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1939

Design study of a three span continuous tied-arch

bridge
George Perry Steen

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 Design Study of a Three Span Continuous
Tied-Arch Bridge

By
George Perry Steen

Thesis

Submitted to the Faculty of the

School of Mines and Metallurgy of The University of Missouri
In partial fulfillment of the work required for the
Degree Of
Master of Science in Civil Engineering

Rolla, Missouri
1939

Approved by: A~~

Professor of Structrual Engineering.

- 1 -
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

To Professor E. W. Carlton, for

his valuable criticism, and to Mr. Howard
Mullins, for his help and suggestions, the
writer owes an expression of appreciation.

- 2 -
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
Acknowledgment ............................ 2

Synopsis ••••••••••.•••.••••••••••••••••••• 5
List of Illustrations •••••••••••••••••••••• 6
A General Discussion of Statically
Indeterminate Structures .............. 7
A Brief History of Arch History............ 11
Description of Type ••••••••••••••••••••••• 14
The Principle of Least Work ••••••••••••••• 16
Direct Stresses ......................... ... 18
Notation .... .............................. 19
Influence Lines ...•.......................• 21
Stress Analysis ............................ 22
Diagram For Main Span Equations ........... 25
Equations For Design - Main Span •••••••••• .26

Diagram For Side Span Equations •• • • • • •• • • • 35

Equations For Design - Side Span •••••••••• 36

Evaluation of ±
II;
.s~c~ edx
A
••••••••••••

Evaluation of fo
sec.~¢dx
At
•••• • • • • •• ••
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Computations - Design No.1. 46

Conclusions ••••.•••••••••••••.••••.•..••• 54
Bibliography............................. 57
Tables and Illustrations ••••••••••••..••• 59

4
 Synopsis

In this study of the continuous tied-arch bridge~

having one main span and two equal side-spans, the follow-
ing items are endeavored:
1. To set up the total internal work equations
and to find the values of the unknown forces
or redundants.
2. To compute to maximum moments for design and to
complete the design of the super-structure for
one bridge. Details, such as the gusset plates,
rivets, connection angles, etc., are not design-
ed; the effect of such being allowed in the
design for dead load as a certain per cent for
details.
3. To set up hypothetical conditions for other
bridges of different span lengths and to con-
struct the influence lines of the unknown forces
of each.
4. To compare the different bridges upon the basis
of their influence diagrams.

- 5 -
 List of Illustrations

Diagram for Main Span Equations Plate A

Diagram For Side Span Equation Plate B
Evaluation of Equations Design No.1. Plate 1
Evaluation of Equations Design No.2. Plate 2
Evaluation of Equations Design No.3. Plate 3
Evaluation of Equations Design No.4. Plate 4
Influence Diagrams Design No.1. Plate 5
Influence Diagrams Design No.2 Plate 6
Influence Diagrams Des,ign No. 3 Plate 7
Influence Diagrams Design No. 4 Plate 8
Influence Ordinates For Live -
Load Moment Design No. 1 Plate 9
Maximum Positive and Negative
Live-Load Moment Design No. 1 Plate 10
Influence Ordinates for Dead -
Load Moment and Maximum Moment for
Design No. 1 Plate 11
Section Summary Design No. 1 Plate 12
Section and Weight Summary Design No. 1 Plate 12A

_. 6 -
 A General Discussion of Statically
Indeterminate Structures

The statically indeterminate type of struc-

ture is not generally favored by the American Engineer.
Until recently this type has been actually shunned be-
cause of the lack of information and the lack of train-
ing in the design of such. The majority of structural
engineers prefer to use types with which they are famil-
iar, making many estimates based on judgment and experi-
ence. They contend, too, that for every indeterminate
structure that it is possible to design a determinate
type that will carry the same load with as little or
less material. A few citations follow, giving the com-
parative amount of material needed for a type of bridge,
stepping from a statically determinate one to one of in-
determinateness in the first degree or from one toanoth-
er type that is statically indeterminate in a higher degree.
trFor the Sciotoville Bridge over the Ohio river
at Sciotoville, Ohio, consisting of two spans at 775 feet,
the saving in favor of continuous spans over two simple
spans was found to be about 15 per cent."
ftAccording to comparative studies reported by
Winkler, the economy ef continuous spans of two, three,

- 7 -
four spans is 16, 19, and 21 per cent, respectively,
when the span length is about 325 feet; and 20, 24,
and 28 per cent, respectively, when the length is about
500 feet." 1
"Ierriman and Jacoby investigated the result
of placing a hinge at the crown of a 550-foot two-hinged
spandrel-braced arch bridge over the Niagara River and
found that if just one hinge were placed in the upper
chord the weight of the arches alone would be decreased
11.8 per cent." 2
"Professor W. Dietz of Munich states that a
very careful comparison of material required for a two-
hinged and three-hinged arch for the 110-foot span of
the Hacker Bridge in Munich, indicated that 11.3 per
cent excess was required for the latter type." 2

A chief objection to the use of a continuous

bridge or of a hingeless arch has been that it is sensi-
tive to settlements of foundations. Needless to say,

1.
Hool and Kline -- Movable and Long-Span Steel
Bridges, p. 200.
2. Parcel and Maney Statically Indeterminate Con-
struction, p. 405.

- 8 -
this type of bridge would not be considered unless
rock foundation was available, and any slight settle-
ment of the foundation would cause very little change
in the stress.
Another objection has been that the continu-
ous bridge would be seriously affected by temperature
changes. The effect of the expansion and contraction
of intermQdiate piers will cause little changes in
stresses according to several studies reported. 3 It
has also been determined that the effect of unequal
temperature changes in different parts of the span can
safely be neglected providing the members of the span
have the same coefficient of expansion.
A continuous bridge of the indeterminate type
has advantages in rigidity and economy and in the fewer
number of expansion joints. Its use permits a decrease
in the width of intermediate piers. In addition, a
continuous bridge and especially a continuous-arch span
has all the advantages of a cantilever bridge for loca-
tions over navigable waters where clearance must be
maintained during the construction period. The contin-
uous structure eliminates the detailing and expense of
hinges. There is no question but that the design of an

Hool and Kline -- Movable and Long-Span Steel Bridges,

p. 201.

- 9 -
indeterminate structure involves a great deal more work
and calculations. It is usually necessary to make more
than one trial design. However, if a small per cent of
material and weight is saved, the extra time spent in
design is warranted.
In the final analysis, the results given by

engineers, both pro and con, on the statically indeter-

minate structure are largely theoretical and are not
based on extensive experiments. There are not enough
actual monuments of indeterm~ate structures that have
approximately the same site conditions of the many sim-
ple structures. Until more such bridges are built
affording us more reliable comparisons, the advantages
of one or of the other will be debated largely on the
basis of theory. It is probable that the statically
determinate structure will be favored for relatively
short spans and the indeterminate bridge will replace them
for longer spans •.

- 10 -
 A Brief History of Arch Bridges

The modern period in arch-bridge building be-

gan in the year 1716 when the French ~Departement des
Ponts et Chaussies" was formed although the first real
emploYment of the true-arch type was as early as 600 B.C.
The first arch span of the monolithic type was a wrought
iron bridge built in 1808 over the River Crow at St. Den-
nis. However, it was not until several years later, in
1879, that Weyrauch developed the fundamental equations
upon which the elastic-arch theory is based. Arches of
iron have given way to structural steel spans, which type
in the form of ribs (hinged and fixed), truss design, or

braced spandrel construction is being utilized to a very

large extent in the field today. The concrete arch con-
stitutes the latest development in the arch and is a very
important type, especially for short-span structures, in
which it has nearly an exclusive field. Weare more
particularly concerned with the long-span structure, in
which the steel arch supersedes the use of concrete for
material.
It is pertinent and interesting to follow the
several examples of arch spans that have been erected.
One of the first in which structural steel was used ex-

- 11 -
tensively is the Eads Bridge erected in 1874 across the
Mississippi River at st. Louis. It consists of two side
spans of 502 feet and a center span of 520 feet with four
lines of fixed circular-arch trusses with parallel chords.
The structure carries an upper deck of a 52-foot highway
and a lower deck 32 feet wide for railway traffic.
In 1889, the Washington Arch Bridge was built
over the Harlem River at New York. Two. spans were erect-
ed at 509 feet and had 6 lines of circular plate-girder
arches 13 feet deep and a 90 foot rise. Each girder has
two hinges. The bridge carries a highway 80 feet wide.
The bridge Alexander III was constructed in
1899 over the River Seine at Paris, France. Spans of 352
feet with 15 lines of circular plate-girder arches 3 feet
deep and a 21 foot rise were used. A highway deck was
supported on top with a width of 131 feet.
During 1897-1898, the Rhine Bridge at Bonn,
Germany was erected. It was a through arch having a
highway floor 46 feet wide. It contained two lines of
arch trusses 614 feet center to center of hinges with a
rise of 97 feet to the bottom chord.
The Wupper Railway Viaduct was completed in
1897 at Mungsten, Germany. The spans were hingeless-
arch trusses 588 fe·et long with a rise of 219 feet and

~ 12 -
carried a deck of 28 feet in width. The trusses were
16 feet apart at the c~ovvn and 84 feet apart at the
springing line.
One of the first bridges of the type which is
under study was a three-span continuous truss with a tied
arch in the middle span built over the Angora River at
Irkutsk, Russia. The structure consisted of two side
spans 278 feet and a center span of 500 feet with the
arch rising 78 feet.
In 1933, the Lachine Bridge was designed and
later built across the St. Lawrence River near Montreal.
It consisted of a continuous structure of several spans,
but the main span was a continuous tied-arch truss 400
feet long. This structure was designed by the Lake St.
Louis Bridge Corporation and constructed by the Dominion
Bridge Company, Ltd.
There is no bridge known that consists ofa
three-span continuous plate girder with a tied-arch rib
in the middle span. This scheme was suggested by the
last competition at Mannheim, Germany, but it is not
known whether any has been designed and erected. The
tied arch itself has been used frequently in Europe but
no examples can be cited.
 Description of Type

The type under study is a three-span continu-

ous plate-girder bridge with a tied-arch rib in the mid-
dle span. The structure is statically indeterminate in
the third degree. In an ordinary arch inclined reactions
are exerted on the bearings, but in a tied arch the hori-
zontal component of the reaction is resisted by the tie
connecting the two bearings, the tie acting as a beam as
far as the reactions are concerned. The stresses, how-
ever, are determined as in an arch. The bridge is a
through structure, the roadway being suspended by hangers
from the arch rib. One end of the arch will be fixed
with the remaining bearings consisting of rollers.
The arch itself will be parabolic in shape,
the rise of the arch being about 1/6 of the span length.
Ample rigidity must be secured by making the width be-
tween the arch spans at least 1/20 of the span length.
The side spans are plate girders with the roadway fasten-
ed to the bottom of the girders. The one exception is in
Design No.4. The length of the side spans do not allow
the use of a plate girder, the weight and section requir-
ed being excessive for economy.
The bridge structure must be braced against

- 14 -
side-sway and windloads in the lateral direction by
ample bracing both in the upper chord and in the sec-
tion of the tie. It is generally agreed that the Warren
truss system is the most economical for such lateral
bracing.
Types similar to this are generally designed
on the basis of elastic centers or on the basis of
least work. The "method of least work" will be follow-
ed in this study. This method, commonly known as Cas-
tigliano's second theorem, was discovered independently
by A Castigliano and was developed in his treatise on
the t1Theorie de l'equilibredes systemes elastiques tl • A
detailed explanation of the method will follow.

- 15 -
 The Principle of Least Work

"The fundamental conception upon which the

method of least work is based may be presented in an
ideally simple statement, namely, that a structure will
deform in a manner consistent with physical limitations,
and so that the internal work of deformation will be a
minimum. nl In order to apply the above me.thod, the

structure must be severed so as to obtain a statically

determinate condition, the unknown forces being called
redundants. Then, an expression for the total internal
work is set up in terms of these redundants. The total
internal work is equal to one half the product of the
square of the moment and the sub-division dx divided by
the product of the moment of inertia and the modulus of
elasticity.2 Partial derivatives of the internal
work are taken in respect to each redundant and the de-
rivatives are set equal to zero. The unknowns may be
determined by solving the resulting simultaneous equa-
tions. A mimimum condition is obtained in setting the

1.
Grunter -- Theory of Modern Steel Structures, p. 64.
2. See Plate A for the mathematical development of the
total internal work.

- 16 -
derivative to zero. "In every case of statical inde-
termination where an indefinite nrunber of different
values of the redundant forces X will satisfy all stat-
ical requirements, the true values are those which rend-
er the total internal work of deformation a minimum. D)
The indeterminate forces or redundants are chosen at
points where .any displacements are prevented, such as
supports. Hence, the partial derivative is equal to
zero.

Parcel and Maney - An Elementary Treatise of Stati-

cally Indeterminate Stresses, p. 123.

-n-
 Direct Stresses

The tension stress in the. horizontal tie

produces a direct stress in the arch ring equal to
H Sec e. There is also a direct stress produced
in the tie itself. It is affected by the camber in
the tie, but the angle of inclination is so small
that the secant of the angle is nearly unity. There-
fore, the direct stress is equal to H. The camber
of the tie also causes a direct stress in the hangers,
but the value of the stress is negligible.

- 18 -
 Notation

H = horizontal thrust in tie

Ml= moment at left end of arch span over pier
M2= moment at right end of arch span over pier
I = moment of inertia at any cross-section of arch
1,= moment of inertia of side span cross-section
A = arch section, in square feet
Ah= hanger section, in square feet
At= horizontal tie section, in square feet
X = distance from end of arch span to any section
Xl= distance from end of side span to any section
Y =: vertical distance between arch and tie axes at
any point
~ = inclination of arch rib
¢ = inclination of horizontal tie section
AS = Linear increment in arch span, in feet
..£1 Sl = linear increment in side span, in feet
L = length of arch span, in feet

Ll = length of side span, in feet

E =: modull1s of elasticity of structural steel
Eh= modulus of elasticity of hanger if other than
steel.
f = camber or horizontal tie, in feet

- 19 -
A h = length of any ha.nger, in. feet
A = spacing of hangers~ or panel length, in feet
do = depth of section over pier, in feet
d = depth of arch, in feet
dl = depth of side span section, in feet
k = position ratio of any load (x...!. 1)
•

- 20 -
 Influence Lines

An influence line may be described as a

curve any ordinate of which gives the value of the func-
tion (shear, moment, horizontal thrust, stress, etc.)
for which the curve is drawn when a load of unity is at
the ordinate. An influence line for shear or moment

records graphically the value of the function at a sin-

gle section for loads at all sections, which contrasts
greatly with a simple shear or moment curve that records
graphically the value of the function at all sections of
a structure under a fixed loading. From its manner of
construction it rol1ows that any influence line gives
the effect ofa concentrated. load, or of a series of
such loads, by the multiplication of each load intensity
by the value of the influence ordinate at the load.

- 21 -
 Stress Analysis

Ordinarily, the first step in the analysis

of a continuous structure is the construction of an
influence diagram for one of the unknown reactions
known as the elastic curve. The influence lines for
all members of the structure are constructed by draw-
ing straight lines across the curve. In the case of
the structure under study, not only are the vertical
reactions unknown but the moments at the piers and the
horizontal thrust in the tie as well. In such a case,
influence lines must be obtained for the three redun-
After these values are found,
the stresses may be determined by statics.
The sections are proportioned for a uniform
live load in combination with one concentrated load
placed where its effect isa maximum. This is in ac-
cordance with the bridge specifications of the American
Association of State Highway Officials. l This load is
chosen of such magnitude as to give an effect equal to
that produced by the actual vehicle on the structure.

1. The American Association of State Highway Officials

Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges, p. 174.

- 22 -
Live loads can be used as a uniform load across the
span, and the value of the function can be obtained
by multiplying the area of the influence diagram by
the uniform load per foot. This has been varied
slightly by breaking up the load into a series of con-
centrated loads assumed to be acting at the panel
points. The live-load moment is then computed by mul-
tiplying the panel load by the ordinate at that point.
After the simultaneous equations are solved
by determinants, and the values of H, Ml, and M2, are
found, we tabulate the values for each at the various
load points. 2 By taking these values and substitut-
ing in our initial moment equations, we calculate the
influence ordinates for the moment at each load point. 3
The dead load moments are computed directly from our
original influence ordinates for H, Ml, and M2, as the
dead loads are stationary and will always be acting. 4
For our maximum negative and positive live load moments,
we must load the influence diagrams whose ordinates are
given on Plate 10. 5 For the maximum positive moment,

2· See Plate 5, p. 63
3·See Plate 9, p. 67
4·See Plate 11, p. 69
5·See Plate 10, p.68

- 23 -
the length of the structure showing positive moment
ordinates is loaded with our live load. The maximum
negative moment is obtained in like manner by loading
the length of the structure showing negative moment.
After these are obtained the maximum dead and live
load moments are combined and the maximum for design
is found. The moments are secured by multiplying the
load at the point in question by the ordinate at the
same point and the results added algebraically.

- 24 -
 DIAGRAM FOR MAIN 5 PAN EQUATIONS PLATE A.

.U

z
<t
Q.I

~I
A (r"C.~IN~'f'O"'-0 .. TI~) o

, ~ ~ Q,
l'J
C1l
I

1M
fi 5r~tiS/£
DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNAL WORK EQUATION

...,.--,n

MI. U
r \
d\:£C TF as 15 SUFF/C,ENTl-Y
VAlUE OF' M'" (f'1I1+r'1L)+Z.
SMALL, THE AVERAGE

THt:Ie£FORE, W
M::
~
NOTATION
TOTAL.
INTERNAL woRK
BENDING MOMEN'"f
\1 Mit THf; woRK OF THE: SENDING MOMe:rlT IS
0( = ANGULAR. DISTORTION
(. I I , .j W = 'I~ Me( S":: TOTAL. LINEAR O/:5TORTIO"l
C:: DISTANCE TO r::-XTR£ME FIBER
\ FROM MeCHAN IC.s: 0( = 57 C S: lds-;- E -!" UNIT STR5i:SS IN EXTREMe: FIBER
\ i"'Mc+I .'. 0(= Mds~IE
E -::
±N;P
MOOUl-USOF" ELASTIC ITY
,
o ,~
\ 50 W:. FO/l! THE L.AMIr4~ AND <is: INCR.£Me:NT DR l-AMII'I A
P pi
FOJ!. THE. ENTlR~ STleVCTV~E W=ffo ~ I = MOMENT OF ''''CI!TIA
NOT£; TIt.s OEV£"/...oPMEliT IS ENT/Il:El...V INoePENcn;:"lT OF THE /lBove: SKEn:..H
 Equations For Design
Main Span

Setting up the values for moment, we have the fol-

lowing for loads in the main span only:
For a unit load at a distance kl from the end of
the main span, we have,

When

x< kl) M x = (\- k)x - Hy + M, (~) + M2. t ---- - CD

When

X>kl J Mx=kCl-x)-Hy +M,(?)+M,f -----0

Side Span:
For the left side span

Mx -= M t b
l,
- -- --- ------- --- ---- ®

For the right side span

Mx = Ml.1.' - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - @
.

- 26 -
The total work will be, since W=.1..JM2. dx ,
2. EI

Where the last three terms represent the work

done by the arch, tie, and hangers in resisting the di-
rect stresses.
Differentiating equation 5 with respect to H, Ml,
and ~2 which are the unknown forces:

.. 27 -
 J-.
E1 f
kl
0
li-k){t-J<.),.d",
I
-.tl fk.l.~·
E.'l
(l-"'hldx t M.!.
0 I E\.~
S
\.-x'1 dx. + Mi-
0 Ell.
r
kl
n-x.)xdx.
0 1.

t.
)(.,1d x
+ 11!.
E.l1. I o I I

aW. 8
at{

Setting the above first derivatives equal to zero,

multiplying by E, an9. rearranging, we have

- 28 -
 ®
M2.
t
Jr..'1I
1

0
d x. - [U-k)f
0
kt
Y-'fdx
I
+k rJ~l. (l-1.)'ldx.
I
] =0

H
1
f1 X'Idx. -
0 0
I
M.
lz.
Jl
(\-xhdx -
I
M2.( \2., Jr1~ldx
0
I ' 1,
Sl'
-+ -\
0
xfdx.
I,

These three equations may be expressed in the fol-

lowing form by sUbstituting singular coefficients for one
or more terms.

- 29 -
 Instead of actually integrating in order to ob-
tain the various values for a structure, we may divide
the structure into increments or 65 distances, obtain
the values for the various subdivisions, and make a
summation of all individual values in order to obtain
an evaluation for the entire structure. Theoretically,
these subdivisions should be infinitesimally small, but
for practical purposes we make each division equal to a
panel length, or, in case of the arch ring, the amount
subtended by ,a panel length. The main reason for so
doing is to allow computations to be made in tabular
form. Therefore, we substitute the subdivision ~s

for the term dx and the sign of summation, ~ , for the

integral sign, f. . For a symmetric.al structure we
write the following. In computing these values we have
made the substitution that the moment of inertia varies
as the cube of the depth. For I we substitute do
(~
)3

where do is the depth over the pier and d is at any sec-

tion.

- ~O -
02.= b,= t t (\-~,,65 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --@

I 1 1 ) ~ 1. 2-
b ::
Z.
c3 ~ -1.
1
[L " I l1s
0
+(-) ~ X'~51]
1. 0 I I
- - -- - -- - - -----@

"

k't \
A = (\-k)'E J<.'ltls +k~ n-XbJ6S - - - - - - - - - - - -----@
, I u
0 I

I
A ~ - [(l-k)~ (\-)(.)~us
k't A
+ k Z (\-x)z. AS] -
\
- - -- - - - - ®
2. 1 0 I k\ I

A3 : t[(,-k) ~ )(~ kl
s ~k tn
\
-x~ As] - - - - - - - - - -@

- 31 -
 It should be noted that the second term of

is antisymmetrical to the first term,

is antisymmetrical to the
and A) is antisymmetrical to A2.

The word antisymmetrical is applied to the condi-

tion in which the total sum of the values for a certain
term is equal to that of another term, but as the values
for one are increasing or decreasing, the values for the
other are increasing or decreasing but in the reverse or-
der. For example, the values of x are increasing from
a minimum at the left side of the main span to a maximum
at the right pier. At the same time, the values for
(l-x) are increasing from a minimum at the right end to
a maximum at the left pier where x was a minimum. The
summation for both terms is equal.
Inter-changing some of the coefficients for their
equal in order to have as few different coefficients as
possible, we have:

Ha.-M,Qz. - Mzaz. = At - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- @

... 32 -
 Solving for the unknown values by determinants,
we have:

A,- Q2. - Qz.

A2.- b 2. - 03
A3-b~-b2.. A ,( b~- b:)+A2-(a1.b,- Chbl.) + A3(Q1.b~- a 2 b;!.)
H = =
~I - Q2. - al. Cl\(b~- b~) + a~{2b3-2b:z.) .
Q1.. ~ PI. - b 3
a 2. - b~ - b"

Simplifying and cancelling the term

we obtain:

-------------@

Q,+A,-a2.
Qz.+A2..- b 3
Q31-A 3 -bl.
M ,:=- 1 - - - - - - ®
ell - Qz. - ell. D
Q1.- b z.- b 3
Ok- b.3 - b 2

.~ 33 -
Where D is the same as for H.
The influence ordinates for M2 are antisymmetrical
to those of MI. That is the ordinates de~ease or in-
crease from the left side to the right in the same man-
ner and value as the ordinates for Ml decrease or in-
crease from the right to the left and the summation of
the ordinates is the same.
 DIAGRAM FOR 51DE -'sPAN EQUATIONS PLATE B.

o
~

I. .kt ~
,.3
I-
Z
-;)

z
~I -kt,
(f)
1;;}J

A D
•
tv
CJl
I

..Q., t Q.

DEVELOPMENT OF REACTION:) & MOMENTS

I
1* I. I -.II:-}J(.
R~~
."'-"-
USING UNITY LOAD AND TAKING MOMENTS fiT
"1
,m n Z.MRa. : R,)(~ - I (l-k).Q." 0
R. x I R2, :. R,: (1-1<.) R~ ~ .Jl>-
x WHEN )<.<~.tl Mrn=(I-Je.)X
J- WHf:N)( >~~, Mn~(I-Je)x-l(x-.k.t)",.k.(.Q-)()
Equations for Design

Side Span:
Developing the parallel theory for the side spans
we have the following:
For a unit load at a distance kl, from the end of
the side span, we have:
Loaded Side Span

when ~< kl'l Mil. == (l-k)x, + M, ~' - - - - - - - - - - @

I

Unloaded Side Span

Mx= M~~'------------------@
\.

MJI. ~ M, (1- t) + M2. l - Hy - - - - - - - - - - - ®

The total work will be:

- 36 -
W=- ®

Where the last three terms, as before, represent

the work done by the arch, tie, and hangers in resist-
ing the direct stresses.
Differentiating the equation for total work with
respect to the unknown values H, Ml' and MZ respective-
ly, we have for partial derivatives:

-.MJl
El0
\)I('l-)(" ydx -&
El.
it
0
~'Jd)(.
1:
+.Ii
E.
fl.:l1:.
0
~ + ll.
E
st
G
sec:l. e dx
A

.... 37 -
 M2. r\~dx +~ (n-x.h.dx + M2.S\':Ld X
aw ={ El~ -11 ItX'IdX } ®
dM1. J II E1 J
o 0
I ~ I 0
E\ 0
I

Setting the above ~irst derivatives equal to zero,

multiplying through by E, and rearranging, we have:

----@

- M !. r\(t-l<.)yd~ - M
\\J.o I
1.1\ xydx
2.1. 0
I .
"= 0

- 3.8 -
 These three equations may be expressed in the fol-
lowing manner:
Ha,-M,b,-Mz.c,=O - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ®

Hal-M,b3-M;tC3=O - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ®
In the same manner as before, we substitute ~s for dx
and the E sign for the sign of integration.

For a symmetrical structure we have:

\ "\. '\. l..E \. :L
Q
\
""h~ +
0 I
L:
0
sec"l.fA5 + L
0
sec-:l.0A5
A...,
+frl£._ 1: A f).s - --- @
\.4 Eh 0 A;;

\.
b , = a 1 = l\.L.r
~ l \-x.)v~s - - - - -
I ----------@
o

l
c -: a
,
- 1- ~ "''I6os
~- l.. I -------------- ®

b =C :=.l.1.[L
't
Cl - x )"l..£i "5 +/_)
'l
L.t. "J.
~,~s,
2 ]
-----------@
2. 3 l 0 I \ t, 0 II

.,.. 39 -
 Again we have the term for b, and aZ antisymmetri-
cal to that for c and a3.
Changing some of the coefficients for their equals,
we have:

Hal. - M, b 3 - M2.bl. : 0 - - - - - - - - - - - ®
Solving for the unknown value by the method of
determinan~s) we have:

0- Q2. -Q;t

A~-b1.-b3
o -b3 - b1.
H = ~------+ =
a,-G\1.-Q~

Ct1. - b1 - b3
01 - b a - bz.

Multiplying through by -1 and cancelling terms of

(~Z - 0-3), we have:

A4-t- - - - - - - - - - - - - - ®

- 40 -
 a,+O -02.
C12. + A4 -b 3
Q2.+0-b:z.
M=
Q I - Q2. - 02-
0 1 - b2. - b 3
Q2.-b~ -b:z.

Where D has the same value as for H.

Q.- C1 2 - Q:2,.

Q1- b2. - b3
Q:2,.-b 3 -b2.

For the values of the various unknowns we will

use a tabular form.

- 41 -
 t
Evaluation of '"
~
sec}-edx.
A
o

The arch axis is assumed to be in the form of a

parabola. If so, the vertical ordinates, or y distances,
varies as the square of the horizontal measurement, or x
distances, from the vertex of the curve, or at the crown
of the arch. In accordance, we assume that the equation
of the parabola is x"1.= lay • At the springing line,
when x = 110 and y = 36.67, which is the total use of the
arch, we have by substitution in the equation ~~~lay

l\OZ. :: 2.Q )(. 36.67

a -.:: \2.\00 = \65

78."31

Then, the equation becomes

The slope of the curve at any point is the tangent

or ~ value of the curve equation

From the trigOm.Qlb.et:eie relation$lli~s,we 1lavethe

- 42 -
 which becomes

When the value of x at any point is substituted

in this equation, the value of sec.2.g is obtained.
For example, at the mid-point of the fifth panel,
x =20.

sec:J.e-= \+{~oo5Y= \+(O.\2.12.Y· = \.0\47 .

In tabulating the valies, we substitute ISs . the

length arch axis subtended by the panel.
feet and A = 108 sq. in. or 0.75 sq. ft., we have

1
sec 8As:= 1.0141,. 20.5 :. 2.7.75
A 0.75

Securing the values for e~ch panel, the summation

across the entire span gives us the value of ~o sec.~eAs
A

Since we multiplied all our terms by d: we must

multiply our summation of ~
o
\
sec.:J.e /15 by d: to ab-
tain the final result.

- 43 -
 Evaluation of J\ secA0
o T
dx.

The horizontal tie between the bearings of the

arch is cambered, but the angle of inclination is so
small that the secant of the angle approaches unity.
For all practical purposes, it is safe to call the
value of sec" ¢ as one. The cross-section of the
tie is constant, so the term may be integrated direct-
ly and evaluated. If At = 40 sq. in. or 0.278 ft.,
and the limits are from 0 to 220 ft., we have

This value must also be multiplied by d: to

obtain the final correct result.

6~f2. E "}?~h
Evaluation of ~ - E h ~ Ah

The ratioE/E h is used so that the value will

apply to all conditions. If the hangers were compos-
ed of a different material, the moduli of elasticity
would not be the same, and the ratio would be used.

-44-
In this particular design, we have assumed that the
hanger and arch section are of identical material,
structural steel, so the ratio is equal to unity.
If we evaluate the term at panel point L,o where
the tie is cambered 0.25 feet, A = 0.21 sq. ft., the
panel spacing is .20 feet, and the length of the hang-
er is 36.14 feet, we have the following:

0.0000\\5

The term is negligible as far as affecting the

results of the design. Even after multiplying by
the term d; , we obtain (7.5)3 " 0.0000115= 0.00485
the value is still very small and can safely be neg-
lected.

- 45 -
 Design No.1.

Data:
Main span = 220' -0" center to center of bearings
(11 panels at :20' -on)
Two side spans = 100' -0" (5 panels at 20 1 -on)
Rise ratio o~ parabolic arch =1 .6
Theoretical height o~ arch = 36' -8"
Thiclmess of arch at piers = 7' -6"
Thiclmess of arch at crown = 3 1 -6"
Clear width of roadway = 24' -0"
Impact = 50
1+125
,
Floor slab = 8" slab crowned to IOU at center
With 25 lb. per sq. ft. wearing surface
totaling 150 Ib.p~r sq.ft.
Stringers assumed to weigh 40# per ft. and spaced
4' -0" c. to c.
40,000 = bending moment due to
concentrated load
0.345 - 50 = impact ratio
20+125

13,800 = 40,000 x 0.345 = bending moment due to impact

_.2
32,000 = 150x.4+40 x 10 = bending moment due to dead
2
load

- 46 -
85,800 = total bending moment
12 x 85,SOO = 18,000 S
S = 57.2 (a 16' - 40# wf beam is ample)
Use all stringers as of this section.

Design of Floor Beams: (Spaced 28' -0" c. to c.)

Maximum concentration on floor beam at stringer point
nearest the center comes from 15-ton truck when one
12,000# wheel load is over the floor beam and a 3000#
load 14 feet away. This makes a concentration of
12,000 + 3000 x ~ = 12,300#
20
I = 50 = 0.327
,28+125
RL = 12,300 (5.75 + 11.75 + 14.75 + ,20.75)

+ 28 = .23,300#
234,900 = (23,300 x 13 •.25 - 12,300 x 6) = bending
moment due to live load.
71,800 = (234,900 x 0.327) = bending moment due to
impact.
3352 = (150 + 1&) 20 + ].5.2 = equivalent dead load per
4
foot. (152# section assumed)

3.27,000 = (3352 ,£.

•
2) (13 •.25 x 14.75) bending moment due
to dead load.

- 47 -
633,700 = total bending moment
12 x 633,700 = 18000 S

S = 425 (a 33 tr -152# wf beam is sufficient)

Equivalent live load = (480 x 12 x 0.94) = 600 lb.
9
per foot.
Total panel load = 600 x 20 = l2,000 lb.
Impact = 0.30 x 600 = 180 lb. per foot.
Total panel load due to impact = 3,600 lb.
Total 15,600 lb.
Concentrated load for moment =
13,500 x 12 x 0.94 = 16,900 lb.
9
Concentrated load for shear =
19,500 x 16 x 0.94 = 24,400 lb.
9
Dead load from each floor beam =
3352 x .28 = 46,900 lb.
"2
Lateral Forces:
Assume 150# per linear foot on unloaded chord
Assume 300# per linear foot on loaded chord
Assume a lateral force of 200 lb. per linear foot acting
6 ft. above the floor due to moving live load and wind
pressure upon the load.
Load per panel = 500 x .20 = 10,000 lb. on loaded chord
Load per panel = 150 x 20 = 3000 lb. on unloaded chord

- 48 -
1st coefficient = 1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+10 = 2i
11 11

Bottom Chord:
Wind Load Stresses
p= /0, ooo#./ tan ()= ~o : :- 0.834-; sec
A~
f)-= I. 305; ,: Psec e.:= 1/80:f!
/

Pian e =: 8340#

Stress in chords = coefficient x P tane

Stress in webs = coefficient x P sec e
A double system of bracing will be used in each panel,
but each diagonal will be assumed capable of resisting
tension only. The maximum shear in any panel occurs
when every panel point to the right of the section is
loaded.
The total wind load = 110 kips.

Design:

Diagonals
Maximum unsupported length may be taken as Ii feet less
than the diagonal distance c. to c. of panel points be-
cause of the support which is provided by flanges of
main girders and gusset plates at connection.
1 = (1.305 x ,24 x 12) - 18 = 357 in.

- 49 -
This unsupported length is fairly large so it will be
considered as each member developing tension only.
The net area required is 65,.200/ 16000 = 4.07 Q n using

7/8" rivets at 3" spacing.

Panel ab
Net area furnished by two 5" x 3t" X 3/8" angles, with
5fl legs back to back.
Net area furnished is 80% x 6.10 = 4.88 lJ n

Number of rivets = 65,200 = 11 rivets (Field driven

bOlO
rivet value in single shear) 12 will be used. 6 in each
angle.

Net area for panel bc

53,400/16000 = 3.34 D "

Area furnished by two 4 f1 X 3" X 3/8" angles is

(.2 x 2.48). .80 = 3.97 D n

53400/6010 = 9 rivets (10 will be used - 5 in each angle).

Panel cd
42,700/16000 = .2.67 0 n

Area furnished by two 3!" x ,2!" x 3/8" angles is

(2 x 2.11). .80 = 3.38 0 n

No. of rivets = 42,700/6010 = 7 (8 will be used - 4 in

each angle).

- 50 -
Panel de
33,200 ;: 16000 =: .2.08 a"
Area furnished by two 3" x :2-~" X 5/l6 n angles is
(.2 x 1.6.2). .80 =: 2.59 c"
Number of rivets = 33,.200} 6010 =: 6 rivets (8 will be
used - 4 in each angle).
This same size angle will be used in panels remaining
as it is the minimum angle allowed for bracing.

Chords:
Panel AB
41,700/ 16000 =: .2.60 an required
A 10" [15.3# will be used although furnishing more
area than necessary. (4.47 a nG .) (4.47-2xO.24) =
3.99 °nN.
Panel Be
75,100/ 16000 = 4.70 0" required
A 10 11 [.20# will be used (5.86 °nG.)(5.86-2xO.38) =
5.08 On N.

fane1 CD
100,100/16000 = 6.25 Dn required
A 10"[ .25# will be used (7.33 - .2 x 0.53) = 6.27 sq.in. N.

Panel DE
125.1/16000 =: 7. 82 !J 0 n required

... 51 -
A 10" [30# will be used (8.80 0" G.) (8.80 - .2 x 0.67)
= 7.46 sq. in. N.

Panel EF
LJ "
141.8/16000 = 8.85
A 10" [ 35# will be used (10.27 [J" G.) (10.27-2 x 0.82

= 8.63 Q" N•

Panel FE'
Pn
150.1/16000 = 938 •
A 10" [35# will be used (10.27 On G.) (10.27 - .2 x

0.82) = 8.63 sq. in. N.

See diagram No. 12 for sections.

Design of Side Span:

Stringers and floor beams of the same section as for
the main span will be used.

Lateral Bracing
The lateral bracing in the plane of the lower flanges
must provide for all the lateral forces due to the wind
and to the effect of sway, including the wind force which
is normally assigned to the upper flanges.
Wind force = moving load equal to 30# per a, on one
and one-half times area in elevation.

It x 30 x 5 x I = 225# per linear foot.

- 52 -
Also a 200# load asa lateral force is acting against
the live load.
Total horizontal force = 425# per linear foot.
The lateral system moving panel load is
425 x20 = 8500 lb.
A double system of bracing will be used, but each
diagonal will be assumed capable of resisting tension
only.
First coefficient = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = 10 =2
5 5
P = 8500#; tan-&= 20 = 0.834; sec-tt = 1.305; 1/5 P sec
24
~ = 2220#; P tanf!r-;707o# •

Stresses in chords = coefficient x P sec~

The total wind load is 42.5 kips.

A minimum size angle of 3" x .2t" x 5/16 n was used for
all diagonals which furnished a net area of 2.59 sq. in.

- 53 -
 Conclusions

In combining our influence diagrams for

dead load moment, our initial equations are used. The
first term (l-k) x or k(l-x) in the equations for the
main span is equivalent to the moment at any section,
treating the arch as though it were a simple beam. The
sum of the values for the last two terms Ml(l-x) and
1
M2 ~ produces a straight line diagram for a symmetri-
1
cal design since Ml and M2 are antisymmetrical and the
totals are identical. In superimposing the diagram for
the simple beam moment upon that for the end moment,
we obtain points of zero stress at the intersections
of the two diagrams.
It is evident that there can be a considera-
ble error in the values for direct stress and the de-
sign will not be materially affected. The tension in
the tie causes direct stress in the hangers, but the
values are negligible. We can have considerable error
in assuming the areas of the arch ring and horizontal
tie and our design will not be affected a great deal.
The arch ring area may be in error as much as 50% and
yet the values of the redundants be affected but by a
small percent.

- 54 -
 The method of evaluating the equations for
the redundant forces may be simplified a great deal by
assuming panel lengths in the side span equal to those
in the main span. Then, the panel length as a whole
may be used as unity. The values of moment ordinates
must then be multiplied by the length of the panel in
feet. The values for the horizontal thrust in the
tie is correct in either case. The values of thrust
do not depend upon the span of the structure, but the
thrust is analagous to the shear in a beam.
This is evident upon inspecting the H-in-
fluence lines for the different designs. The values
vary only slightly and are entirely independent of
the span lengths. The change in span lengths has a
decided effect upon the value of the redundants Ml and
M2. This is in accordance with the fact that moment
is dependent upon the length of the structure. As the
length of the side span is made to approach the main
span length, the end moment at the intermediate pier
produced by a load in the side span approaches the end
moment at the same point produced by a load in the
main span. This increase in length of the side span
tends to increase the negative end moment and so de-
crease the positive moment ~t the arch crown.

- ~5 -
 Increasing the side span past a certain
point affects the type of section used. A plate gird-
er section may be used economically up to lengths of
125 feet. Above that box girders must be used. Above
a certain point box girders would prove uneconomical,
and it would be feasible to use a truss for the side
span. In Design No.4·, the main span is 325 feet and
the side spans are 200 feet in length. The side span
section would of necessity be composed of a box gird-
er or of a truss. Above the point where a box girder
section proves economical and a truss section must be
used, it would prove more satisfactory to use a truss
for the main span also. The design as followed would
be equally applicable.

- 56 -
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

McCullough, C. B. and Thayer, E. S. Elastic Arch

Bridges. New York City. John Wiley & Sons,
Inc., 1931. pp. 8-14; 33-42; 125-141.
Spofford, Chas. M. The Theory of Continuous Struc-
tures and Arches. New York and London. MeGraw-
Hill Book Company, Inc., 1937. pp. 1, 57, 58;
184-.203.
Krivoshein, G. G. Simplified Calculation of Static-
ally Indeterminate Bridges. Prague, Czechoslov-
akia. Published by author, 1930. pp. 77-80;
86-95; 110-113.
Parcel, J. I. and Maney, G. A. An Elementary Treatise
on Statically Indeterminate Stresses. New York
and London. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; Chapman &
Hall, Ltd., 1936. pp. 121-122; 320-338; 403-420.
Cross, Hardy and Morgan, N. D. Continuous Frames Of
Reinforced Concrete. New York and London. John
Wiley & Sons, Inc.; Chapman & Hall, Ltd., 193.2.
pp. 247-270.
Sutherland, Hale and Bowman, H. L. An Introduction
to Structural Theory and Design. New York and
London. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.; Chapman and
Hall, Ltd., 1930. pp. 184;·217-18; 231-37.
Seely, Fred B. Advanced Mechanics of Materials. New
York City. John Wiley and Sons, Ind., 1932. pp •
.283-.284.
The American Association of State Highway Officials.
Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges. Wash-
ington, D.C., pUblished by the Association, 1935.
pp. 165...,205.
Kunz, F. C. Design of Steel Bridges. New York and
London. McGraw Hill Book Company, Inc., 1915. pp.
312-366.

- 57 -
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Hool, G. A. and Kinne, W. S. Movable and Long-Span

Steel Bridges. New York and London. McGraw-Hill
Book Company, Inc., 1923. pp • .218-258; 393-482.
Hool, G. A. and Kinne, W. S. Structural Members and
Connections. New York and London. McGraw-Hill
Book Company, Inc., 1923. pp. 199~203.

- 58 -
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