of the vine or to no residual activity.
tree (at least one method is required). Direct the spray
toward the sucker zone.
116
Unique Characteristics Residual Activity

Clopyralid has little to no activity on woody Essentially none.
vegetation, except woody species of the legume
family. Unique Characteristics
Using preplant tillage to break up rhizomes
Manufacturer: Dow AgroSciences Canada Inc. improves quackgrass control. Do not cultivate
for 5 days after application. Except as noted on
the label, apply broadleaf herbicides separately at
Common Name: fluazifop-p-butyl least 3 days after using this product. The product
Trade Name: VENTURE L  loses some effectiveness when used on stressed
Chemical Family: aryloxyphenoxy propionate  plants (e.g., when plants are suffering from lack of
Site of Action: Group 1 moisture, excessive humidity, low temperature or
very low relative humidity). Weeds may regrow by
Rates of Application tillering if the product is applied to stressed plants.
fluazifop-p-butyl 0.075–0.25 kg/ha A new flush of weeds may emerge after the first flush
VENTURE L (125 g/L) 0.6–2.00 L/ha is controlled.
Remarks Manufacturer: Syngenta Canada Inc. 

Use for field and container application. Good
on non-grassy ornamental plants, shrubs, trees,
non-bearing forest and ornamental nursery field Common Name: glyphosate
stock and container-grown nursery stock. See Trade Name: various products
list of tolerant species on label. Over-the-top (see OMAFRA Publication 75, Guide to Weed
application can injure some blue junipers (e.g., Control, or contact a local supplier) 
Juniperus horizontalis ‘Bar Harbour,’ ‘Blue Acres’ and Chemical Family: amino acid 
‘Blue Rug’). Site of Action: Group 9
Cultivars differ in sensitivity to Venture L. For Rates of Application

example, J. horizontalis ‘Blue Acres’ is sensitive, Emerged annual weeds
while J. horizontalis ‘Plumosa Compacta’ is tolerant. glyphosate 0.8–1.25 kg/ha
Consult the label for tolerant species. Test samples
of each cultivar not specifically listed on the label Emerged perennial weeds
before using this product. Also for non-bearing glyphosate 1.7–4.3 kg/ha
apples and pears.
Quackgrass & other perennial grasses
Sensitive Weeds glyphosate 0.9–2.5 kg/ha
Annual grass species, quackgrass and volunteer corn,
wheat and barley. Perennial weeds (Canada thistle, dogbane, sow thistle)
glyphosate 0.9–2.5 kg/ha
Absorbed primarily by leaves. Translocated to roots Other perennial weeds (field bindweed, common
and rhizomes. milkweed)
glyphosate 2.5–4.3 kg/ha
Metabolism by tolerant species. Remarks
Apply to actively growing weeds. Spray must not
Application Methods contact leaves or green bark of trees or shrubs.
Postemergence. Use a directed application in
sensitive species to avoid contacting leaves and green
tissue. Use higher application rates for quackgrass.
Apply to actively growing grasses when annual
grasses are in the 2–5-leaf stage and quackgrass is in
the 3–5-leaf stage.
117
CROP AND/OR NON-CROP REGISTRATIONS Residual Activity

See OMAFRA Publication 75, Guide to Weed Crops may be planted or seeded directly into treated
Control. areas following application. Use other herbicides to
control weeds emerging after the application.
Sensitive Weeds
Annual grasses, perennial weeds (e.g., Canada Unique Characteristics
thistle, cattails, field bindweed, milkweed, nut Rainfall within 6 hr after application can reduce
sedge, poison-ivy, quackgrass, sow thistle) and control, as can a heavy frost.
brush (e.g., alder, birch, maple, poplar, raspberry
and willow). Manufacturers: Cheminova Canada; Dow
Agrosciences Canada Inc.; Interprovincial
Uptake and Translocation Cooperative Ltd.; Monsanto Canada Inc.;
Absorbed through foliage and translocated NuFarm Agriculture Inc.; Syngenta Canada Inc.
throughout the plant.
Basis of Selectivity Common Name: oxyfluorfen

Non-selective for agricultural crops. Conifers may Trade Name: GOAL 2XL 
be tolerant at some stages for unknown reasons. Chemical Family: diphenyl-ether 
Application Methods
Use postemergence for perennial weed control. Rates of Application
Apply at the bud-bloom growth stage to most oxyfluorfen 0.12–0.24 kg/ha
perennial weeds. For Canada thistle or sow thistle, GOAL 2XL (see label) 0.5 or 1 L/ha
wait until they are at least in early flower bud. Apply
to milkweed at flower bud. Apply to bindweed at Remarks
full flower. Treat quackgrass in the spring or fall Goal 2XL has some preemergent effects but is used
while it is actively growing, with at least three or mainly as a postemergent herbicide for broadleaf
four new leaves on each emerged shoot. weeds in conifers (including Christmas trees).
Goal 2XL has been tested on field-grown balsam fir,
Remove crop refuse in the fall, but do not till before Fraser fir, white pine and white spruce. Goal 2XL
application. Fall or spring tillage before spring may be applied to other non-listed conifer species,
application may reduce weed control. Wait at least however, non-listed conifer species may vary in
3–5 days after application before working the area. tolerance to herbicides, including Goal 2XL. Do
For maximum quack grass control, till before the not use handheld equipment to apply Goal 2XL
quack grass turns completely brown. to field-grown conifers. Goal 2XL applications
should be made before bud break or after new
Glyphosate can be applied with boom equipment, foliage has hardened off (approximately 6 weeks
knapsack sprayers or high-volume spray equipment after bud break). Some temporary needle burn may
for agricultural and non-crop uses. Use backpack occur. Apply to healthy trees that are not under
mist blowers only for silvicultural site preparation stress. Repeat applications as required to control
and roadside brush control. Use aerial applications late-germinating weeds. Do not apply more than 2 L
only for silvicultural site preparation and conifer of product per hectare per growing season.
release.
For new and established plantings of Populus species
Glyphosate may be applied with selective equipment (poplars and aspens) and their hybrids (including
to non-crop areas, tree plantings, grapes and short-rotation intensive culture crops), Goal
orchards. (See Wiper Applicators for Selective Weed 2XL should only be applied to dormant, healthy
Control, on page 95.) Regardless of the application plants. Make only 1 application per year, using
method, do not allow the herbicide to contact green a low-pressure sprayer with flat can nozzles. Do
foliage or the green bark of crops or other desirable not apply more than 7 L per treated hectare per
plants. Remove all suckers from the trunks of growing season.
desirable trees before spraying.
118
Sensitive Weeds emergence. Use equipment and nozzles designed to

Weed sensitivity depends on the rate used and prevent spray contact with the green foliage or other
application timing (see label). Sensitive weeds green parts of plants. Use for emerged annual weeds
include: common purslane, cupped nightshade and to suppress top growth in perennial weeds.
(potato weed), field pansy, lamb’s-quarters, maple-
leaved goosefoot, oak-leaved goosefoot, redroot Crop and/or Non-Crop Registrations
pigweed, wild buckwheat, wood sorrel. (Dormant • stale seedbed technique
Populus tree crop: narrow-leaved hawk’s beard, pale • inter-row directed chemical weeding for
smartweed, shepherd’s-purse, stinkweed.) established nursery crops
• chemical mowing weed control in non-crop land
Goal 2XL is a contact herbicide with both foliar and Sensitive Weeds
soil activity. There is very little translocation within Non-selective action affects all green plants.
the plant.
Basis of Selectivity Absorbed by foliage and green bark. Little or
Oxyfluorfen inhibits the production of a chlorophyll no translocation.
enzyme, which results in an accumulation of
chemicals that disrupt cell membrane integrity in Basis of Selectivity
the presence of light. All green plant tissue is sensitive. Paraquat is less
effective on plants with a very waxy cuticle and
Application Methods linear leaf shape (e.g., nut sedge). It is safe on the
To ensure effective post-emergence weed control, mature (non-green) bark of woody plants.
apply Goal 2XL when weeds are in the 2- to 4-leaf
stage and actively growing. Heavy rainfall or heavy Application Methods
irrigation immediately following application to Postemergence. Apply when weeds are under 15 cm
emerged weeds may reduce effectiveness. Apply in high. Use as a chemical mower, applying it several
200–500 L water/ha. times a year to actively growing vegetation. Aim
the spray to avoid the leaves and green bark of
Do not apply to sandy soil. Goal 2XL enhances nursery plants. For spot treatment, use 25 mL in
activity of glyphosate formulations and improves the 4 L of water. Paraquat only controls emerged weeds.
weed spectrum and speed of kill. It suppresses perennial weeds. Paraquat can be
broadcast if there is no danger to the leaves or bark
Residual Activity of desirable plants. For best results, apply it on a dull
Can provide up to 6 months residual activity. or cloudy day or in the evening.
Oxyfluorfen is not very soluble in water and can be
expected to adhere strongly to all soil types. Residual Activity
Essentially no residual soil activity but persists in
Manufacturer: Dow AgroSciences Canada Inc. organic material (e.g., mulches, turf thatch). Do not
reseed such areas for 5 days. Perennial weeds may
need multiple applications per season.
Common Name: paraquat
Trade Name: GRAMOXONE  Unique Characteristics
Chemical Family: bipyridylium  Inactivated by adsorption to soil particles.
Manufacturer: Syngenta Canada Inc.
paraquat 0.55–1.1 kg/ha
GRAMOXONE (200 g/L) 2.75–5.5 L/ha
Remarks
To control weed and grass between the rows of field
and established nursery crops, apply after weed
119
Common Name: triclopyr

Trade Name: GARLON 
Chemical Family: carboxylic acid 
triclopyr 0.48 kg/ha
GARLON (755 g/L) 0.635 L/ha
Remarks
For the control of labelled weeds (woody and
broadleaf weeds), including smooth bedstraw,
in Christmas tree plantations. For best results,
applications of Garlon XRT herbicide should be
made when woody plants and weeds are actively
growing. Apply Garlon XRT herbicide to trees at
least 1.2 m tall, after the buds of the trees have
hardened off and no lammas growth is present. Do
not apply in the year of planting. Apply only once
per year.
Sensitive Weeds
Woody and broadleaf plants. Sensitive weeds include
alder, ash, birch, chokecherry, maples (red maple),
poplar and smooth bedstraw.

Selective herbicide that mimics the effects of plant
hormones (auxins). Triclopyr causes the growing
tips of plants to elongate uncontrollably, resulting in
death of the plant.
It is most effective on broadleaf plants. It has little or
no impact on grasses.
Application Methods
Postemergence. Apply when target weeds are
actively growing.
Residual Activity
Half-life in soil is approximately 30 days under
conditions that are favourable for microbial
decomposition.
Apply only when there is little or no hazard from
spray drift. Small quantities of spray drift may injure
susceptible broadleaf plants.
Manufacturer: Dow AgroSciences Canada Inc.
120
CROP TOLERANCE AND EFFICACY OF HERBICIDES REGISTERED ON NURSERY CROPS
In this section:
Table 3–3. Herbicides Registered for Use on Woody Plants
Table 3–4. Weed Susceptibility and Herbicides — Broadleaf Annuals
Table 3–5. Weed Susceptibility and Herbicides — Broadleaf Perennials
Table 3–6. Weed Susceptibility and Herbicides — Annual Grasses
The following pages contain tables listing

information about: In April 2009, the Ministry of the Environment
amended the Pesticides Act with the Cosmetic
• herbicides registered in Ontario for use on nursery Pesticides Ban Act, 2008, and Ontario
stock (agricultural use) Regulation 63/09. Pesticides are now classified
• the tolerance of specific nursery crops for sale and use under 12 different classes. Note
• weed control ratings for herbicides registered on that agriculture (including nursery production) is
nursery stock excepted. For more information on the legislation,
see the Ministry of the Environment and Climate
Change website at ontario.ca/pesticides.

LEGEND: C = container D = directed spray only F = field S = seedbed T = transplant
Not = labelled restriction — =  insufficient information available to make a rating
Herbicide
SIMADEX,
DUAL II PRINCEP
Botanical Name Common Name CASORON DEVRINOL MAGNUM KERB PROWL RONSTAR NINE-T VENTURE L
Abies balsamea balsam fir Not — — F — — F —
Abies fraseri Fraser fir — — — — F, C — — —
Abies sp. fir Not — — F — — — TFC
Acer circinatum vine maple — — — — — C2 — —
Acer sp. maple TF1
TFC — — — — — TFC
Aesculus glabra Ohio buckeye — — — — — — — —
Aronia chokeberry — — — — — — — —
Ajuga sp. bugleweed Not — — — — — — —
Berberis Barberry — — — — — — — —
Betula Birch — — — — — — — —
Betula pendula cutleaf weeping TF1
— — — — — — —
‘Gracilis’ birch
Betula nigra River birch — — — — F, C — — —
Buddleia Butterfly bush — — — — — — — —
Buxus sp. boxwood T1F TFC — — — — F TFC
Calluna sp. heather T1F — — — — — — TFC
Caragana sp. peashrub T1F — — — — — F TFC
Carpinus sp. blue beech — — — — — — — TFC
Caryopteris Bluebird — — — — — — — —
Catalpa Catalpa — — — — — — — —
1
Apply 4 weeks after transplanting.
2
Apply 30 days before covering polyhouses — no later than Sept. 30.
3
Use directed spray from bud break to initial growth hardening.
121

Not = labelled restriction — = insufficient information available to make a rating
Herbicide
SIMADEX,
DUAL II PRINCEP
Cercis canadensis Canada redbud — — — — — — — —
Chaenomeles sp. flowering quince — — — — — — — TFC
Chamaecyparis sp. false cypress — — — — — — F —
Cornus sp. dogwood — — — — — C2 F TFCD
Cotinus coggygria smoke bush — — — — — — — TFC
Cotoneaster sp. cotoneaster — — — — — — F TFC
Crataegus sp. hawthorn — TFC — — — — — —
Daphne Daphne — — — — — — — —
Erica sp. heath T1F — — — — — — —
Euonymus alatus Burning bush — — — — — — — —
Euonymus fortunei Emerald & Gold — — — — — C2 — —
‘Emerald & Gold’ euonymus
Euonymus sp. euonymus T1F TFC — — — — — TFC
Forsythia sp. forsythia T1F — — — F, C — — TFC
Fraxinus americana white ash — — — — — — F —
Fraxinus sp. ash T1F — — — F, C — — TFC
Gleditsia sp. honeylocust — TF — — — — — TFC
Gleditsia triacanthos honeylocust — — — — — — — T
Hedera sp. English ivy — C — — — — — TFC
Hibiscus sp. rose of Sharon — TF — — — — — —
Hydrangea sp. hydrangea — — — — — — — TFC
Hypericum sp. hypericum — TF — — — — — —
Ilex sp. holly TF
1
TFC — — — — F TFC3
Juglans nigra black walnut — — — — — — F —
Juniperus chinensis Pfitzer juniper T1F, C1,2 — — F — — — TFCD
‘Pfitzeriana’
Juniperus horizontalis Spreading juniper — — — — F, C — — —
Juniperus sabina sabina juniper T F, C
1 1,2
— — F — — — —
Juniperus scopulorum Rocky Mountain T1 — — F — — — —
juniper
Juniperus sp. juniper T1F TFC — F — C2 FC TFC3
Juniperus virginiana eastern red cedar T1F — — F — — — —
Laburnum sp. golden chain tree — TF — — — — — —
Ligustrum sp. privet — TFC — — — — — TFC
Lonicera sp. honeysuckle TF
1
— — — — — — TFC
Magnolia Magnolia — — — — — — — —
Malus sp. flowering TF
1
TF — — — — F TFC
crabapple
Malus sylvestris apple (non-fruiting) — TFC — — — F — —
1
2
3
122

Herbicide
SIMADEX,
DUAL II PRINCEP
Metasequoia Dawn redwood — — — — — — — —
glyptostroboides
Parthenocissus Virginia creeper — — — — — — — TFC
quinquefolia
Philadelphus sp. mock orange T1F — — — — — — TFCD
Physocarpus opulifolius ninebark — — — — — — — —
Picea abies Norway spruce Not — — F — — F —
Picea abies ‘Nidiformis’ nest spruce Not — — F — — — —
Picea glauca white spruce Not — — F — — F —
Picea glauca ‘Conica’ dwarf Alberta Not — — F — — — —
spruce
Picea marina black spruce — — TF — — — — —
Picea omorika Serbian spruce Not — — — — C 2
— —
Picea pungens Colorado spruce Not — — — — C 2
— —
Picea pungens blue Colorado Not — — F — — F —
‘Glauca’ spruce
Picea pungens globe blue spruce Not — — F — — F —
‘Glauca Globosa’
Picea rubens red spruce Not — — F — — F —
Picea sp. spruce Not TF — F — — — TFC3
Pieris sp. Japanese pieris — — — — — — — TFC
Pinus banksiana jack pine — — TF — — — — —
Pinus mugo mugo pine Not — — F — C 2
F —
Pinus nigra Austrian pine — — — F — — — —
Pinus resinosa red pine — — TF — — — — —
Pinus sp. pine — TFC — F — — — TFC
Pinus strobus white pine 2 year — — TF — Not F — F
Pinus sylvestris Scots pine — — — — — C 2
— —
Pinus taeda Loblolly pine — — — — F, C — — —
Pittosporum sp. pittosporum — TF — — — — — —
Platanus sp. planetree — — — — — — — TFC
Podocarpus sp. podocarpus — TFC — — — — — —
Populus sp. poplar — TF stoolbed — — — — —
Potentilla sp. cinquefoil — — — — — C 2
— TFC
Prunus sp. cherry (non- — TF — — — — — —
producing)
Prunus tomentosa Nanking cherry — — — — — C2 — —
Pseudotsuga Douglas fir — — — F — — — TFC3
menzeisii
Pyracantha sp. firethorn — TFC — — — — — TFC
1
2
3
123

Herbicide
SIMADEX,
DUAL II PRINCEP
Pyrus sp. pear (non- — F F — — — — F
producing)
Quercus Oak — — — — — — — —
Rhododendron sp. rhododendron, TF
1
TFC — — — — — TFC
azalea
Ribes alpinum alpine currant — — — — — C2 — —
Ribes sp. currant (non- — — — — — — — TFC
producing)
Robinia sp. locust T1F — — — — — — —
Rosa multiflora multiflora rose — — — — — — F —
Rosa sp. rose TF
1
TFC — — — — F TFC
Salix sp. willow T1F — — — — — — TFC
Sambucus canadensis golden elderberry — — — — — C2
— —
‘Aurea’
Sambucus sp. elderberry — — — — — — — TFC
Spiraea sp. spirea TF
1
— — — — — — TFC
Symphoricarpos snowberry — — — — — — — TFC
rivularis
Syringa sp. lilac Not — — — — C2 — TFC
Taxodium bald cypress — — — — — — — —
Taxus cuspidata Japanese yew — — — F — — — —
Taxus sp. yew T1F, C1,2 TF — F — — FC TFC3
Thuja occidentalis white cedar T F, C
1 1,2
— — F — — — —
Thuja sp. cedar T1F C — F — — FC TFC
Tilia sp. linden, basswood T1F — — — — — — TFC
Tsuga sp. hemlock Not — — — — — F TFC3
Ulmus sp. elm TF
1
— — — — — — TFC
Viburnum sp. viburnum — — — — — — — TFC
Weigela sp. weigela — — — — — — — TFC
1
2
3
124
Table 3–4. Weed Susceptibility and Herbicides — Broadleaf Annuals

LEGEND: S = susceptible MS = moderately susceptible — = insufficient information available to make a rating
DUAL II SIMADEX, TREFLAN,
Broadleaf Annuals CASORON DEVRINOL MAGNUM KERB PROWL RONSTAR PRINCEP NINE-T RIVAL
bittercress S — — — — S — —
buckwheat, wild S — — — — — S MS
carpetweed — S — — — — — S
chickweed, common S S — S — — — S
clover, volunteer — — — — — — S —
groundsel, common S S — — — S — —
knotweed S — — — — — — —
knotweed, prostrate — S — — — — — S
kochia S — — — — — — —
lady’s-thumb — — — — — — S —
lamb’s-quarters S S — — S S S S
mustards S — — — — — — —
nightshade, black — — MS — — S — —
pigweed S S — — — S — S
pigweed, redroot — S — — S — S —
pineappleweed — S — — — — — —
plantain S — — — — — — —
prickly lettuce — S — — — — — —
purslane S S — — — S S S
ragweed, common — MS — — — — S —
Russian thistle — — — — — — — S
shepherd’s-purse S — — — — S — —
smartweed S — — — — — S S
smartweed, green — — — — — — S —
sow thistle, annual S S — — — — — —
spurge S — — — — — — —
stinkweed — — — — — S — —
sweet clover, white — — — — — — — —
125
Table 3–5. Weed Susceptibility and Herbicides — Broadleaf Perennials

LEGEND: S = susceptible MS = moderately susceptible T = tolerant
— = insufficient information available to make a rating
Broadleaf DUAL II
Perennials CASORON DEVRINOL MAGNUM KERB PROWL RONSTAR ROUNDUP SIMADEX TREFLAN VENTURE L
bindweed T — — — — — S — T —
chickweed, MS — — — — — S — MS —
mouse eared
dandelion MS T — — — — MS — — —
grape, wild T — — — — — MS — — —
ground ivy MS — — — — — MS — — —
(creeping Charlie)
horsetail MS — — — — — MS T T —
mallow — — — — — — MS — — —
milkweed — — — — — — S — T —
nut sedge MS MS S — — — MS T T T
plantain MS — — — — — S — — —
poison-ivy — — — — — — — — — S
quack grass MS T — MS — — — T T MS
sow thistle MS — — S — — — T T —
stinging nettle — — — — — — — — — S
thistle, Canada MS — — — — — — T T —
toadflax, yellow — — — S — — S — — S
vetches MS T — — — — — T T —
126
Table 3–6. Weed Susceptibility and Herbicides — Annual Grasses

LEGEND: S = susceptible — = Insufficient information available to make a rating
DUAL II
Annual Grasses CASORON DEVRINOL MAGNUM KERB PROWL RONSTAR ROUNDUP SIMADEX TREFLAN VENTURE L
barnyard grass — S S — S S — S S S
bluegrass, annual S S — — — S S — S —
brome grass — — — — — — S — S —
cheat grass — — — — — — — — S —
crabgrass S S — — S S — S S S
crabgrass, large — S — — S — S — — —
crabgrass, smooth — — S — S — — — — —
darnel, Persian — — — — — — — — S S
foxtail, giant — — S — — — — — — S
foxtail, green S S S — S S S — S S
foxtail, yellow S S S — — S — S S S
goose grass — S — — — — — — S —
grasses, annual — — — S — — — — — —
Johnson grass — — — — — — — — — S
love (stink) grass — — — — — — — — S —
oats, wild — S — S — — S S S S
panicum, fall — S S — S — — — S —
proso millet — — — — — — — — — S
ryegrass — S — — — — — — — —
witch grass — — S — — — — — — —
127
128
4. Appendices
Appendix A. Agricultural Information Contact Centre and Nursery Crop Advisory Staff, Ministry of
Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs
NURSERY CROPS SPECIALIST

Agricultural Information Jennifer Llewellyn
Contact Centre E-mail: jennifer.llewellyn@ontario.ca
Provides province-wide, toll-free technical and A complete list of advisory staff is available on the
business information to commercial farms, ministry website at ontario.ca/omafra.
agri-businesses and rural businesses.
1 Stone Rd. W.
Guelph, ON N1G 4Y2
Tel: 519-826-4047
Toll-free: 1-877-424-1300
Fax: 519-826-7610
E-mail: ag.info.omafra@ontario.ca
129
Appendix B. Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change Regional Contact Information
Region/County/Branch Address Telephone/Fax
Central Region 5775 Yonge St. Tel: 416-326-6700
Toronto, Halton, Peel, York, Durham, Muskoka, Simcoe 8th Floor Toll-Free: 1-800-810-8048
Toronto, ON M2M 4J1 Fax: 416-325-6345
West-Central Region Ontario Government Building Tel: 905-521-7640
Haldimand, Norfolk, Niagara, Hamilton-Wentworth, Dufferin, 119 King St. W. Toll-Free: 1-800-668-4557
Wellington, Waterloo, Brant 12th Floor Fax: 905-521-7820
Hamilton, ON L8P 4Y7
Eastern Region 1259 Gardiners Rd. Tel: 613-549-4000
Frontenac, Hastings, Lennox & Addington, Prince Edward, Leeds Unit 3 Toll-Free: 1-800-267-0974
& Grenville, Prescott & Russell, Stormont/Dundas & Glengarry, P.O. Box 22032 Fax: 613-548-6908
Haliburton, Peterborough, Kawartha Lakes, Northumberland, Kingston, ON K7M 8S5
Renfrew, Ottawa, Lanark, District of Nipissing (Twp. of South
Algonquin)
Southwestern Region 733 Exeter Rd. Tel: 519-873-5000
Elgin, Middlesex, Oxford, Essex, Kent, Lambton, Bruce, Grey, London, ON N6E 1L3 Toll-Free: 1-800-265-7672
Huron, Perth Fax: 519-873-5020
Northern Region (East) 199 Larch St. Tel: 705-564-3237
Manitoulin, Nipissing, Parry Sound, Sudbury, Algoma (East), Suite 1201 Toll-Free: 1-800-890-8516
Timiskaming, Sault Ste. Marie Sudbury, ON P3E 5P9 Fax: 705-564-4180
Northern Region (West) 435 James St. S. Tel: 807-475-1205
Algoma (West), Cochrane, Kenora, Rainy River, Timmins, Suite 331 Toll-Free: 1-800-875-7772
Thunder Bay Thunder Bay, ON P7E 6S7 Fax: 807-475-1745
Standards Development Branch Pesticides Section Tel: 416-327-5519
40 St. Clair Ave. W. Fax: 416-327-2936
7th Floor
Toronto, ON M4V 1L5
Approvals Branch Pesticides Licensing Tel: 416-314-8001
2 St. Clair Ave. W. Toll-Free: 1-800-461-6290
12A Floor Fax: 416-314-8452
Toronto, ON M4V 1L5
130
4. Appendices
Appendix C. Other Contacts
AGRICULTURE AND AGRI-FOOD CANADA RESEARCH CENTRES

www.agr.gc.ca/index_e.php
Eastern Cereals and Oilseeds Southern Crop Protection and Guelph Food Research Centre
Research Centre Food Research Centre 93 Stone Road West
960 Carling Ave. 1391 Sandford St. Guelph, N1G 5C9
Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6 London, ON N5V 4T3 Tel: 519-829-2400
Tel: 613-759-1858 Tel: 519-457-1470
Greenhouse and Processing Vineland Research Farm

Crops Centre 4902 Victoria Ave. N.
2585 County Road 20 Vineland, ON L0R 2E0
Harrow, ON N0R 1G0 Tel: 905-562-4113
Tel: 519-738-2251
CANADIAN FOOD INSPECTION AGENCY REGIONAL OFFICES (PLANT PROTECTION)

www.inspection.gc.ca
Belleville London Toronto
345 College St. E. 19-100 Commissioners Rd. E. 1124 Finch Ave. W., Unit 2
Belleville, ON K8N 5S7 London, ON N5Z 4R3 Downsview, ON M3J 2E2
Tel: 613-969-3333 Tel: 519-691-1300 Tel: 416-665-5055
Brantford St. Catharines Guelph

625 Park Rd. N., Suite 6 395 Ontario St., PO Box 19 174 Stone Rd W
Brantford, ON N3T 5P9 St. Catharines, ON L2N 7N6 Guelph, N1G 4T1
Tel: 519-753-3478 Tel: 905-937-8232 Tel: 519-837-9400
Hamilton Ottawa District

709 Main St. W., Ste. 101 38 Auriga Dr., Unit 8
Hamilton, ON L8S 1A2 Ottawa, ON K2E 8A5
Tel: 905-572-2201 Tel: 613-274-7374, ext. 221
UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH
Main Campus Department of Plant Department of Plant
Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Agriculture Agriculture, Vineland
Tel: 519-824-4120 www.plant.uoguelph.ca 4890 Victoria Ave. N., PO Box 7000
www.uoguelph.ca Vineland Station, ON L0R 2E0
Department of Plant Tel: 905-562-4141
Ridgetown Campus Agriculture, Guelph Fax: 905-562-3413
Ridgetown, ON N0P 2C0 50 Stone Rd. W.
Tel: 519-674-1500 Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Lab Services Division
www.ridgetownc.uoguelph.ca Tel: 519-824-4120, ext. 56083 95 Stone Rd. W., PO Box 3650
Fax: 519-763-8933 Guelph, ON N1H 8J7
Tel: 519-767-6299
Department of Plant www.uoguelph.ca/labserv
Agriculture, Simcoe
1283 Blueline Road, PO Box 587 Trace Organics and Pesticides
Simcoe, ON N3Y 4N5 Tel: 519-767-6485
Tel: 519-426-7127
Fax: 519-426-1225
Vineland Research and Innovation Centre

4890 Victoria Ave. N.
Vineland Station, ON L0R 2E0
Tel: 905-562-0320
Fax: 905-562-0084
www.vinelandresearch.com
131
Appendix D. Diagnostic Services

Samples for disease diagnosis, insect or weed Sample Handling
identification, nematode counts and Verticillium testing
can be sent to: Soil Samples
Place in plastic bags as soon as possible after collecting.
Pest Diagnostic Clinic
Laboratory Services Division Root Samples
University of Guelph Place in plastic bags and cover with moist soil from the
95 Stone Rd. W. sample area.
Guelph, Ontario, N1H 8J7
Tel 519-767-6299
Storage
Store samples at 5°C–10°C and do not expose them
Fax 519-767-6240
to direct sunlight or extreme heat or cold (freezing).
E-mail aflinfo@uoguelph.ca
Only living nematodes can be counted. Accurate counts
Website www.guelphlabservices.com
depend on proper handling of samples.
Payment must accompany samples at the time of
submission. Submission forms are available at Submitting Plant for Disease Diagnosis or
www.guelphlabservices.com/AFL/submit_samples.aspx. Identification
Sample Submission Forms
How to Sample for Nematodes Forms can be obtained from your local Ontario Ministry
of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs office. Carefully fill
Soil in all the categories on the form. In the space provided,
When to Sample draw the most obvious symptom and the pattern of
Soil and root samples can be taken at any time of the the disease in the field. It is important to include the
year that the soil is not frozen. In Ontario, nematode cropping history of the area for the past 3 years and
soil population levels are generally at their highest in this year’s pesticide use records.
May and June and again in September and October. Choose a complete, representative sample showing
early symptoms. Submit as much of the plant as is
How to Sample Soil
practical, including the root system, or several plants
Use a soil sampling tube, trowel or narrow-bladed
showing a range of symptoms. If symptoms are general,
shovel to take samples. Sample soil to a depth of
collect the sample from an area where they are of
20–25 cm. If the soil is bare, remove the top 2 cm prior
intermediate severity. Completely dead material is
to sampling. A sample should consist of 10 or more
usually inadequate for diagnosis.
subsamples combined. Mix well. Then take a sample
of 0.5–1 L from this. No one sample should represent With plant specimens submitted for identification,
more than 2.5 ha. Mix subsamples in a clean pail or include at least a 20–25-cm sample of the top portion
plastic bag. of the stem with lateral buds, leaves, flowers or fruits in
identifiable condition. Wrap plants in newspaper and put
Sampling Pattern in a plastic bag. Tie the root system off in a separate
If living crop plants are present in the sample area, take plastic bag to avoid drying out and contamination
samples within the row and from the area of the feeder of the leaves by soil. Do NOT add moisture, as this
root zone (with trees, this is the drip line). encourages decay in transit. Cushion specimens and
pack in a sturdy box to avoid damage during shipping.
Number of Subsamples Avoid leaving specimens to bake or freeze in a vehicle
Based on the total area sampled: or in a location where they could deteriorate.
500 m2 10 subsamples
500 m2–0.5 ha 25 subsamples Delivery
0.5 ha–2.5 ha 50 subsamples Deliver to the Pest Diagnostic Clinic as soon as possible by
first class mail or by courier at the beginning of the week.
Roots
From small plants, sample the entire root system plus
Submitting Insect Specimens for
adhering soil. For large plants, 10–20 g, dig fresh Identification
weight from the feeder root zone and submit. Collecting Samples
Place dead, hard-bodied insects in vials or boxes
Problem Areas and cushion with tissues or cotton. Place soft-bodied
Take soil and root samples from the margins of insects and caterpillars in vials containing alcohol. Do
the problem area where the plants are still living. If not use water, as this results in rot. Do not tape insects
possible, also take samples from healthy areas in the to paper or send them loose in an envelope.
same field. If possible, take both soil and root samples
from problem and healthy areas in the same field. Place live insects in a container with enough plant
“food” to support them during transit. Be sure to write
“live” on the outside of the container.
132
4. Appendices
Appendix E. Pest Monitoring Record Sheet

Host Pest and/or Symptoms
Location (include variety/cultivar, (development stage, GDD, Plant Action Taken
Date (farm, block, development stage, population, % of crop Phenology (pesticides, cultural
(MM/DD/YY) landmarks) container vs. field) showing symptoms) Indicator measures, etc.)

133
Appendix F. The Metric System and Abbreviations
Metric units Application rate conversions

Linear measures (length) Metric to Imperial or U.S. (approximate)
10 millimetres (mm) = 1 centimetre (cm) litres per hectare × 0.09 = Imp. gallons per acre
100 centimetres (cm) = 1 metre (m) litres per hectare × 0.11 = U.S. gallons per acre
1,000 metres = 1 kilometre (km) litres per hectare × 0.36 = Imp. quarts per acre
Square measures (area) litres per hectare × 0.43 = U.S. quarts per acre
100 m × 100 m = 10,000 m2 = 1 hectare (ha) litres per hectare × 0.71 = Imp. pints per acre
100 ha = 1 square kilometre (km )
2 litres per hectare × 0.86 = U.S. pints per acre
millilitres per hectare × 0.014 = U.S. fluid ounces per acre
Cubic measures (volume)
grams per hectare × 0.015 = ounces per acre
Dry measure
kilograms per hectare × 0.89 = pounds per acre
1,000 cubic millimetres (mm3) = 1 cubic centimetre (cm3)
tonnes per hectare × 0.45 = tons per acre
1,000,000 cm3 = 1 cubic metre (m3)
Liquid measure Imperial or U.S. to metric (approximate)
1,000 millilitres (mL) = 1 litre (L) Imp. gallons per acre × 11.23 = litres per hectare (L/ha)
100 L = 1 hectolitre (hL) U.S. gallons per acre × 9.35 = litres per hectare (L/ha)
Weight-volume equivalents (for water) Imp. quarts per acre × 2.8 = litres per hectare (L/ha)
(1.00 kg) 1,000 grams = 1 litre (1.00 L) U.S. quarts per acre × 2.34 = litres per hectare (L/ha)
(0.50 kg) 500 g = 500 mL (0.50 L) Imp. pints per acre × 1.4 = litres per hectare (L/ha)
(0.10 kg) 100 g = 100 mL (0.10 L) U.S. pints per acre × 1.17 = litres per hectare (L/ha)
(0.01 kg) 10 g = 10 mL (0.01 L) Imp. fluid ounces per acre × 70 = millilitres per hectare (mL/ha)
(0.001 kg) 1 g = 1 mL (0.001 L) U.S. fluid ounces per acre × 73 = millilitres per hectare (mL/ha)
tons per acre × 2.24 = tonnes per hectare (t/ha)
Weight measures
pounds per acre × 1.12 = kilograms per hectare (kg/ha)
1,000 milligrams (mg) = 1 gram (g)
pounds per acre × 0.45 = kilograms per acre (kg/acre)
1,000 g = 1 kilogram (kg)
ounces per acre × 70 = grams per hectare (g/ha)
1,000 kg = 1 tonne (t)
1 mg/kg = 1 part per million (ppm)
Dry weight conversions (approximate)
Dry–liquid equivalents Metric Imperial
1 cm3 = 1 mL
grams or kilograms/hectare ounces or pounds/acre
1 m3 = 1,000 L
100 g/ha = 1½ oz/acre
Metric conversions (approximate) 200 g/ha = 3 oz/acre
5 mL = 1 tsp 300 g/ha = 4¼ oz/acre
15 mL = 1 tbsp 500 g/ha = 7 oz/acre
28.5 mL = 1 fl. oz. 700 g/ha = 10 oz/acre
1.10 kg/ha = 1 lb/acre
1.50 kg/ha = 1¼ lb/acre
Handy metric conversion factor (approximate)
2.00 kg/ha = 1¾ lb/acre
litres per hectare × 0.4 = litres per acre  2.50 kg/ha = 2¼ lb/acre
kilograms per hectare × 0.4 = kilograms per acre 3.25 kg/ha = 3 lb/acre
4.00 kg/ha = 3½ lb/acre
6.00 kg/ha = 5¼ lb/acre
7.50 kg/ha = 6¾ lb/acre
134
4. Appendices
Conversion tables – metric to imperial Conversion tables – imperial to metric

(approximate) (approximate)
Length Length
1 millimetre (mm) = 0.04 inches 1 inch = 2.54 cm
1 centimetre (cm) = 0.40 inches 1 foot = 0.30 m
1 metre (m) = 39.40 inches 1 yard = 0.91 m
1 metre (m) = 3.28 feet 1 mile = 1.61 km
1 metre (m) = 1.09 yards Area
1 kilometre (km) = 0.62 miles 1 square foot = 0.09 m2
Area 1 square yard = 0.84 m2
1 square centimetre (cm ) = 0.16 square inches
2
1 acre = 0.40 ha
1 square metre (m2) = 10.77 square feet Volume (dry)
1 square metre (m2) = 1.20 square yards 1 cubic yard = 0.76 m3
1 square kilometre (km2) = 0.39 square miles 1 bushel = 36.37 L
1 hectare (ha) = 107,636 square feet
Volume (liquid)
1 hectare (ha) = 2.5 acres
1 fluid ounce (Imp.) = 28.41 mL
Volume (dry) 1 pint (Imp.) = 0.57 L
1 cubic centimetre (cm3) = 0.061 cubic inches 1 gallon (Imp.) = 4.55 L
1 cubic metre (m3) = 1.31 cubic yards 1 gallon (U.S.) = 3.79 L
1 cubic metre (m3) = 35.31 cubic feet
Weight
1,000 cubic metres (m3) = 0.81 acre-feet
1 ounce = 28.35 g
1 hectolitre (hL) = 2.8 bushels
1 pound = 453.6 g
Volume (liquid) 1 ton = 0.91 tonne
1 millilitre (mL) = 0.035 fluid ounces (Imp.)
Pressure
1 litre (L) = 1.76 pints (Imp.)
1 pound per square inch = 6.90 kPa
1 litre (L) = 0.88 quarts (Imp.)
Temperature
1 litre (L) = 0.22 gallons (Imp.)
°C = (°F – 32) × 5⁄9
1 litre (L) = 0.26 gallons (U.S.)
Weight
1 gram (g) = 0.035 ounces Abbreviations
1 kilogram (kg) = 2.21 pounds % = per cent km/h = kilometres per hour
1 tonne (t) = 1.10 short tons ai = active ingredient kPa = kilopascal
1 tonne (t) = 2,205 pounds AP = agricultural powder L = litre
Pressure cm = centimetre m = metre
1 kilopascal (kPa) = 0.15 pounds/in.2 cm2 = square centimetre m2 = square metre
Speed CS = capsule suspension mL = millilitre
1 metre per second = 3.28 feet per second DF = dry flowable mm = millimetre
1 metre per second = 2.24 miles per hour DG = dispersible granular m/s = metres per second
1 kilometre per hour = 0.62 miles per hour DP = dispersible powder SC = sprayable concentrate
E = emulsifiable SP = soluble powder
Temperature
EC = electrical conductivity t = tonne
°F = (°C × 9⁄5) + 32
e.g. = for example W = wettable (powder)
F = flowable WDG = water dispersible
g = gram granular
Gr = granules, granular WG = wettable granule
ha = hectare WP = wettable powder
kg = kilogram
135
136
Emergency and First-Aid Procedures for Pesticide Poisoning
For pesticide poisonings and pesticide injuries, call the Poison Information Centre:
Toronto 1-800-268-9017
1-877-750-2233 (TTY)
PREVENT ACCIDENTS FIRST AID

• Read the label. Follow all the precautions the label If a pesticide comes in contact with skin:
recommends. Read the First Aid section of the label • remove all contaminated clothing; wash skin thoroughly
BEFORE you begin to handle any pesticide. with lots of soap and warm water
• Make sure that someone knows what pesticides you • dry skin well and cover with clean clothing or other clean
are working with and where you are. material.
• Keep a file of labels and product Material Safety Data
Sheets (MSDS) for the pesticides you use.Make sure If pesticide comes in contact with eyes:
everyone knows where to find this in case of an emergency. • hold eyelids open; wash the eyes with clean running
• Post emergency numbers near all telephones. water for 15 minutes or more.
• Keep clean water, paper towels, extra gloves and clean If pesticide was inhaled:
coveralls close by in case you spill pesticide on yourself.
• move the victim to fresh air and loosen tight clothing
• give artificial respiration if the victim is not breathing
If someone has been working with pesticides and you
see any possible symptoms of pesticide poisoning or Do not breathe in the exhaled air from the victim —
injury, take emergency action immediately. you could also be poisoned.
If a pesticide was swallowed:

IF AN ACCIDENT OR POISONING HAPPENS • call the Poison Information Centre IMMEDIATELY.
• Protect yourself from injury first. Emergency numbers are listed at the front of each Bell
telephone directory.
• Stop the exposure to the pesticide. Move the victim away
from the contaminated area.
• Check the four basic facts — identify the pesticide, the
To obtain copies of this or any other OMAFRA publication,
quantity, the route of entry and time of exposure.
please order:
• Call an ambulance or the Poison Information Centre.
• online at ontario.ca/publications
• Start first aid. This is not a substitute for professional
medical help. • by phone through the ServiceOntario Contact Centre,
Monday to Friday, 8:30 am to 5:00 pm ET
• Provide the label, MSDS sheet or container to
- 416-326-5300
emergency personnel at the scene — or take it with
- 416-326-3408 (TTY)
you to the hospital. Do not transport pesticide containers
- 1-800-668-9938, toll-free across Canada
in the passenger compartment of the vehicle.
- 1-800-368-7095 (TTY), toll-free across Ontario
• in person at ServiceOntario Centres across Ontario
Published by the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs
©
Queen’s Printer for Ontario, 2016
Toronto, Canada
ISSN 2291-3386
For a major spill, a theft or a fire involving a pesticide:

Call the Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change Spills Action Centre at
1-800-268-6060 (24 hr a day, 7 days a week).
Notify your municipality.
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CROP PROTECTION GUIDE

FOR NURSERY AND LANDSCAPE PLANTS

1. Full Registration Certification and Licensing

Need technical or business information?

Supplements to this publication will be posted at ontario.ca/crops.

1. Using Pesticides in Ontario A Compendium of Pests and Diseases with

Toxicity Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 MAGNOLIA — magnolia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Prevent Bee Poisoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 MALUS — apple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

Chemical Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 ORNAMENTAL TREES AND SHRUBS — various. . . 48

PHLOX — phlox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 A Compendium of Herbicides with Their

CROP AND/OR NON-CROP REGISTRATIONS . . . . 118 4. Appendices

The information in this chapter is updated REGULATION OF PESTICIDES IN ONTARIO

FEDERAL REGISTRATION OF PESTICIDES Classification of Pesticides

For information about requirements under the

PESTICIDE APPLICATION INFORMATION Restricted Entry Intervals

Leave a suitable buffer zone between the treatment

“Up to the day of harvest” means the same as 0 days

PROTECT THE ENVIRONMENT Bee Poisoning

Empty Seed and Pesticide Bags

Surplus Spray Mix STORING PESTICIDES

PESTICIDE SPILLS The clean-up guidelines above may not be

For major spills, it is essential to stop the spill

USING PESTICIDES LD50 is the number of milligrams of a pesticide per

Read each pesticide label

Table 2–1. Relative Toxicity of Pesticides Table 2–1. Relative Toxicity of Pesticides

A COMPENDIUM OF PESTS AND DISEASES WITH RECOMMENDED MANAGEMENT PRACTICES —

CARAGANA — PEA SHRUB

CORYLUS — CORKSCREW HAZEL, FILBERT

HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS — VARIOUS

HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS — VARIOUS

HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS — VARIOUS

JUGLANS — BUTTERNUT, WALNUT

Tristar 70 WSP 3 solupaks

ORNAMENTAL TREES AND SHRUBS — VARIOUS

PLATANUS — LONDON PLANE, SYCAMORE

PSEUDOTSUGA — DOUGLAS FIR

RHODODENDRON — RHODODENDRON, AZALEA

Apply Dyno-Mite when mites first appear. Apply Dyno-Mite a maximum of

SORBUS — MOUNTAIN ASH

THUJA — EASTERN WHITE CEDAR, ARBORVITAE

THUJA — EASTERN WHITE CEDAR, ARBORVITAE

THUJA — EASTERN WHITE CEDAR, ARBORVITAE

TILIA — LINDEN, BASSWOOD

TILIA — LINDEN, BASSWOOD

CHEMICAL WEED CONTROL Herbicides are applied as emulsions, solutions

To minimize drift, do not spray in hot weather, Developments in New Equipment

To find out what products are excepted for use

Field Sprayers Care and Use of Equipment

liquid necessary for hydraulic agitation in the tank. Nozzle Tips

Maintain a full overlap spray pattern by using Cleaning the Sprayer

Thoroughly rinse the tank, hoses, booms, nozzles Sprayer Calibration

Environmental Issues When Cleaning

Sample Calculation Method II

When the label does not provide mixing instructions

Liquid herbicide formulations either mix in water Application Indicators

Remarks Manufacturer: Syngenta Canada Inc. 