BAB

Fungsi / Functions: • jalinan endoplasma kasar (JEK),

2 Struktur dan Organisasi Sel
Cell Structure and Cell Organisation
• semua aktiviti sel
all cellular activities
jalinan endoplasma licin (JEL)
rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER),
• sifat, sintesis protein smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
characteristics, protein synthesis • ribosom, tidak mempunyai
Struktur dan Fungsi Sel
2.1 Cell Structure and Function (b) Mitokondrion / Mitochondrion
ribosomes, has no
Ciri-ciri / Characteristics: Fungsi / Functions:
Komponen sel haiwan dan sel • silinder / Cylinder • protein, ribosom

protein, ribosome
tumbuhan • respirasi / respiratory
The cellular components of animal and • lipid, menyahtoksik
Fungsi / Functions:
lipids, detoxification
plant cells
• respirasi sel / cellular respiration
(h) Jasad Golgi
1. Struktur sel haiwan • pengoksidaan / oxidation Golgi apparatus

structure of an animal cell: • ATP / ATP
Fungsi / Functions:
(a) Vesikel / Vesicle (c) Vakuol / Vacuole
• mengubah suai, membungkus,
(b) Jasad Golgi / Golgi apparatus Ciri-ciri / Characteristics: mengangkut
(c) Sentriol / Centriole • tonoplas / tonoplast
modify, package, transport
(d) Mitokondrion / Mitochondrion • sap sel / cell sap (i) Sentriol
(e) Jalinan endoplasma kasar • mengecut, makanan Centriole
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
contractile, food Ciri-ciri / Characteristics:
(f) Ribosom / Ribosome
(g) Membran plasma / Plasma membrane Fungsi / Functions: • mikrotubul / micotubules
(h) Nukleus / Nucleus • nutrien, metabolik Fungsi / Functions:

nutrients, metabolic
(i) Kromatin / Chromatin • gentian gelendong, sel haiwan
(ii) Liang nukleus /Nuclear pore • herba / herbaceous
spindle fibers, animal cells
(iii) Nukleolus / Nucleolus (d) Lisosom / Lysosome
(j) Membran plasma
(i) Lisosom / Lysosome Ciri-ciri / Characteristics: Plasma membrane
(j) Sitoplasma / Cytoplasm • enzim hidrolisis / hydrolitic enzymes Ciri-ciri / Characteristics:
Struktur sel tumbuhan
Fungsi / Functions: • protein, fosfolipid

Structure of a plant cell:
• bahan organik kompleks
proteins, phospholipids
(a) Dinding sel / Cell wall
complex organic substances Fungsi / Functions:
(b) Nukleus / Nucleus • organel / organelles • kandungan sel
(i) Liang nukleus / Nuclear pore
contents of cell
(e) Kloroplas / Chloroplast
(ii) Nukleolus / Nucleolus
Ciri-ciri / Characteristics: • Mengawal atur
(iii) Kromatin / Chromatin
Regulates
(c) Membran plasma / Plasma membrane • tumbuhan hijau / green plants
(d) Sitoplasma / Cytoplasm • klorofil / chlorophyll (k) Dinding sel
(e) Jasad Golgi / Golgi apparatus Fungsi / Functions: Cell wall
(f) Jalinan endoplasma kasar • tenaga, tenaga kimia, fotosintesis • selulosa
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
energy, chemical energy, photosynthesis
cellulose
(g) Vakuol / Vacuole (f) Ribosom / Ribosome • Telap

Permeable
(i) Sap sel / Cell sap Ciri-ciri / Characteristics:
(ii) Tonoplas / Tonoplast Fungsi / Functions:
• jalinan endoplasma kasar,
(h) Kloroplas / Chloroplast sitoplasma • bentuk tetap, sokongan
(i) Mitokondrion / Mitochondrion
regular shape, support

rough endoplasmic reticulum, cytoplasm
• asid ribonukleik, protein • air
2. (a) Nukleus / Nucleus

water

ribonucleic acid, protein
Membran nukleus
Nuclear membrane Fungsi / Functions: (l) Sitoplasma
Cytoplasm
• sintesis protein / protein synthesis
Kromatin Ciri-ciri / Characteristics:
Chromatin (g) Jalinan endoplasma (JE)
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
• jeli, organel
Nukleoplasma Jelly, organelles
Nucleoplasm
Fungsi / Functions:
• tindak balas biokimia
Nukleolus biochemical reactions
Nucleolus
• luar sel
Ciri-ciri / Characteristics:
external environment
Jalinan endoplasma
• membran nukleus, nukleolus, licin (JEL)
Smooth endoplasmic
nukleoplasma, kromatin reticulum (SER)
nuclear membrane, nucleolus,
nucleoplasm, chromatin Ribosom Jalinan endoplasma
kasar (JEK)
• terbesar / largest Ribosome
Rough endoplasmic
reticulum (RER)

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 Perkumuhan / Excretion
Perbandingan antara struktur sel haiwan dengan sel tumbuhan – resapan / diffusion
Comparison between the structure of animal and plant cells – Air, vakuol mengecut,
pengosmokawalaturan
Persamaan / similarities: Water, contractile vacuole, osmoregulation
membran plasma, nukleus, sitoplasma, ribosom, mitokondrion, jalinan endoplasma dan jasad – mengecut, menyingkirkan
Golgi. contracts, remove
plasma membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, ribosomes, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi
apparatus. Bergerak balas terhadap rangsangan
Response to stimuli
Perbezaan / differences: – bergerak ke arahnya / moving towards
– bergerak menjauhinya / moving away
Tidak tetap Bentuk Tetap Pertumbuhan / Growth
Not fixed Shape Fixed – sitoplasma / cytoplasm

Tiada Ada Pengkhususan sel dalam organisma

Dinding sel
Absent Cell wall Present multisel
Cell specialisation in multicellular
organisms
Tiada Vakuol Ada
Absent Vacuole Present
1. lebih daripada satu sel / more than one cell
2. zigot, persenyawaan / zygote, fertilisation
Tiada Kloroplas Ada
Absent Chloroplast Present 3. mitosis / mitosis

Organisasi sel dalam organisma

Ada Sentriol Tiada
Present Centriole Absent multisel
Cell organisation in multicellular
organisms
glikogen Simpanan makanan kanji
glycogen Food storage starch
1. asas / Basic
2. struktur, fungsi / structure, function
Kepadatan organel dalam sel khusus Amoeba sp.
3. fungsi khusus / specific function
The density of organelles in specific cells Pseudopodium
Pseudopodium
4. proses hidup / living process
Membran
(a) Sel sperma plasma 5. sistem / systems
Sperm cells Plasma
membrane
(b) Sel otot Organisasi sel dalam haiwan
Cell organisation in animals
Muscle cells Nukleus
(c) pembahagian sel Nucleus
Tisu / Tissues
cell division Endoplasma (a) Tisu otot / Muscle tissues
(d) cahaya matahari Endoplasm Vakuol
mengecut
(b) Tisu saraf
sunlight
Contractile Nerve tissues
(e) enzim, hormon vacuole (c) Tisu penghubung
enzymes, hormones Connective tissues
Organel yang berkepadatan tinggi: Ektoplasma
Ectoplasm
Tisu epitelium / Epithelial tissues
Organelle found abundantly: Vakuol makanan
Food vacuole 1. nipis, satu lapisan / thin, single layer
(a), (b), (c): Mitokondrion / Mitochondria
Pergerakan / Locomotion 2. jangkitan, kecederaan mekanikal,
(d) Kloroplas / Chloroplast
– pseudopodium / pseudopodium pendehidratan
(e) Jalinan endoplasma kasar
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
– sitoplasma / cytoplasm infections, mechanical injuries, dehydration
Pemakanan / Feeding 3. kelenjar peluh, kelenjar minyak / sweat
– fagositosis / phagocytosis glands, sebaceous glands
Organisasi Sel
2.2 Cell Organisation (b) Pseudopodium / Pseudopodia 4. – silium / cilia
(c) vakuol makanan / food vacuole – mukus, zarah habuk, peparu / mucus,
(d) lisosom / lysosome dust particles, lungs
Proses hidup dalam organisma unisel
Living processes in unicellular organisms (e) lisozim / lysozyme 5. – nutrien / nutrients
(f) sitoplasma / cytoplasm – sel goblet, salur pencernaan / goblet
1. satu sel Respirasi / Respiration cells, digestive tract

single cell – resapan, membran plasma Tisu otot / Muscle tissues
diffusion, plasma membrane gentian otot / muscle fibre
3. makan, berespirasi, berkumuh, bergerak,
bergerak balas terhadap rangsangan, Pembiakan / Reproduction 1. Otot licin / Smooth muscles
membiak dan membesar – aseks, belahan dedua – luar kawal, peristalsis
feed, respire, excrete, move, respond to asexually, binary fission
involuntary, peristalsis
stimuli, reproduce and grow – spora, bercambah / spores, germinate – otot rangka / skeletal muscles

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 2. Otot rangka / skeletal muscles 4. Tulang / Bones Sistem / Systems
– tulang / bones – matriks kolagen / matrix of collagen (a) gas respirasi, nutrien, hormon
– terkawal / voluntary – rawan / cartilage respiratory gases, nutrients, hormones
– Pengecutan, pengenduran – menyokong / support (b) oksigen, karbon dioksida / oxygen, carbon
Contraction, relaxations Organ / Organs dioxide
3. Otot kardium / Cardiac muscles 1. pembahagian sel / cell division (c) nutrien / nutrients
– jantung / heart (d) tekanan osmosis / osmotic pressure
– mengepam darah / pump blood 2. mengecut / contracts (f) pergerakan / movement
– luar kawal / involuntary 3. tekanan, suhu, sentuhan, kesakitan, (g) pergerakan / movement
Tisu saraf / Nerve tissues rangsangan, impuls saraf (h) sistem peredaran / circulatory system
– neuron / neurones pressure, temperature, touch, pain, stimuli, (i) rangsangan, impuls saraf / stimuli, nerve
nerve impulses impulses
 Neuron aferen / Afferent neurone
4. darah / blood (v) sistem saraf / nervous system
(k) • sperma / sperms
Badan sel
Cell body
• ovum / ova

Organisasi sel dalam tumbuhan

Reseptor Dendrit Akson Cell organisation in Plants
Receptor Dendrite Axon
2. tisu meristem, tisu kekal / meristematic tissues, permanent tissues
2 Neuron eferen / Efferent neurone
Nukleus Salut mielin
Tisu tumbuhan / Plant tissues
Nucleus Myelin sheath (a) Tisu meristem / Meristematic tissues
– kecil / small
– membahagi, membeza / dividing, differentiation
Dendrit
Dendrite Meristem apeks / Apical meristems
Akson – mitosis / mitosis
Badan sel
Cell body Axon Meristem sisi / Lateral meristems
– pertumbuhan sekunder / secondary growth
3 Neuron perantaraan / Interneurone (b) Tisu kekal / Permanent tissues
– matang, pembezaan / mature, differentiation
– Tisu vaskular / Vascular tissue – Tisu floem, Tisu xilem / Phloem tissue, Xylem tissue
– Tisu asas – Tisu parenkima, Tisu kolenkima, Tisu sklerenkima
Nukleus
Nucleus
Badan sel Ground tissue – Parenchyma tissue, Collenchyma tissue, Sclerenchyma tissue
Cell body
Ciri-ciri dan fungsi tisu kekal / Characteristics and functions of permanent tisssues
Dendron Tisu / Tissue Ciri-ciri / Characteristics Fungsi / Functions
Dendron
Dendrit 1. kutikel / cuticle • – air / water
Dendrite – kecederaan
/ injury
– rangsangan, impuls saraf – penyakit /
stimuli, nerve impulses diseases
– menyelaras / coordinate • luas permukaan / surface area
Tisu penghubung • stoma / stoma
Connective tissues 2. (a) • kanji, gula sugar, starch
matriks luar sel • kloroplas, fotosintesis
extracellular matrix chloroplasts, photosynthesis
1. Rawan / Cartilage • sokongan support
– hujung tulang pada sendi / the ends of  (b) selulosa, pektin
bones at joints cellulose, pectin
– ceper, menyerap tekanan / discs,
absorb pressure  (c) lignin / lignin
mati / dead
2. Tisu adipos / Adipose tissue
– dermis kulit / dermis of the skin 3. (a) • salur xilem, trakeid • air, garam mineral
– menyimpan tenaga / store energy xylem vessels, tracheids Water, minerals
3. Darah / Blood • lignin, matang /
– sel darah merah, sel darah putih, lignin, maturity
platlet, plasma darah • salur yang berliang / hollow tube

red blood cells, white blood, platlets, blood 3. (b) • tiub tapis, sel rakan • karbohidrat, asid amino
plasma sieve tubes, companion cells carbohydrates, amino acids
– sumsum tulang / bone marrow • plat tapis / sieve plates
– pengawalaturan, pengangkutan • sel rakan / companion cells
regulating, transporting

3
 3. (a) Tisu xilem / Xylem tissue Keperluan mengekalkan persekitaran 3. homeostasis
Liang-liang dalam yang optimum homeostasis
Pits The necessity of maintaining an optimal internal 4. menurunkan, aras normal
environment
reduce, normal level
2. Fizikal / Physical
5. menaikkan
Salur xilem • Suhu / Temperature increase
Xylem vessel • Tekanan darah / Blood pressure
6. suap balik negatif
• Tekanan osmosis / Osmotic pressure
negative feedback
Kimia / Chemical
Sel parenkima • Kandungan garam dan glukosa / Salt
Parenchyma cell
and glucose contents
Trakeid • pH / pH
Tracheid

(b) Tisu floem / Phloem tissue
Penglibatan pelbagai sistem dalam mengekalkan persekitaran dalam yang optimum
Tiub tapis
Sieve tube The involvement of various systems in maintaining an optimal internal environment

Mekanisme pengawalaturan Sistem-sistem terlibat

Regulatory mechanism Systems involved
Sel rakan (a)(i) insulin / insulin • Sistem endokrin
Companion cell
glukosa, glikogen Endocrine system
glucose, glycogen • Sistem peredaran darah
Nukleus Circulatory system
Nucleus (a)(ii) glukagon / glucagon • Sistem pencernaan
Plat tapis glikogen, glucose Digestive system
Sieve plate glycogen, glucose
Bebenang sitoplasma (b) Termoreseptor • Sistem integumen
Strands of cytoplasm
Thermoreceptor Integumentary system
hipotalamus • Sistem saraf
Organ dan sistem dalam tumbuhan Nervous system
Organs and systems in plants hypothalamus
efektor • Sistem peredaran darah
1. daun, batang, akar, bunga Circulatory system
leaves, stems, roots, flowers
effectors
mengembang, kulit, haba • Sistem endokrin
2. pucuk / shoot: Endocrine system
dilate, skin, heat
Batang / Stems, Daun / Leaves, Tunas / • Sistem otot
Buds, Bunga / Flowers, Buah / Fruits Muscular system
akar / Root: Akar / Roots
Sistem-sistem yang terlibat
Pengawalaturan persekitaran dalam Systems involved
Regulating the internal environment
• Sistem respirasi / Respiratory system
Persekitaran dalam organisma multisel • Sistem saraf / Nervous system
The internal environment of multicellular • Sistem peredaran darah
organisms Blood circulatory system
1. bendalir interstis, plasma darah • Sistem endokrin / Endocrine system
interstitial fluid, blood plasma
• Sistem saraf / Nervous system
2. ruang, membasahi • Sistem peredaran darah
spaces, bathes Blood circulatory system
• Sistem perkumuhan / Excretory system
• Sistem perkumuhan / Excretory system
• Sistem peredaran darah
Blood circulatory system
• Sistem respirasi / Respiratory system