2/8/2017 Windows 10 - Wikipedia

Windows 10
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Windows 10 is a personal computer operating system

developed and released by Microsoft as part of the Windows Windows 10
NT family of operating systems. It was officially unveiled in A version of the Windows NT operating system
September 2014 following a brief demo at Build 2014. The
first version of the operating system entered a public beta
testing process in October, leading up to its consumer
release on July 29, 2015.[7] Unlike previous versions of
Windows, Microsoft has branded Windows 10 as a "service"
that receives ongoing "feature updates"; devices in
enterprise environments can receive these updates at a
slower pace, or use long-term support milestones that only
receive critical updates, such as security patches, over their
five-year lifespan of mainstream support.[8]

Windows 10 introduces what Microsoft described as

"universal apps"; expanding on Metro-style apps, these apps Windows 10 Creators Update (version 1703),
can be designed to run across multiple Microsoft product showing the Start menu and Action Center
families with nearly identical code—including PCs, tablets,
Developer Microsoft
smartphones, embedded systems, Xbox One, Surface Hub
and Mixed Reality. The Windows user interface was revised OS family Microsoft Windows
to handle transitions between a mouse-oriented interface and Source model Closed source and shared
a touchscreen-optimized interface based on available input
source (Windows Driver
devices—particularly on 2-in-1 PCs; both interfaces include
Frameworks is now open-
an updated Start menu which incorporates elements of
Windows 7's traditional Start menu with the tiles of source)[1]
Windows 8. The first release of Windows 10 also introduces Released to July 15, 2015
a virtual desktop system, a window and desktop manufacturing
management feature called Task View, the Microsoft Edge
General July 29, 2015
web browser, support for fingerprint and face recognition
availability
login, new security features for enterprise environments, and
DirectX 12 and WDDM 2.0 to improve the operating Latest release 1703 (10.0.15063.502)
system's graphics capabilities for games. (July 31, 2017[2]) [±] (https://en.
wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title
Windows 10 received mostly positive reviews upon its
=Template:Latest_stable_softwa
original release in July 2015; critics praised Microsoft's
re_release/Windows_10&action
decision to provide a desktop-oriented interface in line with
previous versions of Windows, contrasting the tablet- =edit)
oriented approach of 8, although Windows 10's touch- Latest preview RS3 (10.0.16251) (July 26,
oriented user interface mode was panned for containing 2017[3]) [±] (https://en.wikipedi
regressions upon the touch-oriented interface of Windows 8.
a.org/w/index.php?title=Templat
Critics also praised the improvements to Windows 10's
bundled software over Windows 8.1, Xbox Live integration, e:Latest_preview_software_relea

as well as the functionality and capabilities of Cortana se/Windows_10&action=edit)

personal assistant and the replacement of Internet Explorer Marketing target Personal computing
with Microsoft Edge. However, media outlets have been
critical of changes to operating system behaviors, including Update method Windows Update, Windows
mandatory update installation, privacy concerns over data Store, Windows Server
collection performed by the OS for Microsoft and its Update Services
partners, and the adware-like tactics used to promote the Platforms IA-32, x86-64, ARM64
operating system on its release.[9][10][11][12][13]
Kernel type Hybrid (Windows NT)

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Microsoft aimed to have Windows 10 installed on at least Userland Windows API

one billion devices in the two to three years following its .NET Framework
release.[8] Up to August 2016, Windows 10 usage was Universal Windows
increasing, with it then plateauing,[14][15][16] and with Platform
previous versions of Windows declining in their share of
Windows Subsystem for
total usage as measured by web traffic. The operating system
Linux
is running on more than 400 million active devices[17] and
has an estimated usage share of 27.72% on traditional Default user interface Windows shell (Graphical)
PCs[15] and 12.53% across all platforms (PC, mobile, tablet, License Trialware,[4] Microsoft
and console).[14] Software Assurance,
MSDN subscription,
Microsoft Imagine
Contents Preceded by Windows 8.1 (2013)

1 Development Official website windows.microsoft.com (ht

1.1 Announcement tp://windows.microsoft.co
1.2 Release m)
2 Features Support status
2.1 User interface and desktop
2.2 System security All editions except LTSB:
2.3 Command line Mainstream support until October 13, 2020
2.4 Storage requirements Extended support until October 14, 2025
2.5 Online services and functionality A device needs to install the latest update to
2.6 Multimedia and gaming
remain supported[5]
3 Removed features
3.1 Features removed on version 1607 2015 LTSB:
3.2 Features removed on version 1703 Mainstream support until October 13, 2020
4 Editions and pricing Extended support until October 14, 2025[6]
4.1 Preview releases 2016 LTSB:
4.2 Public release Mainstream support until October 12, 2021
5 Updates and support
Extended support until October 13, 2026[6]
5.1 Feature updates
5.2 Features in development
6 System requirements
7 Reception
7.1 Market share and sales
7.2 Update system changes
7.3 Distribution practices
7.4 Privacy and data collection
8 See also
9 References
10 External links

Development
At the Microsoft Worldwide Partner Conference in 2011, Andrew Lees, the chief of Microsoft's mobile
technologies, said that the company intended to have a single software ecosystem for PCs, phones, tablets, and
other devices. "We won’t have an ecosystem for PCs, and one for phones, and one for tablets—they'll all come
together."[18][19]

In December 2013, technology writer Mary Jo Foley reported that Microsoft was working on an update to
Windows 8 codenamed "Threshold", after a planet in Microsoft's Halo video game franchise.[20] Similarly to
"Blue" (which became Windows 8.1),[21] Foley called Threshold a "wave of operating systems" across multiple

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Microsoft platforms and services, scheduled for the second quarter of 2015. Foley reported that among the
goals for Threshold was to create a unified application platform and development toolkit for Windows,
Windows Phone and Xbox One (which all use a similar Windows NT kernel).[20][22]

In April 2014, at the Build Conference, Microsoft's Terry Myerson unveiled an updated version of Windows 8.1
that added the ability to run Windows Store apps inside desktop windows and a more traditional Start menu in
place of the Start screen seen in Windows 8. The new Start menu takes after Windows 7's design by using only
a portion of the screen and including a Windows 7-style application listing in the first column. The second
column displays Windows 8-style app tiles. Myerson said that these changes would occur in a future update,
but did not elaborate.[23][24] Microsoft also unveiled the concept of a "universal Windows app", allowing
Windows Store apps created for Windows 8.1 to be ported to Windows Phone 8.1 and Xbox One while sharing
a common codebase, with an interface designed for different device form factors, and allowing user data and
licenses for an app to be shared between multiple platforms. Windows Phone 8.1 would share nearly 90% of
the common Windows Runtime APIs with Windows 8.1 on PCs.[23][25][26][27]

Screenshots of a Windows build which purported to be Threshold were leaked in July 2014, showing the
previously presented Start menu and windowed Windows Store apps[28] followed by a further screenshot in
September 2014 of a build identifying itself as "Windows Technical Preview", numbered 9834, showing a new
virtual desktop system, a notification center, and a new File Explorer icon.[29]

Announcement

Threshold was officially unveiled during a media event on September 30, 2014, under the name Windows 10;
Myerson said that Windows 10 would be Microsoft's "most comprehensive platform ever", providing a single,
unified platform for desktop computers, laptops, tablets, smartphones, and all-in-one devices.[30][31][32] He
emphasized that Windows 10 would take steps towards restoring user interface mechanics from Windows 7 to
improve the experience for users on non-touch devices, noting criticism of Windows 8's touch-oriented
interface by keyboard and mouse users.[33][34] Despite these concessions, Myerson noted that the touch-
oriented interface would evolve as well on 10.[35] In describing the changes, Joe Belfiore likened the two
operating systems to electric cars, comparing Windows 7 to a first-generation Toyota Prius hybrid, and
Windows 10 to an all-electric Tesla—considering the latter to be an extension of the technology first introduced
in the former.[36]

In regards to Microsoft naming the new operating system Windows 10 instead of Windows 9, Terry Myerson
said that "based on the product that's coming, and just how different our approach will be overall, it wouldn't be
right to call it Windows 9."[37] He also joked that they could not call it "Windows One" (alluding to several
recent Microsoft products with a similar brand, such as OneDrive, OneNote, and Xbox One) because Windows
1.0 already existed.[38] Tony Prophet, Microsoft Vice President of Windows Marketing, said at a San Francisco
conference in October 2014 that Windows 9 "came and went", and that Windows 10 is not "an incremental step
from Windows 8.1," but "a material step. We're trying to create one platform, one eco-system that unites as
many of the devices [sic] from the small embedded Internet of Things, through tablets, through phones, through
PCs and, ultimately, into the Xbox."[39]

Further details surrounding Windows 10's consumer-oriented features were presented during another media
event held on January 21, 2015, entitled "Windows 10: The Next Chapter". The keynote featured the unveiling
of Cortana integration within the operating system, new Xbox-oriented features, Windows 10 Mobile, an
updated Office Mobile suite, Surface Hub—a large-screened Windows 10 device for enterprise collaboration
based upon Perceptive Pixel technology,[40] along with HoloLens‑augmented reality eyewear and an associated
platform for building apps that can render holograms through HoloLens.[41]

Additional developer-oriented details surrounding the "Universal Windows Platform" concept were revealed
and discussed during Microsoft's developers' conference Build. Among them were the unveiling of
"Islandwood", which provides a middleware toolchain for compiling Objective-C based software (particularly,

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iOS software) to run as universal apps on Windows 10 and Windows 10 Mobile. A port of Candy Crush Saga
made using the toolkit, which shared much of its code with the iOS version, was demonstrated, alongside the
announcement that the King-developed game would be bundled with Windows 10 at launch.[42][43][44][45]

Release

On June 1, 2015, Microsoft announced that Windows 10 would be released on July 29, 2015.[7] Microsoft
began an advertising campaign centering on Windows 10, "Upgrade Your World", on July 20, 2015 with the
premiere of television commercials in Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom, and
the United States. The commercials focused on the tagline "A more human way to do", emphasizing new
features and technologies supported by Windows 10 that sought to provide a more "personal" experience to
users.[46][47] The campaign culminated with launch events in thirteen cities on July 29, which celebrated "the
unprecedented role our biggest fans played in the development of Windows 10".[48]

Features
Windows 10 harmonizes the user experience and functionality between different classes of device, and
addresses shortcomings in the user interface that were introduced in Windows 8.[33][34][49] Windows 10
Mobile, the successor to Windows Phone 8.1, shares some user interface elements and apps with its PC
counterpart.[50]

The Windows Runtime app ecosystem was revised into the Universal Windows Platform (UWP).[25][51][52]
These universal apps are made to run across multiple platforms and device classes, including smartphones,
tablets, Xbox One consoles, and other compatible Windows 10 devices. Windows apps share code across
platforms, have responsive designs that adapt to the needs of the device and available inputs, can synchronize
data between Windows 10 devices (including notifications, credentials, and allowing cross-platform
multiplayer for games), and are distributed through a unified Windows Store. Developers can allow "cross-
buys", where purchased licenses for an app apply to all of the user's compatible devices, rather than only the
one they purchased on (e.g., a user purchasing an app on PC is also entitled to use the smartphone version at no
extra cost).[26][53][54]

On Windows 10, Windows Store serves as a unified storefront for apps, Groove Music (formerly Xbox Music),
and Movies & TV (formerly Xbox Video).[55] Windows 10 also allows web apps and desktop software (using
either Win32 or .NET Framework) to be packaged for distribution on the Windows Store. Desktop software
distributed through Windows Store is packaged using the App-V system to allow sandboxing.[56][57]

User interface and desktop

A new iteration of the Start menu is used on the Windows 10 desktop,

with a list of places and other options on the left side, and tiles
representing applications on the right. The menu can be resized, and
expanded into a full-screen display, which is the default option in Tablet
mode.[33][49][58] A new virtual desktop system was added. A feature
known as Task View displays all open windows and allows users to
switch between them, or switch between multiple workspaces.[33][49]
The "Task View" display is a new Windows Store apps, which previously could be used only in full screen
feature to Windows 10, allowing the mode, can now be used in self-contained windows similarly to other
use of multiple workspaces. programs.[33][49] Program windows can now be snapped to quadrants of
the screen by dragging them to the corner. When a window is snapped
to one side of the screen, Task View appears and the user is prompted to
choose a second window to fill the unused side of the screen (called "Snap Assist").[49] Windows' system icons
were also changed.[58]

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Charms have been removed; their functionality in Windows Store apps is accessed from an App commands
menu on their title bar.[33][49] In its place is Action Center, which displays notifications and settings toggles. It
is accessed by clicking an icon in the notification area, or dragging from the right of the screen. Notifications
can be synced between multiple devices.[50][58] The Settings app (formerly PC Settings) was refreshed and now
includes more options that were previously exclusive to the desktop Control Panel.[59][60]

Windows 10 is designed to adapt its user interface based on the type of device being used and available input
methods. It offers two separate user interface modes: a user interface optimized for mouse and keyboard, and a
"Tablet mode" designed for touchscreens. Users can toggle between these two modes at any time, and Windows
can prompt or automatically switch when certain events occur, such as disabling Tablet mode on a tablet if a
keyboard or mouse is plugged in, or when a 2-in-1 PC is switched to its laptop state. In Tablet mode, programs
default to a maximized view, and the taskbar contains a back button and hides buttons for opened or pinned
programs; Task View is used instead to switch between programs. The full screen Start menu is used in this
mode, similarly to Windows 8, but scrolls vertically instead of horizontally.[34][61][62][63]

System security

Windows 10 incorporates multi-factor authentication technology based

upon standards developed by the FIDO Alliance.[64] The operating
system includes improved support for biometric authentication through
the Windows Hello and Passport platforms; devices with supported
cameras (requiring infrared illumination, such as Intel RealSense) allow
users to log in with iris or face recognition, similarly to Kinect. Devices
with supported readers support fingerprint-recognition login.
Credentials are stored locally and protected using asymmetric
encryption. The Passport platform allows networks, software and
websites to authenticate users using either a PIN or biometric login to Windows Hello unlock prompt on a
verify their identity, without sending a password.[65] Surface Pro 4 while using Enpass (a
password manager)
The enterprise version of Windows 10 offers additional security
features; administrators can set up policies for the automatic encryption
of sensitive data, selectively block applications from accessing encrypted data, and enable Device Guard—a
system which allows administrators to enforce a high security environment by blocking the execution of
software that is not digitally signed by a trusted vendor or Microsoft. Device Guard is designed to protect
against zero-day exploits, and runs inside a hypervisor so that its operation remains separated from the
operating system itself.[64][66]

Command line

Win32 console windows can now be resized without any restrictions, can be made to cover the full screen by
pressing Alt + ↵ Enter , and can use standard keyboard shortcuts, such as those for cut, copy, and paste. Other
features such as word wrap and transparency were also added. These functions can be disabled to revert to the
legacy console, if needed.[67]

The Anniversary Update adds Windows Subsystem for Linux, which allows the installation of a user space
environment from a supported Linux distribution that runs natively on Windows. The subsystem translates
Linux system calls that the Linux system uses to those of the Windows NT kernel. The environment can
execute the Bash shell and 64-bit command line programs. Windows applications cannot be executed from the
Linux environment, and vice versa. Linux distributions for Windows Subsystem for Linux are obtained through
Windows Store. The feature initially supported an Ubuntu-based environment; Microsoft announced in May
2017 that it would add Fedora and OpenSUSE environment options as well.[68][69][70][71][72][73][74]

Storage requirements

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To reduce the storage footprint of the operating system, Windows 10 automatically compresses system files.
The system can reduce the storage footprint of Windows by approximately 1.5 GB for 32-bit systems and
2.6 GB for 64-bit systems. The level of compression used is dependent on a performance assessment performed
during installations or by OEMs, which tests how much compression can be used without harming operating
system performance. Furthermore, the Refresh and Reset functions use runtime system files instead, making a
separate recovery partition redundant, allowing patches and updates to remain installed following the operation,
and further reducing the amount of space required for Windows 10 by up to 12 GB. These functions replace the
WIMBoot mode introduced on Windows 8.1 Update, which allowed OEMs to configure low-capacity devices
with flash-based storage to use Windows system files out of the compressed WIM image typically used for
installation and recovery.[75][76][77] Windows 10 also includes a function in its Settings app that allows users to
view a breakdown of how their device's storage capacity is being used by different types of files, and determine
whether certain types of files are saved to internal storage or an SD card by default.[78]

Online services and functionality

Windows 10 introduces a new default web browser, Microsoft Edge.[79] It features a new standards-compliant
rendering engine forked from Trident, annotation tools, and offers integration with other Microsoft platforms
present within Windows 10.[80][81] Internet Explorer 11 is maintained on Windows 10 for compatibility
purposes, but is deprecated in favor of Edge and will no longer be actively developed.[82][83]

Windows 10 incorporates Microsoft's intelligent personal assistant, Cortana, which was first introduced with
Windows Phone 8.1 in 2014. Cortana replaced Windows' embedded search feature, supporting both text and
voice input. Many of its features are a direct carryover from Windows Phone, including integration with Bing,
setting reminders, a Notebook feature for managing personal information, as well as searching for files, playing
music, launching applications and setting reminders or sending emails.[84][85] Cortana is implemented as a
universal search box located alongside the Start and Task View buttons, which can be hidden or condensed to a
single button.[58]

Microsoft Family Safety is replaced by Microsoft Family, a parental controls system that applies across
Windows platforms and Microsoft online services. Users can create a designated family, and monitor and
restrict the actions of users designated as children, such as access to websites, enforcing age ratings on
Windows Store purchases, and other restrictions. The service can also send weekly e-mail reports to parents
detailing a child's computer usage. Unlike previous versions of Windows, Child accounts in a family must be
associated with a Microsoft account—which allows these settings to apply across all Windows 10 devices that a
particular child is using.[86][87]

Windows 10 also offers the Wi-Fi Sense feature originating from Windows Phone 8.1; users can optionally
have their device automatically connect to suggested open hotspots, and share their home network's password
with contacts (either via Skype, People, or Facebook) so they may automatically connect to the network on a
Windows 10 device without needing to manually enter its password. Credentials are stored in an encrypted
form on Microsoft servers, and sent to the devices of the selected contacts. Passwords are not viewable by the
guest user, and the guest user is not allowed to access other computers or devices on the network. Wi-Fi Sense
is not usable on 802.1X-encrypted networks. Adding "_optout" at the end of the SSID will also block the
corresponding network from being used for this feature.[88]

Universal calling and messaging apps for Windows 10 are built in as of the November 2015 update: Messaging,
Skype Video, and Phone. These offer built-in alternatives to the Skype download and sync with Windows 10
Mobile.[89][90]

Multimedia and gaming

Windows 10 provides heavier integration with the Xbox ecosystem. Xbox SmartGlass is succeeded by the
Xbox app, which allows users to browse their game library (including both PC and Xbox console games), and
Game DVR is also available using a keyboard shortcut, allowing users to save the last 30 seconds of gameplay
as a video that can be shared to Xbox Live, OneDrive, or elsewhere.[91][92] Windows 10 also allows users to
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control and play games from an Xbox One console over a local
network.[93] The Xbox Live SDK allows application developers to
incorporate Xbox Live functionality into their apps, and future wireless
Xbox One accessories, such as controllers, are supported on Windows
with an adapter.[94] Microsoft also intends to allow cross-buys and save
synchronization between Xbox One and Windows 10 versions of
games; Microsoft Studios games such as ReCore and Quantum Break
The dedicated Xbox app on Windows are intended as being exclusive to Windows 10 and Xbox One.[95]
10, on the "Avatar Store" page
Candy Crush Saga and Microsoft Solitaire Collection are also
automatically installed upon installation of Windows 10.[96][97]

Windows 10 adds native game recording and screenshot capture ability using the newly introduced game bar.
Users can also have the OS continuously record gameplay in the background, which, then, allows the user to
save the last few, user configurable, moments of gameplay to the hard disk.[98]

Windows 10 adds FLAC and HEVC codecs and support for the Matroska media container, allowing these
formats to be opened in Windows Media Player and other applications.[99][100][101]

DirectX 12

Windows 10 includes DirectX 12, alongside WDDM 2.0.[102][103] Unveiled March 2014 at GDC, DirectX 12
aims to provide "console-level efficiency" with "closer to the metal" access to hardware resources, and reduced
CPU and graphics driver overhead.[104][105] Most of the performance improvements are achieved through low-
level programming, which allow developers to use resources more efficiently and reduce single-threaded CPU
bottlenecking caused by abstraction through higher level APIs.[106][107] DirectX 12 will also feature support for
vendor agnostic multi-GPU setups.[108] WDDM 2.0 introduces a new virtual memory management and
allocation system to reduce workload on the kernel-mode driver.[102][109]

Removed features
Windows Media Center was discontinued, and is uninstalled when upgrading from a previous version of
Windows.[110][111] Upgraded Windows installations with Media Center will receive the paid app Windows
DVD Player free of charge for a limited, but unspecified, time.[112] Microsoft had previously relegated Media
Center and integrated DVD playback support to a paid add-on beginning on Windows 8 due to the cost of
licensing the required DVD decoders, and the increasing number of PC devices that have no optical drives.[113]

The OneDrive built-in sync client, which was introduced in Windows 8.1, no longer supports offline
placeholders for online-only files in Windows 10.[114][115] Functionality to view offline files is expected to be
added in the future by a new Windows app.[116]

Users are no longer able to synchronize Start menu layouts across all devices associated with a Microsoft
account. A Microsoft developer justified the change by explaining that a user may have different applications
they want to emphasize on each device that they use, rather than use the same configuration across each device.
The ability to automatically install a Windows Store app across all devices associated with an account was also
removed.[117]

Web browsers can no longer set themselves as a user's default without further intervention; changing the default
web browser must be performed manually by the user from Settings' "Default apps" page, ostensibly to prevent
browser hijacking.[118]

Parental controls no longer support browsers other than Internet Explorer and Edge, and the ability to control
browsing by a whitelist was removed.[119] Also removed were the ability to control local accounts, and the
ability to scan a machine for applications to allow and block.

The Food & Drink, Health & Fitness,

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The Food & Drink, Health & Fitness, and Travel apps have been discontinued.[120]

Drivers for floppy drives are no longer integrated and must be downloaded separately.[111][121]

While all Windows 10 editions include fonts that provide broad language support, some fonts for Middle
Eastern and East Asian languages (Arabic, Chinese, Hindi, Japanese, Korean, etc.) are no longer included with
the standard installation to reduce storage space used, but are available without charge as optional font
packages. When software invokes text in languages other than those for which the system is configured and
does not use the Windows font fallback mechanisms designed always to display legible glyphs, Windows
displays unsupported characters as a default "not defined" glyph, a square or rectangular box, or a box with a
dot, question mark or "x" inside.[122]

Windows Defender could be integrated into File Explorer's context menu in Windows 8.x, but Microsoft
initially removed integration from Windows 10, restoring it in Windows 10 build 10571 in response to user
feedback.[123]

User control over Windows Updates was removed (except in enterprise versions). In earlier versions users
could opt for updates to be installed automatically, or to be notified so they could update as and when they
wished, or not to be notified; and they could choose which updates to install, using information about the
updates. Windows 10 Pro and Enterprise users may be configured by an administrator to defer updates, but only
for a limited time.[124] Under the Windows end-user license agreement, users consent to the automatic
installation of all updates, features and drivers provided by the service, and to the automatic removal or changes
to features being modified is not required; it is implicit "without any additional notice".[125][126][127]

Features removed on version 1607

Cortana can no longer be fully hidden, as it was made the default search experience in the Windows shell for all
users (on previous revisions, a generic search experience without any Cortana branding and functionality is
used if it is disabled). As with previous builds, users must still opt-in and grant permission for the software to
perform data collection and tracking in order to fully enable Cortana's personalized features. If this
functionality is not enabled, Cortana operates in a feature-limited mode with basic web and device search
functionality, nearly identical to the non-Cortana search experience on previous builds.[128][129]

In April 2016, Microsoft announced that it will no longer allow Cortana web searches to be executed through
any other web browser and search engine combination but Microsoft Edge and Bing, intentionally disregarding
user settings. Microsoft stated that circumvention of these settings (which could be accomplished with third-
party software) results in a "compromised experience that is less reliable and predictable", and that only
Microsoft Edge supports direct integration with Cortana within the browser itself.[130][131]

Certain features related to embedded advertising in the operating system can no longer be disabled on non-
enterprise versions of Windows 10 using management settings such as Group Policy,[132] including disabling
Windows Store and Universal Windows Platform apps, "Microsoft consumer experiences" (which pushes tiles
to the Start menu advertising Windows Store apps promoted by Microsoft, typically following a new
installation of Windows 10), Windows Tips, turning off the lock screen (which can optionally display ads as
part of "Spotlight" tips), or enforcing a specific lock screen background. Critics argued that this change was
meant to discourage Windows 10 Pro from being used in business environments, since Microsoft was making it
less attractive by reducing the amount of control administrators have over their devices' environment without
using an enterprise version of Windows 10.[132]

The ability to share Wi-Fi credentials with other contacts via Wi-Fi Sense was removed; Wi-Fi passwords can
still be synced between devices tied to the same Microsoft account.[133]

Features removed on version 1703

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Windows Update will no longer postpone the download of certain critical updates if the device is connected to
a network that was designated by the user as being "metered". Although meant to prevent the updates from
utilizing data allotments, this behavior had been used as a workaround by users to defy the requirement for all
updates to be automatically downloaded.[134]

Devices containing an Intel Atom "Clover Trail" system-on-chip are incompatible with Version 1703, and
cannot be upgraded to this version of Windows 10.[135]

Editions and pricing

Windows 10 is available in five main editions for personal computer devices, of which the Home and Pro
versions are sold at retail in most countries, and as pre-loaded software on new computers. Home is aimed at
home users, while Pro is aimed at small businesses and enthusiasts. Each edition of Windows 10 includes all of
the capabilities and features of the edition below it, and add additional features oriented towards their market
segments; for example, Pro adds additional networking and security features such as BitLocker, Device Guard,
Windows Update for Business, and the ability to join a domain. The remaining editions, Enterprise and
Education, contain additional features aimed towards business environments, and are only available through
volume licensing.[136][137]

As part of Microsoft's unification strategies, Windows products that are based on Windows 10's common
platform but meant for specialized platforms are marketed as editions of the operating system, rather than as
separate product lines. An updated version of Microsoft's Windows Phone operating system for smartphones,
and also tablets, was branded as Windows 10 Mobile.[138] Editions of Enterprise and Mobile will also be
produced for embedded systems, along with Windows 10 IoT Core, which is designed specifically for use in
small footprint, low-cost devices and Internet of Things (IoT) scenarios and is similar to Windows
Embedded.[136][137]

On May 2, 2017, Microsoft unveiled Windows 10 S (referred to in leaks as Windows 10 Cloud), a feature-
limited version of Windows 10 designed primarily for low-end devices in the education market, such as the
Surface Laptop that Microsoft also unveiled at this time. The OS restricts software installation to applications
obtained from Windows Store; the device may be upgraded to Windows 10 Pro for a fee to enable unrestricted
software installation. Windows 10 S also contains a faster initial setup and login process, and allows devices to
be provisioned using a USB drive with the Windows Intune for Education platform. All Windows 10 S devices
will include a free one-year subscription to Minecraft: Education Edition.[139][140][141][142][143]

Preview releases

A public beta program for Windows 10 known as the Windows Insider Program (previously Windows Technical
Preview) began with the first publicly available preview release on October 1, 2014. Insider preview builds are
aimed towards enthusiasts and enterprise users for the testing and evaluation of updates and new features.[144]
Users of the Windows Insider program receive occasional updates to newer preview builds of the operating
system and will continue to be able to evaluate preview releases after general availability (GA) in July 2015—
this is in contrast to previous Windows beta programs, where public preview builds were released less
frequently and only during the months preceding GA.[33][35][145][146][147] Windows Insider builds continued
being released after the release to manufacturing (RTM) of Windows 10.[148][149]

Public release

Microsoft promoted that Windows 10 would become generally available (GA) on July 29, 2015. In comparison
to previous Windows releases, which had a longer turnover between the release to manufacturing (RTM) and
general release to allow for testing by vendors (and in some cases, the development of "upgrade kits" to prepare
systems for installation of the new version), an HP Inc. executive explained that because it knew Microsoft
targeted the operating system for a release in 2015, the company was able to optimize its then-current and
upcoming products for Windows 10 in advance of its release, negating the need for such a milestone.[150]

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The general availability build of Windows 10, numbered 10240, was first released on July 15, 2015 to
Windows Insider channels for pre-launch testing prior to its formal release.[151][152] Although a Microsoft
official said that there would be no specific RTM build of Windows 10, 10240 was described as an RTM build
by media outlets because it was released to all Windows Insider members at once (rather than to users on the
"Fast ring" first), it no longer carried pre-release branding and desktop watermark text, and because its build
number had mathematical connections to the number 10 in reference to the operating system's
naming.[153][154][155][156][157][158] The Enterprise edition was released to volume licensing on August 1,
2015.[159]

Users are able to in-place upgrade through the "Get Windows 10" application (GWX) and Windows
Update,[160] or the "Media Creation Tool", which is functionally identical to the Windows 8 online installer,
and can also be used to generate an ISO image or USB install media.[161] In-place upgrades are supported from
most editions of Windows 7 with Service Pack 1 and Windows 8.1 with Update 1, while users with Windows 8
must first upgrade to Windows 8.1. Changing between architectures (e.g., upgrading from 32-bit edition to a
64-bit editions) via in-place upgrades is not supported; a clean install is required.[162][163] In-place upgrades
may be rolled back to the device's previous version of Windows, provided that 30 days have not passed since
installation, and backup files were not removed using Disk Cleanup.[164]

Windows 10 was available in 190 countries and 111 languages upon its launch, and as part of efforts to "re-
engage" with users in China, Microsoft also announced that it would partner with Qihoo and Tencent to help
promote and distribute Windows 10 in China, and that Chinese PC maker Lenovo would provide assistance at
its service centers and retail outlets for helping users upgrade to Windows 10.[165][166][167] At retail, Windows
10 is priced similarly to editions of Windows 8.1, with U.S. prices set at $119 and $199 for Windows 10 Home
and Pro respectively. A Windows 10 Pro Pack license allows upgrades from Windows 10 Home to Windows 10
Pro.[168][169] Retail copies ship on USB flash drive media or DVD-ROM media.[170] New devices shipping
with Windows 10 were also released during the operating system's launch window.[171]

Windows RT devices cannot be upgraded to Windows 10.[163][172]

Free upgrade offer

During its first year of availability (ended on July 29, 2016),[173] upgrade licenses for Windows 10 could be
obtained at no charge for devices with a genuine license for an eligible edition of Windows 7
or 8.1.[169][174][175] This offer did not apply to Enterprise editions, as customers under an active Software
Assurance (SA) contract with upgrade rights are entitled to obtain Windows 10 Enterprise under their existing
terms. All users running non-genuine copies of Windows, and those without an existing Windows 7 or 8
license, were ineligible for this promotion; although upgrades from a non-genuine version were possible, they
result in a non-genuine copy of 10.[148][165][175][176][177] Microsoft announced in May 2016 that the free
upgrade offer would be extended indefinitely to users of assistive technologies; however, Microsoft did not
implement any means of certifying eligibility for this offer, which some outlets thereby promoted as being a
loophole to fraudulently obtain a free Windows 10 upgrade. Microsoft said that the loophole is not intended to
be used in this manner.[178][179][180]

On the general availability build of Windows 10, to activate and generate the "digital entitlement" for
Windows 10, the operating system must have first been installed as an in-place upgrade. Once installed, the
operating system can be reinstalled on that particular system via normal means without a product key, and the
system's license will automatically be detected via online activation.[162][181][182] As of the November 2015
build, an existing Windows 7 or Windows 8.1 product key can be entered during installation to activate the free
license, without the need to upgrade first to "activate" the hardware with Microsoft's activation servers.[183]
The Windows Insider Preview version of Windows 10 automatically updated itself to the generally released
version as part of the version progression, and continues to be updated to new beta builds, as it had throughout
the testing process. Microsoft explicitly stated that Windows Insider was not a valid upgrade path for those
running a version of Windows that is ineligible for the upgrade offer; although, if it was not installed with a
license carried over from an in-place upgrade to 10 Insider Preview from Windows 7 or 8, the Insider Preview
does remain activated as long as the user does not exit the Windows Insider program.[148][149]
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The offer was promoted and delivered via the "Get Windows 10" application ("GWX"), which was
automatically installed via Windows Update ahead of Windows 10's release, and activated on systems deemed
eligible for the upgrade offer. Via a notification area icon, users could access an application that advertised
Windows 10 and the free upgrade offer, check device compatibility, and "reserve" an automatic download of
the operating system upon its release.[184][185] On July 28, a pre-download process began in which
Windows 10 installation files were downloaded to some computers that had reserved it. Microsoft said that
those who reserved Windows 10 would be able to install it through GWX in a phased rollout process. The
operating system could alternatively be downloaded at any time using a separate "Media Creation Tool" setup
program (similar to Windows 8's setup program), that allows for the creation of DVD or USB installation
media.[161][171][186][187]

Licensing

During upgrades, Windows 10 licenses are not tied directly to a product key. Instead, the license status of the
system's current installation of Windows is migrated, and a "Digital entitlement" is generated during the
activation process, which is bound to the hardware information collected during the process. If Windows 10 is
reinstalled cleanly and there have not been any significant hardware changes since installation (such as a
motherboard change), the online activation process will automatically recognize the system's digital entitlement
if no product key is entered during installations. However, unique product keys are still distributed within retail
copies of Windows 10. As with previous non-volume-licensed versions of Windows, significant hardware
changes will invalidate the digital entitlement, and require Windows to be re-activated.[162][181]

Updates and support

Windows
10 is Overview
serviced Latest build
Version Code name Marketing name Release date Support retired[188]
in a PC Mobile
1507 Threshold 1 N/A July 29, 2015 May 9, 2017 10240 N/A
1511 Threshold 2 November Update November 10, 2015 October 10, 2017 10586 10586
1607 Redstone 1 Anniversary Update August 2, 2016 March 2018 14393 14393
1703 Redstone 2 Creators Update April 5, 2017 September 2018 15063 15063
TBA Redstone 3 Fall Creators Update Late 2017 N/A 16251 15235
Legend: Old version Older version, still supported Latest version Latest preview version

significantly different manner from previous releases of Windows. Its delivery is often described by Microsoft
as a "service", due to its ongoing updates, with Terry Myerson explaining that Microsoft's aim is that "the
question 'what version of Windows are you running' will cease to make sense."[175][189][190]

Unlike previous versions of Windows, Windows Update does not allow the selective installation of updates,
and all updates (including patches, feature updates, and driver software) are downloaded and installed
automatically. Users can only choose whether their system will reboot automatically to install updates when the
system is inactive, or be notified to schedule a reboot.[191][192] If a wireless network is designated as
"Metered"—a function which automatically reduces the operating system's background network activity to
conserve limits on internet usage, most updates are not downloaded until the device is connected to a non-
metered network. Redstone 2 allows wired (ethernet) networks to be designated as metered, but Windows may
still download certain updates while connected to a metered network.[134][193] Updates can cause compatibility
or other problems; a Microsoft troubleshooter program allows bad updates to be uninstalled.[194][195]

Windows Update can also use a peer to peer system for distributing updates; by default, users' bandwidth is
used to distribute previously downloaded updates to other users, in combination with Microsoft servers. Users
can instead choose to only use peer-to-peer updates within their local area network.[196]

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The original RTM release of Windows 10 ("Windows 10, released in July 2015") receives mainstream support
for five years after its original release, followed by five years of extended support, but this is subject to
conditions. Microsoft's support lifecycle policy for the operating system notes that "Updates are cumulative,
with each update built upon all of the updates that preceded it", that "a device needs to install the latest update
to remain supported", and that a device's ability to receive future updates will depend on hardware
compatibility, driver availability, and whether the device is within the OEM's "support period"—a new aspect
not accounted for in lifecycle policies for previous versions.[197][175][198][199] This policy was first invoked in
2017 to block Intel Clover Trail devices from receiving the Creators Update, as Microsoft asserts that future
updates "require additional hardware support to provide the best possible experience", and that Intel no longer
provided support or drivers for the platform. Microsoft stated that these devices would no longer receive feature
updates, but would still receive security updates through January 2023.[200]

Feature updates

Upgraded builds of Windows 10, known as feature updates,[201] are occasionally released, containing new
features and other changes; in April 2017, Microsoft stated that in the future, these updates would be released
twice a year every March and September.[202]

The pace at which feature updates are received by devices is dependent on which release channel is used; the
default branch for all users of Windows 10 Home and Pro is "Current Branch", (CB) which receives stable
builds after they are publicly released by Microsoft. A 60-day grace period is provided for each CB build to be
rolled out to users before Microsoft ends support and updates for the previous version.[201] Windows Insider
branches receive unstable builds as they are released, at either a "Fast" pace (immediately after release) or
"Slow" pace (slightly delayed from their "Fast" release). The Pro and Enterprise editions may optionally use
the "Current Branch for Business" release channel (CBB), which receives the stable builds on a roughly four-
month delay from their CB release to allow for additional testing.[201][192][203] CBB may defer build upgrades
for up to eight months, after which the new build must be installed in order to maintain support and access to
security updates.[198] Administrators can also use the "Windows Update for Business" system to organize
structured deployments of updates and build upgrades across their networks.[192]

Enterprise licensees may use the Windows 10 Enterprise Long-term Servicing Branch (LTSB) edition.[201][203]
LTSB milestones of Windows 10 are designed for long-term deployments in specialized environments, and
only receive quality of life updates (i.e. security patches). Each LTSB milestone is given a full, 10-year support
lifecycle. Due to Microsoft's intended use cases for LTSB builds, certain features, including most Cortana
functionality, Windows Store, and bundled apps, are excluded from LTSB.[201][175][204][205] Microsoft director
Stella Chernyak explained that "we have businesses [that] may have mission-critical environments where we
respect the fact they want to test and stabilize the environment for a long time."[206]

Windows
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Windows 10 support and update branches[175][207][208][209]

Windows Insider Current Branch for Long Term Servicing
Current Branch
Update Preview Branch Business Branch
(CB)
branch (WIPB) (CBB) (LTSB)
"Consumer grade"
Beta software "Business ready" "Mission critical"
Home
Pro
Edition
Education
Enterprise Enterprise LTSB
Critical
updates
Security User can defer updates
Automatic
patches and indefinitely
stability Continuous as made
updates available Automatic and
Feature (choice of slow, fast, or mandatory[210]
upgrades release preview ring)
Non-critical Only through LTSB in-
Automatic or defer
functionality place upgrades
and feature
updates
~4 months after CB
Feature
Progressively after WIPB evaluation or LTSB releases are stable
upgrades Continuous as released
evaluation defer for an additional ~8 'snapshots' of CBB
cadence
months
Continuous updating or In-place upgrade support
Upgrade Continuous updating, features silently come and
in-place upgrade to for the three most recent
support sometimes go with new builds
supported LTSB builds LTSB builds
10 years (or ~8 months
10 years (or until future builds require hardware from deferring build
Update support the old device doesn't have or ~4 months upgrade or until future 5 years mainstream + 5
support after a missed cumulative update made into builds require hardware years extended
CBB.)[197] support the old device
doesn't have.)
Windows Update
Windows Update for
Windows Update for
Update Business
Windows Update Business
methods Windows Server Update
Windows Server Update
Services
Services

Version 1511 (November Update)

The second stable build of Windows 10, build 10586 (also known as the November Update or version 1511,
and codenamed "Threshold 2" (TH2)), began to be distributed via Windows Update on November 12, 2015. It
contains various improvements to the operating system, its user interface, bundled services, as well as the
introduction of Skype-based universal messaging apps, and the Windows Store for Business and Windows
Update for Business features.[211][212][213][214]

On November 21, 2015, 10586 was temporarily pulled from public distribution.[215][216] The upgrade was re-
instated on November 24, 2015, with Microsoft stating that the removal was due to a bug that caused privacy
and data collection settings to be reset to defaults when installing the upgrade.[217]

Version 1607 (Anniversary Update)

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The third stable build of Windows 10 (officially branded as the Anniversary Update or version 1607, and
codenamed "Redstone 1" (RS1)), was released on August 2, 2016, a little over one year after the first stable
release of Windows 10.[218][219][220][221] The "Redstone" branch is expected to comprise two major stable
builds. While both were originally to be released during 2016, it was later reported that the second had been
delayed into 2017 so that it would be released in concert with that year's wave of Microsoft first-party
devices.[222][223][219]

The Redstone branch introduces new features such as the Windows Ink platform, which eases the ability to add
stylus input support to Universal Windows Platform apps and provides a new "Ink Workspace" area with links
to pen-oriented apps and features,[224][219] enhancements to Cortana's proactive functionality,[225] a dark user
interface theme mode, a new version of Skype designed to work with the Universal Windows Platform,
improvements to Universal Windows Platform intended for video games,[218] and offline scanning using
Windows Defender.[226] Redstone also supports Windows Subsystem for Linux, a new component that
provides an environment for running Linux-compatible binary software in an Ubuntu-based user mode
environment.[227]

On new installations of Windows 10 on systems with secure boot enabled, all kernel mode drivers issued after
July 29, 2015, must be digitally signed with an Extended Validation Certificate issued by Microsoft.[228]

Version 1703 (Creators Update)

Microsoft announced the fourth stable build of Windows 10 on October 26, 2016.[229] Officially branded as the
Creators Update or version 1703,[230] and codenamed "Redstone 2" (RS2), it was released on April 11, 2017
for general availability,[231][232] and on April 5, 2017 for manual installation via Windows 10 Upgrade
Assistant and Media Creation Tool tools.[233] The branch primarily focuses on content creation, productivity,
and gaming features—with a particular focus on virtual and augmented reality (including HoloLens and virtual
reality headsets) and on aiding the generation of three-dimensional content.

It supports a new virtual reality workspace designed for use with headsets; Microsoft announced that several
OEMs planned to release VR headsets designed for use with the Creators Update.[232][231][234] Controls for the
Xbox app's Game Bar and Game DVR feature have moved to the Settings app, while a new "Game Mode"
option allows resources to be prioritized towards games.[235] Integration with Microsoft acquisition Mixer
(formerly Beam)[236] was added for live streaming.[235] The themes manager moved to Settings app, and
custom accent colors are now possible.[235] The new app Paint 3D allows users to produce artwork using 3D
models; the app is designed to make 3D creation more accessible to mainstream users.[237]

The presentation of Windows 10's privacy settings has changed to have more detailed explanations of the types
of data that the operating system may collect. Additionally, the "enhanced" level of telemetry collection has
been removed.[235] Windows Update notifications may now be "snoozed" for a period of time, the "active
hours" during which Windows will not try to install updates may now extend up to 18 hours in length, and
updates may be paused for up to seven days.[235] Windows Defender was also updated with a new user
experience, Windows Defender Security Center.[235] "Dynamic Lock" allows a device to automatically lock if
it is outside of the proximity of a designated Bluetooth device, such as a smartphone.[238]

Fall Creators Update

Windows Insider users were migrated to a branch working towards the next update to Windows 10, "Redstone
3" (RS3), officially branded as the Fall Creators Update in April 2017.[239]

It will also introduce a new feature known as "My People", where shortcuts to "important" contacts can be
displayed on the taskbar. Notifications involving these contacts will appear above their respective pictures, and
users can communicate with the contact via either Skype, e-mail, or text messaging (integrating with Android
and Windows 10 Mobile devices). Support for additional services, including Xbox, Skype for Business, and
third-party integration, are to be added in the future. Files can also be dragged directly to the contact's picture to
share them.[240] My People was originally announced for Creators Update, but was ultimately held over to the
next release, [241][242] and made
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next release,[241][242]
and made its first public appearance in Build 16184 in late April 2017.[239] It also
introduces a new security feature known as "controlled folder access", which allows application access to
defined folders to be restricted to specified software. This feature is designed mainly to defend against file-
encrypting ransomware.[243]

Features in development

In May 2017, Microsoft unveiled Fluent Design System (previously codenamed "Project Neon"), a revamp of
Microsoft Design Language 2 that will include guidelines for the designs and interactions used within software
designed for all Windows 10 devices and platforms. The new design language will include more prominent use
of motion, depth, and translucency effects. Microsoft stated that the implementation of this design language
would be performed over time, and it had already started to implement elements of it in Creators Update and
Fall Creators Update.[244]

At Build 2017, Microsoft announced several key features that were to launch in Fall Creators Update;
"Timeline" and "Pick up where you left off" will allow users to view a list of recently-used applications and
files sourced from multiple devices in an on-screen timeline, and synchronize opened content in apps (such as
Office documents) so a user can continue working on it from a different device (similar to OS X's "Handoff").
These functions are enabled via the Microsoft Graph platform, and will support Android and iOS
devices.[245][246] Microsoft also plans to add a "Cloud clipboard" synchronized between devices, and
announced a new "Files-on-Demand" feature for OneDrive that serves as a partial replacement for the previous
"placeholders" function.[247] Timeline has since been delayed to the next release.[248]

On December 7, 2016, Microsoft announced that as part of a partnership with Qualcomm, it planned to
introduce support for running Win32 software on ARM architecture with a 32-bit x86 processor emulator, in
2017. Terry Myerson stated that this move would enable the production of Qualcomm Snapdragon-based
Windows devices with cellular connectivity and improved power efficiency over Intel-compatible devices, and
still capable of running the majority of existing Windows software (unlike the previous Windows RT, which
was restricted to Windows Store apps). Microsoft is initially targeting this project towards laptops.[249]

System requirements
Hardware requirements for Windows 10[174]
Component Minimum Recommended
1 GHz clock rate
IA-32 or x86-64 architecture with support for PAE, NX and SSE2
Processor
x86-64 CPUs must also support CMPXCHG16B, PrefetchW and
LAHF/SAHF instructions.[250][251]
IA-32 edition:
Memory 1 GB
4 GB
(RAM) x86-64 edition:
2 GB
Graphics DirectX 9 graphics device
WDDM 1.3 or higher driver
card WDDM 1.0 or higher driver
Display 800×600 pixels N/A
Input device Keyboard and mouse Multi-touch display
Storage IA-32 edition: 16 GB N/A
space x86-64 edition: 20 GB

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Additional requirements for optional functionality

Feature Requirements
Second Level Address Translation (SLAT) and a 64-bit edition of
Client Hyper-V
Windows
UEFI v2.3.1 Errata B with Microsoft Windows Certification
Secure Boot
Authority in its database
BitLocker, device
Trusted Platform Module (TPM) 2.0
encryption
Windows Hello Illuminated infrared camera
Speech recognition Microphone
Biometric
Fingerprint reader
authentication
Device encryption InstantGo
Miracast Wi-Fi adapter that supports Wi-Fi Direct
Hardware equivalent of Ctrl + Alt + Delete or ⊞ Win + Power key
Secure attention
sequence

The basic hardware requirements to install Windows 10 are the same as for Windows 8.1 and Windows 8, and
only slightly higher than Windows 7. The 64-bit versions require a CPU that supports certain instructions.[252]
Devices with low storage capacity must provide a USB flash drive or SD card with sufficient storage for
temporary files during upgrades.[253]

Some pre-built devices may be described as "certified" by Microsoft. Certified tablets must include Power ,
Volume up , and Volume down keys; ⊞ Win and Rotation lock keys are no longer required.[254]

As with Windows 8, all certified devices must ship with UEFI Secure Boot enabled by default. Unlike
Windows 8, OEMs are no longer required to make Secure Boot settings user-configurable, meaning that
devices may optionally be locked to run only Microsoft-signed operating systems.[255] A supported infrared-
illuminated camera is required for Windows Hello face authentication.[256] Device Guard requires a UEFI
system with no third-party certificates loaded, and CPU virtualization extensions (including SLAT and
IOMMU) enabled in firmware.[256]

Beginning with Intel Kaby Lake and AMD Bristol Ridge, Windows 10 is the only version of Windows that
Microsoft will officially support on newer CPU microarchitectures.[257][258] Terry Myerson stated that
Microsoft did not want to make further investments in optimizing older versions of Windows and associated
software for newer generations of processors.[259][260] These policies were criticized by the media, who
especially noted that Microsoft was refusing to support newer hardware (particularly Intel's Skylake CPUs,
which was also originally targeted by the new policy with a premature end of support that was ultimately
retracted)[261][262] on Windows 8.1, a version of Windows that is still in mainstream support until January
2018.[263][264]

Windows 10 Creators Update does not support Intel Clover Trail system-on-chips, per Microsoft's stated policy
of only providing updates for devices during their OEM support period.[200][135]

Reception
Critics characterized the initial release of Windows 10 in July 2015 as being rushed, citing the incomplete state
of some of the operating system's bundled software (such as the Edge web browser), as well as the stability of
the operating system itself on launch.[265][266][267] However, TechRadar felt that Windows 10 would be "the
new Windows 7", citing the operating system's more familiar user interface, improvements to bundled apps,
performance improvements, a "rock solid" search system, and the Settings app being more full-featured than its
equivalents on 8 and 8.1. The Microsoft Edge web browser was praised for its performance, albeit not being in
a feature-complete state on-launch. While considering them a "great idea in principle", concerns were shown

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for Microsoft's focus on the universal app ecosystem, noting that "It's by no means certain that developers are
going to flock to Windows 10 from iOS and Android simply because they can convert their apps easily. It may
well become a no-brainer for them, but at the moment a conscious decision is still required."[266]

Engadget was similarly positive, noting that the upgrade process was painless, and that Windows 10's user
interface had balanced aspects of Windows 8 with those of previous versions with a more mature aesthetic.
Cortana's always-on voice detection was considered to be its "true strength", also citing its query capabilities
and personalization features, but noting that it was not as pre-emptive as Google Now. Windows 10's stock
applications were praised for being improved over their Windows 8 counterparts, and for supporting windowed
modes. The Xbox app was also praised for its Xbox One streaming functionality, although recommending its
use over a wired network due to inconsistent quality over Wi-Fi. In conclusion, it was argued that "Windows 10
delivers the most refined desktop experience ever from Microsoft, and yet it's so much more than that. It's also
a decent tablet OS, and it's ready for a world filled with hybrid devices. And, barring another baffling screwup,
it looks like a significant step forward for mobile. Heck, it makes the Xbox One a more useful machine."[268]

Ars Technica panned the new Tablet mode interface for removing the charms and app switching, making the
Start button harder to use by requiring users to reach for the button on the bottom-left rather than at the center
of the screen when swiping with a thumb, and for making application switching less instantaneous through the
use of Task View. Microsoft Edge was praised for being "tremendously promising", and "a much better browser
than Internet Explorer ever was", but criticized it for its lack of functionality on-launch. In conclusion,
contrasting Windows 8 as being a "reliable" platform albeit consisting of unfinished concepts, Windows 10 was
considered "the best Windows yet" and was praised for having a better overall concept in its ability to be
"comfortable and effective" across a wide array of form factors, but that it was buggier than previous versions
of Windows were on-launch.[265] ExtremeTech felt that Windows 10 restricted the choices of users, citing its
more opaque setting menus, forcing users to give up bandwidth for the peer-to-peer distribution of updates, and
for taking away user control of specific functions, such as updates, explaining that "it feels, once again, as if
Microsoft has taken the seed of a good idea, like providing users with security updates automatically, and
shoved the throttle to maximum."[269]

Critics have noted that Windows 10 heavily emphasizes freemium services, and contains various advertising
facilities. Some outlets have considered these to be a hidden "cost" of the free upgrade offer.[270][271][272]
Examples include media storefronts, Office 365, paid functionality in bundled games such as Microsoft
Solitaire Collection,[273][270][274][275] default settings that display promotions of "suggested" apps in Start
menu and "tips" on the lock screen that may contain advertising,[271][272] ads displayed in File Explorer for
Office 365 subscriptions on Creators' Update,[272] and various advertising notifications promoting the
Microsoft Edge web browser when it is not set as default.[276]

Market share and sales

Twenty-four hours after it was released,

Microsoft announced that more than Desktop/Laptop operating system browsing statistics
14 million devices were running Windows 7   38.20%
Windows 10.[278] On August 26, Windows 10   30.76%
Microsoft said more than 75 million OS X   11.69%
devices were running Windows 10, in Windows 8.1   7.96%
192 countries, and on more than 90,000 Windows XP   4.13%
unique PC or tablet models.[279] Windows 8   2.03%
According to Terry Myerson, there were Linux   1.72%
more than 110 million devices running Windows Vista   0.79%
Windows 10 as of October 6, 2015.[280] Other/Unknown   2.72%
On January 4, 2016, Microsoft reported
that Windows 10 had been activated on Desktop operating system market share according to StatCounter for
more than 200 million devices since the June 2017.[277] Android desktops and laptops are not included in this
graph.
operating system's launch in July
2015.[281][282]
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In the monthly hardware survey conducted by the video game distribution platform Steam, approximately
34.05% of all devices surveyed ran a version of Windows 10 (either 32-bit or 64-bit architecture) as of January
2016, in comparison to 42.08% using Windows 7. On 64-bit architecture only, Windows 10 was used by
32.77%, behind 34.31% on Windows 7 64-bit.[283]

According to StatCounter, Windows 10 overtook Windows 8.1 in December 2015.[284][285]

According to StatCounter market share statistics (based on web use proxy), Iceland was the first country where
Windows 10 was ranked first (not only on the desktop, it also holds across all platforms),[286] with several
bigger European countries following (a British Crown dependency Isle of Man got there first ahead of any
country, late in 2015[287]) and others such as Canada (most popular on desktops; iOS still more popular, ranked
first). For one week late in November 2016, Windows 10 overtook first rank from Windows 7 in the United
States, before losing it again;[288] it becomes more popular every weekend.

At the end of June 2016, Windows 10 had been installed on nearly 350 million devices.[289] By the end of
September, this number had become 400 million.[17]

By February 2017, Windows 10 was losing market share to Windows 7.[290]

Update system changes

Windows 10 Home is permanently set to download all updates automatically, including cumulative updates,
security patches, and drivers, and users cannot individually select updates to install or not.[111] Microsoft offers
a diagnostic tool that can be used to hide updates and prevent them from being reinstalled, but only after they
had been already installed, then uninstalled without rebooting the system.[291][292] Tom Warren of The Verge
felt that, given web browsers such as Google Chrome had already adopted such an automatic update system,
such a requirement would help to keep all Windows 10 devices secure, and felt that "if you're used to family
members calling you for technical support because they've failed to upgrade to the latest Windows service pack
or some malware disabled Windows Update then those days will hopefully be over."[293]

Concerns were raised that due to these changes, users would be unable to skip the automatic installation of
updates that are faulty or cause issues with certain system configurations—although build upgrades will also be
subject to public beta testing via Windows Insider program.[291][293] There were also concerns that the forced
installation of driver updates through Windows Update, where they were previously designated as "optional",
could cause conflicts with drivers that were installed independently of Windows Update. An example of such a
situation occurred just prior to the general release of the operating system, when an Nvidia graphics card driver
that was automatically pushed to Windows 10 users via Windows Update caused issues that prevented the use
of certain functions, or prevented their system from booting at all.[291]

Criticism was also directed towards Microsoft's decision to no longer provide specific details on the contents of
cumulative updates for Windows 10.[127] On February 9, 2016, Microsoft retracted this decision and began to
provide release notes for cumulative updates on the Windows website.[294]

Some users reported that during the installation of the November upgrade, some applications (particularly
utility programs such as CPU-Z and Speccy) were automatically uninstalled during the upgrade process, and
some default programs were reset to Microsoft-specified defaults (such as Photos app, and Microsoft Edge for
PDF viewing), both without warning.[295][296]

Further issues were discovered upon the launch of the Anniversary Update ("Redstone"), including a bug that
caused some devices to freeze (but addressed by cumulative update KB3176938, released on August 31,
2016),[297][298] and that fundamental changes to how Windows handles webcams had caused many to stop
working.[299]

On June 2017, a Redstone 3 Insider build (which is known as rs_IoT on Mobile) was accidentally released to
Insider and as well on non-Insider users in all Windows 10 PCs and Mobile, but the update was retracted earlier
and Microsoft apologized and released a note in their Windows Insider Program blog in how to prevent the said
Insider build to be installed in
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_10 their device. [300] According to Dona Sarkar, "because an inadvertent 18/37
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Insider build to be installed in their device. [300]

According to Dona Sarkar, "because an inadvertent
deployment to the engineering system that controls which builds/which rings to push out to insiders." [301]

Distribution practices

Microsoft was criticized for the tactics that it used to promote its free upgrade campaign for Windows 10,
including adware-like behaviours,[302] using deceptive user interfaces to coax users into installing the operating
system,[9][10][11][12] downloading installation files without user consent,[303][302] and making it difficult for
users to suppress the advertising and notifications if they did not wish to upgrade to 10.[303][302][304] The
upgrade offer was marketed and initiated using the "Get Windows 10" (GWX) application, which was first
downloaded and installed via Windows Update in March 2015.[9][12] Registry keys and group policies could be
used to partially disable the GWX mechanism, but the installation of patches to the GWX software via
Windows Update could reset these keys back to defaults, and thus reactivate the
software.[303][302][304][305][304][10] Third-party programs were also created to assist users in applying measures
to disable GWX.[306]

In September 2015, it was reported that Microsoft was triggering automatic downloads of the Windows 10
installation files on all compatible Windows 7 or 8.1 computers configured to automatically download and
install updates, regardless of whether or not they had specifically requested the upgrade. Microsoft officially
confirmed the change, claiming it was "an industry practice that reduces time for installation and ensures device
readiness." This move was criticized by users who have data caps or devices with low storage capacity, as
resources were consumed by the automatic downloads of up to 6 GB of data. Other critics argued that
Microsoft should not have triggered any downloading of Windows 10 installation files without user
consent.[302][303][307]

In October 2015, Windows 10 began to appear as an "Optional" update in the Windows Update interface, but
pre-selected for installation on some systems. A Microsoft spokesperson said that this was a mistake, and that
the download would no longer be pre-selected by default.[11] However, on October 29, 2015, Microsoft
announced that it planned to classify Windows 10 as a "recommended" update in the Windows Update interface
some time in 2016, which will cause an automatic download of installation files and a one-time prompt with a
choice to install to appear.[308][309] In December 2015, it was reported that a new advertising dialog had begun
to appear, only containing "Upgrade now" and "Upgrade tonight" buttons, and no obvious method to decline
installation besides the close button.[10]

In March 2016, some users also alleged that their Windows 7 and 8.1 devices had automatically begun
upgrading to 10 without their consent.[310] In June 2016, the GWX dialog's behavior changed to make closing
the window imply a consent to a scheduled upgrade.[311][312] Despite this, an Infoworld editor disputed the
claims that upgrades had begun without any consent at all; testing showed that the upgrade to Windows 10
would only begin once the user accepts the end-user license agreement (EULA) presented by its installer, and
that not doing so would eventually cause Windows Update to time out with an error, thus halting the
installation attempt. It was concluded that these users may have unknowingly clicked the "Accept" prompt
without full knowledge that this would begin the upgrade.[313] In December 2016, Microsoft chief marketing
officer Chris Capossela admitted that the company had "gone too far", by using this tactic, stating that "we
know we want people to be running Windows 10 from a security perspective, but finding the right balance
where you’re not stepping over the line of being too aggressive is something we tried and for a lot of the year I
think we got it right."[314]

On January 21, 2016, Microsoft was sued in small claims court by a user whose computer, shortly after the
release of the OS, had attempted to upgrade to Windows 10 without her consent. The upgrade failed, and her
computer was left in an unstable state thereafter, which disrupted the ability to run her travel agency. The court
ruled in favor of the user and awarded her $10,000 in damages, but Microsoft appealed. However, in May 2016,
Microsoft dropped the appeal and chose to pay the damages. Shortly after the suit was reported on by the
Seattle Times, Microsoft confirmed that it was updating the GWX software once again to add more explicit

options for opting out of a free

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_10 Windows 10 upgrade;[315][316][312] the final notification was a full-screen pop-
19/37
2/8/2017 Windows 10 - Wikipedia

options for opting out of a free Windows 10 upgrade;[315][316][312] the final notification was a full-screen pop-
up window notifying users of the impending end of the free upgrade offer, and contained "Remind me later",
"Do not notify me again" and "Notify me three more times" options.[317]

Privacy and data collection

Privacy advocates and other critics have expressed concern regarding Windows 10's privacy policies and its
collection and use of customer data.[318] Under the default "Express" settings, Windows 10 is configured to
send various information to Microsoft and other parties, including the collection of user contacts, calendar data,
and "associated input data" to personalize "speech, typing, and inking input", typing and inking data to improve
recognition, allowing apps to use a unique "advertising ID" for analytics and advertising personalization
(functionality introduced by Windows 8.1)[319] and allow apps to request the user's location data and send this
data to Microsoft and "trusted partners" to improve location detection (Windows 8 had similar settings, except
that location data collection did not include "trusted partners"[269]). Users can opt out from most of this data
collection,[269][318] but telemetry data for error reporting and usage is also sent to Microsoft, and this cannot be
disabled on non-Enterprise versions of Windows 10.[269] Microsoft's privacy policy states, however, that
"Basic"-level telemetry data is anonymized and cannot be used to identify an individual user or device.[320] The
use of Cortana also requires the collection of data "such as your device location, data from your calendar, the
apps you use, data from your emails and text messages, who you call, your contacts and how often you interact
with them on your device” to personalize its functionality.[318][321]

Rock Paper Shotgun writer Alec Meer argued that Microsoft's intent for this data collection lacked
transparency, stating that "there is no world in which 45 pages of policy documents and opt-out settings split
across 13 different settings screens and an external website constitutes 'real transparency'."[318] ExtremeTech
pointed out that, while previously scroogling against Google for similar data collection strategies, "[Microsoft]
now hoovers up your data in ways that would make Google jealous."[269] However, it was also pointed out that
the requirement for such vast usage of customer data had become a norm, citing the increased reliance on cloud
computing and other forms of external processing, as well as similar data collection requirements for services
on mobile devices such as Google Now and Siri.[318][321] In August 2015, Russian politician Nikolai Levichev
called for Windows 10 to be banned from use within the Russian government, as it sends user data to servers in
the United States. The country had passed a federal law requiring all online services to store the data of Russian
users on servers within the country by September 2016, or be blocked.[322][323][324] Writing for ZDNet, Ed Bott
said that the lack of complaints by businesses about privacy in Windows 10 indicated "how utterly normal
those privacy terms are in 2015."[325] In a Computerworld editorial, Preston Gralla stated that "the kind of
information Windows 10 gathers is no different from what other operating systems gather. But Microsoft is
held to a different standard than other companies."[326]

Microsoft Services Agreement reads that the company's online services may automatically "download software
updates or configuration changes, including those that prevent you from accessing the Services, playing
counterfeit games, or using unauthorized hardware peripheral devices." Critics interpreted this statement as
implying that Microsoft would scan for and delete unlicensed software installed on devices running
Windows 10.[327] However, others pointed out that this agreement was specifically for Microsoft online
services such as Microsoft account, Office 365, Skype, as well as Xbox Live, and that the offending passage
most likely referred to digital rights management on Xbox consoles and first-party games, and not plans to
police pirated video games installed on Windows 10 PCs.[327][328] Despite this, some torrent trackers
announced plans to block Windows 10 users, also arguing that the operating system could send information to
anti-piracy groups that are affiliated with Microsoft.[329] Writing about these allegations, Ed Bott of ZDNet
compared Microsoft's privacy policy to Apple's and Google's and concluded that "after carefully reading the
Microsoft Services Agreement, the Windows license agreement...and the Microsoft Privacy Statement
carefully, I don't see anything that looks remotely like Big Brother."[325] Columnist Kim Komando argued that
"Microsoft might in the future run scans and disable software or hardware it sees as a security threat,"
consistent with the Windows 10 update policy.[330]

See also
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_10 20/37
2/8/2017 Windows 10 - Wikipedia

Comparison of operating systems

History of Microsoft Windows
History of operating systems
List of operating systems

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External links
Official website (http://windows.microsoft.com)
Windows 10 update history (http://windows.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-10/update-history-windows-1
0) from Microsoft
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