Manual For Quantity Surveyors

CAL INFORMATION
FOR
The law relatinj
' to bdldiok
aetfvitJ
PROPERTY VALILTERS, ARCHITECTS

ENGINEERS AND BUILDERS
YUIW mernoas ror
workidg out materials
nd labour requirements
I
Approximate methods
sf estilwting cost of
Bulldlng Construction
I -
- ...-....
Specification
--
BY
I -
Labour output
eoastrnts I
Cement
n; A
LATE P. T. JOGLEKAR . constants
vi-3
Amls
' Superintending Surveyor ofwork (Rdd) Mglibry Engineer Services
P..
L
Pmfesor (Retd.), Cellege of MUitary Engineering Pune.
&&tend Valuer of Property, Central Board of Direct Tnres
4 ::
I Arellit~rsl~
norms / cI I
PRA CTICAL INFORMATlON
FOR
QUANTITY SURVEYORS
PROPERTY VALUERS, ARCHITECTS
AND BUILDERS
BY
LATE I? X JOGLEKAR
AMlS
Superintending Surveyor of Works (Retd.)
Millitaty Engineer Services
ge of Military Engineering Pune
Registered Valuer of Proper&
Central Board of Difect Taxes
Pune Kdyarthi Griha Prakashan

1786, Sadashiv Peth, Pune-411030.
Published by :
Dr. R F! Joshi
M S c . MPhil, L. I.. 8..Ph. D.
C,'huirrnurr, furze Vidyc~r-thiGrihn
For* Pune Kdyarthi Griha Prakashan
1786, Sndashiv Peth, Purre-411 030.
Editions
First : March 1974
Second : April 1990 (Revised and enlarged)
Third : Murch I992 (Revised and enlhrged)
Reprint . December I994
Fourth : April 1997 (Revised and enlarged)
F@h : April 2000 (Revised) (P V G )
Reprinl : June 2001
Reprint : Scy~terriber2003
Reprint . October 2005
Reprint : Mu,v 2007
Reprint : Augz~.st 2008
Price :Rs. 175/- (Rs. One hundred seventy five Only)
Author :
LufpPrasannakumur Trimbak JJogekar
168, Navi (Sudashiv) Peth,
Ishaan Residency OJj:
.. Shastri Road,
Pune 411 030.
(Phone No. 24334760)
Printed by :
R. L. Shete
Director Pune Kdyarthi Griha
Maharashtra Mudranshula Chhupkhana (Offset Dept.)
1786, Sadashi\$ Perh, Pune 411 030.
DEDICATION
This book stands dedicated

to the loving memory of my parents
Shri. T. M. Joglekar and Smt. Umabai Joglekar
NOTE BY THE AUTHOR
This book is intended and designed for day to day reference, mainly by contract managers
and middle order executives of the building industry who deal with quantity sunreying, estimating, analysis
of rates, supervision bf works, drafting of specifications, checking of intetim and final bills, preparing
and defending claims, disputes, etc.
The aim has been to collect within the covers of this book the wide ranging and various kinds
of basic data and information which normally needs a frantic search and poring through a score of different
books and publications. Much thought and discrimination had to be exercised in selecting of items of
information. Too much material packed into a reference book intended for daily use can be as harmful
as the omission of some vital piece of information.
Every effort has been made to achieve a high degree.of reliability of the information presented.
No pains have been spared in proof-reading and a meticulous correction of the text.
The sources of information are quoted at relevant places in the book to motivate the reader
to refer the various Indian Standard Specifications and other authoritative publications in original whenever
more detailed and complete information is needed.
Notes on specifications, as well as on approximate methods of estimating cost of construction,

and a fairly comprehensive chapter on valuation of property has been added, in order to cover a major
portion of syllabus for the subject of Quantity Surveying prescribed by various Universities.
Finally, 1 must thank the numerous users of the earlier edition of this book who kept pressing
me to bring out a revised enlarged edition. Without their encouragement and a vociferous demand by
the younger batch of executives, this edition would not have been possible.
I'une. P. T. Joglekar
12 April 2000.
Shriru~rrunmu~~ii
PRACTICAL INFORMATION FOR QUANTITY SURWYORS
PROPERTY VALUERS, ARCHITECTS, ENGINEERS, AND BUILDERS
CONTENTS
Description P a p Nos. Description Page Nos.
Basic Unlts .- Cast iron manhole covers, gratings, steps

Length. area, volumc and capaclly 1 and lloor/nahni traps 21
Weight, temperature and misccllancous 2
Steel doors, windows, venulators and fixed
International paper sizes 2 lights, with area of glazing per unit 2 2 & 23
Shipping measure, American measure 2 Commercial abbreviations 24

Conversion factors 3&4 Common LatinFrench terms 25 & 26
Conversion of rates 4 Measurement of plinthlcarpet area 27
Welghts of building materials 5 Ccntre-line method for working out
quantities 28 & 29
Weights of steel sections ctc :-
Calculating quantity of reinforcement 30 & 31
Round, square and flat steel bars 6
Equal and unequal steel angles 7 & 8 Est~matlngdata for rwf slopes, rwf arcas,
Steel tee bars 8 lengths of commor~hiplvalleyrafters 32
Junior, light and medium steel channels 9
Junior, light, medium and wde flange Quick methods for estimating material and
steel beams 9 & 10 labour requirements in :-
Steel column sections LO (i) Single, double and four storeyed
Crane rail steel sections 10 residential buildings 33
Plain and chequered steel plates 10 (11) Multistoreyed ofice buildings 34
Plain black steel sheets 10 (iii) Internal water supply and sanitary
Galvanised plain and corrugated steel services for double and four
sheets 11 storeyed residential buildings and
Square and rectangular hollow steel multi-storeyed ofice buildings 35
sections 12 Thumb mles for cross checking accuracy
Sheet piling steel sections 12 of detailedkstimales 3 6 to 38
Steel wire fabric of square and
oblong mesh 13 & 14 Analysis of Rates
Expanded metal sheets 14 Basic and indirect builcbng costs 39 & 40
Hexagonal (chicken wire mesh) netting 15 Working up and submission of tenders 41
Wire cloth, general purposes 15 Working out unit rates 42
Galvanised steel barbed wire 15 Worklng-costs of twls and plant 43
SVuctural steel tubes 16
Ou~putof twls and plant 44 to 49
Weights of iron1steeUcopper wire in kg
per 1000 m , 16 Labour out-put constants for building work 50 lo 90
Glavanised iron fittings (for roo0 17
Steel bolts, nuts and rivets 18 Cement constants 91 to 93
Round wire nails 19
Material constants 94 to 115
Steel sections for steel doors, windows
and ventilators 19 Archltecturnl normdguidel~ncs 115
Equivalent diameters of standard wire gauge Approximate methods of estimating cost of
(SWG) and equivalent thicknesses of construction 116 to 117
sheet metal gauge (BG) 17
Drafting of spec~ficatlons 117 to 119
Weights of aluminium secttons, for equal
and unequal anglcs, tees, channels The law relevant lo the huildmg industry 120 to 121
and beams 20 122 to 141
Valuation of land & buildings
Metal rolling shutters 21
Mensurnlicn, Areas and Volumes 162 to I50
B A S I C UNITS
and Multiples of Metrlc U n i t s
values of Pteflxes of Sub-~ui~iples
MICROMICRO OR P I C 0 10"
MlLLlMlCRO OR NONO 10
0.000 001 10"
MILL1 ... ... ... (m) ...
CENT1 ... ... ... (C) ...
... ... ... Id) ...
II
DEKA ... ... ... (da) ...
HECTO ... ... ... (h) ..,
KILO . ~ . ... (k) ...
MEGA .., (M) ...
KILOMEGA OR GIGA" (KM or G) ...
MEGAMEGA OR TERA (MMor T) ...
Length
Britlsh Unila Metrlc Units
-
12 inches
3 leet
= 1 loot
1 yard
1 micron
10 millimelres
-
=
O O O l miillmetre
1 centimetre
~-
22 yards
10 chains
8 furlongs
-
= 1 chain
1 furlong
1m1le
10 centimetres
10 decimetres
10 metres
=
-
n
1 decimetre
tmetre
ldekarnetre
5280 feet = 1mile 10 dekametres = 1 hectornetre
6080 feet = 1 nautical mile 10 hedometres = Ikilometre
6 leet =
(Brit~sh)
1 fathom 1852 metres - 1 nautical mile
(International)
Area
Britlsh Units Metric Units
1089 sq feet
40 gunthas
.......
- . . . .
l guntha
1 acre
-- ~~ -~
100 sq millimetres
100 sq centimetres
~-
-- - -- -- --
1 sq centlmetre
1 sq declmetre
43560 sq lee1
4&10 q yards -
I 1 acre
i acre
100 sq decirnefres
100 sq metres -
-
- 1 sq metre
1 are or 1 sq
decametre
640 acres - 1 sq rnlle 100 ares - 1 hectare or 1 sq
100 hectares ,. henornetre

1 sq kllometre
1000 cu millirnetres
1000 cu centlmetres
-- 1 cu centlmetre
1 cu declmetre
1000 cu declmetres = 1 cu metre
C~pbClfY
Brillsh Unlts Metrlc Units

........... -
60 mlnims
8 flud drachms
.....
--
~, ~ L ~ p -
1 fluid drachrn
1 lluid ounce
~~
10 millilitres
10 centilitres
~ ~ ~. ~
--
--- ~
1 centllllre
ldecil~tre
..
5 fluid ounces -- lgill 10 decilitres = llitre

4 gills
2 pints -- 1 pint
1 quart
10 lilres
10 dekalitres --
= 1 dekal~trs
1 hectolitre
4 quarts
2 aailons - 1 Imp gallon
1 oeck
10 hectolitres
or 1000 lilres
lkilolitre
4 pecks
8 bushels
=
- 1 bushel
1 quarter
1 lilre = 1000.028 cu crn
2
WdgM
r -
Brnbh Unltr mtrk Un)tr
Avoirdupois Unils
16 drams 1 ounce 10 millgrams Icenigram

16 ounces 1 pound l o centgrams 1 decigram
28 pounds 1 quarler l o decigrams 1 gram
4 quarters 1 hundred weight 10 grams 1 dekagram
20 hundred weights 1 ton 10 dekagrams 1 hectogram
7000 grains 1 pound l o henograms 1 kilogram
14 pounds 1 stone 1000 kilograms 1 metric lonne
2000 pounds 1 shorl ton 200 milligrams 1 carat
100 pounds
1 ounce
1 pound
--
437.5 grains
16 ounces
Ishorl hundred weight
28.350 g
0.4536 kg
1 milligram (mg)
1 gram (9)
0.01 54 grain
0.0353 02
Fahrenheil to Celsius Celsius to Fahrenheil

5 9
(OF-32)x- m 0 C pCx1)+32-OF
9
Old Indlmn Weight Unlte Mlaallaneoue
40 seers
seer
maund
1 smre
1 gmss
1 quire
-- 20
12
24
NOS.
dozens .( 144 Nos.)
sheets
1 ream - 20 quires
Intmrnrtlonsl P r p r S l u s
Akrks B P C Sorles
Slz* MIllImtrss Sks Mllllnutrea
A0 841 x 1189 W 324 x 458
A1 594 x 841 84 250 x 353
A2 420 x 594 C4 229 x 324
A3 297 x 420 85 176 x 250
A4 210 x 297 C5 162x 229
AS 148 x 210 86K-i 125 x 324
A6 105x 148 86 125x 176
A7 74 x 105 C6 114x162
DL 1iaxz20
C716 81 x 162
C7 61 x 114
Shlpplng Measur* Oensral
1 shipping ton -- 40 cub^ foot 1 radian -- 57.295s (SP 17' 45')
A r r u r h n Measure
1.13266 cu rn
- a
9
(standard aoceleralmn
- 3.1416
9.80665 m par second
per samnd
hundred weight -- 100 pounds

- WrngnuS)
ton
dry gallan
wet gallon
-- 2000
268.8
0.83
punds
cu inch
Imp gal
1 Imperial gallon d water weiphs
1 cubic loot .
10 pounds
8.23 Imperial gallons
Americans oxpress road gradients in psrcentages. e.g. :-
20% grade - 1 in5

1 wsec discharge
-- 375 gahns per rnin
1 cu foot per s e ~
Refrlgoratlon (and Alr-COndHloning ) :One standard ton ot refrgerdian (and airandiiwning ) denotesthe extraction of heat at the
rate of 12000 Briiish Thermal Unns per hour (equivalent of one ton of ice meking in 24 hours).
3
CONVERSION FACTORS
I
Multiply BY 1 To obtain
acres heclam
BCIes square kilomeues
ccntimelrcs fect
ccntimems inchcs
cubic centimcues cubic feet
cubic cenlimetres cubic inches
cubic fccl cubic centimetres
cubic feet cubic metros
cubic feet gallons, Imperial
cubic fcct hectolitres
cubic feel litrcs
cubic inches cubic cenlimclrcs
cubic rncbcs cubic fcct
cubic metres cubic yards
degrees, angular radians
dcgrces. F(less 32 F) degrees. C'
degrccs. C dcgrces. F(lcss 32 1 . 1
fool pounds k~logrammclres
feel cenlimclres
fcel
~ - - ~ mctrcs
feel millimctrcs
gallons. Imperial cubic feet
gallons, lmperial
gallons, Imperial
-
nallons. U.S.
litres
gallons. U.S. ~allons,lmgerial
gallons, U.S. lilres
gms pounds, avoirdupois
hoclares acres
hec~ares square feet
hcccares square miles
horsepower, metric horsepower. W.S.
horsepower. U.S. horsepower, metric
inches centimetres
inchcs metres
inches millimches
kilograms pounds
kilograms tons ( = 2240 1bs)
kilogram metres lwt pounds
kilograms pcr metre pounds pcr foot
kilograms per sq cm pounds per sq inch
kilograms per sq metrc pounds pcr sq fool
kilograms per cubic mclre pounds pcr cubic Fool
kilomcucs milcs
kilomeucs iw.t
litres gallons, lrnpcrial
lives gallons. U.S.
lim cubic ice1
lilros cubic inches
meues feel
metres inchc~
mews yards
miles kilomcues
millimetres feel
millimelres iwhes
ounce (or)
pounds (avoirdupois)
-
grams
grams
pounds ( - do -) kilograms
pounds ( - do -) low (=2240 oounds)
-
pounds ( do -) tonne (rnctric)
pounds per loot kilograms per metre
pounds per square f w t kilograms per sq metre
pounds pcr square inch kilograms pu sq cm
pounds per c u b i f m t kilograms pcr cu metre
4
CONVERSION FACTORS (Contd.)
Multiply BY To ohtain
radians 57.2'1578 degrees, angular

square ccntimctres 0.1550 squxc inchcs
square ice1 0.m2903 arcs
squwc fcct 0 .In29041 square mcrres
square ir~cl~cs 6.35163 square ccntimctrcs
S((UXL! kilomcLTcs 247.lC-l squaw acrcs
squarc kllomclrcs 0.3861 square mllcs
squiuc mctrcs 1n.761~ sq~;rrcfcct
souuc mctrcs 1.19599 squxc yards
square miles 2,590 square kilomctres
squ;ac yards 0.83613 square metres
Inn$ (-2240 pounds) 1016.05 kilograms
( - do - )
~CIIIX 1.01605 tonne mclric
tnnnr (rnclrlc) 2204.62 pounds
tot~nc(rncuic) 0.98421 tons (=2240 pounds)
yards 0.9 14402 tIcVcs
CONVERSION OF RATES
(1) To convcrt Rate p.r runnlng loot into Rate pcr running mclrc Multiply by 3.28 (For vice-versa hy Il.3LHX).
(2) To converr Ratc per 10 rur~r~ing

fcct into Rate pcr rtlnning mcuc Moltiply by 0.328 (Far vice-versa by 3.018).
(3) To convert Ratc per IMI ~ d l i ~ ~ i ilcct

i i : intn H:~tcpcr runnlng mctre Multiply by 0.0328 (For vicc-vcrsa by 30.48).
(4) To convcrt Ratc pcr hquarc i(wt inlo Ratc pcr squarc mcm: Multiply by 10.764 (Tor v ~ c c - v c r sby~ 0.0939).
(5) To convcrr Ratc pcr I[) s q u a r c f ~inlo

t Ralc p r squarc mclrc Multiply by 1.0764 (For vice-vcrw by 0.929).
( 6 ) To convert Ratc I r r IM) square tcet inlo K ~ Ipcr

C square nlctre hlultiply by 0.1076 (For vicc-versa by 9.29)
(7) To convert Retc per c u h ~f w t into Raw F r cuhlc IncLrc Multiply by 35.315 (For vlcc-vcrsu by 0.0283).
(8) To ccnvcrl Ratc per 100 cubic fcet 1nt0Rate per c u b ~ cmctrc Multiply by 0.3512 (I'or vlcc-versa hy ?.Xi).
(9) To convcrt Ratc per lb (pound) Into Rate pcr kg Multiply by 2.2016 (For v~cc-verxab y 0.153(i).
10) To convcrt Rate pcr hundmiwc~ght(cwt) Into Rate per quintal Multiply by 1.9fi84 (For vlcc-vcr\:~by 0.508).
I
11 1) .To convcrt Rate per ton into Rate per tonne (Mclrlc) Multiply by 0.9842 (For vicc.vcrs;~ hy i.0lhj.
.P
(12) TO convert Ibslrunning f m t into kgslrunning rnclre Multiply by 1.48RI (For vicc-vcrm by 0.672)
To convcfl Ihqkquarc m
fo
or into kgsfsquarc niclrc Mult~plyby 4.XX1 (For vrc-vcrsa by 0.205).
To convert lbskub~cfool into kgslcubic mclrc Multiply by 16.0184 (For vice-vcrsa by (1.0624).
To convert lbslgallon into kgdilre Mult~plyby 0.0998 (For vicc-versa by l.M)2).
To convcrt Rate per gallon into Rate per liue Multiply by 0.22 (For vice-versa by 1.516).
To conven I b l y in. into k d s q crn Multiply by 0.070 (FM vice-versa by 14.223).
To convert tonlsq ft into tonnelq m Multiply by 10.937 (For vice-vet- by 0.0914).
To convert bending moment from fmt-pounds to kilogram-mews Multiply by 0.138 (For vice-vcrm by 7.233).
To conven Rate per acre into Rate per hecure Multiply by 2.471 tFor vice-veru~by 0.4047).
WEIGHTS OF BUILDING MATERIALS
IRcfermcr IS . 1911 . 1967)
Weight in kg
hlatcrial per cubic metre Matcr~al
~\ccouslica1n~aterials Metals
Cork ... ... ... Aluminium. cast ... ...
Sl:1g u.wl ... ... ... Aluminium. wrought ...
Brass (Copper % : Zinc %) :-
Agjiregale Munu m c ~ l ( 6 0: 40) ...
Urokcn Stone dry . ... Ib(W to 1870 Red (90 : 10)
Orohcn hrickr : White (50 : 50)
Fine ... ... 1450 Yellow (70 : 30) :-
Co.~r.sc (surkhi ) ... ... 1010 Cat ... ...
I:oatn slag aggregate ... 700 Drawn ...
.
Snnd dry. c l a n ... ... 1540 to lGOO Rollcd ...
Shingle. 3 mm u) 38 mm ... 1460 Bronze (copper % : T i n %) :-
Bcll mctal (80: 20) ...
Gun mcwl (90: 10) ...
Common hum1clay ! Chromium ...
Engineering bricks 1 Coppcr. cast ...
P~csscdbricks ! Coppcr. w m u g h ~ ...
Rclraclory bricks Iron. pip ... ...
'
.
Iron. cast gray ...
Cement (15 : 269) .
Iron. cast white ...
Ordinary and ;lluminous Iron. wroughr ...
R:~pid1i;adcning Lc~al.c a s ~ ...
.
L c d wrought
Sjlvcr. wroughl
...
...
Cement r~lncrele.plain
Ublng slonc aggrcgalc . Slccl. cast ...
' Stccl. wrought. mild
......
Light \wight rtmcrete
Ccllul:s ('S~porex'elc.)
With I[um slag aggrcgalc
.
Zinc wrought ...
Acrslcd ... Oils. paint. bitumen etc .
Bccs wax . . . . . .
Cl~en~icnls Bitumen ... . . .
Gypsum powdcr Crcosole ......
S.111. common . . . Dlcscl ... ...
Phenol lormal~lchydc ... ...
Polystrcnc ! P;lin~ ... ...
Pcrspcx
...
...
Urea Iormaldchyde
'!' ~ a r : ~ r r iwax
PCVOl
n ...
...
! Pitch (IS : iii) ...
Rcd Ic:ld. dry ...
I
R<ndw (IS : 215) ...
Torpcntioc ......
I Varnish ... ...
Soils
Lime Cl.1~.dry . . . . . .
Uncalcincd stonc lumps Earth. dry . . . . . .
.
Un5l.lkcd lrcshly burn1
Sl~~kcd.Ircsh . . . Timber (IS : 399)
Unslokcd limc (kankur ) Teak ... ...
Sl;kcd ltmc (kaanknr) Bcnto~k . . . ...
Bijaal ... ...
Stone Bonsum ... ...
Basal1 . ... Ch~r ... ...
Fl~nl ... Dc~lar ... ...
Cinciss ... Haldu ... ...
Grllnilc ...
Latcritc ...
Li~ncsl:)nc ...
Mi~rhle ... \Vater
Quarcz ... Fresh ... ...
S;~ndslonc ... Salt ... ...
Slarc ... Icc ... ...
ISRO
ISRO
lSKO
lSK0
5
6
8
10
0.154
0.22
0.395
0.617
ISRO
ISKO
ISRO
ISKO
45
50
56
61
12.5
15.4
19.1
24.5
ISSQ
ISSQ
ISSQ
5
6
8
0.106
0.287
0.502
ISSQ
ISSQ
32
40 1 12.6
XN
ISRO 12 OX88 ISRO 71 31.1 ISSQ 45 IS')

ISRO 14 1.21 ISRO RO 14.5 ISSQ I 0 0.785
ISRC) 16 1.58 ISKO 90 40.9 ISSQ 50 196
ISHO 18 2 N ISRO IIX) 61.7 ISSQ 12 i: 1.13
ISRO 20 2.47 ISRO 110 74.6
ISSQ 63 31.2
ISRO 22 2.98 ISRO 125 96.3 ISS() I6 2.01
ISKO 25 3.85 ISKO 140 121
ISKO 28 4.83 ISRO IhO 158 ISSQ 20 1.14 ISSQ 80 50.2
ISRO 32 6.31 ISKO I80 2110
ISRO 36 7.99 ISRO 200 247 ISSQ 25 4.91 ISSQ I00 78.5
ISRO 40 9.85
NOTE : I4'eithl per merre of ror~srecliribhcd/d~/ormed/~oId

rwivcd srcal bnrr of ony nominnl dinnlelar is luken snmc ns
pivcn uhove for rc.~pccrivedlnmercr in ISRO series.
HOT-ROLLED STEEL FLATS

(Rr/erenrr 1.7 1711 1071)
I Thickness in mrn
1 1 1 I I j I I I I I I i
Weinlrl oer Melre Lenell~in ke
X
HUT-ROLLED STEEL UNEQUAL ANGLES - Conid.
-
ncsignalion
Si~c
(h x h)
mmxrnmj
Th~ckncss 'lh~ckncs?Wcight pcr
01 Wch
mm
of Flnnce
Imm'I
Mcrrc
kg
II Dcsixnnlior! I/ Slzc
(h x b)
n;m x m m
I1
of Wch ol'Fl;tncc
mm
hlclrc
mm"
/
Th~ckncss Thickness Wc!gllr pcr
kg
N o r n ~ a'l'ee
l ll:~rs
I Slit 1.i~l1I\ Y e i ~ h l e e l%;lrs*
ISNT 20 ISLT 2(X) 200 x 165 8.0 12.5 28.4

1SN7' 30 lS1,'l' 250 250 x 180 14.1 37.5
ISST 40
ISNT 50 Slit hledium \Veigllt Tee l l a r s **
ISNT hO
ISNT 75
1sv 1' 100
ISNT 1.50
Deep Legged Tee liars

Slit 'fvr 1l;sra I'ronr 11-Seclir~n'**
lSHT 75 75 n 100 8.4 9.11 15.3

ISHT I(XI '100 x 200 7.8 9.0 20 0
ISTIT 125 125 x 2511 XU 9.7 27.4
ISHT 1511 IS0 n 250 7.6 I (I.<> 29.4
9
H O T ROLLKI) STEEL CHANNELS HOT ROLLED SI'EEL BEAMS
Ucplh of Widlh of Wcight per Ucplh of Widlh 01 Weight pcr

Designation channel flange mcue Designation bcam flange nlcuc
mm mm 'mm
.. . ~ ~ ~ p -
kg
~
- .. .- . C-
kg. .
JUNIOR CHANNELS JUNIOR BEAMS
(Referewe I S : 808 - ID64 . Amcndmenl 3 o/ 1968) (Reference IS :803 - 19M )
ISJC 100 100 45 5.8 lSJB 150 150 50 7.1

ISJC 125 125 50 7.9 ISJB 175 175 50 8.1
ISJC 150 150 55 9 .9 ISJB 200 200 60 9.9
ISJC 175 I 75 60 11.2 ISJB 225 225 80 12.8
ISJC 200 200 70 14.0
LIGHT WEIGHT BEAMS
(Reference IS :808 - 1964 Amendmnr 3 oflD68)
LIGHT CHANNELS
(Refirmcr IS
1SI.C 75
808 1964 - Arnendmenf 3 01 1968)
I ISLB 75
ISLB 100
75
100
50
50
6.1
80
ISLC 100
ISLC 125
ISLC 150 1SL.B 175 175 90 16.7
1SI.C 175
ISLC 200 ISLB 200 200 100 19.8
ISLC 225
ISLB 225 225 100 23.5
1SI.C 250 ISLB 250 250 125 27.9
ISLC 300
ISLC 350 ISLB 275 275 140 33.0
ISLC 400
ISLB 300 3rx) 150 37.7
MEDIUM CHANNELS (SLOPING FLANGES) ISLB 325 325 165 43.1

(Re/erence IS : 808 (PART 111) - 1074)
ISLB 350 350 I65 49.5
ISLR 4(X) 400 165 56.9
ISLB 450 450 170 65.3
lSLB 500 500 I80 75.0
ISLB 550 550 190 86.3
ISLB trOO 600 210 99.5
hIEDIUh1 WEIGHT IlEAMS

I ) 1973)
(ReJerence IS :808 (PART
NOI'E: Hrcinhrs, dimensions erc of chnnnelr wrrh porollrl MB450

flnnjirr ( M C P .series) or? same as given above fur ~ I 500
B
AIC serres The heavier seoions in each size are
inrcndcd /or urc i n wagon building indusrry MB 550
(marked ' I . MB hOO
HOT ROLLED STEEL BEAMS MS PLATES
-
(Reference IS :1730 (Part I) 1974)
Widlh of We~ghlper Weight per Weight pcr
Dcsignalion flange mete 'Ihickness Thickness
sq m sq m
mm mm mm mm
kg kg kg
ISWB 150
WIDE FLANGE BEAMS
(Reference IS : 808. IPM)
150 100
I : 7
39.20
47.10
62.80
22
28
173.00
196.00
220.00
251.M1
ISWB 175 175 125 22.1 10 78.50 283.00
ISWB 200 200 140 94.20 1 40 314.00
14 110.00 45 353.00
ISWB 225 225 150 33.9 16 126.00 50 392.00
ISWB 250 250 200 40.9 I8 141.00 56 440.00
ISWB XX] 300 200 48.1 20 157.00 63 495.00
ISWB 350 350 200 56.9
ISWB 400 400 200 66.7
lSWB 450
lSWB 500
450
500
200
250
79.4
95.2
I STEEL CHEQUERED PLATES
Standard Wcight pcr

lSWB 550 550 250 112.5
ISWB 600 600 250 130.7 Thickness squvc meve
ISWB 600 250 145.1 mm in kg
5 39
6 47
HOT ROLLED COLUMN SECTIONS 7 55
(Refcrcmc IS ,808 (PART 11) 1978) 8 63
10 78
SC IM) 100 100 20.0 12 94
SC 120 120 120 26.2 14 110
16 126
SC 140 140 140 33.3
SC 160 160 160 41.9 I Conform to tho weighls given in IS : 1730-1961'Dimensions far
slecl plalc, shcct nnd sVip for structural and gcncrdl cnginecring
SC 180 180 180 50.5 purprs.'
SC 200 200 200 60.3
SC 220 220 220 70.4 MS PLAIN BLACK SHEETS

SC 250 250 250 85.6
Weight per Wcight pcr
Thickness sq m sq m
mm mm
CRANE RAIL SECTIONS
( R e f e r e ~IS
~ c:3443-1980)
- kg kg
0.40 3.14 1.%I 14.90
I I 1 I
ISCR 50 50 90 90 29.8
ISCR 60 60 105 105 40.0
ISCR 80 80 130 130 64.2
ISCR 100 100 150 150 89.0
ISCR 120 120 170 170 118.0
ISCR 140 140 170 170 147.0
GALVANISED PLAIN STEEL SHEETS
(Rdercnce IS : 277-1977)
Weight in kg per sq m of sheet

Class of sheet
and type of zinc coating Thickness of sheeci in mm
1.60 1 1.25 1 l.W 0.80 1 0.63
Class 1
750 g or Zinc (Svelter) Coating per sq m 13.31 10.56 8.60 7.03 5.70
Both Sides Inclusive
Class 2
600 g of Zinc (Speller) Coaling per sq m 13.16 10.41 8.45 6.88 5.55
Class 3
450 g of Zinc (Speller) Coating per sq m 13.01 10.26 8.30 6.73 5.40
Class 4
375 g of Zinc (Speller) Coating persq m 12.94 10.19 8.22 6.66 5.32
NOTE : Plain sheets of all classes are available in 1.8. 2.2, 2 5 , 2.8, and 3 merrc length. Class 4 plain shcefs arc also
availnble in 3.6 metre lengrh.
Plain skcls of all classes are available in 0.75 and 0.90 metre widlhs.
CORRUGATED CALVANlSED STEEL SHEETS
-i
DEPTH I8 mm NOMINAL
PITCH
C 75 mm NOMlNAL
4
Weight of corrugated galvanised steel sheets is to be calculaled from the area of sheet before corrugation applying
the weight constants given above for plain galvanised shceci.
DETAILS OF CORRUGATION
Nominal overall width of sheet

Number of corrugations measured between crowns of
oulside corrugations
Before After
Corrugation Camgation
11 loo0 885
Cormgatcd sheets are available in lengths same as those indicated above for plain shccls.
HOLLOW MILD STEEL SECTIONS FOR STRUCTURAL USE
(Referenc~1.5 4923-1968)
t i
k s -4
Square Hollow Sections Rectangular Hollow Sections
Dcplh or w~dthof Thickness (1) Weight pcr Dcpth of Brcadlh of Thickness Weight pcr
Scc~ion(I)) mcuc .-
Section (D) Scction (B) (r) metre
nlm mm kg mm mm mm kg
'All dLncnLDm in mrn SHEET PILING SECTIONS

(Reference 15 :2314.1963)
Weight Weight per Pcr~metcr Centre lo

per square mclre pcr metre Centrc
Designation metre of wall of wall dislance of
ISPS lml 2 win8 ~cction joinls
kg kg cm mm
U Piling Sections
4 A k
UW g Section Overall dimensions in mm
Designation --
A B 1
ISPS 1625 U 437 172 13

ISPS 103 FPilingScction ISPS 2222 U 458 194.5 14
13
HARD-DRAWN STEEL WIRE FABRIC
(Re/erence IS :1566 -1982)
Square Mesh
Mesh Size Diamctcr of Wcight Mesh Size Diiunctcr of Weight
S1. (Nominal Pitch Wirc PCr SI. (Nominal P1tc.h Wire PET
NO. of Wircs) Each Way sq m No. of Wires) Each Way sq m
mm mm in kg mm mn~ in kg
1 50 3.0 2.22 22 150 5.6 2.57

2 50 3.8 3.56 23 150 5.8 2.76
3 50 5.0 6.16 24 150 6.0 2.96
4 100 34 1.43 25 150 6.3 3 27
5 100 3.6 1.60 26 1 50 6.5 3 48
6 I 00 4.0 1.98 27 150 7.1 4.14
7 100 4.5 2.53 28 150 7.5 4.62
8 100 4.8 2.84 29 150 8.0 5.26
9 100 5.0 3.08 30 150 9.0 6.66
10 100 5.3 3.46 31 150 10.0 8 22
I1 100 5.8 4.14 32 200 4 .0 0J18
12 100 6.5 5.20 33 200 4.5 1.26
13 100 7.0 6.04 34 200 4.8 1.42
14 100 8.0 7.90 35 200 5.3 l.i4
15 150 3.15 0.82 36 200 5.8 2.08
16 150 76 1.06 37 200 6.5 2.60
17 150 4.0 1.32 38 200 7 .O 3.02
18 150 4.5 1 .ffi 39 2W 8.0 3.94
19 150 4.75 1.85 40 200 9.0 5.10
20 150 5.0 2.M 41 200 10.0 6.16
21 150 5.3 2.30
SI.
No.
1 M
Maln
mm
i
(Pirh or Wircs)
Crocr
mm
Di.
Main
mm
wires
Cross,
mm
1 Wcighl pcr
Sqwxc mcuc
inkg
Oblong Mesh
SI.
No.
Weight pcr
Sqn.xe metre
in kg
I
--
57
SR
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
14
HARD DRAWN STEEL WIRE FABRIC EXPANDED METAL SHEETS (XPM)
Oblong Mesh (Conrinued) (ReferemcIS :412 - 1975)
Mesh Size Dia. of Wires Size of Mesh Dimensions

(Pitch of Wires) Weight per (Nominal) of Strands Weight per
sq m
kg mm mm mm mm
72 100 150 4.2 3.0

73 100 150 4.5 3.0
74 100 I50 4.6 3.0
75 100 150 4.8 3.6
76 100 I50 5.0 3.0
77 100 150 5.3 3.6
78 100 150 5.5 3.0
79 I00 150 5.8 3.6
80 100 150 6.5 4.0
81 100 150 7.0 4.0
82 100 250 4.2 4.2
83 100 250 5.0 4.2
84 100 250 5.5 4.2
85 100 250 7.0 5.0
86 100 300 4.0 3.0
87 100 300 4.2 5.0
88 100 300 4.5 3.0
89 100 300 4.2 4.2
90 100 300 4.8 3.6
91 100 300 5.0 5.0
92 100 3W 5.0 4.2
93 100 300 5.0 3.0
94 100 300 5.3 3.6
95 100 300 5.8 3.6
96 100 300 6.0 5.0
97 100 300 6.5 4.0
98 100 300 7.0 4.0
99 100 UX) 7.0 5.0
100 100 300 70 5.5
101 100 300 7.5 6.0
102 100 300 8.0 4.8
103 100 300 8.0 6.0
104 100 300 8.0 6.5
105 100 300 9.0 4.8
106 100 300 10.0 6.8
107 150 250 5.0 4.2
108 150 250 6.0 5.0
109 150 250 6.5 5.5
110 150 300 6.0 5.0
111 I50 UX) 7.0 5.0
112 150 300 8.0 6.0
HEXAGONAL WIRE NEITING
(Chicken wire mesh)
(R$OPTI IS :3150.1982)
Neuing is made of annealed mild steel galvanised wire. The sizc of aperture is dcnoml by h e distance between parallel
-
sides of h e hexaaons formcd.
Size of Wire Size of Wire Size of Wire
aperune tin. ape*= dm. aperture din.
mm mm mm mm mm mm
10 0.63 31 0.90 100 1.25

1.12 (2.~1~ 1.40
1.40 selvedge)
0.90 100 1.40
1.12 V-P~Y 1.a0
1.25 selvedge)
19 0.63 50 0.90 75 1.40

0.80 1.25 (1 ccnter
1.12 strand
3- ply selvedge)
25 0.80 75 0.90 100 1.40
0.90 1.25 (1 ccnm 1.60
1.40 selvedge) strand 1.80
3-ply selvedge)
Note :- The lerm 'selvedge' denotes edge so woven that Lhe end wires do nor unravel.
WlRE CLOTH FOR GENERAL PURPOSES
(Reference IS :1568-1970)
Wirecloth is regularly woven uilh par;lllcl u Ires in hoth directions lopmduce uniform yuvc meshrr or op?iimgs.Wirc II&
for making h e cloh can h mlld steel, bass. b~oiuc,alwninlwn allay a plasucs.
Avmge Width Nominal Diameter

of A o e m of Wire
850 microns
710 microns
€00microns
500 microns
425 microns
355 microns
300 microns
250 microns
212 microns
180 microns
150 microns
CALVANISED STEEL BARBED WIRE

(Reference IS :278 - 1978)
Size Diameter of Wire in mm Weight of Barbcd Wire Distance Between

Designation in kg per metre Two Barbs
MAX MIN mm
1 2.50 2.50 0.155 0.136 75 + I 2
2 2.50 2.50 0.120 0.1011 150 + I 2
3 2.50 2.00 0.125 0.108 75 S12
4 2.50 2.00 0.103 0.089 150 k12
5 2.24 2.00 0.106 0.097 75 f 12
6 2.24 2.00 0.085 0.078 150 *I2
STEEL TUIIES Y-OK STRI!C'TURAL PURPOSES
( R ~ J e r c mc 13 : I l h l 1'2791
Nomrnnl
Bore
1I diamclcr
Oubidc
; CI:l,i
11
!I
1 k c s 1 ' ! I
pcr mrrrc
Snni~nrl
narc
0111sr(Ic
diamctcr
Thickesss Wcrghr
per nlcuc
Class
20 2 6 I.ight 2.35 1 .A? I I0 127.0 I.ight 4.5 I36

hltcllu~n 2.65 1.58 hlc<liem 4x5 146
lli.:!vy 3.25 I 'I0 Hcavy 5 .4 It, 2
15 33.7 Lrg11t 2.65 2.W 125 7 Light 4.5 14.9
blcd~r~ni 3.25 2Jh hledium 4.85 16.2
l lcsvy 4.115 2.99 Hcevy 5.4 17!)
32 42.4 L.iglit 2.65 2 61 135 152.4 Light 4.5 16.4
Mrdiorn 3.25 3.15 Medium 4.85 17.7
Hcavy 4.05 3.86 Hcavy 5.4 19.5
40 48.3 L.ight 29 7.27 150 165.1 Light 4.5 17.8
hPdium 125 i.61 Mcdrum 4.85 19.2
Hcnvy 4.05 4.41 Heavy 5.4 21.2
L ~ ~ I I I 3.25 4.57 Medium 485 19.6

hlcdiurri 3 65 ill) Hcavy 1 5.4 21.7
I lcavy 4.5 6.17 llcavy 2 6.3 25.3
h5 76.1 1.igIit 3.25 5x1 175 193.7 l.ight 4.85 22.6
Mcdium 3.h5 6.53 Medium 5.4 25 0
Hcavy 4.5 7.92 Heavy 5.9 27.3
80 88.9 Light 3.25 6.86 200 219.1 Light 4.85 25.7
Mcdirlm 4.05 8.48 Medium 5.6 29.4
Flcavy 4.85 10.1 Hcavy 5.9 3 1 .[I
90 101.6 Light 3.65 X X? 225 244.5 Heavy 5.9 34.2

Medium 9.75 250 273.0 5.9 38.8
Hcnvy 4'05
4.85 11.6 300 723.9 6.3 49.5
350 355.6 8.0 68.3
WEIGHT OF W l R l l I N KILOGRAMS PER 1000 METRES
Dramclcr Iron Copper Drilmrler Iron Steel CoPPcr

rn mm rn mrn
17
WEIGHTS OF GALVANISED IRON FITTINGS
Description of fillings Size in mm Weight in kg of Na
1W fillings per kg.
Cupheaded shcrting rivers ... lox 6 0.63 1 158
12x 6 0.709 141
15x 6 0.788 126
18x 6 0.867 115
Shcel bolls & nuls ... 12x 6 1.104 91
15x 6 1.143 88
18x 6 1.182 85
25 x 6 1.340 75
31 x 6 1.497 67
37 x 6 1.576 63
Roofing icrcws cone headed ... SOX 6 1.261 79
56x 6 1.497 67
62x 6 1.734 58
75 x 6 2.207 45
~ w bolls
k & nurs ... 87 x 7.5 5.911 17
87 x 10 7.882 13
100 x 7.5 6.463 15
100 x 10 8.827 11
112 x 7.5 7.094 14
112 x10 10.088 10
125 x 7.5 7.882 13
125 x 10 11.823 8
Limpel washers (cone or c i ~ u l a r ) ... 0.473 211
Dimond curved washers ... 30 mm or 37 1.970 51
mm Square.
EQUIVALENT DIAMETERS OF STANDARD WIRE GAUGE

SWG Millimeus SWG Millimeues SWG Milliietrcs
710 12.7 13 2.337 32 0.2743
6/0 11.785 14 2.032 33 0.2VO
510 10.973 15 1.829 34 0.2337
410 10.160 16 1.626 35 0.2134
310 9.449 17 1.422 36 0.1930
210 8.839 18 1.219 37 0.1727
0 8.229 19 1.016 38 0.1524
I 7.620 20 0.914 39 0.1321
2 7.010 21 0.813 40 0.1219
3 6.401 22 0.7 11 41 0.1118
4 5.893 23 0.610 42 0.1016
5 5.385 24 0.559 43 0.0914
6 4.877 25 0.508 44 0.0813
7 4.470 26 0.457 45 0.071 1
8 4.064 27 0.4166 46 0,0610
9 3.658 28 0.3759 47 0.0508
10 3.251 29 0.3554 48 0.0406
II 2.946 30 0.3150 49 0.0305
12 2.642 31 0.2946 50 0.0254
SHEET METAL GAUGES -BIRMINGHAM GAUGE (B.G.)
Equivalen~Thicknesses
Gauge mm Gauge 1 mm Gauge mm Gauge mm
0 10.07 9 3.551 18 1.257 27 0.4432

1 8.971 10 3.175 19 1.118 28 0.3969
2 7.993 11 2.827 20 0.9957 29 0.3531
3 7.122 12 2.517 21 0.8865 30 0.3124
4 6.350 13 2.240 22 0.7938
5 5.652 14 1.994 23 0.7066
6 5.032 15 1.775 24 0.6289
7 4.481 16 1.588 25 0.5598
R 3.988 17 1.412 26 0.4981
18
BOLTS AND NUTS
WEIGHT (IN KII.O(;KAhlSl OF BLACK IIOLTS WITH IlEXACON HEAD AND NUTS
(ROUND NECKS)
(Including weight of one Head and (meNut)
Length in rnrn from Dlnrnctcr of holt in rnm

undcrsidc of head to
Ihc crld 6 10 12 I6 18 20 1 24
- -
Wc~cht
u in k "c of one
...
~~
ruund we~hcr3 rnm thick 0.007 0.008 0.01 1 0.018 0.025 0.034
Wcighl in kg of onc nut 0.006 0016 0.034 0.063 0.098 0.145 0.210
Wcight in kg of shank
for 25 mrn of lcnclh
RIVETS
\VEI(;ll' (IN KILOGRAMS~OF CUP-HEADED STEEL RIVETS
(Including Head)
EACH
Lcnglli in rnrn from 1 Dinmacr of rivct in I I I I ~

undcrsidc of hwd l o
h e end
?5nirn of ,sh;ink only ... 0.014 0.025 0.039 0.057 0.077 0.101
il't in kg 01 onc head .. . 0.008 0.019 0.037 0.061 0.102 0.151

1'1
WRIGHT OF ROUND WIRE NAILS (PLAIN HEAD)
kngh Diameler of D~ameterof App No

shank head of nails
mm mm mm w r kg
HOT ROLLED STEEL SECTIONS FOR DOORS, WINDOWS & VENTILATORS

(ReJ'crencs IS 7452 iY82)
PURPOSE O R RECOMkIENDED L'SE OF SECTIOSS

--
Designation Wesignation
& Weight Purpose and silwit~onof u.% & Weight Purpose and situallon of u.w
per mclrc (in kg) pcr lnclrc (in kg)
Honzonlal glaring b u s fordwrsidc-lighls. F 4 B (2.28) Cenlral mullion (mcctlng bar f i ~ rs h ~ ~ i l c r i )

dwrsnndsashe.sub-dividingbslor f t r e d ~ lor windows using F7D as lnncr fral~lc,,
I~ghls,venical glazing b u for wmdows. outcr framc for open-in windows in rdrli.
vcnl~lalors and doors where metal. areas, sub-dividing hars for ol~i.~i:~hl,.
aluminium or woodcn b i d i n g is used for windows and top-huhl&v ~ n t ~ l a l n r s .
fix~ngglass.
F I D (1.419') lnnerandoulcrfrmcsforwtndows~nilio~i
Vcnicnl glaring bar lor EZ7 franica hung vmulamrs. foroulcr frame.: for ccnlrr.
hung vcntilalors, and oulcr f ~ i l n x( i ~ riloor
Honrontalglwingbarforstandanlwindows side-lighls.
and vcnulntors.
F XX (2.?I ()ukcr Srilmcs for dlx>rs
Inner f i a m c ~for open~inwindows
E 27 (1.')0) l~)l~lcr
liame for industrial sashc*
Outer frarrirs for o(xn-ill ulndou,r.
K I IB (I.XOI Veniodl coupling mull:ori 1.11 all s t a r ~ i l a ~ l
lnner and m~dddleirnnics in ccntrc~hung windows.Cmbeu~dash~~rironl;llcoupl~ng
vent~lators.F5 i s u s d a\ inncr lranlc for b x whenopcrwblewindowsarclobccouplcil
bolloni-hungvenlilalarsanilsom~umcs~.%d ahovc fixcd ones or belween two t i n ~ , < l
a? rnncr iiutmc lur opcn~outwindows. xlndows.
F 8 1s also uwd na\ oulcr frame fur bollom
hung venulatnrr
- (.im also be u x d a s hori~onlalcr~upljog
m ~ r l l ~ awhcre
wcathcr.
n windowsarc nolexpo,id -
FX 6 (2.5:) lnncr l r a m c ~lor d w n
and R 5 (2.5:) K I ? U (2.30) Hor1~onlalcouplingmul1ion.d~ kni~unij\
wcathcr har. E5pcc:ally uccd uhc:, lli,.
couplwl unit 19 c n p s i a l to ~ L I I I .
21
METAL ROLLING SHITTERS
(Referewe IS :6248 - 1979)
Size of rolling shutters is dcnoted by clear width x clear height ofthe opening for which shutter is intended. Maximum
width without intcrmediale support (guide channel) is 9 m e m .
Types of shutters are (a) self coiling (push-pull or manual) type upto 8 sq m clear area without b l l bearings, and
between 8 to 12 sq m clear area with hall bearings: (b) g e m operated (mechanica1)type with ball bearings. For clear areas
bctwcen 12 and 25 sq m opearted by gcar box and crank handk, and between 25 and 35 sq m opcrated by hand chain and
cha;n wheel mounted on worm shaft; (c) clcctrically operated, for clear areas above 35 sq m, upto a maximum of 50 sq m.
Fixing position of hood cover and bracket can be on the inner or outer face of the wall either below or above the
soiiit of the opening, with tho vertical guide channels fixed beyond the vertical face of the jambs. Fixing position of hood
cover and bracket can also be between the jambs, with thc guide channels projecting in the opening or embedded in the
jambs.
Rolling curtain is built up of interlocking laths shaped out of cold rolled steel strips. lie laths are made of strips
not less than 0.9 mm thick for shutters upto 3.5 m width. and not less lhan 1.2 mm thick for shutters above 3.5 m width.
CAST IRON MANHOLE COVERS, GRATINGS, STEPS, TRAPS ETC.
Cast lron Manhole Covers (Ref IS : 1726 (Pnrrs I lo Vll) - 1974
HD (Heavy Duly) grade covers are designed for heavy vehicular rraffic to withsrand a load of 35 tonnes
MD(Medium Duty) gmdc covcrs are designed for light vehicular traffic as in footpaths/ cycle tracks to withstand a
load of 5 wnncs.
LD (Light Duty) grade covers are designed for pedestrain non-vehicular traffic in domestic premises to withstand a
load of I tonne.
HD and MD grade covers are spccified to have single seal. Option for single or double seal is available in LD grade
covers only. HD grade double triangular covers have a sealing frame of square shape in single piece with a circular opening.
and the cover is made up of two uiangular pieces forming a square.
Grade / type of Size of clear Weight of Weight of seating of

CI manhole cover opening in mm cover in kg frame in kg
500 (dia)
560 (dial
HD double triangular
MD circular 500 (dia)

560 (dia)
MD rcclangular 610 x 455
LD squ.ue 455 x 455
(single seal) 610 x 610
LD square
( doublc scal)
LD rectangular 455 x 610
(single seal ) (Pattern 1)
455 x 610
pattern 2 )
LD rectangular
(double seal)
Cast Iron Gratings ( Ref IS :5961 - 1970) for drainage of surface water have a sealing frame of s h e 560 x 6W mm
overall, with a hinged grating of size 450 x 490 rnm overall fitted in it. The minimum specified weight of grating including
scaling frame is 75 kg and is dcsigncd for 35 tonne load.
Cast lron Steps for Manholes (Ref IS :5455 - 1969) can bc of Pattern 1 which weigh minimum 4.5 kg per step, are
150 mm wide and of overall length 375 mm of which 125 mm project from the wall. Pattern 2 steps weigh minimum 5.3
kg per step, are 165 mm wide and of overall lcngth 385 mm of which 125 mm project from the wall. Both patterns have
raised chequered nonslip tread, are 25 mm thick and have lugs for grip in the portion intended for embedding in the wall.
Cast Iron Floor 1 Nahni traps (Ref13 : 3989 - 1984) are specified to have following characteristics :-
Designation / diameter / sizc D~arnelcrof Total Welght (approx )

Dcscr~pllon (nominal bore of outlct ) inlet grating depth of cdch trap
Cast iron floor traps 50 mm 100 rnm 175 mm 2.5 kq
75 mm 100 mm 225 mm 4.8 kg
I00 mm 200 m m 296 mm 7.5 kg
Cast iron nahni traps 50 mm 165 mm 175 mm 5.5 kg
75 rnrrl 165 mm 225 mm 6.5 kg
STEEL DOORS WINDOWS AND VENTILATORS
l)esign;itil~n
1" the system of desigra!ion followed in IS for steel doors, windows i , d ventilators the width, type and height arc
Indicated in succession. The \ridth and height are indicated in the number o f modules of 1 0 c m each. The type is indicated
by letter symbols as fullow? :-
H = With horizontal glazing bars S = Side hung
N = Without horizontal g l u i n g bars C = Cenlre hung
F = Non-openable fixed units 7 = Top hung
intended for light only. B = Bottom hung
Thus. the designation 1 0 WS 12 will indicate a window of 10n cm widlh, 120 cm height, of side hung typc having
horizonlal glazing bars. As all induslrial windows are provided with horizontal glazing bars, the leners H or N are not used
III the designation of indusv~alwindows.
The widths and heights indicated in the designation are nornlnal, ie they are incluyive of a clearance of I cm all a n u n d .
The actual dimensions of 1 0 HS 12 will therefore be 98 CIII wide and 118 cm hlgh.
(;lazing
The total area of glazing panes required fur each type r" door, window and ventilator, (separately in panes ilpto 0.5
sq rrl in c,nch pane and in pancs exceeding 0.5 sq m in each panc) are indicated in the tables given below, and on the next
p:!ge as a tbmc saver device for a l n g off (estimating) glazing quantities of steel doors windows and ventilators. Dimenslnns
of glaring pdncs have been measured lo the ncarcst 5 mm, and the area of glazing. for each sizz of panelper window etc.,
h a been calculated lo the nearest 0.01 sq m
Requirement of fixing lugs
Thc number of slccl adjustable lugs ru be provided for ilxing Ihc doors/ui11dows/vcntiI;1~or~
of different sizes, a s specified
in the rclcunnt IS arc a s tollows :-
Dimensions of stcel doors. ReflS: 1038 19R3 R e f / . ~: 1361 . 1978

wlndows and ventilalors in m e r e s (Industrial windows) Note
Width I Height Top Bottom J Fach Top Bottom! Each

: side ,ide Fixing lugs made out of
3.15 mrn thick 14 rnrn
2 2
i
0.60.0.80. 1.20 i I
wide flats, bcnt at right
1.50and1.80 i 3 3 angle, h a v ~ n gone leg 70
0.60 and 0.90 2 mm long 11rovided wlth
1.20 and 1.50 3 ' 1 a slot, and othcr leg 100
) 2.IMand2.10 4
mm long, fixed through
1.(XI 1 slot with C S galvanlscd
~
1.60 and 2.20 I ~ .. 4 , machinc screw 6 nlm
I dla, 12 mrn long and nut.
3
200 4
Table of Sires, Types, Glazing A r r a s a n d (;lazing Clips
Industrial Windows (Ref IS : 1361 . 1978)

All indu~rriolwindows are with horizon[al glazing hors
None of (he glazing panes exceed 0.5 sq m area per pone.
Tnlal arca Towl arca

In sq m of Number of in sq n~of Number of
g l a i n g in glazing Designation glazing in glazing
panes not clips required of stcel panes nut clips required
excdg 0.5 sq m per window window excdg 0.5 sq m per window
in each pane in each panc
Note : I n a//indus~ria/windows of C, 7; or B dtrsignarion rhe openablc ponion is 98 x 9,q cm and rest of the orerr, I/ on!,
is mode up of fixed non-openoble glazed porrions.
Table of Sizes, T y p a and Glazing Areas
For Doors, Windows, Ventilatws and Fied Lights, (Ref IS :1038 - 1983)
Derignaum Area of Area of her of Area of
of aecl d m glaring m glazing m Designation glazing in Designation
glazing in
window pane8 no1 panes pmcs not panes not
of steel window. of nee1 window.
vcnlilawr excdg. excdg. vmtilalor or crcdg. vmlilalor or excdg.
or fixed 0.5 rq m in 0.5 sq m m 0.5 sq m in 05 sq m in
fixed light fixed hght
light euh panc each pane
E~S~PUY cachp~ne -
,I sq m wm I,,
Note : Units in this part of the troble do w t require any glnztng in pone5 erceeding
0 5 sq m per ponc.
Dmrs, Slde Hung Type Wlndows. Slde Hung T m e Flxed Llghts, Window Helght
Wlth Harllontal Glazlng Bnrs Wlth Horltoatd ClaJng Bars With Horizontal Glarlng Bars
6 HS 20 0.75 5 HS 9 0.32 5HF9 0.36

8 HS 20 1.03 6HS9 0.40 6HF9 0.44
10 HS 20 1.32 10 HS 9 0.67 10HF9 0.77
12HS20 1.67 12HS9 0.84 12HFY 0.93
6 HS 21 0.75 ISHS9 1.06 15HF9 1.17
8HS21 1.03 18HS9 1.31 18 HF9 1.42
10HS21 1.33 5 HS 12 0.43 5 HF 1 2 ~ 0.48
12 HS 21 1.67 6HS12 0.55 6 HF 12 0.59
10 HS I2 0.92 10 HF 12 1.02
Dmrr,Slde HungType 12 HS 12 1.14 12 HF 12 1 24
Withoul H u r l m t a l Glszlng Bars 15 HS 12 I .44 15 HF 12 1.56
IS HS I2 1.77 18 HF 12 1.89
6NS20 11 0.76 5HSlS 0.55 5 HF 15 0.61
8NS20 Y 1.lo 6 H S 15 0.70 6HFl5 0.75
IONS20 @ 1.36 10HS I5 1.17 10 HF I5 1.29
IZNS20 @ 1.68 12 HS IS 1.45 12 HF 15 1.57
6NS21 Y 0.76 15 HS IS 1.82 I5 HF 15 1.97
8NS2l Y 0.56 0.56 I 8 HS 15 2.26 18 HF 15 2.39
IONS21 @ 1.36
12NS21 @ 1.68 Ventilator& Top Hung Type Ventilators, Top Hung Type
Wllh Horlrontel Glazlng Bars Without Horlmntel Glazing Bars
Wlndmv., Side Hung Type
Without Horlzontsl Clazlng Bars 5 HT6 0.20 5NT6 1 0.20
6Kr6 0.25 6NT6 0.26
SNS9 I 0.33 1 0 ~ ~ 6 0.45 1ONT6 ! 0.45
6NS9 I 0.41 12HT6 055 1 2 ~ ~ 6I 0.56
IONS 9 S 0.68 15HT6 0.71 15NT6 ir 0.72
12NS9 S 0.85 18HT6 0.87 18W6 W 0.87
I5NS9 @ 1.08 5 HT9 0.33 5 W 9 * 0.34
18NS9 @ 1.31 6HT9 0.41 6NT9 * 0.42
5NS12 W 0.45
6NS12 Y 0.56 Vtntllator% Ctnmt Hung Typc Fhed Lights, Venfllntor Height
IONS12 @ 0.94 With Horlzoatal Ctmzlng Bars Wlth Harlumtal CIadng Bars
12NS 12 @ 1.16
15NS 12 r 0.94 0.54 5 HC 6 0.16 5 HF6 0.23
18NS12 r 1.81 6 HC 6 0.21 6HF6 0.28
5NS15 Y 0.57 IOHC 6 038 ID HF 6 0.49
6NS I5 Y 0.15 0.56 12HC6 0d7 12HF6 0.60
IONS15 @ 1.19 ISHC6 0.68 15 HF 6 0.75
12NSlS @ 0.3 I 1.16 18HC6 0.83 18HF6 0.91
15NS 15 $ 1.32 0.54
18NSl5 e 0.47 1.81 Ventlinton, Cenbc Hung Type Fked Llghts, Vendlator Helght
Wlthout Horlumtal Chalng Darr Wlthout Horlzontnl Chzlsg bars
-
Fhed Llghlr (Wlndow Htlght)
Wlthout Horlmntal Glazing Bar* 5NC6 1 0.11 5NF6 * 0.25
6NC6 il 0.21 6NF6 a 0.29
5NF9 I 096 10NC6 ! 0.39 . 10NF6 ! 0.50
6NF9 I OA7 12NC6 ! 0.48 12NF6 ! 0.60
IONF9 S OJ8 15 NC 6 Y 0.70 15NF6 W 0.76
lZNF9 S 0.94 18 NC 6 1 0.89 18NF6 Y 0.92
1SNF9 @ 1.19
I8NF9 @ 1A3 Flzcd Lights, Door Helght Flz*,~Lights, Door Height
SNF12 Y 0.49 Wlth Hwlzontnl C h h g B a n Wltho.rt Harlwntal Clazlng Bars
6NFlZ Y 0.61
IONF I2 @ 1.M 6 HF 20 0.91 6NF20 X 0.92
12NF12 @ 1.28 6 HF 21 0.91 6NF21 Y 092
ISNF I2 r 1.62
18NF12 e 1.95 No. of glazlng cllps r q u l r e d per unit dalgnated In thls table
SNFIS W 0.62
6NF IS Y 0.16 0.61 S i p wed C l i p required Sign used ( Clips required
IONF I5 @ 0.27 1.M
l2NFl5 @ 0.33 1.28 * 2 $ 8
ISNF IS g 0.4 1 1.62 I 4 @ 12
I8NF 15 @ 0.50 1.95 Y 6 $ 18
24
COMMERCIAL ABBREVIATIONS
@ ...... Atorto
8.a.r. ...... Against all risks.
NC ...... Account current.
Acc. ...... Account.
do ...... Account of.
dd ...... A f s r date.
NS ...... Account sale.
BE ...... Bill of exchange.
B/L ...... Bill of lading.
bls ...... Bill of sale.
c&f ...... Cost and freight included in price.
c.i.f. ...... Cost, insurance and freight included in price.
C.O.D. ...... Collect (or cash) on delivery.
Cr ...... Creditor.
C/O ...... Care of.
CIS ...... Cases.
C.W.O. ...... Cash with order.
d.d. ...... Days aflcr date.
Dr. ...... Debtor.
d.s. ...... Days after sight.
~IY ...... Delivery.
ea. ...... Each.
E.E. ...... Errors excepted.
E . & 0.E. ...... Errors and omissions excepted.
f.a.q. . . . . Fair average quality.
f.a.s. ...... Frec alongside ship : buyer puts them on board and pays dues and charges.
f.0.b. ...... Frce on board; the price quoted lo includc all the expenses of pulting goods on
board ship.
f.0.r. ...... Free on rail, i.e. loaded into wagons.
i.0.v. ...... Free on van, i.e. loaded into vans.
f.0.w. ...... Frcc on wharf alongside ship.
G.M.B. ...... G d markemble brands.
G.O.B. ...... Good ordinary brands.
I.O.U. ...... I owe you.
inst. ...... Inslant (present month).
Ltd. ...... Limited.
m.d. ...... Months after date.
m.s. ...... Months after sight.
MIS. ...... Mcssers.
M.O. ...... Money order.
n.a. ...... No advice.
No. ...... Numero (number).
ola ...... On account.
% ...... Per cent.
om ...... Pcr thousand.
p.n. ...... Promissory note.
P.O. ...... Poslal ordcr.
P.T.O. ...... Please turn over.
Percent ...... By the hundred (centurn).
pro rdta ...... In proportion,
pro (em. ...... Pro tempore (for the time being).
Prox. ...... Proximo (next month).
Re ...... As regards.
Shri ...... Shrceyut.
S'Shri ...... Sarvashreeyut.
R.S.V.P. ...... Plcasc reply.
S.O. ...... Supplied only, i.e. not fixed.
SS ...... Steamship.
Ult. ...... Ultimo (last month).
viz. ...... Videlicet (namely, to wit).
Xd ...... Ex-dividend.
Xi ...... Ex-interest.
Ex. div. ...... Ex dividend.
f .p. ...... Librae, pence (pounds, pence).
-Dc- or -do- ...... Dittto or ditto.
cum. div. ...... With dividend.
COMMON LATIN AND FRENCH TERMS USED I N CORRESPONDENCE ETC.
Anno Domini In the year of our Lord.

Ab inilio From the begining.
Ab origine From the origin.
Addcnda List of additions; things to bc added.
Ad hominem Personal.
Ad hoc For this special purpose.
Ad infiniturn To infinity.
Ad interim In the meanwhile.
Ad nauseum To the point of disgust or satiety.
Ad referendum For funher consideration.
Ad rem To the point; to the purpose.
4d valorem According to the value.
Ad verburn To a word, or word for word.
Altcr idcm Another exactly similar.
Anle meridiem Before nwn.
A priori From cause to effect.
A posteriori From elfect to cause.
Argumentum ad ignoraniam Argument founded on ignorance of the person addressed.
Bona fide Good faith (in g d faith), genuinc.
Coctcries paribus Other things being equal.
Cavcat emplor Let the buyer bcware (Iwk aftcr his own interests).
Corrigenda Things to be corrected: a list of errors.
De facto In the pint of fact: actual or actually.
De jure From the law: by right.
Dc novo Ancuj.
Dc rigueur Indispensable: obligatory.
Errata List of crrors.
El cclera And the rest.
El scquentes: El scquenlia And those that follow.
Exempli gratia By way of example.
Ex gratla As an act of grace.
Ex officio In virtue of his office.
Ex parte From one party or sidc.
Experto crcde Trust one who has had cxpcricnce.
Ex post facto Alter the dced is done; rcvospcctivc.
Expressis verbis In express terms.
Flagrante deliclo In the very act.
Fons et origio The source and origin.
Force majeure Grcater force or slrenglh; overwhelming force, act of God
Humanem est enare To err is human.
Ibidem (or ibid) At the same place. (in the book).
Id est (it.) Thal is, often is.
In extenso At full length.
Infra dig Bencath one's dignity.
In re In the matler of.
In situ In ils original situation.
In statu quo In former state.
Intcr alia Among other things.
In Lerrorem As a warning.
Inter se Among thcmsclves.
In toto Entirely.
In lransilu In the course of passage or transit.
lpsissirna verba By the very words.
lpso facra By that very lact.
lure humano By human law.
Jusm milieu The golden mean.
Lacuna A gap. A vacant space.
Lapsus calami A slip of the pen.
Lapu. !ingum Slip of the tongue.
Lex loci Law or custom of the placc.
Lex non scripfa Unwrillen law.
Lile pendente During thc trial.
26
Lcx-~rrrrIcncns A substitute.
Locus sundi A plarc of slanding: A right to appear and be heard belore a coun in
a partlculu case.
hlal a p r o p s Ill timed.
Mala fidc In bad faith; treacherously.
Mandamus Writ issued by higher court to lower court.
Me judice I b a n g judge; in my opinion.
.Urxlus operandi Manner of working.
Modus vivendi Manner of living; uscd as s temporary working m n g m e n t .
Mutatis mumndis Wit11 the necessary changes.
Nil admirari T o be astonished at notlfiing.
h'olens volens Willing or nnli-willing.
Non liquet Thc case is not clear.
Non sequitur It docs not follow.
Nnta k n c (N.B.) Mark well, take notice.
Nudis vcrbis In plain word$.
Obitcr dictum A word wid by the way: a passing comment made by a judge.
Obscuri~imper obscurius An obscurity explained hy another obscurity.
Onus probmdi The bordcn of proof.
Pari passu With equal pace: side by side.
Per For. through.
Pcr diem Per day.
Pcr mensem Per month.
Pcr se By itself.
Pcrsona gram An acccplahle person.
Pclilo principii A begging of the question.
Post meridiem Alter noon.
Postc rcslanlc T o remain in post o f f ~ c cuntil call for.
Prlma f a s ~ i c At first view or consideration.
Pro ct contra (Pros and cons) For and against.
Pro forme For h e sake of form.
Pro n t a According to rate or proportion.
Pm tempore For the lime being.
Quantum meruit As much a s he dcscrved.
Quantum sufficit As much as suffices.
Quid pro quo Somelhing in return; a s equivalent.
Raison d'etre Justification lor existence.
Re In the matter of.
Rcductio ad absurdum A reducing to the absurd ( A method of proof).
Res judicsla A case or suit already settled.
Resume A summary o r abstract.
Seriatum In a series, onc by one.
Sine cura W~lhouta c h v g c or care.
Sinc die Without a day being appoinlcd.
Sinc qua non Without which not; somclhing indispensable.
swtus quo The state in which.
stet Let it stand: d o not deletc.
Sub judice Under consideration.
Suh poena Undcr a penalty.
Sub p x n n ad tcstificandum Call IO a witness for verbal evidence.
Sub pocna duces tccum Summons to witness for producing certain documents.
Suggcstio falsi Suggesting socmthing which is false.
Supressio veri A supression of truth.
Ultra vircs Beyond powers confcned by law.
Ut infra As below.
Ut supra As above.
Vcrhatim ct lileratim Word for word and letter for leuer.
Vcxalo queslio A disputed question.
Via mcdia A n~iddlec o u r x .
Vicc v c r ~ The tcrms of the case being interchanged o r reversed.
Viva vocc Orally.
27
MEASUREMENT OF PLINTH AND CARPET AREAS OF BUILDINGS
(Reference IS :3861- IY75)
Plinth Area shall mean thc covcrcd huilr up area measured at the floor level of any ~toreyor at the floor level of the
hascmcnl.
Carpet Area shall tncan the covered area of the usable moms at any floor level.
A nalcony is a horizontal projection with a handraillpardpct, serving 3S passage or silting out place
Mezzanine Floor - An intcrmcdiatc floor in between two main flca)rs having minimum height of 2.2 m (or minimun~
1.8 rn whrrc rules of the local btdics pcrnmil) from tne floor and having propcr access to it.
Stlir Cover (n!umly) is the roofed space ovcr a staircase and its landing, built to enclose only the stairs for the
purpose of providing protcclion from weathcr and nor used for human habiiafon.
Loft is an intermediate storage arca in between two main floors
Porch is a covered surface (with roof supponed on pillars or otherwise). used for the purpose of pedestrian or
vehicular approach to a building.
hleasurement . hlcasure lcngths to the nearest 0.01 in. Work out areas to the nearest 0.01 sq m.
The areas of each of the following categories shall be measured separately :-

(a) Basement (b) Floor without cladding (stilted floor) (c) Floors including lop floor which may be partly covered
(d) Mczzaninc floor, and (e) Carrage.
-
Measurement of Plinth Area Following areas shall be included where occuring in each category of plinth area :-
(a) Area of the wall a1 the floor level excluding pllnlh orfscts it any. Whcn the building consists of columns projesting
beyond the cladding, the plinth arca shall bc measurcd upto the external face of the cladding ( In case of cormgated sheet
cladding outer edge of corrugation shall be considered) (h) Internal shaft for sanitary installations and garbage chule,
provided these do not exceed 2 sq m in arca, vertical duct for airconditioning. and lift well including landing (c) Stair cover
(mumty) (d) Machine room, and (e) Porch
The following shall not be included in the plinth area :-

(a) Additional floor for scaring in assembly buildings/theaucs and auditoriums (b) Cantilevered porch (c) Balcony
(d) Area of loft (e) Internal saniL?ry shaR and garbage chute provided these are more lhan 2 sq m in area (fJ Area of
archilectural band, cornice., etc., (g) Area of vertical sun breaker or box louver projecting out and other architectural features,
lor example slab projection for keeping flower pots (h) Open platform (i)Terrace at floor one (k) Spiral Staircase including
landing, and (m) Towers. turrets dam- -. .,,ccting above the terrace level at termce.
Wall Area means the area on plan occupied by walls ( including thickness of finishingldado if the height of such
finish is more than 1 m from floor finish ) on any particular noor and qualifying for inclusion in the plinth area.
The following shall be included in the wall are3 :-

(a) Area on plan occupied by door and other openings (b) Intermediate pillars. supports and other such obstructions
within h e plinth area irrespective of their locations (c) Pillasters along wall if exceeding 300 sq cm in area (d) Flues within
the wall (el Built-in cupboards/ almirahsl t helves appearing wilhin a height of 2.20 m from floor (f) Fhe place projecting
beyond the face of wall in living or bed room
The following shall be excluded from thc wall area :-

(a) Pillaster along wall not exceeding 300 sq cm in area, and (b) Chullah platform projecting beyong lhe face of the
wall.
Carpet Area shall mean the plinth area less the arca of following portions :-
(a) Wall m a @) Verandah (c) Corridor and passage (d) Envance hall and porch (e) Staircase and stair-cover i.e.
mumty ( In a hall or basement the area ofportion upto 1 m beyond the last step of staircase shall be treated as part of the
staircase ) (0 Lift shaft and machine mom for lift (g) Bathroom and lavatory (h) Kitchen and pantry G) Store (L) Canteen
(m) Airconditioning duct and plant room (n) Shaft for sanitary piping (p) Stilted floor and garage.
Nute :- (1) IS : 3861 - 1975 also lays down the merhod of rneasuremcnt of 'Rentable area' of residenrial and non-
residenrial buildings.
(2) The sum (addirion) of the huilt up area of all floors (including basemen0 is usually termed as the plinth
area of rhar parricular building when calculaling rhe approximate esrimared cost of rhe building on rhe basis
of blinrh area rates'.
CENTRE 1,lh'E METIIOD FOK WORKING OUT QUANTITIES
1, nuildings wirhour I l e - c n t r a n l P##rlitln (Figure tn:irkcd I )

t i Lenplh o f ccnlrc line o f crlcrrial w;llls = 2 ( A i B ) - X (!- )
2
ii) Extcrnal pcrirnclcr = 2(r\+B)
111) lntcrn:#l pcrinlclcr o f exlcrn:tl w;#lls -
- 2 ( I- X (I)
2. lluildings wirtr Re-c,ntront I'#,rliun (Figure ~n:trLcil ? I~CIW~II!:

onc rc-cntr:inl lrrrlion)
i) Length o f centre lirlc of cxlcrn:#l w;llls -
- ? (A+H) + 2 ( X ) - X ( + )
10 Extcrni~lPcrirncicr -
- 2 (A+Ij) + 2 ( X j
11,) Intrrn;~l pcrtnlclcr ol cr~crri:rl w;ills - ? ( A + l l ) + ? ( X ) - 8 (I)
?itr re1 r,quiztiorar

ti/ I h r ~ c in $1. h o 2 >huuiii he, su~liihlymodificii ij ,ri,,rc illon one rc-e,t(runl portion occurs in !he building
\\'l~crc'A' 2nd '8'arc Lhc c.rlrcmc dimrn.sion.rrflcnxih iznil xidlh o f ihc hicildinfi in which 011 n f i c u and corners nrc
(11 90 " . urlilorm ihlckncs? o i exlcrn:#l walla is 'I' . and ' X
I< llic lcnglh of ihc rc~cntr:lnt portion whcrc applicahlc.
11 is much simpler l o rcmcmhcr lhal ill the :ih<>vckill<! of buildnngs, l o work rill (0) Icnglh o f ccntrclinc o f enwrn;il
walls, or (b) iotcrnal pcrlmctcr or cxlcrnnl w;ills, or (c) Icnglh :~lnngccnlrc l ~ r of~ cplinlh prolcclion o f urriro~rnwidth running
:ill :#ri)unil lhc build~ng,or (d) length of lhc rdgc <>I #id 4i1h h:lv#ng unilorrn pnucction hcyond olltcr walls. or (c) lcnglhs
;~lirr~g ihc ccnlrc linc o l succcsslvc ollsctr sllon'r~only on onc siil; of lllc cxrcrn:ll w:lll, or (9 siniilar siluations :-
the rcqitircil lcngth = Lcnglh ;#long external pcrlrnclcr o l cxlcrnal wall (+) or (-) 8 iirncs lhc shtfr from
thc cxmrn;tl lace of ihc cxlcmal w:~ll to thc point a1 which thc lcnfilh 1s l o bc workcd
out.
llsc (+) sign in ihc :#hove crlualion when lhc ccnlrc linc which IS bcing calculated
lillls oulsidc lhc cxlcrnal pcrinlctcr of thc cxtcrnal wslls (as in thccasc of (c). (d)
or (c) ahovc, illid use (-) sign ior vice versa (JS in the case o f (a) or (b) ahovc).
I1 will hc worthwl~ilclu nolc illat the c;tlcul;llion o i ccnlrc line docs not gct aficclsd hy any lncrcasc in ihc numbcr
,,Iriglit angle olfscls in lhc hu~lrling,as cnch cxlcrnnl corncr i ~ ~ r ~by~ an oflscl w#!l bc conipcnsalcd for hy a
~ i add~lional
l d
corrrcspunding irtlcrn;rl corncr formed by lhc 01.1 SLY.
'l-;~nks I l a v i n g \Val1 1\11iIl 10 a 11:1tter
-r 7
h,
!r - _ _ - - - - - - - - - - _ ' d
I' 1 !
-
Plan (Circu!ar Tank) Plan (Rectangular Tank) Section o i wall
Circular Tank
Cubic conlcnts ol. wall = n (D+a) x (h, a) + I ( D+ 2a t 23 ) x (bh,)

- 2
Rectangular .Tank
2b
C u h i c e o r ~ ~ c n l ~ ~=> ~ wa~h > [ 2 ( C + D ) + 4 a ] + 2 ( ~ + 2 n + - 3+ D + h t " ) ( + b3h ~ )
(Nolc :- Ccntrc ltnc tilkcll at thc centre o f grilvity)

30
CALCIJ1,ATION OF REINFORCEMENT
('over to I I c i ~ ~ ~ i ~ r c c m c n t
Rtra 25.4 o i ;S :4.56-11)78 Code ofi)ri~tlirvfirr pliriti und reir!/l)rccd concrete lays down thal rclnlorcemcrlt bars shall
ha\c rurirrcrc covcr (cxrlr,sivc nf plnrlrr or olhrr I:rii$h ) :I.Y follows :-
(:I) A1 cili:h cncl n f r c i n b r c i ~ l g1121 no1 I<\s th:111 2 nim. nor lcss than twice the dialrlcter of such har,
(11) For a longi~udinalrciniorcilrg hilr in :Ir ~ ~ l u r 11111 ~ ~ Ic>\
n , l h m 40 mln, nor l c s Ihan dlalne~cror v l ~ h a r I n thc.
ci~sco f cr~lutnnso i l n i n ~ ~ n udn~l n ~ i ~ n \ rool n200 m m or iuililcr, n,ht]sc rcinlijrr-in8 bars do nor crccccl I ? n1111. J
covcr (1125 mln may hc ubcd;
(c) g in a hc;lnl, not less than 2 5 mm, nor less th:ln d~:tmclcr or bar:
R,r longitudinal r c ~ n l n r c ~ nhar
(ti) 1:or icnsilc, c~imprcssivc.shcar or othcr r c ~ r ~ i o r c c n ~111 c nat \I:lb, no1 I,:%\ lhiin 15 IIIII~.nor lcss than the dlarnelcr
~II such bar: and
(ci I'crr ;in) vthcr rpink,rccn~cnl,no1 /CSS l h i ~ n15 mm, nor less thxn 1l1c cli:lil~i.lcr u i \uch hiir.
Thc c;,vcr nl;ly tic ltlcrcascd by the II(.'Cdc\lgncr by lnscrling notes in the slruclrual J r ~ w i n g sor by :11ak111jis ~ i p u l a ~ i ~ n s
111 rhc spcclficauons to c;ilcr 1eir bpccial curt\~dcratlonsl ~ k cpruximily of saline water, h;uintul chcn~~cals clc.
I.iir s~ticlcswith Illin cross sc~.iiolrlike prc,casl KCC fencing posls. cctt;lin guvcrnrncrlt dcparlrnctlts lbkc lhc h l t S s2ccify
cuncrclc cover o l 20 Inn1 or I W I C ~ 1111: dbiirnctcr 01 n13111bilrs. u'hichcvcr IS grcalcr.
I Splices
LC,iglIl ill bar< suppllcd hv 111~nuloculrcr~ i\ ui?iail) ill lllc r;lngc of 8 10 13 In. Whcn lcnglh o i h ~ r in
s slock is shorter
Ih:ln lllc rcqr~irrilI c ~ i g l1l 1~1 ~1',11* are c r l c n t l ~ ~by
i l [irovtil~ng1.11' rp11c~:s.,2ll,rwilncc I Ihc inadc for lap spliccs in the wlcul:it~on
o i q ~ l m t ~111
l y rv~nlordc~ncr~r sI1ci~11;l lx :.
(;I) 24 tlmcs llrc hilr dlilmctcr. (or t~arsin contprcrsion

(b) 30 limcs ihc h:lr d ~ a m c ~ c i11r
r . Iliu* in ICIIS~UII.
M'hcn rhc c ~ l i ~ n a t IS
o r In tl~rul,t as l o uhclilrr J 1~rlicul.lr h:ir IS ~n ~ t ~ ~ n l i r c s or
\~olcnsi~in
n he s11e1;lld allow l o r 30 liirics
~IIC
b;lr dinmctrr.
Normally, bars larger rh:m 76 mlrl ilin~llctcrare l o bc cxlcnc.lrd hi, h!a!t \vclt1111~.hul i f lap spllcr\ arc pcrllril~ctll o r such
spirills o f 0 rnm di:~mc~cr
hars atltl~l~onal .Ire p r o v ~ l l r t anlurld
l lhc lapi,cd p<lniun.
Whcn bars of diffcrcnr d~amclrrsarc sllliccel (as in curtniling u l rcir1Sorccmcn1) ~ h clap lcnglh 1s to bc ~ l l c u l a t c d"11
~ h chasis o f (he sl~lallcrdia111cLcr 01 bar.
Cranked Rars
lor cranked bars add 0.4 1 l o allow lor cxlra length duc l o crunkirrg whcn bars arc bent w an inclination o l 45O , and
add 0.3 1 lo allow lor extra lcngllr due l o cranking bhcn hars arc bcnl l o an incllnatlon o l 3V. Thc valucs of 0.4 1 and
0.3 1 arc lor cech crank :lnd thus il the hor 1s cfili~kcdat both ends twice these valucs w i l l have l o he added. i t = vertical
diilmcc Illrough wllich Sdr i s crankctl.)
Allcr\r.unce for hll<rks

Fnr the purpose o f anchorage, cnds of all plain,round lrlilil ilccl rcinlorcing bars including ~ h cspliccd ends arc
providcd u'llh hooks. S u c l ~Iruokb alc nil1 ohllg;~rory whcn using torslccll rihhcdldclormcdicold twisted b u s ilnlcss
p : ! r 1 1 ~ ~ 1 ~sllown
1) or stipul;~lril in ilroutngs or rpcc~l'iCt~lio~~s.
W l ~ c nusing p l a ~ nround lntlil slccl bars c:o~ji<irrningl u IS. 112-lYh0. or d c l o r ~ r ~ cmdi l d s ~ e c lbars c o n f o r n ~ i i ~10
g
I.?. 1139-19.59 lhc minilnum allowance iclr c;lcll Ilollk 1s 0 1llllcS lllc di,lmrlcr nl'hdr (hul 111 no case less 1hJn 75 mm) rounded
o i l lo lhz nc:irc:l 5 rnm, and works out as iullnu..: .~
Dialnclcr I Mlnlniuln allowance 1 l l l e r illlowa~~cc

\~IIIIIII~IUI 1 L)iamc~cr I Minimum allowarlcc
-- 01 bar -for e:~clr hook ,
iur cx h hcwk
-
1 o l bar Ior carh hook
mm rnr11 mm tnrn
ntnl
I
I
The w m e a l l o w a n c c ; ~givenaboveis
~ rcquircd h r c a t h o l l h c two Itooks prnvidcd lorlhe p u ~ r e s o f r o r m ~ n g b i n d c r s . s t i r r u ~ ~ ~ .
lmks and 1l1c tikc.
31
CALCULATION OF REINFORCEMENT (contd.)
Allowance lor H w k s (conrd)

The minimum allowance for each h w k (which in no case shall be less than 75 mm) when using the following categories
of steel bars is given below :-
Medium tensile steel (IS:432-1960) or (D:1139-1959) - 11 times diameter of bar.
Cold twisted steel bars (IS:1786-1961) ... ... - 13 times diameter of bar.
(Refnencr IS:2502.1%3 . Code of prncricr for bending md ruing of bws for cmrete remforrermnl)
Reinforcement lor Circular Slabs

For finding length of bars required (excluding hooks and
laps) in a circular flat slab, find out a square of the same
area as the circlular slab using formula 59 on
page I '.O of this book. Total length of bars required
for such a square slab (calculated with the same
reinforce~nentand spacing as that of the circular slab)
will be same as total length required for the circular siah.
Allowance for hwks and laps can be added later on.
The same principle as above can be applied for finding
reinforcement required in flat walls and slabs of curved
or irregular shapes.
PLAN - C i r e u l ~Slab Two Way Reinforced Slabs
In a two wav reinforced slab. distribution or temneralure
b a s that I I I ; ~ be ~ n d ~ c m In
u l the ~rmctural& a w r ~ ~Jy >I ~
+ 5m
requ~rcdonly for the v11ruon of the maln h m taken to ihc
-------I In the sketch shown, main reioforcemenl bars, m the
top of the siab a f t e r ~ r a n k i n ~ .
innermost central rectangle (shown by dotted lines) arc

at bottom in both the directions. No distribution1
temperature/lying bars arc needed in this area as the main
T
bars in one direction can be tied lo the main bars running
at right angle to them.
Similarly, in the four rectangles formed at corners 01 thc
slab. main reinforcement bars in both the directions will
4m bo available at top as well as at bottom for tying to cacll
other at intersections.
1
Temperature/disuibution/tymg bars indicated in the
schedule of reinforcement of a two way reinforced slab
are therefore required lo be calculated only for the four
rectangles shown shaded in the sketch. at top, as the hcnl
up portion of main bars need lateral support which is
provided by tying up with the tempcraturc/disvibut~on/
tying bars.
In a twd-way reinforced slab, dependir: on ihe design
reouiremenls. other reinforcement like extra bars over
supporI at top, corner bars eu.. may be required. These
Two m y Reinforced dab are not shown in the accompanying sketch.
When working out the numbcr of main reinforcement bars required in a slab, a1 the given centre lo centre spacing, it should
LK remembered that :-
(a) No bars are required to be provided over the support (wall or beam) in the direction parallel to the support.
The first bar in the direction parallel to the support is placed a1 a distance of half the specified centre
to centre spacing of the b m .
The number of bars required are calculated by working out the number of spaces and adding one for the
end bar.
(a) Except where otherwise clearly indicated in the drawings, calculalion for the number of binders/stinups/
links in columns should cater for the complete vcrdcal length of ll~emain reinforcement of the column
including the portion in foolinglp-dcstalbasc and junction with beams.
cbj Where 21 hcam 1% s11ppo11rJon . . ~ I I I I I I I I ~ .~ , ~ ! h i . 1crm1n~t111:

r JI. or C L I I I I I ~ I I O I I (heyov~d
: the C O ~ I I I I I I I .no \11rr11p$
ore ilccJcd iau 111,. I*lrllt,n nf III?III ~ c . . I I ~..lllin! < I I . 01 lh:' ~ C ~ IC I~ ~I C I I I I or N ! p.. ;P:! ;hruugh IIIC :,11.1rnn
32
ESTIMATING DATA FOR ROOF SLOPES, ROAD GRADIENTS ETC.
Slope Anglc of Valuc o l Valuc oS Value of

Remarks
1 = Height i~~rlinalior~Natural Natoral Nah1r.d
=0 Sec O Sin O T:ln 6 )
When using the equations givcn below. tAe

1 : 1 45'-00' 1.4142 0.7071 1.0000
tho span of roof equal lo clear span bctween
I : lf 33' - 40' 1.2015 0.5544 0.6hhl walls (+) thickness of oulcr walls (4) roof
projections on either sidc.
1: 2 26". -34' 1.llXl 0.1172 0.5000
1 : 21 23O - 58' I.IW44 0.4062 0.4441
I : 2 21' -4X' 1,0770 0.3714 0.4lXX)
Slml Icnglh
1: 3 18'-26' 105.11 0.3162 (1.3333
l : 4 14O - 02' 1.0307 0.2425 0.2500
1 : 5 I - 19' 1.0198 0.1962 0.2001
1 : 6 09°28' 1.013X 0.1645 0.1667
1 : 7 08' -08' 1.0102 0.1415 0.1429
1 : R 07' - 08' 1.0078 0.1242 0.1252
1 : 9 116°-21' 1.0062 0.1106 0.1113 S = Span
1 : 10 05" -43' 1.W50 0.0996 0.1000

1 : 12 W" 46' I.IX115 0.0831 0.0833 Eaves
1 : 14 04' -05' 1.0025 0.0712 0.0714
1 : 15 03' - 49' IIXI?? ll.Il666 0.0667
'.
1 : 16 03' - 35' 1.0020 0.0625 0.0h27
A '
1 : 18 03O - 11' I.(X)15 00555 0.0556
1 : 20 02" - 52' 1.lX113 0.0500 0.0500 PLAN - Hipped end of roor
1 : 25 02' - 17' 1.0008 003YX 0.WW If AD is vertical dismce
bclween h e caves and h e
I : 30 (11' - 55' lwoh 0.0334 0.0335 ridge level, then graphically
I : 40 01' -26 1.m)3 0.0250 0.02511 CD represents aclual length of
the hip rafter CB.
l : 50 01° - 09 1.OlX12 0.11201 0.02(X)
NOTES
Sloping lungth or Roof

To firid the $loping length (slant length) of roof, (fbr common raf~crs,barge boards. sheeting. liling ctc) :
Sloping lcngll~= Sp;m of roo1 x Scc @
IlipIVallq. rafters
To find thc actual length of hip/\'allcy r;tftcm (also lor ridge tiling ovcr htp or for valley gultcrs):
Actual lcngth or Hip or Valley = 0.7071 x Span of r w i x See 0
Height of Roof, or Rise due to road gradients etc.

To find risc of roof a1 a givcn diswncc from thc cclgc of caves (or fmm thc inncr or outcr edge of wall parallel to eaves), OR to find
-
the rise of r o d of a given gradient a1 a givcn dislllnce from swning point :
Rise Tan 0 x dislancc.
Sloping Area (or Actual Area) or Roof

A r u ~ Area
l = Area of Rwfoxl nlan x Sec O
33
QUICK METHODS FOR ESTIMATING MATERIAL AND LABOUR REQUIREMENT
IN DIFFERENT TYPES OF BUILDINGS
CBRI Roorkee in their Building Research Notes No. 31. 43 and 44 have projected simple statistical relations for quick
- -
spproximate estimation of the requirement of material and labour for various kin& of buildings for purpores such a budgeting,
advance procurement of materials,justification of lenders and computation ofcostindices. This informauonin a slighlly concise form
is reproduced here, with grateful acknowledgement.; to CBRI Rmrltee.
Statistical Relationships for Residential Buildings (Building Portion Only)

(A = Plinth area of one dwelling in sq m)
MalcrialRabour
II Unit Single Storey
Statistical Relationships
Double Storey Four Storey
Load bearing Construction RCC Framed Construction
(Including foundation) (Including foundation)
Bricks
MATERIAL
I 100 Nos
Cement tonne
Steel kg
Sand cu m
Coarse Aggregate :-
(i) 20 mm and down
(ii) 40 mm and down
Brick Aggregate
Timber for :-
(i) frames and shutters cu m
(ii) shuuering cu m
Ballies for formwork m
Lime 4
Surkhi cu m
Bitumen kg
Class panes sq m
Primer for o ~ paint
l lilre
Oil paint litre
Stone rubble cu m
LABOUR
Mason
Carpenter
Painter
Blacksmith
Mazdmr
NOTE : The above relationships are applicable for pllnth areas ranging from 30 to 300 sq m in the case of single and double
storcycd buildillgs, and upto 100 sq m for four storeyed framed buildings. Builder's hardware and rainwater goods will have
to be addcd exua, on as rcquircd basis.
Scrvitcs like watcr ,upply. plumbing, drains and elmvlcnl wlrlnK ctr.. will have tm hc added extra. Spw~ficat~ons
;unlmon fur the above throe t y p u of bu~ldlngrare given below. followed by portion of spectficatlons which are not commltn
for the three types
Common Specifications
Excavalion in ordinary soil. Brickwork (traditional) in cement m o m 1:6. Half brick thick walls in cement m o m
1:3 rcinlorced with hoop iron. Sand filling in plinth. All RCC work in cement concrete 11214, finished on exposed faces
with 6 mm thick plaster in ccment m o m 1 3 . 38 mm thick cement concrete 1:2:4 llmr finish, laid on cement concrete 1:5:10
bed in ground floor, but laid direclly on RCC slab in upper floors. Timber joinery having 100 x 75 mm frames fixed with
m.s. holdfasts, and 38 mm thick shutters, panelled for d w r s and fully glazed for windows. Wall plaster white washed internally
and colourwashcd cxtcmally. Painting to wocdwork and exposed steelwork. Recast RCC in shelves and raised cwking
platform. Round steel guard bars for windows. RCC slalrcase for double storeyed and four storeyed buildings.
34
Differing Specifications
Specifications which are nM common for the rhree types of residential buildings for which slatistical relationships are
given on page 33 are indicated below :-
Load bearing single and double storeyed buildings Four storeyed (RCC famed ) buildings
Ordinary strip foundations, with PCC 1:5:10. I RCC coloumn footings on K C 1:4:8 levelling course
Waterproofing lo roof slab consisting 6 nlnl thick plaswr. Sdme as singleldouble storeyed b~llldings, hut f i n u h d
bitumen lack coat and IW mm lh~cklime concrete terracing
Plaster in cement morar 1:6. 12 mm thick on the smooth
I wilh 40 nlnl thick concrete lopping ufvr laying lime terracing
Plaster 12 mm thick in cement mortar 1:4 internally and 20

side of brick walls and 20 mm thick on rough side of wall. mm thick exlernally including neeru finish.
--- ( Timber cupboard provided.
- -~
Slatistical Relationships lor Omcr Buildings (Building Portion Only)
(A = Plinth area of all storeys added up, in sq m)
MateriaVLabour I Unit 1 Statistical Rcladonship I MaterialLabour I Unit 1 S~tisticalRelationship

Cement tonne Steel windows
Fine sand cu m Glass (for glazing)
Coanc sand cu m Primer for painting
Coarse aggregate : Oil paint
(i) 20 mm size Lime
(ii) 10 mm size Surkhi
(iiij 40 mm size Marble chips
Brick ballast Marble powder
Timber ror :
(i) formwork LABOUR
( ~ i ) joinery Mason
Carpenter
Ballies (centering) rn Glazier
Bricks 100 NOS Paintcr
Stcct tonne Blacksmith
Flush doors sq m Mazdwr
NOTE : Thc above relationships are applicable for plinth areas ranging from IMX) to 2600 sq m spread over 4 to 10 storey
high.office buildings, having average storey height of 3.10 m. The relationships do not include for builder's hardware.
waterproofing to top of mof slab, rainwater pipes, and services like water supply, plumbing, drains, sanitary fittings, and
elccuical wiring. Materials required for scaffolding are excluded. Quantity of steel consisls of about 80% deformcd
rcinforcement bars, the rest being round mild steel bars for reinforcement and a small negligible quantity of flat iron holdfasls.
Specifications for the variws office buildings considered in working w t the above relations are suhsmtially same
as hose given for four storeyed residential buildings on pages 33 and 34 except thal :-
Lean concrete (under RCC cloumn footings) is PCC 1:5:10.
Flooring all over is 40 mm thick marble chips flooring cast-in-siiu. consisting 31 mm thick underlayer of PCC 1:2:4,
and top layer of 9 mm thick marble chips mixed with marble powder p d cement (terrazo cast-in-situ). The marble chips
flooring is laidon 100 mm Ulick FCC 1:s:10 subgrade in ground floor, and on 50 mm thick lime concrete (using brick aggregate)
cushioning layer on upper floors.
Dado/skirung consists of 6 mm lhick marble chips (terrazo) layer Cast-in-silu, on 15 mm thick cement plaster 1:3
backing.
35 nlnl Itlick f l ~ s hdoor shutters fixrd to 1W x 60 mm w d e n fr~mcs.lloldfasts embedded In PCC 1:3:6 blocks.
W~ndowpare standard stccl gluzed windows. Dwr/windows Snished with oil-paint.
Walls p l a s ~ r e din cement mortar 1:6, 12 mm thick on fair face of brick walls and 20 mm thick on rough face, and
~ i v c nwhite/colour wash both internally and externally.
MaterinULabour Tor Internal Water Supply and Sanitary Services
(Accomodauon built for Govemmenl employees considered)
W.C
Material/Labour
Required per
Tenement
Wash basin !
Unit
Set I
Set -
Set -
25mZ
I
-
Double Storeyed Residential
37m'
I
I
2
I
55m2
Average
84m2
Plinlh
122m2
2
2
m-
P ea per
Fwr Storeyed Residendal
Tenement
I
Sink 1 1
Soil/wasle pipe :
(i) 100 mm dia m 3.20 4.70 5.80 7.20 8.90
iii) 75 mm dia m -
(iii) 50 mm dia m2.40 3.90 8.20 8.60 18.00
Ccmenl tonne 0.21 0.28 0.37 0.37 0.51
Sand cum 0.61 0.84 1.08 1.08 1.41
Coarse aggregale cu m 1.03 1.41 1.78 1.78 2.24
Primer (paint) litre 0.08 0.14 0.21 0.25 0.43
Oil paint lime 2.00 2.70 3.70 4.90 6.90
Bricks No. 100 135 215 215 350
Holder bats
Flwrlnahni trap
G.1, Pipts :
(i) 15 mm dia
No. 3.5
N0l1
m 11.44
m -
2
5
10.70
10.43
1
8.5
14.00
18.65
9.5
1 4
18.65
21.53
1 16.5
5
38.50
40.00
(ii) 20 mm dia (and above)
Bibcock. 15 mm size No. 2 3 3 5 6
. mm size
S t o ~ o c k15 No. - 3 3 5 8
Stopock. 20 mm size No. -
PVC connector No. -
Showcr rose No. 1
Tank 270 lilres No. 1
SWC pipe I00 mm dia m 6.71
Gully trap No. 1
Minor No. -
Towcl rail No. - 1 2
Labour
Fitter day 3.71 5.68 8.63 11.51 18.85

Mason day 2.29 3.27 4.87 6.45 8.83
Painter day 0.44 a62 0.79 1-15 1.70
Mazdoar day 8.11 11.38 16.34 20.63 30.35
MateriaULabour for Internal Water Supply and Sanitary Services
1
(Per 100 sq m plinth area of multistoreyed olfice buildings)
Material Material/Labwr Unit Qty
I I I
W.C.Scal/pan C.I.bend/junction No. 1.80 G.I. pipe 32/50 mm size m
W L S ~ bantn S W G p i p 150mm m 0.70 Bib cock. 15 mm size No.
Mirmr, rowel mil & soap dish Cement tonne 0.03 Stop cock, 15 mm s u e No.
Urinal Sand cum. 0.08 PVC connector No.
1W mm dia soil p i p Coarse aggregate cu m 0.14 Fitter day
50 mm dia waste pipe Spun yam kg 1.10 Mason day
h a d for pints G.I. pipe. 15 mm s i z m 2.30 Painter day
Flwrlnahni .mps No. G.I. pipe 2003 mm sin m 2.W Mardoor day
NOTE :Round up quantities to whole articlcs where appropriate

T H U M B RULES FOR
CROSS CHECKING ACCURACY O F DETAILED ESTIMATES
Some times it becomes noccssary to quickly chcck the accuracy of a dclililed cstimatc in which xlme major miswke
1s suspected. Bcfore rhty can bc rcctificd, such major rrilrtakcs have first lo be located, which can be done by applying thc
following cross checks/thumb rulcs :-
Excavation and Earthaork
(a) 1-olal quantity encavatcd must tally with ihe total quantity of spoil disposed off.
(b) If quanlity of earth required for refilling in foundations plus carth for filling under floors excceds quantity
encavatcd, chcck whelhcr winning extra earth or murrum has bccn measured.
Cuncrete
Ratio of depth of thc concrctc bcd in foundauons lo the dcpth of foundation trench should work our ncarly same as
thc ratio of cubic contents of concrete in foundations to the cubic conlcnls of cxcaval~onin trenches for foundations.
Reinforced Concrete
Thc ratio o i roul c u h ~ ccontents of rcinforccd concrctc to thc total wcight of rcinforccmcnt should he workcd out. and
chcckcd with the following dam .~
(i) In rcs~dcntialbuildings wirhoul full-lcngth verandahs and so involving only occasional vcrnndah columns/
brcssumur beams, and wiih load~bcnringwalls, whcre thc cubic conlenrs of concrcte consists mainly of
slabs, thc ratio works out to 0.70 to 0.85 quintals pcr cu m of concrctc.
(ii) In buildings with load-bearing walls rwfcd ovcr with RCC slabs, with full-length vcrandahs
roofcd ovcr with RCC slabs and supporting RCC verandah brcssumur beams and RCC vcrnndah columns
(usually as in officc/tcchnical accommodaunn/Admin hlocksls~nglemen's hoslcls or barracks e t c ) thc
ratio usually works oul to 0.90 lo 1.10 quinuls of rcinforcemcnl tor every cu m of concrctc. (Thc
proportion of slecl incrcnscs on account of the more nuinbcr of bcams and colutnns involved).
(iii) In framcd svuctirrcs thc ratio will bc about 1.15 lo 1.411 quintdls of rcinf11rccmcnl for cvcry cu m of
concrcte. The lcsscr proportion of rcinfoiccrncnt will be obwiircd whcre shccr wall mcthod is adoplcd in
the design.
If it can he chcckcd, the ralio of rcinforcemcnt : concrete, separately for bcams, lintels, columns, slabs etc. should bc
workcd out. These ratios can be checkcd with lhore given fur rcinforcement in various situations and slructural members on
page 97 of thia hook.
Formwork
Rciniorced concrctc in various situations, on an avenge requires the following quanlilics of formwork. (Requ~rcment
a f formwork varies widely with the scctions of concrcte, and hcncc thc following should be taken as a rough indication
only) :-
Columns
Fwtings only f to 2 sq m pcr cu m of concrcte

20 x 20 cm column shafts : 20 sq m per cu m of concrete.
20 x 38 cm column s h a h : 15 sq m pcr cu m of concrete.
Overall (For single slorcy construction) : 4 lo 6 sq m per cu m of concrele
Beams In brick construction
(Sides and (Average 20 x 20 cm beams, with occasional

soffits) largc bcams)
Rcctangular bcams : 14 to 16 sq m per cu in of concrcte.

Tcc k a m s : 18 to 20 sq m pcr cu m of concrete.
Beams In stoae c o m h w t h
(Average 25 cm deep 38 cm wide bcams with

occasional large beams)
Rectangular beams : 9 lo 11 sq m per cu m of wncrcte.
Tee beams : 10ro12 s q m p u c u m o f c o n u u e .
Lintels I n brick c o ~ t r u c t i o n
Average 20 x 15 cm section : IS sq rn per cu m of wncretc.

Average 20 x 10 cm section : 18 sq m per cu m of concrete.
In stone construction
Average 38 x 15 cm section : 10 sq m per cu m of c o m t e .
Slabs
Varies from 8 sq m pcr cu m to 9 sq m pcr cu m f a 11 cm thick slab. With hrga thickmess of slab kssa
form work per cu m of concretc will bc required. Also with more thickncss of walls a mar numba of crms-
walls lesser quantity of fonnwok w i l l be required pcr cu m of concrctc in slab.
Staircases
Anchor beam
Flight (with 13 cm waist), including soffit, edge
of waist. ends of steps and faces of risen : 9 sq m pcr cu m of concrctc.
Parapet (10 cm thick) : 20 to 21 sq m per cu m of comctc.
Landing beam : 9 to 10 sq m per cu m of concktc.
Landing slab (1 1 cm thick) : 8 sq m pcr cu m of concntc.
Overall for staircase : 11 to 12 sq m per cu m of concrete.
Chains
(9 cm average thickness) : 14 to 15 sq m per cu m of collfreu.
RCC boxes
(45 cm projecting, 5 cm thick) : 26 sq rn per cu m of concreu for stone walling, and
30 sq rn per cu m of conntte for brick walling.
In a complete residential building of traditional design, with load bearing walls, the told form
wok required varies from 9 to 1 1 sq m pw cu m of concretc for stone consmction, nnd from 10 to 12 sq m per cu m of
concrete for brick consvuction.
A misfake most commonly liable to be committed is that in the measurement of formwork and concrete f a Tee beams.
Depth of Tee beams indicated in drawings is (usually) inclusive of thickness of slabs. As slabs am.measured overall, depth
of Tee beams should be measured exclusive of the thickness of slabs, both for concreu and fonnwal.
Brickwork / stone masonry

A rough estimate of brickwork / masonry required in a building can be made from the following information :-
In Residential Buildings
With 20 cm thick brick walls throughout Area covered by walls is about 16 to 17% of the plinth ana.
With 30 cm thick external brick walls and Area covered by walls is about 20% of the plinth area.
20 cm thick internal walls.
With 38 cm thick e x u d stone walls and A m covered by walls is about 22 to 24% of the plinth a m .
20 cm thick internal cross walls.
With 38 cm thick stone walls throughout. AM wvered by walls is about 26 to 30%of the plinth area.
38
In two buildings of identical design, with sizes, location and disposition of rooms same, (i.e. f l w r area of rooms is
same), hut one with stone construction and the other with brick conslruction. then, the plinth area of the building with stone
construction will be larger by 16% as compared to that with brick construction.
Flooring
Rough check on the accuracy of floor ana can be excrcixd by using the details given under brickworWstone masonry
above. For 'this purpose areas of the different types of floor finishes should be added up.
Where flooring in different storeys has been separately mcasuredlabstracted, this may provioe another useful cross check.
Tolal floor areas in different storeys will tend lo be nearly Same if overall dimensions of the upper storeys m not changed.
Plastering e t f
For checking quantity of internal plaster add up lengths of internal cross walls and external walls separately, after which
area of internal plaster can be found as follows :-
(Length of external walls + twice the total length of internal cross walls) x room height.
From the above quantity the major deductions for doors, windows, dados (tetrazo, glazed tiling elc.) should be made
for comparing with quantity of plaster worked out in the derailed estimate.
Areas of cosllier vasieties of dados and skinings (terrazo, glazed tiling elc.) should be meazured in detail.
Roof covering
For pitched roofs. area of roof cuvering can be checked by applying constants given on page 32 of this book.
In !.he case of water proofing lo lop of roof, check up whether area of water proofing required for upturns and tucking
in at parapet walls (if any) has been measured. Quantity required on this account may sometimes turn out to be quite large.
External painting/plastering/nnishing
Add up length of eXtemal wall faces and multiply by the height. from which deduct openings etc.
Area will be same as internallexternal plaster

A1.w chcck up whcthcr whitewash to soffits has becn rneasurcd, the quantity for which should approximately be equal
to formwork to soffits. Whitewash to sides of roof beams and sofffls of beams and staifcases and chajjas should be added.
Spol items
A list of some of the spot items and situations most likely to be forgotron by the tz:i';er-off of a detailed estimate arc
given klow :-
Ramps, plinth protection. open plalforms and steps.
Drop walls in verandahs and above large openings including lintels for the same, also internal gable walls.
ParMt walls above roof level. and chimney flues etc.
Loft slabs and shelves.
Plasterlpointing to innor faces of walls enclosing lolls; internal gable walls above ceiling lcvel; inner faces
of sanitary shafts: and parapets above roof level.
Hip and valley rafters. valley gutters. aprons and flashings lo chimney flues and other abuuncnrs such as pmpcts
etc.. in roof.
Bed blocks for fixing purlins and hiplvallcy rafters.
Pelmet boxes.
Watcr storage tank above lavatories.
NOTE :- The lisl of crosschecks given above is by no means complere, and thc ruggeslions may uppeur rurher simple
and obvious. These crosschecks are given here with the inlenlion ofsuggesting as lo how a delailed estimale
may he checked in limired t i m available. Furlher trosschecks map be thought up and added to lhis list.
ANALYSIS OF PRICES
Elements of builder's costs

Rates quoted by a builder have to cater for the following :-
Basic costs Indirect costs
Materials, Overheads,
Labour, Establishment charges.
Tools and plant. Profit.
Materials
Cost of materials will include the price charged by suppliers, uansponation/haulage to site of work, unloading
and storing. Allowance has also to be made for waste. pilferage, breakages, offcuts due to nonstandard sires specified,
dcpreciaton due to bad storage, returning emply cases, compaction~ossin bulk. and for cashluade discounts available. Another
imponant consideration will be payments on account of staM1nlerstate sales tax,octroi, custom.duty, royalty and the like.
Labour
Requirement of labour can be met with by the builder either by entering into agreements with lahour ~ u b ~
contractors by negotiating net rates payable per unit of each different ltcm of work or getting work executed by directly
employed labour, or by a judicious mixture of the two methods.
The system of labour subcontractors is usually found to be cost-time effective, but may tend to compromise on
he aspect of quality. Reputed builders usually opt to execute important activities like curing of concrete etc.. and 'finishing
items' of work through directly employed labourers and the remaining bulk of work through labour subcontractors.
Due allowance as applicable has to be made for idlc/uavelling time, overtime. holidays with pay, attendance on
Regional Labour Commissioner. compliance with provisions of labour compensation act and other labour regulations, minimum
fair wages. irrecoverable advance paymen& to labourers, and the like.
In situations where labour has to be imporied. aspecto like fares, paid leave. increments in scales, medical attention,
free messinuiving accomodation, visa, passpoii, airport fees elc.. may also come inlo play.
The element of labour in the basic rate therefore, is not calculated on the actual wages paid but on a previously
worked out 'all-in' rate for each category of labourerlartiran or item of work giving judicious weightage to all rhe factors
mentioned above.
Tools plant and machinery

Plant used on site is subdevided inlo :-
(a) Plant used for specific items of work which enables charging cost of its use to the basic rates of a particular
item of work like brickwork, concrete etc.
(3) Plant like cranes. hoistr, scaffolding etc., the Cost of which cannot be broken down and allocated to individual
items of work. and therefore has lo be accounled for in the overheads.
Cost of plant has to include for 'standing charges' consisting of interest on capital outlay and depreciation to
cater for replacement cost. maintenance and repairs. 'running costs' consisting of fuel, oil. lubricants and the operator's pay,
and 'variable costs' consisting of setting up the plant. tempordry site work required in connection with urc of the plant, shifting
locations etc.
Overheads
Overhead charges denote expenses incurred for a particular joblsite by the builder but which cannot be
conveniently included in the basic cost of specific items of work such as brickwork etc.
Overhead charges are subdivided into 'fixed' or 'one-lime' overheads and 'variable' a 'time related' overheads.
Fixed or one-ume overhead charges should include for all costs incurred in the initial selling up of an efficiently
operating work site, such as providing temporary site-offices, storage sheds, labow camp, canteen, ablution places, fencing.
approach roads, mixinglcastinp platforms, water tanks. curing tanks, obtaining telephone1eIecfricaUwate.r connections and fw
demolishing and clearing all these lemporary site works on completion. All WWnses m CmIecuQn with Ehifting mls,P W .
machinery, and fares paid 10 employees for shifting OI the new site arc arm treated as fixed one-time overnead charges.
40
O ~ e r l i e a d a(continued)
Varlahlc or tlmc rclalcd ovcrhcxl chargc5 should incIu,lc for finance charges on the rolling capiwl emplo).ctl
(or ioonslovcrdraf~sfrom Bsnks) which will remain lockcd up durkng the pcriod of construcuon and the amounr ol sccurll!
dcposit until lhc end ot d c l c c ~ s1lnhili;y pcr~od,sjlc o l l ~ c ccrpcnscs Itkc s:~l;!rics o f engincurs, snpcrvisors, timckccpcrs, clerk
cn~hjcr,watchmen, ctorckccpcrs, drivcrs o f jccps/~talf b i l ~ .ql:lttn~~~ry. pOStapC, l e l c p h ~ n c / c i c ~ ~ r ~ c i t ybills.
/ ~ ~ ~LC3
I c r 31:
ibir~.;hmcnlsserved at site. mainlcnancc of site offices including furniturc/cquipmcnt put up lor buildcr's employees as wcl;
as for supervising sgcncics umorkinp on bchalf of the cmplo)cr, repalr and upkecp of a11 lcmporary works likc or~x~n!&'cs.run<
platfor~ns,storage chcds, watrr/curing u n k s , approach roads, Scncing, labour camp. c.lnlccn, ahlulion placcs. p ~ . t r o i I ~ i ~ l .
luhr!canls for jccps. staff~hus.and pumps lor pumping consrrucnon iiolcr, rents fi)r h ~ r c daccomodatlol~il' ; l i l y , orid 5 ! ~ 1 1 ~ 1 ~ r
otlicr cspcnses.
Owning and usln? ci>rLkor , ! r , . hsrpes on general pl.~ntItkc cmncsihor\r\/~c31101d~r:g.pump lor pum;un: c o n \ L ~ " ~ l ~ v r ~
water and :he iike will aka figure i n !he ial.lhle or iml: rcl;~tcdoicrii<:lid,,
Mslnlain~nea skeleton learn ol workers and supcrvt?or tlir srlcndjng to delccth cropplni: c l u n ~ gu c ilc ciir 11abrl81~
p e n ~ d may,
, dcpend~ngonprcfcrcncr oithc huilder, be included ellher as a timr related ovcrhz:id or asxssed on It :;p hor!i !>.IV. .!I!'
lncluded in the fixed or one-time oierhidil cl~.v$cs.
The follow~ngItems should not bc lost srght of uhcn totlns up I I C o r c ~ l t ~ dcrpcnscs
J :-
(3) Turnoucr tar. IncOmc tar. and S ~ l c ui x !ii t h ~
l a r;ilutr;i
~ lil~!uork lo hc l r ~ s l c d3s a fln~hhciiu r l l ~ ruld
l~
by huildcr tu thc cmploycr) 3s appllczhlc.
(b) In tcndcr~nglor works lor which :ln impocsii'ly sho$.rp c r ~ ~ olcomplct~on
xl cnuplc,l with pcr.ilty rl [~rc.is.i.\~:~t
liquidslcd dlmagcs arc supul3lcd. the I~uildcrrn:iy lldvc to rcluci:~nll! u,r'ik out 1hc Ihkdly pcn3lly/:13mJps in JdY3rl;c dn<l
lniludc thcm in thc o\crhc;l<l,.
(cj Uulldcrs hcln; a pr3gm:illc cr'n1m:inlty may ;,leu twvs 10accept tact, ol' l l f ~and allow 11'1 ihc 11L:Iy cTpm-2,
on enlcrwinlng and any ~nc\.itablcc ~ t c n tnf 'gre:~s~rig'
01 o ~ ~ ' I c I : ~n
I ; $ihc ~ ~ ~ i p l r , y cOr ' ~s ~ ~ ~ I I C ~ I I O ~ .
Establishmenl Charges
Expenses incurred on running the permanent head office of the builder's firm (as distinct fr0111the s ~ t eoffice
meant for a particular job) are termed as establishment chargcs.
Establishment charges include salaries of head oflice clerical staff likc clerks, secretary and cashier, low grade
employees like peons. messengers, drivers of oflice cars, attendants. cleaners etc.. specialist staff like accountant, estimator/
quantity surveyor for working out tenden. and administrative staff like Directors (fee/salary as applicable) or working partners
(their salary being distinct from share in net profit). Other incidental cxpenscs incurrcd hy the head office establishment are
telexllclephonelelecUicity/waterbills/stationery, postage, depreciation of office furniture and equipment like computersltclex
machines/typerwriters etc.. rentlrepairs of office premises, fheft/fire insurance, legal fees lo lawyers and professional fees paid
to chartered accountants and consultants.
The percentage addition for establishment charges to be made in each tender submitted by thc firm is decided
by comparing the annual tumovcr of the firm during the previous year with the total expenses of the head orfice during the
previous year.
Profit
Simply stated, profit to a builder, similar to any other commercial transaction, 1s the difference between the
all-inclusive construction cost and the contract amount paid by the employer.
Building contracts provide for interim or on-account payments a1 fixed intervals o f a month (or less). The rollrng
capltal required by the builder on a p a i c u l a r job therefore is only a fraction of the total contract amount. The net profit
in a building contract may be (say) only 10% but the return on the rolling capilal employed can turn out to b e a s large a s
120% per annum, o r even more. (As an example consider a contract for Rs. 60 Lacs to be completed in 12 months, with
stipulation for monthly on-account payments. If the tcnder allows for 10% profit, the yield on the initial rolling capital of
about 5 Lacs inclusive of the cost of site mobilisation will be Rs.6 Lacs or 120% per annum.)
Any extent of care exercised in working out the legitimalc c o s b involved in a work cannot neutralize risk elements
like meeting unfavourable strata in foundations, inclement weather, strikes, labour and political unrest, o r for that matter the
gravest risk of the owner (employer) going bankrupt half way through. The percentage mark-up for profit by the builder is
therefore considered as inclusive of the risk elements.
Competition
Kwn competition by a builder for a particular tender may consist of allowing for a lesser percentage of profit,
which however has obvious limitations. Keen competition is therefore synonymous with extra care and meticulous working
out of the costs involved so as to reduce the elcmcnt of risk margin required to be built up in the tendered amount.
WORKING UP AND SUBMISSION OF TENDERS
To survivc and succeed i n his profession a builder has to compele with others in getting works awarded to him at a rwsonahlc
margin of profit. Time allowed for sublnission of tenders is usually so shon that lo meet the tcndcr deadline a weU laid out drill and
considerable effort and planning is required.
On an average, a well established buildcr may have to competc and quote for about 6 to 10 jobs before he 'lands'
one. The 'success ratio' ranging from 1 in 6 to 1 in 10 may go down to as low as 1 in 20 during difficult times and rcccssion.
The tendering team of a builder's organisation has to keep a lot of information, rcferenccs, standard catalogues
.
and orices. ' whcrc to buv what lists etc.. ready at hand and also a few dcnendablc subconuactors of each discinline nrrnnrcd
lo work for the builder, from whom quolalions can be obtained at short notice. Feedbacks from supervisors of on-going jobs
.
on actual costs of various items of work arc obtained, carefully monitoredlcompared and kept on record for rclercnce.
STEPS IN WORKING OUT A TENDER
Assuming that 42 days (6 wccks) arc availablc for prcparing the quoladon. the various steps leading to
submission of a ander by the builder would consist of :-
DayslChronolngy Event
0 Enquiries/applicalion for and receipt of blank lender documcnls.
Day No I to 3 Initial rcading through of documcnls. pcrusal of drawings and decision to compete.
Day No 4 lo 31 Working out dclailcd quantities in lhe case of lump sum tendcrs (bill of quentilics bcrng usually not
supplicd in Indian tendering practice) cithcr 'in-house' or as a 'farmed out' job. This activity is alwnys
cr~ticalwhen quoting lor lump sum tendcrs.
Day No 4 to 20 Careful rcading through of documenLs, despatch of inquiries and rcceipt of quotations frorr~
subcontractors for elcclrical/wamr supply/plumbing items elc.. and from suppliers of building n~alcrialsl
proprierory arliclcs.
Day No 6 to I0 Prepare check-list of itcms of information lo be collected. Visit to the srte of work and to ihc agcncy
supervising the work on behalf of the owncr/employcr. Asscssing the nalure/extenl and cost of all silc
mobilisation work like approach roads, fencing, site offices etc., lhat will hc needed. Asscssing exlcnl
of competition that will be encountered. Discrete enquiry about the soundness of thc owner/cmploycr
and his capacity to pay ensuring rcgular interim payments and cash flow.
Day No 10 to 20 Decision on construction methods, programming of work and relating these to the tirnc allowed in thc
tcndcr for completion of the work on ground. Drawing up of nctwork if rcquircd lo be submittcd dong
with the tender.
Day No 21 to 25 Assessing cost of overheads of fixcd as wcll as timc related nalurc.
Day No 26 to 31 Work out basic unit rates (exclusive of ovcrhcads/establishmenl chargeslprofit) for all items of work
in readiness for pricing the detailed quantities. It is a good policy lo work out basic unit ralcs
indepcndantly for each job.
Day No 32 to 38 Pricing thc workcd out quantities at the basic unit rates and suiking a total. This towl whcn compared
with the total cost of ovcrhcads for thc job in qucstion yields the percentage mark-up of the basic unit
rates to catcr for overheads.
Day No 39 to 40 Establishment charges (or h a d office charges) expressed as a pcrcentage lor a particular buildcr
usually remain conslant for all jobs. A policy dccision about the perccntagc of profit is made for tach
job depending on the sizcltypelnaturc of job, risk factors involvcd and the extent of urgency to sccure
work. Rate lo bc quoted for each itcm of work in the bill of quantities will be :-
Basic unit rate + overheads, esmblishmcnt chargcs and profit together cxprcsscd as a pcrcenwgc.*
Day No 41 The blank tender documents are neatly fillcd up. signed and stampcd. Accompanying documents likc
forwarding lcllcr, instrumenlr of earnest money, programme of work, cash flow requircmcnts/stagc
payment schedules etc.. typed and kept ready.
Day No 42 Submission of tender.
* NOTE :Mort Government departments consider 5% overheads. 2.5% esublishmcn~chargcs and 10% profits totalling up
to a mark-up of 17.5% on basic costs as reasonable. Builders however have thcir own opinion about lhcse mark-
ups and these vary from one buildcr to another. Eslablishmcnt charges, for cxamplc, could be as low as 0.5% for
single enueprenuers. When quodng for jobs in thc vicinity of a work-in-hand with the builder the ovcrhcads would
be lower than jobs in new stations. Thc percentage of profit allowed for could bc lower for jobs of large magnitude.
Ovcrheads and esmblishmcnt charges are highest in the case of a public limited concern, followcd by private
limited companics, multi-partnership concerns and single proprictorship concerns in a desccnding order.
42
WORKING OUT UNIT RATES
Working out u111trilles for ii:r1011511en~ot'work !(ir IIICp i ~ r piil i ~i u b ~ ~ ~ i t t !~IKIcI.\

i~t; i111dt(ir a5ieisilig thc rea::onabiliry of
r.\trs qootsd hy others. at all levels i e , the c~nploycr1 owner'\ snpcruls\ng a:cncy. coniultnnli. arcliitccts, builders, subcontractors
?re. needs to h~done with due care ill u systenlatlt and metliorlical 1n3tincr. Adliocism. gi~esruorkor i.ellancc on rates projected by
others n i p lead to grave cntiscqucrilo 1!1i1tratm ~ l l o u l dhe based 011well cslahlislied ;and tcbted constants c o ~ n p ~ l efrom d actual
observations at site duly crl-related and checked by theoreucal calculat~ons.
Averap constants tor reqoireincnl nf ~niarcrlal?per on11ofvariour i t r r l i s of\vorl. and tor nulpllt o f lahnur 1mach~nery1 plant!
tratispoll rtc., are given in this buol. Example illu.*trating llic lnetll,d 01wurk111gout rate i s ~IVCII below using market rates
pieva~lingin Punc urban ;trca lor uori. ill private rcctor. durcn; January 2000.
Katc fbr concrctc work is usually calculated in two sragr.7 I h; hasic riitc lor concrete nilxed and del~veredon banker is first
worked our. The cost o f c o n v c y ~ n po11r111g.
~, vibrat~~l;' consol~dat~n:~. titl1sI1111g and curin; the concrctc in the particular situation
( i e slab. column. beam. chajia. io~~~id;tlton etc ) i s l l l c ~;~ddcd
i to it. Whcre inachlnc liiriit i s i17cJfor l i l i ~concrete
r ~ ~ to the level where
It 1s to he deposited labour. const~lnttor ~ni;l,.diior da?, ill I'arl II hclil\t cllould lhc rcrlucctl lhy 50"'o and tlic hire charges of hoist for
Ofll 3 day per cu in should be addcJ Iill-c char+ I;II-machinc h o ~ s111 l I'nnc arc;\ are about. Rs. I200 per day inclusive of fuel and
opcmtor's pay Machilie h o ~ wi s ureil tllr Ilfims colicrctc l o ~lppcrstore! r at build in:^ being hilill alons sides of busy roads.
Item of work : Cementconretr 1: 2: 4 asing20 rnln ~ r a d c dcoarsc lgercgale in reinforced ruspended floorslahs(excluding
I o r ~ t ~ w oand
r k rrinlorcc~nest),
Unit : Per ct~hicmetre.
I CONCRETE D E L I V E R E D O N IIANKER
Materials ( $11 marhcr rates inclusive of deliver! Irr ~ i l of c aot.L)
Rs. Us.
Cc~iicnt 308.53 hg i'c w:~stagc ii Us 2.40 perk: 740.47
C~rancaygrc:ate OXX C L I 111 (ir RI 440 00 per cu in j87.20

Sand 0 4 4 cu 111 $8 KE 500.00 1 x 1 c u 111 220 00
Cosl of cilarse og;rcgalr and sand = 607.20
Add 111 2 5 " h wastapc o n codrsc ay;rcgate and send
Cort nf coarse aggregate and sa~id
-15.18
622.38 622.38
Cu,t of mater~alc - 1362 85
Labour and plant (at csltulatcd 'all-in 'wages)

Mazdaor 0 50 da) lii it\. 80.00 per day 40.00
Bliisti (I I 0 da), :li Rs 100 O l i per day 10.00
H ~ r eof n i l ~ crnachlne
r including oprraror's p;r)
and diesel etc. , 0 07 da:. IN Rb 800.00 per day - 56.00
Daily allowance payahlc ic,
liilvcr opcrator . (1.07 day (< KT. 50.00 per day 3 50
-
Colt o f I;tbour and plant = 109.50
-
Cosl ofconcrete delivered on banker -
II CONVEYING. I'OIIRING, VIBRATING, FINISHING; A N D CURIN(; CONCRETE I N SLABS

Lshour and plant ( a1 calculated 'all-in' wages)
Mason 0 21 day 'vi Rs I XO 00 per day 43.20
Mazdoor 2 00 day5 (I? KS X000 pel day 160.00
Bliisti : 0 40 da? 1 Rs. I00 00 per day - 80.00
Hire of vibrator includ~ngoperator's
pay c t c ~ 0.07 day ! Rs. 20000 pc! day 14.00
Daily allowance payable to operalor o f
v~bratortnlc : 007dq $? Rs 40.00 pcr day 2.80
- -
Add lump sum lor scaffold /ramp for conveyIris c o n c r w 10.00
Cnrt o f conveying I pouring I vibrating1 finishing and curing
Ill T O T A L BASIC R A T E (i.e. I ( t ) ll above )
-
;1 ~ 0 0
-
-
-
Add for overliead cxpcnses (fi:5% o f h a ~ i crate) 89.12
Add for estnbl~sh~nent
charser (k111!'5 % ol.hasic ralcl - 44.56
Total cosl 1916.03
Add tbr 10% prolii 191 60
Rate to be quoted = 210763
Rounded o f f t o Rs. 21 I 0 1 - per cubic metre.
WORKING-COSTS OF TOOLS AND PLANT
Working cost of plant is made up of :-
(a) SIanding cost (This may also be termed as 'owning cot')
(b) Operating cost
STANDING COST
For working out the standing cost of plant il is best lo use the simplest mcthod available. this k i n g the 'slraight linc
method', which is illusualed by an example given below :-
Capital cost (or purchase prlce) o i a ten tonne truck - Rs 7 i lacs
Expected efficient running life 1s 5 yeas
Credit for estimated residual (resale) value at the end of 5 years
-
- Rs 3 0 lacs
-
- Rs 4.5 Lacs
Standing (or owning) cost per annum Rs. 4 5 lacs 5 years
; Rs 90.000 per annum
Allowing for 52 weekly holidays. I 2 other holidays and 25 days
for maintenance, the number of average working days may be taken
as 275 per year
Stand~n?cnsr per working day. Rs. 90.000 + 275 = say Rs. 350 per day
The suaighi line method assumes [hat profits from use of the plant pay for the interest on the capital cosls.
OPERATING COST
The operating cost of plant will have to include for cost of fucl. lubricating oil and grease; maintenance, repair, spxcs.
and renewal of lyres; insurance and licence fees in connection with use of the plant. if any: and the operator's (andlor attendant's)
pay. The total operating costs (on the basis of the working days) per year are worked out. and these dcvidcd hy the numbcr
of working days yield the operating cost of the planl per day.
Operating cost.should be workcd out from records mainIaincd for each dillerent type of plant. Information in. tllc
table below may be takcn as indicative. The average plant working days per ycar are workcd out on the assumption that thc
plant works for 8 hours per working day, and also lake into account that somc types of plant usually rcmain idle during ccrwin
part of the ycar.
~~
Estimated Consumption per working

Cost of repairs Years of day of eight hours .-
and renewals per Average life of the
Fuel
Typc of plant ycar as a pcrccnl- working plant (for Lubricating
used PcMl ix Grease
age of capital cosl days efficient Oil
of plant pcr year economical in kg
(lilies)
running) (Iilrcs)
Anglcdozcrs and bulldozers (D4) Diesel 66 1.40 0.18

Concrctc mixcr (1017 capacity) Diescl IS 0.55 0.14
Concrctc mircr (100 capacity) kU0l 26 0.55 0 14
Compressor, 60 t u m per minute Diescl 26 0.65 0.14
Compressor, 60 cu m per minute Petrol 46 0.65 0.14
Crane. 0.6 to 0.7 tonne Peuol 50 1.10 0.14
Dumpers and mucks Diesel Varies with sizc clc.
Dumpers and trucks Petrol Varies with sizc etc.
Hoist Pewl 26 0.70 0.14
Mechanical venchtng plant Diesel Varies with size elc.
Pumps. 75 mm Peso1 18 0.70 0.03
Pumps. 100 mm Peuol 24 1.10 0.07
Rollers, 6 to 8 tonncs Dicscl 32 1.10 0.20
Rollers. 10 tonne Diesel 47 1.45 0.25
p~
* Includes renewal of tyres.

HIRE CHARGES
If the plant is considered for hiring out to third parties, the build-up for hire charges should be worked our as
follows :-
(a) Slandtng cost per year worked out as explained above + (b) 1nteresr"on capital outlay at bank rate + (c) Cost
of repairs and rcnewals pcr ycar + (d) Salary of operator (andfor attendant) per year.
The sum of (a) to (d) devided by the number of average working days.per year will yeild the basic hire charge per
day. To this. depending on the terms of the hire agreement the cost of fuel/oilllubricant~will have to be added. On the net
figure so anivcd at, a further addition of 10% for profits would scem reasonable. On the abovc basis the hire charges per
day for a 10 tonne vuck work Out in the rcgion of Rs. ~ ~ per
u day,
u inclusive of fuel, nil and lubricants; and driverlauendant's
pa), etc. at rates prev21l1nrdur~nzJanuan '000
A4
OUTPUT OF TOOLS AND PLANT
Output of vehiclcs for transporwtion of materials depends on : -

(a) Carrying capacity of vehicles by weight or volumc, whichcvcr is critical.
(b) Distance to be travelled.
(c) Time lllkcn in loading and in unloadiog.
(d) Idle time in waiting for turn at loading and unloading point. whcre applicable.
(e) Time lost in payment. documentation and checking at loading and unloading points and at octroi and check posts,
i f any.
(0 Average specd of vchiclc depend~ngon the condition of road. vchiclc and uaffic.
The carrying space in a ten lonne muck meilsurcs appror~rnalcly14' - 7" x 7' - 3" x I ' - 1 0 (height of milboard), which for all
pracbcal purposes of calculations is laken a5 185 cft or 5.3 cu m.
Average speed of trucks may bc laken as 25 kmph. The speed will work out lesser for short trips and may go up lo about35 to
40 kmph for long dismces to be travelled on opcn roads.
Time required for loading and unloading of various building rnalerials using manual labour 1s given in the tahlc below.
LOADING / UNLOADING TIME
! Time to bc allowed (per unit) in minutes

Capacity
of a ten laading Unloading
tonncr Materials Iianrllcd
l ~ c k
--
, hc cmployul be employed
Earth, murrum. und. coarsc aggregate pcr cu m

etc.
5.3 cum Random mbblc rtoncs and bouldcrs per cu m
3lXX) Nos Bricks 1OOO Nos
I 0 tonne Rcinforcemcnt bars, loose. pcr tonne
I 0 tonne -Ditto- in tolls or in hundlcs pcr tonnc
I 0 tnnne Cement in hags pcr tonne
3 0 0 0 Nos Flwring tiles, or20 x 20 cm size loo0 Nos
14 cum Timbcr in cut sire< pcrcum
5.5 cum M~scellaneourstorcs pcr cu m
Timc rcqoircd pcr Number o f wips to

H
round trip o f L- + - 120 D be done by a truck =
uuck in minurcs S
pcr day -- + -
2D
S
I
MI
Whcrc :-
t = Time takcr~in minutcs for loading + tlmc lakcn in minutes for unloading + average time lost in minutes
per trip for payment, documcnration, chccking, wtroi. toll posts ctc., as applicable.
D = Onc way distancc in km.
H = Numher of hours nf work pcr day.
S = Spccd of truck in km per hour.
Ellicicnt loading using chulcs or machine operated shovcls for loading, and unloading by tipper uucksidumpers for
marcrials like earth, sand, shingle. aggregate. boulders, stones elc.. requires about 4 minutcs per vchicle for loading and
3 minutcs per vchiclc for unload~ng,lnclusivc of manouvring the vchiclc in position.
Regional Lransport authorities allow 6 labourers to travel along with the vuck for loading and unloading purposes. Where
a very large quantity of ma~crlal.: i.; to bc moved employing scvcral uucks, separate stationery gangs at thc loading and
unloading points can be cmploycd, lcading lo economy.
When checking back on thc numhcr o f kilomctrcs donc suilahlc allowance should be made for the movement o f vehicle
from its place of parking to duty and back. (say 6 kmlday on an average).
Carrying capacity of a two-bullock cart may be takcn as 1.25 cu m or 1 tonne uavclling at a speed of about 3 to 4
km pcr hour.
45
DRILLING HOLES IN ROCK FOR BLASTING
Hand (manual) Drilling
Hand drilling is suiwble when tolal quantlty of rock to be removed is small. Where the depth of cut requires holes not
more than 35 cm deep, single hand drilling is suitable. For deeper vertically borcd holes in fairly homogeneous rocks churn
drilling is considered more economical. For seamy rocks and conglomorates. and for horizontal or inclined bores a thrce-man
jumper drill is used.
Information set out in the tahle below should be takcn as indicative, and any corrections to it required by aclual obscr-
vations at site recorded for future use.
Manual hand-drilling
Requirement of man-days per metre depth
-
Singlc hand drill Days of forging unil with
Type of rock elc. (19 to 20 mm dia hole) 3 man a blacksmith and helper
OR jumper for sharpening and poin~
Churn drill drill ling drills per mclre depth
for 40 to 4 5 mm dia hole
I. Lime stone ... ... 0.50 0.75 0.01 1

2. Granite or Gneiss ... ... 0.55 0.80 0.012
3. Hornblende ... ... 0.70 1.00 0.016
4. Trap and Basalt ... ... 0.75 1.OO 0.017
5. Sandstone (and hard old cement concrete) 0.80 1.25 0.019
6. Quartz ... ... 1.00 1.60 0.023
Machine Drilling
The average output per drilling machine and drill operator depends on the depth to be drilled per hole. More timc w r
mewe depth is required fox lesser depths of holes due to time laken in moving and resetling the mach~ne,pumping out hole,
changing the drills etc. Air compressor time required will depend on the number of drilling machines operated from a single
compressor unit. It is rarely that full capacity of the compressor unit can be fully utilised unless cutting uenches is involved.
Allowance for time of forging unit with blacksmith and helper for pointing and sharpening drills will be required a1 the
same scale as indicated above for manual drilling. when using information set out below for machine drilling.
~~~
Machine drilling p~
Days of drilling machine and operator per melre of hole

Type of rock ctc. --
Average depth of each individual hole in centimeues
30 1 60 / 90 150 ) 300 1 450 1 600
I. Lime stone ... ... 0.08 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.02
2. Granite or Gneiss ... ... 0.W 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.03
3. Hornblende ... ... 0.W 0.07 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.03
4. Trap and Basalt ... ... 0.09 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.0;)
5. Sandstone (and hard old cement concrete) 0.10 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.01
6. Quarlz ... .. . 0.12 0.10 0.09 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.05
The numkr of holes required lo be drilled in blating operations depends on the depth of rock that needs to he ukcn
out or permissible considering safety aspects. Generally holes are drilled at a distance behind the face of ledge not morc than
three-fourthsof the height of face to bc lakcn out. Holes are spaced at a uniform distance apart. Spacing of holcs for estimating
purposes may bc assumed as1.33 m for Gneiss, 1.66 m for Twp, Basalt or Granite, and 2.66 m for Limestone. To allow for
any undulations in ground the actual depth o i holes should bc assumed as about 0.20 m more than estimated depth of each hole.
Breaking out Brickwork, Concrete, Hard Road Surface rtc., Using Pneumatic Tools
- ~~p
Dcrcription of surface Unit Time in days of :-

Kemwks
Compressor with two pneumatic tools Opcrator
--
Breaking out brickwork cu m 0.04 0.08 Operator lime docs 1101
Breaking out concrete cu m 0.35 0.70 include for any rcmoval
Tar-road crust I50 rn 10 sq m 0.15 0.30 of ;Icbris.
46
CONCRETE M I X E R S
Machine mixing is better qualitywise and cheaper lhan handmixing when concrete is required in quantities in excess
of 20 cubic metres in one slrelch.
Capacity of a concrete miring machine is indicated by a syslcm of double numbers, such a 715 (or 10/7. 14/10.
21/14 elc.,) denoting capacity pcr batch in cubic feet of dry and wet mix, eg. a mixer capacity of 10fl signifies that per batch
it will accept 10 cubic feet of dry ingredients of concrete which when mixed with appropriate quantity of water will produce
7 cubic feet of wet concrete ready for placing in position.
With ihe advent of metric system, Indian manufacturers of consmction machinery have started expressing drylwet
niix capacity of concrete mixcrs in litrcs such as 400/300 (in place of 14/10), 3001210 or 2ROD00 (in place of 10fl) etc.
When the capacity of concrete mixer is expressed by a single number such as 300 it denotes volume of wet mix produced
per batch in liues. Some manulacturers have also started expressing capacity of concrete mixers in cubic metres such as
.20/.14 (in place of 715) whlch seems to be more appropriate and preferable as concrete is measured in cubic meues and not
in limes.
Concrete mixers normally cater for an overload of about 10% over lheir rated capacity when n&dcd to allow for use
of full (ie. avoiding fractions) number 0150 kg cement bags lo be used per batch.
Suffixes using alphabels appended lo the srated capacity denore lhc rype of mixcr, eg. tiF for hand fcd. BL for batch
loading type. T for tilting. NT for non-tilting, R D for revcrsib!e drum, elc.
Concrere mixers are mostly diescl driven or elcctncally driven. petrol driven kind having slowly gone out of vogue.
Builders who restrict their opcralions to particular urban areas would prefer the electrically driven varieties, while others will
opt for the diescl driven kind.
Information set out in the rable below for various sizes of concrcte mixing machines will be of use if facility for
weighing cement required for each hatch is available, enabling use of full rated capacily of the machine.
I
Capacity of Concrete Mixlng Machine
Paniculxs
Batch output in cu m (yield)

No. of batches per cubic 111elre
1-I 513.5
0.10
10
71s
0.14
7.14
I IOfl
0.20
5
I
/ 14/10
0.28
3.57
18/12
0.34
2.94
21/14
0.40
2.50
Time in minutrslcubic mewe 30 21.42 15 10.71 8.82 7.50
(based on 3 minuteslcycle)
Output in cu m pcr hour 2.00 2.80 4.00 5.69 6.80 8.00
Where batching is done by volume, thecapacity of h e concrete mixer chosen should be such that it will consume
one or more whole bags of 50 kg ccmenr pcr batch. The table given below should be rcferred to for output of concrete mixers.
quantities of sand and coarse aggrcrate per batch etc., where batchlng is done by volume. It will be noled that where batching
1s done by volume the requireme111of using whole bags of cement per batch precludes full use of the rated capacity of lhc
mixer. As major quantity of concrete work is of 1:2:4 proportion Ute most preferred slzc of concrete mixer is of 10fl capacity
(using one bag per batch) for normal building operations, and of 21/14 capacity (using two bags of cement per batch) for
comparatively larger quantities of concrete.
Minimum size Aggrcgalc per batch using one Timo in
of mixcr to 50 kg bag ofFiiGTeegate
cement minutes
7
~ ~ - - - p ~
Nominal mix use-up one Yield of wei concrek NO. of per cu m Output in
mix by volumc 50 kg bag of per batch using one Coarse aggregate (sand) batches based on cu m
cement cement bag of 5U kg per cu m 3 min pel per hour
~-
cu m cycle
MORTAR MIXERS
For mixing lime-sandlcemcnt-sanWmenllimc-sand m o m s , lime-soil mixes for soil swbilisation.plaslering materials
ctc., roller pan mortar mixers with mixed-momr output of 150 liues (5 cft) and 225 liues (8 cft) capacity per charge are
available. o1)crated on 5 HP diescl engine or 3.7 kilowals electric moror These arc fitted with two heavy duly revolving cast
Imn rollers capable of crushing small pcbbles in sand and lumps in lime for producing smooth mortar of required consistency.
The output will dcpcnd on the desired mixing lime per cycle. The outpul however rarely becomes a critical factor due to the
rebrrvely l o w oTTtakc of rnorwr as compared to concrcling operations.
47
CONCRETE VIBRATORS
Needle type vibrators arc suililblc for proper compaction of reinforced concrcte in columns, beams slabs etc.
Indian made, high frequnry immersion-needle type concrete vibrators are driven by motors operating on petrol/diesel/
kcroscne engine of 2 to 5 HP capacity or on electric mains supply using 3.5 kilowatts cnergy or on compressed air supplied
from compressors supplied through air hose. The poker (needle) may be out-of-balance rotor type or pendulam type made
lo IS 2505 of 1968, available in standard sires of 25, 30.40, 50. 60 and 80 mm dia driven by 4 to 6 mm long flexible shaft
encased in rubbcr sheathing.
Built-rl~-l~cad
ncc~llevibviltdra opcrallnKon 400 voltsclecuii mdills supply, uith h ~ g hfrcq~enry-lowvollilgc LonvcluJr,
uhlrh cllmlnate the bulky llex~bleshait are alsu avulahle wllh vibrator heads of 74. 66 and 85 mu1 dla (of 300, 410 and 470
mm lrngth respcclively) U ~ I I I3.5
~ kilowatts energy.
Plate and screed vibrators are suitable for compacting concrete (and also other loose aggregates such as gravel, sand,
crushed stone elc.,) in roads, airfields, heavy duty floors. footpaths etc. The usual compacting surface of the plate vibrator
is of 560 x 5W mm sire and claims to achieve compaction in layers upto 300 mm thick wilh an output of about 500 y n~
pcr hour. Plate vibrators may be petrol/kerosene engine (3 HP) driven or operating on electric mains.
For compacting concrete in roads, vibrators mounted on screed-beams laid across lhe road wid(h and moved manually
are used.
CONCRETE BLOCK MAKING MACHINES
Machines of Indian makc for oroducina Drccast concrete blocks of various sizes and kinds like solid blocks. closed
ad upcn cavlly hlocks, covr~cr.x,lull~!;I r l ~ k . ; ,[~'channzlb l ~ c k sclv. are avallahle. These have pn,vlslon for lo3d~11g~i)ncrctc
I ~ C I C J wI ~~ tIhtilrlrlll~
I~ hal~ows01 11lail11l1~
~ ~ ~ ~ r h~~pprrs.
a l < . d Concrelc Ir n11n:d i n m~chlnemixers. Co~~rul~Jarlon IS a t l ~ ~ v v c ~ l
through v~brationfindiced in the moulding Lea, and Limping done either manually or through hydraulic filling draws and
hydraulic umpers. After lnying and tamping the blwks the plant is moved to a predetermined direction and distance on the
casting platform manually or by motoriscd action, ready for h e next openuon.
The number of operations v a y from 30 to 40, 45 to 55. 75 w 85 etc. per hour and h e output varies from 150. 200.
400 (or more) blocks per hour dcpcnding on sire of the plant.
Thc motors for mining, vibrating, tamping and travel of h e plant (for subsequent operation) vary from 0.5 to 5 HP,
electrically operated, depending on the capacity of Ulc plant and (he various motorised lunctions provided w~lh11.
HOISTS, CRANES AND FORKLIFTS
In construction projects of some magnitude usc of lifting and handling equipmcrlt like hoists, crancs, forklifts ex..
have become almost mandalory from cost and time efficiency~considerations.
Even small firms of builders cnsdged in putting up a block of flats in urban areas .'ind it advantageous to hire a hoist
for concreting slabs, beams etc., and for conveying building material$, precast unils etc. LO upper floors (as opposed to the
age old custom of ramps and headloads). Hois(s are of various sizes and capacities, a tyl.ical one being a single or double
platform builder's hoist capable of lifting 5 0 0 lo 700 kg load to a height of 50 moues, pinwered by a 10 HP electric motor
. or dicscl engine.
Forklifts are versatile self propcllcd diesel opcratcd compact machines suitable for lifting up and moving fabricated
building components like precast concrctc unils erc. from the fabricating or precasting yards to the location of their use within
the work site area. Forklifts have weight canying capacity in (he range of 1.5 to 5 tonnes and can travel at a speed of about
I5 km per hour adequate for building site purpose. Forklifu can negotiate gradients upto 13 degrees in laden state. Apan
from moving the load. forklifts can also lift the loads to a height of about 3 to 5 metres for placing in position. Forklifts are
available in the ftont-loading as wcll as side loading versions, and can be fitted wilh additional attachmenu like extension
of the fork or fixed/adjustable crane boom for handling irregular sirelshape of materials (eg. reinforcement bars In coils etc..)
by hooking or slinging.
Stationary cranes with hydraulically telescoping boom extendible arid reuaclable under load, of various sizes, wctght
lifting capacities and heights are available from Indian manufacturers. These are a common sight in locations where high rise
buildings are being consuuckd. Mobilc WCL. mounted cranes of various capacities and capabilities are also available. giving
more details of which is beyond (he scope of this book.
AIR COMPRESSORS AND PNEUMATIC TOOLS

Reliable, stationary or pomble, whcel or skid ntounted Compressors powered by diesel engine (30 to 250 HP) or
eleclric mains supply (motor r;atings 22 to 150 kilowall?), of capacities ranging from 0.062 IO 125 c u m per minute of compressed
air at a pressure range from 2 to 10 kg pcr sq cm produced by reputed lndinn manufacturers are available.
Consumption of comprcsscd air by various pneumatic tools used in the building indusvy varies from about 0.5 to
3.5 cu m per minute per tool at a pressure range of about 6 kg per sq cm. Clmulcc of compressor will depend on thc scale
of building operabons and the nurnkr of tools desired (or practicable) to bt operated simullaneously from a single
compressor. For a 'two twl compressor' a capaclty of 7 cu m per minute at a nressure range of 7 kg per sq cm may be considered
23 adro~lnlc.
48
Compressed air has various applicalions in the building indus y like drilling in steel; rock, timber etc., p u m a t i c hammen
and rcklconcrete breakers, rivetling hammers and rivet busters, grinders, concrete immersion vibrators. submersible pumps.
guin~undshotcretingoperations, cleaning road surfaces preparatory lo tack-coats of bitumen etc.
7hc typical air consunlpunn of some pneumatic tcx)ls along with !heir output claimed by Indian manufacturers is
given below :-
T)pc of tool
~ ~
S ~ z ccap3cily,
. output and o b e r dcwils Pressure
cu m
-.
Hand hammer Pcrcussivc royary motion. Flushing device using air or water. Hand-held or 1.7.2.1 and 3
rock dr~ll rnountcd on drill-leg. Weight I 8 1023 kg. Dia of bits upto 63 mm. 1900 to for light, medium 5.60
2300 blows per minute. One man operation. Bores epto M, mm dia holes in and heavy duty
rocks for blasung, fitting bolts for rock stabilisalion etc. Bores of length 3 lo respectively
4 m (lighl duly), 8 to 11 m (medium), 12 lo 15 rn (heavy).
Heavy duty Opcratcs a hammer of about 30 lo 35 kg weigh[. One man operation. Used 1.85 5.60
breakers for breaking soft rock. concrete, dcn~oli~ion
work etc. Dclivcrs about 1 IM)
blows per rnbnutc.
Light duty pick Operates a picking u l with percussive motion. Weighs about 10 kg. One man 1.13 5.60
operation. Used for excavating and trench d~ggingin hard so11 and soft r w k , o r
breaking I a n concrctc.
Concrete vibrator V~bratcsand consolidates concrete delivenng about 8000 vibrations per minule. 0.70 5.60
needle t y p Wc~ght14 kg. One man operation
Grinder and Smooth rotary motion. Used for finishing mcwl patterns, burrs from gas cut Varies from 5.60
die grinders metal, trimming welded joints. fellling etc. 3000 to 15000 revolurions per 0.4 to 1.2
minute depending on chosen n~cdcl.
Lighficavy R o w motion. Drills holes in plates/rolled sbxl sections for rivcttinghlting Varies from 5.60
duty drills for etc. Heavy duty &ill can k adapted for drilling, tapping thread3, reaming ctc. 0.4 to 1.7
mewl, timber etc. Holes upto 50 mm dia can be made depending on choson model.
Rivctting hammer Used for cold and hot nvctting In stcel slructurcs. Capacity for hot nveuing : 0.90 5.60
Flush = 28.5 mm, cuppcd 22.2 mm. Delivers 1300 blows per minute. Weighs
about 10 kg.
Rivet buster Used for cutting and punching out rivets uplo 19 o ~ mdia in demolihon/ 1.XI 5.60
dismantling or repair work.
Suhmcrsible Uses compressed air for i n ~ p t i n grotary motion to the pump devicc, for 2.30 5.W
sump pump dewatcring of excavations. Performance 640 litres at 1.5 m head to 95 litrcs at
3 0 m head m r minute.
- -
ASPHALTiBITUMEN MIXING PLANTS

A cold-mix asphalt plant uses sundried aggregales a1 ambicnt temperature and bitumen heated to required temperature
separately in a tar boiler.
A hocmix asphalt plant has capahilitics for drying and h a t i n g of aggregates to required temperature and mixing them with
hotbitumenpumped fromaseparatelar holler (someplants haveasmall integral car boilerof lim~tedcapacity).Forheatingofaggegatcs
a separate revolving oil fired drum may be used which after healing are discharged into a paddle mixer. Somcplanls employ Ule same
enclosure in the plant for dryinghcating ofaggregates and later mixing with hot bitumen. A hot mix plant can serveas a cold-mix plant
by shutting off the function of heating aggregates, in which case !he output increases by nbwt30%.
Sizes of plant are dcnotcd by the output per batch of aggregate mixed with bitumen, in lives or in cubic feet Typical
models have the followinn characterislics :-
~~
p~~ p~
Typc of plant Batch capacity - li~rcs(cft) Output - tonnes per hour Diesel Engine (HP) Remarks
Cold-mix 200 l i w (7 cftl 510 8 12
300 lives ( I 0 cft) 15to20 18
1101 mlx 300 litres (10 cft) 6 to 8 (at 1800C) 12 Combined drying
and mixing.
300 litres (10 cft) 10 to 12 (a1 lm) 25 Separate drying and
mixing.
4q
For small scalc opcratinns hand olxratcd bitumen drum mlxers (cold-mix) with a batch capacity of uhout 140 in ?ilO
litrcs may be uscd in conjuclion wilh a small rar boilcr or bitumen heated in opcn drurns~
TAR BOILERS
Tar boilers can have capacities of 900. 1080, 1360 (etc.,) lilres per fccd. Thcsc are usually oil Iircd but old inodcl.:
may use conventional fuels like co;il. firewood etc. For lack coats etc., pressure pumps with spraying a t ~ a r l i ~ lfcil
~ r ~from
~l
the bnilers through pipes can bc uscd.
ROAD R O L L E R S
Road rollcrs upto 6 tonne capacity arc tcrmcd a light rollers and those of 8 to 12 tonne capacity tcrtnrd as hcavy~
Thc systcrn of dual numbers cmployed for indicating the capacity of a rollcr (such as 8-10, 10-12 etc..) inlicatcs wcipht
of rollw with and without sandlwetcr ballast.
Conventional three whccl power driven rollers havc one front whccl (slcering roll) and two r c x whccls (drive rolls).
The driving power is applicd to the rcnr wheels, but the funclion of cffcctivc consolidalion is considered lo he c:irrlcd out
hy the fronl wheel which is cnnsidcrably wider but of smaller diamctcr than thc rcar h,hccls.
A tandem road roller is one having orly two widc whccls, one at iront (ofmore width and larger d~arr~ctcr)
foncti~,ning
as driving and consolidating roll and the oihcr at rear as slcering roll.
Vibration rollcrs arc usually similar to a tandem roller but have a provision of vibration gcncratinp system incorpnratrd
in the drivinglconsol~dalingwheel. In single widc-whecl vibrating roller the vibrations are induccd by a diesel cnginc but rr~oti<,n
is imparted by towing hy Lraclor.
Shccp-iwl rollcrs have blunt spikcs on the wheels and may be powcr-driven o r towed. Thcsc arc uhcd lor ct,nsol~ilat~url
of soil in earthen dams, formarion surfaccs of roads and in soil-slabilisation.
A variable prcssure dcvicc in road rollcrs consists of a heavy weight which can he slidcd and locked in place so 2.:
to cxcrt more prcssurc on ihc iront or rcar rolls as dcsircd.
Output of road rollers dcpcnding on the type of surface consolidated. for the purpose o f estimating and analyslng ralrr
is given below :-
Output per~& of 8 hours work w ~ t hX lo 12 tonne road roller
Type of surfncc rollcd output Typc of sudace rolled ourput
~, Formation surfaces
(311 (d) Single m a t surtilce Lrulment 800 sq m
(i) Road work ... ... 2000 sq m
(ii) Airficld work ... ... 2500 sq rn
@) Stone soling (IS cm spread thickness) (0 Permix carpet 2.5 cm thick including
(i) Road work ... ... 500 sq m seal coat
(ii) A ~ f i e l dwork ... ... m ~ q m (i) Road work ... ... 600 sq m
(c) W a t e r b w n d macadam (ii) Airficld wo* ... ... 750 sq m
(i) Road work (1 l cm spread thickness) 30 cu m
(ii) Airfield work . . ~ ... 35 cu (6) Premix macadam 8 cm thick with
(12.5 to 15 cm spread thckncss) seal coat- Airfield work 300 sq m
A conventional 8 to 10 tonne road roller employs a diesel engineof about 35 1W and can vavel at four different spcedr <:I
about 1.3. 1.9.8 and 8.85 kmph. It h a a rolling width of 1675 rnm for 8 to 10 tonne roller and 1880 rnm for a 10 to 12 tonne roller.
MANUFACTURERS O F CONSTRUCTION MACHINERY

A brief list of major manufacturers of construcllon machinery in lnd~a.which though not exhaust~vewill enable ~ntcnding
purchasws ~1 make a s l a n in their search of plan1 adequate for their needs, is given below wilh their addresses and brief
indication of product range.
1. Kirlosltar Pneumatic C o Ltd, Pune 13. Air comprrsvrrs and various kinds of pneumatic tools.
2. Atlas Copco (7) private Ltd, Gandhi Mcmorial Air compressors and rock drills.
bldg.. N m j i Subhash Road. Bomhay- 2.
3. Acme Mfg Co Lld. Antop hlll, Wadala. Bombay. 'hlillars' bmnd hoUcold-mix asphlat mixen, manar/cuncrcte
mixers, concrcle batching plants.
4. Garlick & Co (P) Ltd. Jacob ciicle. Bombay I I Builder's hois6. ccncretc mixers, stone crushers, asphalt plan&, lar
boilers. tandem and vibrating rollers.
5. Shirke construction quipmcnts (P)Ltd. Concrcu: block maklng machines, concrete machines. crancs, ctc.
72-76 Mundbva. Pune 411036.
6. V o l m Lld. 19 J. N. Heredia m a g Bombay 38. Fork l i b
7. Jessop & Co, 63 Netaji Subhas Road. Calcutta I. Road mlkrs
LABOUR OUTPUT CONSTANTS FOR BUILDING WORK
In compiling the labour constants given below IS :7272 (Part I) - I982 - Recomntendarionsfor labour outpui conwanrs
for building wbrk, which gives constanls for only about 60 items of work has been relied upon ar a basis. Labour conslanu from
other sources like standard b k s on estimating by British and Indian authors nnd schedules of rates of NBO, CPWD, MES.
state PWDs etc., have alw been taken after comparing and ratio~lisingthem.
Labour constants can at best be only indicative. AcUlal labour outpuls differ in a fairly wide range depending on
condiuons ol work like weather. climate, continuity, incentive, fatigue and resting time. incidental holdups, prepandtory work.
organisation, efficiency of labour / supewision and quality.
The calegories hhisti, male and hclper arc not shown separately in some of h e items for the sake of convenicnce, bul
thcir timc has been added lo the conslants for h e caregory of mardoor.
Labour constant in days (of 8 hours)

SI. Category of per unit of work
Dessription of work Unit of work
No. labour Soil 1 Rcrk
Soffloose I Hardldenx 1 Soft I Hard
EXCAVATION AND EARTHWORK
1. Surface excavation no1 exceeding 30 cm
deep, average 15 cm dccp. and getting out. sq m Mazdoor 0.08 0.15 0.31 0.65
2. Add to (or deduct from) item 1 above for

every 3 cm above or below 15 cm average ym Mazdwr 0.01 0.014 0.034 0.069
depth.
3. Rough excavation not exceeding 1.5 m

dccp and getting out. cu m Mazdoor 0.30 0.52 1.18 2.84
4. Excavation over areas not exceeding 1.5 m

deep and getting out. cu rn Mazdoor 0.40 0.68 1.59 3.94
5. Excavalion not exceeding 1.5 m d k p and

gettingout, in trenchesnot exceeding 1.5 m
wi&orforshalls.wells,ccsspits,manholcs
and the like,nolexceuiing 10 sq m on plan. Cu m Madoor 0.55 0.96 2.19 4.90
6. Exlra over Items 3 and 4 above for each

addilional 1.5 m deph (or pan there00
beyond the first stage 01 1.5 m dep~h. cu m Matdoor 0.12 0.12 0.18 0.18
7. Exvaover ilcm Sabove for each addluoral

1.5 m depth (or part there00 beyond h e
rust stage of 1.5 m depth. cu m Mazdoor 0.09 0.09 0.15 0.15
8 Excavating . m a l l post holes each not

exceeding 0.5 cu m, including returning
filling and ramming amund posts etc.. and
removing surplus soil to a distance not
exceeding 50 m spread and levelled. Each Mardoor 0.41 0.61 1.23 1.88
9. Taking up excavated m a ~ r i i lfram spoil

h e a p s . f i l l i n g b o m w s / ~ m a n dwhezling
/removing and depositing :-
at 25 m &stance cu m Mazdoor 0.25 0.25 0.28 0.28

at 50 m distance cu m Mazdoor 0.30 0.30 0.37 0.37
at 100 m distance cu rn M o o r 0.36 0.36 0.50 0.50
at 200 m d~slance cu rn Mazdoor 0.56 0.56 0.78 0.78
10. Taking up excavafcd marerials from spoil

heaps and loading manually into dumpers
or lorries. cu m Mardoor 0.25 0.25 029 4.28
24
LABOUR CONSTANTS
I I I 1 Labour conswnts in davs ( of 8 hours)

, ~~ ~,
SI. Category of pcr unit of work
Descriptirm of work Unit worl;
No1 labour Soil I Rmk ,-
SofVlwse 1Hardldense 1 Soft I Hard

I I. Rcturning, filling and ramming excavated
spoil around foundations (no lead involved)
12. Fillings. sprcadiogilcvclling in layers of 25
cm th~ckness,walering and well ramming
undcr floors,including lead upto50metres.
13. Borc holcsinclay,soMooseorblackcotton
soils lor single undcr-reamed piles 2 m
deep and disposing off soil la a distance not
cxcceding 50 m away. for bare of :-
200 mm dia Each Mazdwr
250 mm dia Each tylazdoor
300 mm dia Each Mazdoor
I . Extraovcritcm I3 above for each additional
under-reaming :-
300 mm dia Each Mazdwr
15. Extra over item 13aboveforeachaddiuonal
mclrc deplh (intermediate depths pro-rata)
3W mm dia Each Mazdoor
16. Surface dressing or lrlmming of natural

ground to remove small unyualities not
exceeding 15cmdeep(including rcmoving
vcgctation/shmbs/bnrshwWundcrgrowh
and carrying away rubbish to a d i s m c e of
50 m.
Sundry Labours -Excavator Type of rock -- ~
17. Drilling holes(forbl~dng)inrcx:kmrnually GraniIe~TraplGneiss Sedimcntxy---

w i h baring bars and drill hits far :-
20 to 25 mm din holm m Madoor
50 mm dia holcs m Mazdwr
75 mm dia holcs m Mazdwr
(Note :- In ,(em 17 above all(nt II I)? days
perm for poinungfsharpentng r l l tcltrls by
"ne cmlth-and one helper) -.
Labour consrant in days ( o f 8
18. Hardcorc laid, spread, levcllcd. watcred hours) per unit of work
andconwlidatedtorequuedlevclsinlaycrs
75 mm consolidalcd ihickness Mardoor

150 mrn consolidated thickness Mazdwr
225 mm consolidated thickness hlazdoor
250mmconsolidated thicknessandabove Mazdoor
19. Stone pitching 150 mm thick. Mazdoor
20. Stone pitching 250 mm thick. ' '
21. Cutup0rliftcxisting twfintosuilirblcsods.
roll up and set aside for reuse. Mazdwr
22. Relayi~gturf, including preparing surfucc,
walcring and light rolling.
52
LADOUR CONSTANTS
-- - -
SI. Catcgory of Labour constants in days ( of 8 hours)

Description of work Unit of work
No. labour per unit of work
-- -- -
23. Preparing surfaces and sowing grass seeds

(0.05 kgsq m) and walcring Mazdoor
24. Trimming sides of excavation. Mazdoor
25. Lcvclling. grading and cnmpacting bottom
of excavation Mazdoor
26. Ditto. but to falls or gradienls. Mazdwr
27. Ditto but lo falls and c u m n t r o r crossidls Mazdoor
28. Ditto but lo falls and cambers Mazdoor
29. Trimming sloping laces of embankments
and cuttings.
3 0 Clear site of all rubbish. cut down shrubs,
undergrowlh andsmall uecs not crcccd~ng
600 mm girth, grub up rools and burn or
remove from sire. Mazdoor
31. Cuuing down hcdgc. grubbing up roots.
fillingcxca\~suonwith~handconsolida~. Mazdoor
32. Trcaling bottom and sldcs Of excavation
withchemicalmixcd with waleratspeciliul
rate fur antitermite treatmcnl (Also
applicable for ucatlng lop of filling). Mazdoor
33. Treating soil for backf~llwith chcmical
mixed with water (Area of subsuucture
faces in contact with backfill measured)
34. Cuttingdownlrccs,diggingoutrwts,filling
holes and consolidating surface, lopping
branches and clearing off rubbish. and
stacking timbcr n ~ t l yat a disuncc of 50
melres :-
Trees of 100cm grith at I rn height Each Maddoor
Ditto. but 150 cm g ~ r l h Each Mazdoor
Ditto, but 200 cm girth Each Mazdwr
Diuo, but 250 crn girb Each Mazdoor
Ditto, but 300 cm ginh Each Mazdoor
(Inlermediale girths prorau)
35. Rolling surfaces with light hand roller Mazdoor
36. Prcplve small PI&. fill up w ~ l hearth rnixcd
wilh manure and plant small shrubs (livc)
upto 1 m high. Each Mazdoor
37 Dittoforplantingsmal1trces.andprov~ding
me guards. Each Mazdoor
38. 'Providing timbering to uphold faces of Nature of ground soil
excavation for basement in dry ground :- Firm I Moderately I Loose
Uplo 1.5 m depth
Bctween 1.5 and 3 m depth ~l m Carpenler

Mazdoor
Betwmn 3 and 4.5 m dcpth sq m Carpenter
Mazdoor
NotC : For timber~ngto shafts reduce labour conslants in
ilem 38 by 50%. 'Thc conslanu arc applicable for
first usz,and w ~ lbe
l ncgligihly lcssforeachreu%.
53
LABOUR CONSTANTS
SI. Ca"gov Of Labour consrant in days (of R hours)
Description of work unit of work
No. labour pu unit of work
CONCRETE
Note :Labow constants given in irems 39 and 40 below are for isolated structures upto 10 m height withour using
lifrsl hoists, and withsmall sire mixing plants, opplicablc ro average work site condirions in India. For large
jobs using lifrslhoisrslcrancs. large and sophisricatrd mizing planu, and better managemenr, ir should be
possible to reduce the constants by as much as 3510 50%.
ct. concr. I
Machine mixed Hand mixed Hand mircd
ct. concr. h e concr. I
39. Mixed concrctc delivered on baker. cu rn Mazdoor ,.SO 1.W 1.60
Bhisti 0.10 0.10 0.20
Mixer operator 0.07
Mixcr (machine) 0.07
Bullock (with driver) - 0.15
Note : lrem 40 below does not include for miring rime given in irem 39. Lead from the mixing plafform to rhe place
of pouring concrete is assumed uplo 30 m.
. ~
Labour days
(of 8 hours)
40. Conveying, pauring. consolidaling and curing per unit
concrctc (excluding mixing time) in lhe
following :-
Unrcinforccd foondations cu m Mason 0.10
Mazdwr 1.13
Bhisti 0.60
Vibrator (mlc & operator t h e ) 0.07
Unrcinforccd subases of floors. cu rn Mason 0.17
Mazdoor 1.33
Bhiai 0.70
Vibrator ( do - ) 0.07
Rcinlorccd foundations. footings, basesof cu m Mason 0.17
columns, basement ground slabs. under- Matdoor 1.SO
reamed piles and plinth b w n S (excluding Bhisti 0.80
rcinf~ccmcnYlormwork). Vibrator (- do - ) 0.07
Rcinfcfced suspcndcd flwr. m i , landing cu m Mason 0.24
nnd canopy slabs (ditto) Mazdwr 2.00
Bhisd 0.80
Vibrator (- do - ) 0.07
RcinCorcedcha~aruptol5cm in thickness .cu m Mason 0.30
(ditto) Matdoor -.
3 .W
Bhisti 0.80
Reinforced bcamr, linlcls and cantilcvcrs cu m Mason 0.20
(other lhan plinlh bums) (ditto). Mazdwr 2.50
Bhist~ 0.80
-
Vibrator (- do ) 0.07
Reinforced pillars and columns (ditto). cu Mason 0.23
Mazdoor 3.00
Bhisti 0.80
Rctnlorccd slaircascs. fins, watcr tanks cu Mason 0.30
(upto I200 lilrcs), chullah hoods, rascias. Mazdwr 3.80
pmpclsand railings, dorncs, vault.;, shcll Bhisti 0.80
rwls. loldcd plalcs and ihc likc (ditto). Vibrator (- do - ) 0.01
54
LABOUR CONSTANTS
Constants for Sundry Labours on Concrete Note : For working out labour constants for concrete casr
in siru inclw've of the labour for providing formwork
Descripuon of work (and any centering nr the case m y be) in following
siruutionr. allow labow rime for formwork (see irem
66 ro 79)asper area offormwork per unit given below.
41. Hack faces for key. 0.90
42. -Dino- extcnsively. 1.40 sq m of
Sizc in cm formwork
43. Remove burts/excresccnses. 0.25 Ilem (cross section) required per
cu m of
A-P
44. Rubbing down wilh finesandand flat (w) x (d)
or Lhickness concrete.
stone (esposed concrete work)). 0.90 -~ .-
Labour h w n
Kerbs 30 x 20 6.67
(semiskilled)
-- per sq
~-m Kerbs 20 x 30 10.00
45. Wire brushing peen concrete IO
expose aggregate. 0.60
Linlels 23 x 15 13.80
46. Slopping small holes and
honeycombing. 0.60 Linlels 23 x 20 12.76
47. Broomed finish (highways). 0.50 Siesrnic bands, bed platcs, anchor
labowhours blacks and copings/window 23 x 15 8.70
48. Applying cement slurry @ 2.75 kg

a2Fl%k~ c ~ l kwhich are flush wilh walls. 23 x 10 8.70
Window cills and copings

pcr sq m. O.jO projecting 5 crn on each side of 33 x 10 9.09
49. Word float finish to freshly laid wall. 33 x 15 8.08
concrctc surfaces. 0.25 -
Concrete topping to tops of 30 x 5 5.33
50. Steel float finish to -do- 0.30 - brick steps.
51. MakingsmooUltopofnoon.kndings.
stairs etc.. with cement monar 1:2 DPCIplinth courses. 23x 4 2.48
and applying floating coat of neat
ccmcnt, and prcpwing for curing. 0.35 0.25 Parapets 10 cm thick. 20.00
52. Grouting 25 m m thick under steel Venical fins at windows (in 23 cm

smchion bases or grillages. 0.40 0.80 wall) projecting out by 30 cm 5 cm rh. 35.10
53. Lay polyrhene film or building paper -Ditto- (-do-) butprojecting outby
under foundations. 0.02 0.07
Labour Hours
45 ,,. 5 cm th. 36.18
- Per m Cillsin RCC boxesat windows, w
I shelves(in23cm walls)projecting
54. Plasler drip for chajas or roof
out by 30 cm. 5 crn lh. 15.09
projections. 0.25 0.35
55. Fixing bituminous expansion svips -Diuo- (-do-) butprojectingoutby
in floors :- 45 cm. 5 cm th. 16.17'
75 mm high 0.11 0.11
150 mm high 0.14 0.14 Column shah, 20 x 20 cm 20.00
225 mm high 0.17 0.17
300 mm high 0.19 0.19 Column shafts, 20 x 30 cm 16.67
Labow harn
Per No. Column shafts. 20 x 40 cm 15.00
- 1 Mazdm
Mason
Sides and soffits of beams 20 x 20 15.00 ,
56. Formingmonjceholes uplo50cu cm
each for baluslers, ragbolu w..and 23 x U) 13.70 ..
grouting afw fixing balusters erc. 0.60 0.60 23 x 30 12.03
23 x 40 11.20
57. -DiUo-butbetween 50and l(lOcucm Soffiis of slabs in average
each -do- 1.20 0-60 residential buildings :-
58. Gmuringancha bolt 300 mm long. 0.30 0.30
for 80 rnm hick slabs 10.50
59. -Diuo-450 mm long. 0.40 0.40 for 100 mm thick slabs 8.40
55
LABOUR CONSTANTS
No. / Description of work I unit of won.

I c a ~ e r 0y'
labour
Labour consunts in days
( o f 8 hours) per unit o i work
PRECAST C O N C R E T E ARTICLES
Note : I n precasring operarions rhe concrete mixing machine, slacks of sandlaggregale, cement n o r e , warer for
miring, casling platform and curing tank elc.. are so locared as ro ensure maximum economy i n rhe labour
rime. Curing effort (bhisri) is negligible. The precasring gang works on the same job over and over again
resulring in berrer eflciency.
When addinn for labour i n making moulds lo the consranls given below, due nore should be raken of rh6
narure of moulds and rho! rhey need no1 have borromr (soffits). Ir is usual to allow for 25 lo 30 uses of
rhe mould.
60. Mining by hand and conveying concrete to

moulds, prcparing moulds (oiling)etc.. placing
r a d y iabricated rcinlorcemenlwge in position.
pou~ing/consolidaling/vibralingconcrete,
working up cxpoccd surfaces in moulds.
marking tops with caslingdalc, slopping holes/
honeycombingallErstfking moulds,curing by cum Mason
kccping i m m c r r d in curing unk,and sucking Mardwr
finishcd precast concrctc articlcs ready ror u$c Bhisti
in work, (labour lor iahricating moulds and Vibrator
rcinforccmcnt cage not included). (machine)
61. Hztndling, hoisting and lixing prccast lintcls cum Mason

upto 3 m hcight. including bedding in m o r m . Mazdoor
62. -Dilto- window cills -ditto- cum Mason

Mardoor
63. -Ditto- bcdplatcs, copings and kcrbs in roof cum Mason,

including jointing and pointing a9 ncccssary. Mazdwr
64. Handlingandplacinginpositionductcovcrs75 cu m Mason

mm thick. MYdoo;
65. Handling and fixing rmdsidckcrbsandconcrcle Cum Mason

bonders in slonc masonry. Mazdwr
F O R M W O R K AND C E N T E R I N G
Note : Formwork afrer inirial fabricarion can be u.wd befween 6 to 16 limesagain where reperirive operarionsarepossible.
The labour (and marerial) consranls vary widely with the number of repetitive operations possible i n the some or
orhersiresof work. Very oflen.for non-repeririveoddshapeslsizes rhe conrranrs willhave lo be workedourfor single
use.
Three operarions are involved, i.e. initialfabrication forfirsr we.fuing i n place for rhefirsr and each subsequent
rcurc,ondsrrippinglcleadnglPreparin8 for each reuse. On an average the labour limeforfuing isaboul409b more
than the timefor intialfabricalion, and labour rimeforsrrippinglcleaninglprepan'ngfor reuse is abou130% less than
the rime for inirial fabricarion.
Where readymade sreelformsandpropsare usedasin the case ofsoffilsofslabs, very negligible lime w i l l be required
i n initial fabrication for the morninallodd
" areas, and the number o f reuses w i l l be several rimes more rhan (he
possible reuses of rimberlplywoodformwork.
When using a combinarion of plywood, timber scanllings, ballies and steel clampslbolrs rhe labour constants
expressed in terms of rhe marerials used can be taken as/ollows for a labour ream of one carpenter and 415 th
mazdoor (represenring 5 carpenters and 4 helpers).
Material First use Subsequent use

Plywwd 0.33 hours per sq m 0.16 hours per sq m
Timber scantlings 20 hours p c r c u m 10 hours per cu m
Props 1 4.15 hours each 0.10 hours each
56
LADOUR CONSTANTS
FORMWORK AND CENTERING (contd)

Note : The labow consranis given helow are fur ench q m of area of formwork in conracr wiih concrere and include
for fabrrcaring, erecting, propping, ,srripping, cleaning nnd reusing, und tuke inro considerarion 16 uses after
initial fuhricatiun. They are nor op~~licable
fnr readymade .rteel f0rrn.s~
I
I I
I
/
L+xlur conswnl
Catcgory , in days (of 8 9. ; i i Category
' Labour c o n s ~ u ~ t
in d3y s (of 8
SI. ;
No. 1 Ilcm I of labour( hours) per sq 111 No. I Item I of labour hours) per sq m
I
! / of formwork of f(1rmwork
645. Foundalrons, fwtingc, ha.m 73. Slabs/folding plalcs cay1 at an

of columns, plinth beams Carpenlrr (1.13 incl~nat~on of more than 3CP Carpenter 0.57
and mass concrete. Mardoor 0.13 (area of soffit n~usured). Madwr 0.50
67 Cc1lur1111shafts, other than
circular or curved on plan.
('arpenlcr
Mnzdoor 0.211
I 74. Edges of slabs and breaks in
floor (upto 20 cm deplh)
Carpcntcr
Mazdwr
0.07
0.05
1
015
68. -Ditto but cucular or curved Carpenter 0.38 75. .Ditto ahove 20 cm in depth Cilrpcnler 0.W
on plan. Ma~dunr 025 Maulwr 0.05
69. Wallslpanilions and squarcl 76. Slairc;lscs(sof~ils/i.dgesIri~enCilrpcnlcr 0.30
r c c l a n.
~ u l a r shafts and Cmcntcr 0.25 of steps and waist slab). Mazdwr 0.17
chimneys. Maydoor 0.20
77. Vertical finslsun bre&crs. Cwnlcr 0.56
70. Sides and sof[ils of beams1 Capcntcr 0.30 Iouvrcs etc. Mardoor 11.50
lintels. Mazdmr 0.20
78. Chullah hoods, wealher
7 1. Soffits of slabs for flwrlroofl Carpenter 0.23 shades, chajjas, corhcl w d thc Carpenter 0.45
landings. Mazdoor 0.20 Ilke. Ma~dwr 0.40
72 Soffits of slahs and 79. Cornices/mouldiogs, 20 cm
fnldlng plates upto 30° Cxpcntcr 0.34 dcplh. 40 cm girth upto 10 cm Carpenter 0.16
inclination. Mazdoor 0.25 projeclion. Mazdoor 0.16
REINFORCEMENT FOR CONCRKTK

The labour for providing reinforcement in follow~ngloculrons consists of rwo muin operations and rhc bzbour r i m
required for them is in the following proparrion :-
Foundations, hascs of Suspended I Bcams, lintcls, colurnns Links
Operation columns, plinth bcams slabs I Walls staircases, fins, chajjas stirrups,
machine bases and the like ! and the like & spacers.
Cut to requircd sizc &
hend to shape. 50 7% A9 % 42 % 44 % 47 %
Place in position & tic
wilh m.s. wire 50 % 51 % 58 % 56 53 %
Following labour constants are applicable for c u t r i n ~ bending,

, f a h r i c a t i n ~ ,placing in posirion and fyint wirh m s .
wire nr each inrersccrion, reinforcemenr w i n g plain roundideformeditorsr~~lh o r r ~
Labour constant in one Blacksmith and one Mazdwr
SI. 1
!
Diameter of
~ p -
Foundations, column1
~
' Beams. lintcls.

No. 1 bars u x d machine h a m , plinth
I beams & colurnns
6 mm dia
8 mm dia
10 mm dia
12 mm dia
16 mm dia
IR mm dia
20 mm dia
22 mm dia
& above
.-.-odonr u constonr nf I day per quinrul irre.vpeclive of diameter of bar, and loc~rtion.
57
LAROUR CONSTANTS
Reinforcrn~ent Using Hard Drawn Steel Wire Fabric
1.abour consl:int in hours per sq m Tor a warn consisting of one Hlacksm~lhand one Madr*,r [or
SI. j Using steel Lp~~-- rcinfi>rccyntusinghard drawn stecl wire fabric in folluwin~ituations.
No. ' S3bric of ,
I ~ o u n d a u o n san& '..' , ~ a c h i n ' c 'Beds,roads-nd&-' i Walls Casings to
weight :- bascs of columns foundadons & footpaths flmrs and roofs steelwork
88. Not exceeding 0.09 0.11 0.10 0.13 0.15 0.17
?kgpcr.qm
89. 2 to 4 k~ per sq m 0.10 0.12 0.11 0.14 0.16
90. 4 to 8 kg per sq m 0.11 0.13 0.12 0.15 0.17
91. For raking crilting and circular culling on hard d n w n stccl wlre fabric uscdas rcin~orccmcnl,c x l n liihour lime of 0 0 9 and
0.11 hours per running m e w rcspc~livclyshould k added ovcr and :!hove the c o n s u n s givcn at s1 No. 88 to 9 0 ahovc.
NO.'
Description ol' work ! Unit of work
Calcgory of
lahour
Labour days (01'8 hours) pcr unit
Ccment
mortar
Limc morwr or Mud
ccmcnl limc lnorlor mort:!r
92. Mixing m o m by hand, any proportion cu nl hlazdwr 1.00 1.33 0.711

Bhisli 010 0.10 0.35
Bullock (with driver) - 0.33
93 hlixing cemcnt mortar by machinc. in any cu in Mardoor 0.36

pruportion. Hhlsti 0.10
M ~ x c machine
r 0.07
Mixcr o p e n u ~ r 0.07
BRICKWORK
L a b u r c o n s m t in days ( o f X hi~iirs)
St. Unit of
No. Dcxrir!ion of work wrrrl:
per unu of work -
I I 1 Mason 1 Mtz<lrx>r Ilhi\tj
Note : Labour conxlanrs givcn bc!,.,.j,,r mns@n'slime may be reduced

by 6% when using rnnduli~r11rii.l.t
94. Brickwork in mud mortar (excluding iiibour in mixing mud morlxr) in :.

(a) Soundalions and plinlh ... ... ... cu m
( h ) supcrslructure upto 3 m hcight obuvc plinth .. . cu m
95. Brickwork, one brick or more in thickness, in ccmcnr, or llrne or ccment

limc mortar (excluding labour in mixing thc morlar), in :-
(a) foundations and plinth ... ... ... cu m
(11) supersvuclurc ... ... cu m
96. Add to constants in item 95(b) for brickwork in :-

(I) square I rectangular pillars ... ... . .. cu m
(il) circular pillars (including culling/drcssing bricks) ... cu m
(iil) wall, curved on plan to llcss than 6 m r~ilius(-do) cu m
(iv) plain archcs uplo 6 m span (allow carpcntcr's time
@ 2.25 sq m pcr cu m fur 40 cm thick arch) ... cu m
(v) gauged irrchcs using special arch bricks (allow -do-) cu m
(VI) Walls w ~ t hfac~slitpcccdtoaslupcmarc ilun 1 in4 ( i J c c u t t i n ~
dressing bricks) - Arca of Wpercd face lo be mcasurd. sq m
LABOUR CONSTANTS
Unit of
Labour constant in days ( o f 8 hours)
$1.
Descriplion of work per unit of work
No work
Mason Mazdwr I Bhisti
97. Brick-tile masonry work in suprslructure, one brick~tile and over in

thickness (excluding labour in mixing m o m ) ... cu m
98. Brick-tile masonry work in 5 cm thick walls (excluding -do-) ... sgm
W. Brickwork in half brick thick walls using old size bricks ( d o - ) ... Wm
100. Brick walls with bricks laid on edgc using old site b r i c k (-do-) ... W In
101. Honeycombed half brick thick walls using old size bricks ( d o ) ... sq In
102. Forming orick band. 5 cm projection. depth equal w one layer of
brickwork.(excluding labour in mixing morm.) .. . ... m
103. Closing end of cavity wall with half brick wall (-do-) ... m
104. Forming50 to 75 mm cavity forcavity walls inc1udingpmvidingm.s. ties
(3 ties per sq m) and painting tics with bitumen. ... ... W In
105. Cutting toothing and bonding new brick wall to existing. ... sq m
106. Bcdd~ngdooilwindow frames in mortor (excluding labour in mixing
mortar. ... ... ... ... 10m
107. Polniing dwrlwindow frames in morwr (-do) - Each side measured. 10m
108. -Ditto- but in maxtic - Each side mczurcd. . .. ... l0m
109. Parging and coring to flues (cowdung - mud - ccmcnt mixture) ... 10 m
110. Raking out joints and flush pointing simullancously with brickwork. ... sq m
11 1. Fixing only holdfasrs. ... ... ... ION0
112. Tarring and randing to holdfa~l?. ... ... ... 10No.
113. Forming fair finished channels in concrete. 30 cm girth. ... 10 m
114. Add or deduct u, itcm 113 for each 2.5 cm girth more or less. ... 10m
115. Laying DPC 15 to 20 mm thick with cement m o m (excluding labour in
mixing of mortar). ... ... ... sq m
116. Treating surface of concrete. DPC or plaster with water proofing liquid as
specified by manufacturer :-
(a) one coat work ... ... ... lOsqm
(b) two coat work ... ... ... 10sqm
117. Fixing, jointing and embedding AC lluc pipe 150 mm dia, in brickwork.
118. Cuttindchmphcring/rubbing bricks to shape, and fixing as projecting
drip courses at junction of r w f with. wall, plinth courses and the like
(excluding labour in mixing morlar). ... ... m
119. Prime surfaces, fix in position 12 mm thick impregnated fibre board in
expansion joint and finish with sealing compound (conslant is for 1 0 cm
deep joint. Other depths prc-ma). ... ... 100 m
120. Heatingand filling blowngrade bitumcn intoexpansionjoint2.5cm widc,
15 cm deep. ... ... ... ... 1 0 0 m
121. -Ditto- but using mixture of bitumen cement and sand. ... 100 m
122. Fabricate to shape and fix in posilion metal sheet in expansion joint. 250
mm ginh. ... ... ... ... m
123. Cut to required width and fix AC sheet as cover to expansion joinL ... m
124. Hcat and apply bitumen with brushes 10 DPC.and blind with sand. 1 0 sq m
125. 3 course damp prwfing treatment to b ~ S ~ r I I e n l $ / r ~ S e ~etc.
oirs ... 10sqm
126. 5 course damp proofirlg treatment to basemenls/reserfoirs etc. ... 10qm
127. 7 courses d i m - 10sq m
59
LABOUR CONSTANTS
SI. Unit of Labow consrant in days ( of 8 hours)

Description of work per unit of work -
No. work
Mason 1 Mazdoor
128. Cuuing chases in brickwork (per 10 cm girth) ... m 0.15 0.15

129. Cutting holes in brickwork (upto 50 sq cm on face)
130. Add for each additional 50 sq cm on face. ... { cmperdepth
10 0.15
0.06
0.15
0.06
131. Bedding wall-plates I I5 mm wide ... ... m 0.04 0.04
132. Beam filling ... ... ... ... m 0.05 0.05
PRECAST CONCRETE BLOCK MASONRY

133. Precast concrete block (solidor hollow) masonry work in foundationsand
plinth, built in any morlar (excluding labour in mixing mortar and in
manufacturing the precast blocks). ... ... ... cum
134. -Ditto- but in superstructure (excluding d o ) for walls and partitions of :-
(a) 20 cm nominal thickness ... ... cum
(b) I5 cm nominal thickness ... ... sq m

(c) 10 cm nominal thickness ... ... S4 m
135. Extra labcur over ilcm 134(a) for square/rcclangularcolumns ... cum
136. E x h labour over ilcm 133 for filling hollow blocks with sand. ... cu m
137. 7.5 cm (nominal) thick walls using gypsum partition d i d blccks built in
%mortar (excluding labour in mixing m o m and in manufacturing
blocks) ,.. ... ... ... sq m
STONE MASONRY
138. Random rubble (RR) masonry, uncourscd. laid dry in retaining walls.
abutments etc. ... ... ... ... c u m
139. RR masonry in foundationsand plinth (excluding labour in mixing m o m )
for:- ... ... ... ...
(a) ioundationsjplinth : :any kind of momr ... ...
(b) supers~ructurcin any kind of mortar ... ...
140. Exua labour over item 139 (a) or (b) for :-
(a) work brought up to courses ... ...
(b) walls curved on plan to a radius less than 6 metres ...
(c) work in square or rect;lngular columns ... ...

(d) work in uncoursed polygonal masonry ... ...
(c) work in uncoursed squmd rubble masonry ...

(0 work in reglular coursed, squvcd rubble masonry ...
(g) work in blwk-in-coursc masonry ... ...
(h) work in ashlar masonry ... ... ...
Note :- Lubour for facewnrk given in i l e m below ir ro be allowed for
each finished face of slone ~unllinfi.
141. Facework toRR masonry (uncourscd orbrought up tocourscs) for hammcr
drcssing to facc/bedz/join(sof face stones, in :-
(a) limestone or sandslone ... ...
(b) granite or uap stone ... ...
142. Faccwork lo polygonal rubblewalling (uncowscdorbmughtuptocoursc)
for hammer drcssing lo facc/beds/)oinLr of face stoncs. in
(a) limestone or wndstonc ... ...
(b) granilc or uap <tone ... ...
hO
LABOUR CONSTANTS
Labour constant in days ( o f 8 hours)

$1. Unit of
No. Description of work pcr unit of work
work
Mason I &dm
143. Facework to squared rubble walling (uncoursed or brought up to courscs)

for hammer dressing to fnce/beds/joints of face stones in :-
(a) limestone or sandstone ...
@) granite or trap slone ...
144. Facework to regular coursed squared rubble masonry for dressing lo face/
beds/joinls of face stones in :-
(a) limestone or slndstone ...
(b) granite or trap slone .~.
145. Facework to block-in-coursc masonry.. regular coursed for dressing to

fac&cd/join~sof face swnes in :-
(a) limestone or sandstone ... ... ...
01)granlu or trap stone ... ... ...
146. Facework to ashlar ma5onry in
(a) limestone or sandstone ... ... ...
(b) grllnilc or Lrep Stone ... ... .,.
147. Extra over ikms of facework for cxlcrnal angles (for quoins and jambs)
in :-
(a) RRIpolygonal rubble uncoorsecl or brought up to courszs
(b) squared rubhlc maxonry uncounul/hrought up to course
(c) squared rubble regular coursed masonry ... ...
(d) hlock-in-course masonry.. . ...
(e) ashlar mzonry ... ... ...
148. 40 lo 50 mm thick red or while self-faced lime/sandstone lining (veneer

work) to faces of walls, including dressing to edges and cutting to sire.
backing and jointing in mortar and pointing in cement ...
149. Fixing gunmetal clamps or coppcr pins (including making charcs) for
anchoring stone slabs in wall lining to backing or for securing to adjacent
slabs of wall lining. ... ... ...
150. Cutting opening through slow walls for doors, windows clc.. or f ~ r
enlargingexistingopenings,convc~ingeaisting windows to doorsand Ll~e
like, including shorindundcrpinning as rcquircd nad remm 8 1 t dcbr~s
~ off
the premises ... ...
151. Forming jazbs (in courxd/uncour~,~~I f~iasonry)to ncwl) L opcning in
existing walls, including cutting Luuthrng and bonding to old woik. facing
and pointing to match existing (each face of jamb). ... ...
152. Making good under cills or over lintels includmg all pinning as necessary
forncwly cut openings in stone walls (measured for lopor bottom of linleU
cill in concact with wall) ... ... ...
153. Cutting toothing and bonding new brick or stone walls to exisling wall
built in lime or cement monar (measured for vertical face of new wall in
contact with old) ... ... ... ...
154. Marble work, dressed, lable rubbed and polished, in steps, window cills.
jambs, pillars and wall linings cv., 25 lo 50 mm thick, $3joinled and
piiltcd, in C C I ~ I morlar.
~ ~ ~ I ... ... ...
155. Stonekerbofroughly quared stonesofsize20cm a30cm incross-section.

finely hammerdressed at top and roughly hammer-drcsstd at sidcs and
ends, set joinled and pointed in cement and sand monar (using smes
roughly squared to site at quarry)
156. -Ditto- but of size 15 cm x 30 cm in cr&\-xction. ... ...
LABOUR CONSTANTS 61
SI. Unit Categoty Labour constants in days

No. Description of work of of (of eight hours) p r unit of work
work labour
WOODWORK (Carpenter's Work)
Notes :Labour constants for carpenler's work vary considerably with the species, grains and workability of timber.
thinner and thicker sections used, location, qualify of work erc. Constonts given below are for the likely
average ourpur.
All constants given are applicable to work done on hardwood. For work on softwood reduce the consrants by
33%.
The category 'helper' given in the constants for carpenter's work denotes an apprentice carpenter
Clean sawn Wrought

157. Timber in scantlings (ie exceeding 5 cm thick and not
exceeding 20 cm thick in bcih directions) in unframed work ,,, Carpenter 3.30 6.M
m in flwrlceiling joisls, common/jack/valley/hip rafters Helper 3.30
! 6.M
and purlins in mf and the like.
I
158. -Diuo- but in framed wwk as in roof Wm, trimmer and i
Dimming joists. frames for panitions etc.. which require ,,, Carpenter 7.60 10.90
mortice and monhusk tenoddevetailed joints. Helper 5 nn
Cross section in sq cm
Excdg Excdg I Excdg
Upto 3& 6& 1 1 3 &
3 I upto i upto uplo
1 6 1 1 3 25
159. Timber in clean sawn fillels fixed with nails (for work using 10 m Carpenter 0.13 0.16 0.26 0.40
fillets cut to required cmss s t i o n at sawmill). Helper 0.06 0.08 0.13 0.20
160. -Ditto- but wmught ... ,.. ... 10 m Carpenter 0.24 0.27 0.40 0.56
Helper 0.11 0.13 0.19 0.27
161. Extra over item 160 if fillets nre fixed with countersunk 'MX I0 mXCarpenter
I 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.15
srews ... ... ... ... Helper 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.06
162. Nailing clean sawn roof battens to common raflere for tiling
in roof (Allow 0.01 day per .qm faitms (a) to (e) below
for helper)
(a) batlens nailed 15 cm clc ... ... sqm Carpenter 0.07
(b) battens nailed 20 cm clc ... ... sq m Carpenter 0.06
(c) kttens nailed 25 cm c/c ... ... sq m Carpenter 0.05
(d) battens nailed 30 cm c/c ... ... sq m Carpenter 0.04
(e) battens nailed 35 cm clc ... ... sq m Carpenter 0.03
163. Timber boarding with buU joints for sides and ends. edges Clean Planed I Planed
sawn on one on both
shot not requiring any framing, fixed with nails.
s~de sides
For thickness of boarding :-
(a)15mm ... ... sq m Carpenter
Helper
sq m Carpenter
0.09
0.05
0.10
0.19
0.09
0.20
'/
I 0.27
0.13
0.28
Helper 0.05 0.09 0.13
sqm Carpenter 0.12 0.22 0.29
Help 0.06 0.11 0.14
sqm Carpcnm 0.16 0.26 0.34
Helper 0.06 0.11 0.14
sqm Carptnm 0.21 0.31 0.39
Hem 0.08 0.14 0.17
164. Exw w w item 163. if W n g is pinted with tongue and
gmr~cdpints (In itcm 164 (a)and @) below add klpefs
rime at the rate of half the anstants given for carpnter)
0.22 0.22
(a) 15 to 25 mm ... sqm Carpenter 0.25 0.25
(b) 30 to 40 mm ... =I"' Carpenter
62 LABOUR CONSTANTS
Unit Category Labour conslants in days
SI. of of 'l-nickness of hoarding m mm
Description of work
No.
work labour 15 ( 20 / 25 / 30 40 1
165. Extra ove item 163 if boarding is fixed with countersunk screws. sq In Carpenter 0.W 0.M 0.09 0.1 1 0.15
Helper 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.09
1 s . Extra over item 163 if hoarding is fixed to ceilings from below.
or if fixed in shelves/built-in-cupboarddpelmctsand the like not sq m Carpenter 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03
involving framed work. Helper 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
167. Extra over item 163 if boarding is framed with dovetailed or
similarjoints before fming. sq m Carpenter 0.21 0.21 0.22 0.22 0.24
WOODWORK (Joinery)
Note : Constants are forw r k done on hardwood. For work on softwood reduce constants by 33%. The category 'Helper'in
joinery consfants denotes sent-skilled carpenter. Joinery constants include for planing surfaces all over.
Unit Category Labour

SI.
No.
Description of work of of m s l a n t in
work labour days
168. Plain, solid, straight doorlwindow chowkats (frames) including any transomes and
mullions, wrought. framed, rebated on the solid, roundcd/champhcred, grooved for plaster c u m Carpenter
key where required, pints put wgether with glue and pinned, including fixinglerecting. Helper
Note: I n ifem 168 the proportion of lobolu required in fabricaion fo the labow
requiredin f i i n g may be r o k n as 4 : f .
169. Extra over item 168 for making additional rehatc for second shutter, c u m Carpenter
i70. Cutting notches in hardwood chowkats for housing fixed glass louvers (each venical length
of chowkat measured). perm Carpenw
171. Fabricating and fitting in p l x e skeleton shutters, without sash bars, open rebated and
pvepared to m i v e glass, wire gauze etc., fitted with shaped, cut and mitred timber beads
for securing glass, wire gauze etc.. :-
(a)25lo35mmthick ... .,. ... ... sq m Carpenter
Helper
sq m CarLJcnm
Helper
172. All as in item 171 above but devided into squares with sash bars :- .
(a)251035mmthick ... ... ... ... sq m Carpenter
Helper
s q m Carpenter
Helper
173. Deduct fmm item 171 if cut and mitred bcads are not re4uled.
174. Deduct from item 172 if cut and milred e d s are not required.
175. Fabricating and fitting in place ledgedand battened shutters using 15 to 25 mm thick batlens. sqm Carpenter
Helper
176. Fabricating and Rtung m place ledged, hnred and banened shutten using 15 14 25 mm sqm Carpenter
rhicl battcns. Helper
177. Fabricating and fitling in place framed, Iedged, b r a d and W e n e d shutters using
I5 to 25 mm thick battens.
178. Fahimting and Ruing in place, plain, framed panelled shutrers. with panels flat on
both sides:. (a) having styles and rails 25 u, 35 mm thick ... ...
@) having styles and rails 40 to 50 rnm thick ... ...
~eiper 0.50
179. Add to items 178 (a) and (b) for raised timber panels with bevelled or champhered margins
on one side of the shutttr ... ... ... ... sq m Carpwttr 0.25
180. -Ditto- on both sides of the shuacr .... .,. ... sq m Carpenter 0.50
LABOUR CONSTANTS 63
Unit Category Labour

91.
Description of work of of cnns~anusm
No. labour
work days
181. Marginal planing to Edges of shutters 14 fit them within rebates of chowkats including
hanging shutters and easing. ( f a any type of flush, panelled. b a u d or skeleton shutter q m Carpenter
of any thickness made of hard or softwood. Fixing hinges paid separately). Helper
182. Fixing only Radymade flm level kiohen storage unitsof sLe0.5 m bng.0.90 to 1.25 m Each Carpenler
high. and 0.5 lo 0.75 m deep. including plugging and securing IOwalk. Helper
183. -Di& hut for wall units 0.50 m long. 0.80 m high and 0.30 to 0.40 m deep, Each Carpenter
including -ditto- Helper
184. Making and fixing hardwood draining boards to design ... ... sq m Carpenter
185. Turner's work on hardwood in making balusters, newel posts, table legs and the like.
including Cuing in position :-
(a) f a sections uptn 15 mm dia ... .., ... perm Turner
Carpenter
@) for sections exceeding 15 and not exceeding 25 mm dia ... ... perm Turner
Carpenter
(c) for sections e x d i n g 25 and not exceeding 50 mm dia ... ... perm T u m ~
Carpenter
(d) for sections larger than 50 mm dia (maximum ginh x length) ... sq m ~umer
Carpenler
186. W n g and fixing timber smirs. 1 m wide and 3 m rise pcr flight consisling of one wall
suing. one outcr string, risers and trtads housed into strings, handrail on balusters, and per Carpenter
newel post as necessary, all timber wrought and f m e d and fixed complete. ... flight Helper
187. Making and fixing newel posts to design (not requiring w i n g ) upto 100 sq cm in crass perm Carpenter
section. Helper
1x8. -Ditto- but exceeding IW and uplo 160 sq cm in cross section. perm Carpenter
Helper
189. Wall handrail lo shape, made out of 50 mm x 50 mm overall cross sectlon. hollowed for per m Carpenler
handgrip. screwed to hardwood plugs or m.3. brackets embedded in wall. ... Helper
190. Handrails. rounded or shaped. with splayed faces in straight length and fixcd. upto perm Carpenter
50 sq cm in cross-section. ... ... ... ... Helper
191. -Di& but upto 75 sqcm in cms-section. ... ... ... per rn Carpenter
Help
192. Extm over items 190 and 191 for sinking at bottom for flat iron a r c . ... . perm Carpenter
193. Carving and fixing 900 ramps or knces in hnndrdils. ... ... ~ a c h Carpenter
194. Carving and fixing 1800 ramps or kness in handrails (as in doglegged stairs) ... Each Carpenler
' Sundry Labours - Joiner's Work '
SI. Description of work Unit of Carpenlcr $1. Description of work Unit of Carpenter
No. work days N,, work days
195. Planing by hand and wing up to 201. Champhcrs i mundcd edges ( upto
scantlings and fillets. sq m 0.14 25 mm ginh) m 0.02
1%. Raking cutting (per 25 mm of 202. Moulding. plain (ditto-). m 0.04
thickness) m 0.06 203. Wrought ends of t i m k (per 50 mm
197. Circular cutting (-dim-) 0.12 girth of end cross-section). Each 0.04
m
204. Boring holes for bolts upto 20 mm dia
198. Tongue and grooved joints (ditto-) m 0.06
@er 15 mm thickness of timber bored). Each 0.01
199. Rcbated joints (diuo-) m 0.05 205. Countersinkingforheadsofbolts or for
200. Forming rebates or grooves nuts. Each 0.02
(tw 25 mm ginh) m 0.03 206. Notching for cross timbers. Each 0.02
M LABOUR CONSTANTS
SI. SI.
I
1 Labour
NO.
Description of item fixed constants No, Dexription of item fixed I constants
p~
in days I in days
BUILDER'S HARDWARE
Notes : Labour consranis nre in days of work by skilled corpenrer, and are for fuing one arlicle of builder's hardware
ro herdwood, wirh screwr. For work in fuing ro sofrwood the constantr may be reduced by 33%.
207. Barrel tower bolt or skeleton tower bolt of : 1 218. Tce hinge uplo200 mm length ... 0.05
(a) 75 to 100 mm s i x ... 0.03 1 219. Ditto- 3OO to 400 mrn length ... 0.06
(b) 125 to 300 mm size ... 0.05 1 220. Double action spring hinge of any she ... 0.07
(cj 375 to 450 mm stze ... 0.06 / 221. BOW handle of any size ... 0.01
(d) 600mm size ... 0.07 1 222. Mortice latch or rim latch ... 0.18
208. Sliding (aldrop) d m bolt uplo 300 mm size 223. Cuphoard lmk ... ,.. 0.07
with harp and staple (suitable for use with pad- 224. Drawer l ~ k ... ... 0.05
I ~ k sfixed
) partly with nuts and bolB and panly
with screws. ... ... ... 0.07 225. Carement smy, any size ... ... 0.02
209. Boll cccket(thimble) kt intobricUslonclconcrete 226. Fanlight catch wirh pivoc and plate ... 0.07
including cutting chases and grouting in. o.M 227. Drawer pull ... ... 0.02
210. Fixing bolt sraple to wood. ... 0.01 1 228. Hat peg or coat hook ... ... 0.02
21 1. Butt hinge 25 to 75 mm size. ... 0.04 229. Wire haok and eye ... ... 0.01
230. Ilasp and staple, any size ... ... 0.07
212. Bun hinge 1W to 125 mm sizc. . . . . 0.06
231. Finger plate ... ... 0.02
213. Parliament hinge, any size. ... 0'06
232. Towel rail including a pair of brackets plugged
214. Piano hinge (per metre length). ... 0.14
towalls ... ... ... 0.06
215. Floor door stopper fixed in fl~mr, 0.07 1 233. Ball cstch for cupboard s h u w 0.02
216. Galvanised wire cloth a gauze fixed in squares to

open rebated joinery (cons~antper y m).
217. Knob. ... ...

0.20
... 0.02
I 234. Hydraulic door closer
timber frames (conslant per sq m)

236. Fixing magic eye @eep hole)
...
235. Firing XPMor wirenetting 12 to IS mm mesh to
,..
...
0.05
0.07
0.05
METALWORKER
1 Unit 1 Labour consrant in days

SI.
No. 1 Ikscription of work
I work
237. Mild sleel sheets, plain. upto 1.6mm thick, blxkor galvanid, in cladding to walk
or gates. fixed with screws/nailslnvets to timber M steel framcs with joinfs rivetmi
or welted ., . ... ... ... ... sq m 0.12 0.12
238. -Dine- but in heanhs, chullah hoods, water tanks, water mughs. ducts, funnels
etc.. fixed with do- ... ... ... ... ... W In 0.28 0.28
239. Add to item 237 if cormgated sheets are used ... ..~ ... Yl m 0.03 0.03
240. Expanded metal or welded s m l fabric. cut to length, bent to shape, tied wilh wire or
fixed wilh metal staples to wmden or srecl members. (Fixing coverledge stips of
timbcr or metal not irrcluded) ... ... ... ... kg 0.08 0.08
2Al. Fixing only chain link fencing of any size or type, including line wires. (Erecting
poleshails nM included) ... ... .., ... sqm 0.03 0.06
2/12, Plainastrandedmildstecl galvanised wire incanle fencing,including sminingand 100 m of
fixing u, poles of steel timber or concrete. wire run 0.10 0.45
243. Two strand barbed w h of any description in fencing including m i n i n g and 100 m of
Cuing to ditto- ... ... ... ... ... w i r e m 0.15 0.75
LABOUR CONSTANTS ric
Unit Labour conslants i n days ,

$1.
Description of work of T Maon/ ;
No.
I work Filter I i MW~CXN
carpentcr
244. Erection and fixing only of collapsible steel dmr/gate tophung,
including fixing top and bottom runners, holdfasu, lugs etc.,
complete. ... ... .-. sqm 0.05 0.25 0.50
245. Erection and fixing only of steel rolling shuuer made up of inter
locking sleel laths, including guides, top cover, locking
mangemcnt etc.. any type. ... ... ... sq m 0.30 0.15 0.45
246. ErectJon and fixing only of steeValuminium windows of any
description to lugs in masonry or screwed to wooden plugs/rough
grounds (excluding fabrication. glazing, painting and pointing
withmastic U, edges) ... ... .. sqm 0.10 0.20
227. Erection and fixing only of steel doors to lugs/holdfast tmhedded
in masonrylconcrctc (excluding -do.) ... ... ym 0.15 0.20
218. Erection and fixing oS aluminium doors including any sidelights
to lugs/holdSasts embeddcd in masonry or fixing wi!h screws to
wwden plugslrough grounds, (excluding -do-) ... ... sq m 0.10 0.15 0.20
--
-
Black-
smith
I
-
Labour conslant
Fiuet/
welder
in
Masod
carpcrater
/
-days
. pcr-- qutnkd
HCC~I i
-
semistil;cd1Mazdoor
labourer , I
-.
.
249. Fixing only c u t iron articles like brackets gully traps. graungs, 1
railings, frames and manhole covers, f i e / m t doors, valve boxes I
I
andhelikc ... ... II

1
250. Purpose made mild steel bolts exceeding 30 cm long, including 1
square or hexagonal head, screw-threaded one or both ends, nuts
and washers etc, complete ...
(i) 10 or 12 mm dia
(a) Fabrication ... ... 7.00 3.00
(b) Fixing ... ...
I
(ii) 14 to 20 mm dia
(a) Fabrication ...
(b) Fixing ... ...
i
(iii) Excee.'ing 20 mm dia
(a) Fabrication
(b) Fixing
...
...
.
...
i
I
I
2.25
-
~j I
-
060
Ii
/
2.50
0.50
251. Small aniclcs likc holdfmts, hooks for ceiling fans, twdthrce way
suaps for wooden ~usses.angle cleals, wall ties. bands/suaps/slays
for Gxin'g pipeslgulters, pintle hinges, large hasp and staples, hand
made shding bolls and the like
(a) Fabrication ... ...
(b) Fixing ... ...
252. Chimney bars, bearers. tongues w water bars of window frames.
windowguardbars,unframedTorLscctionsupportsforshelvesctc..
(b) Fixing ... ...
253. Railings, flat iron core for woodenlplastic handrails. wind ties.
fencing posWsstruts, filleu for securing weldmesh ctc..
(b) Fixing ... ...

66 LABOUR CONSTANTS
Labour consrants in days per quintal

SI. i
i
Black- Fitter1 I Masorll
No. 1 Description of work
smilh weldw carpenter
labourer
254. Framd work as in grills, gratings, framed guard bars, ladders etc..
including necessary forging, welding, bolting, rivetling erc.. :-
Fabrication ... ... ... 3.85 1.90 3.85 3.85
Fixing ... ... ... 1.75 1.75
255. Framed work as in compound gales, wicket gates etc.. having

purposemade pintle-hinges, stops, sliding bolts, locking
arrangement etc., including -do-
Fabrication ... ... ... 4.50 1.90 4.50 3.85
Fixing ... ... ... 0.50 1.25 0.50 1.25
256. Small framed brackets madc out Of rolled steel sections including
-do- (weight not exceeding 10 kg per bracket) :-
Fabricadon ... ~.. ... 3.40 1.65 3.40 3.40
Fining ... ... ... 1.90 1.90
257. Structural steelwork in rolled sled single sections. cut, hoislcd

and fixed independanlly in position without connecting plates
Fabrication ... ... ... 0.25 0.10 0.20
Ercction and fixing ... ... ... 0.27 1.40
258. Structural steelwork in mainkross beams. hipljack rafters, purlins,

raildguides for sliding doors elc.. fued with cleatskonnecting
plates including necessary bolting, rivelling, weklingctc.
Fabrication ... ... ... 0.45 0.30 0.30 0.40
Erection and fixing ... ... ... 1.30 0.45 1.50
259. Plate girders qr stanchions built up of single sections with flange

plates, caps, bases, splices, angle brackets. cleats and other
connections including -do-
Fabricadon ... ... ...
Etectlon and fixing ... ... ...
260. Compound / lattice girders and stanchions. slagings for water tanks
ek.. built "p from two or more rolled sleel sections including caps.
bases. splices, brackets, gusset plates elc., including -d*
Fabrication ... ... ...
Erection and fixing ... ,.. ...
261. Framing for cladding or nonh light glazing, etc.. out of mlled sml
sections fixed with angle cleats, connecting piates, gussels clc..
including - d o
Erection and fixing ... ... ...
262. Framed steel rwf trusses, lrusscd purlins, crane ganuim. heavy
bracket frames with cleats, gusset plates ex., including - d o
Erection and fixing ... ... .,.
263. Mild sleA framed, hlnged M sliding gam/doorr made up of rolled
steel sections wilh gussets, rails. braces. hinges. stops, locking
devices elc.. including -do- (stel sheet cladding and running rails/
guides considered sepamely)
Fixing ... ... ...
LABOUR CONSTANTS 67
$1. ;
No.
I
I
1 Description of work 11 $:"

work
Labour conslants in days
Skiiledr M
!tradesman
I
a 0
bhisti
07
ROOFlNG AND RAIN WATER GOODS

261. Corrugated mild stecl sheeting. any gauge. black or galvaniscd laid with 1 or 1.5
corrugation side lap, fixed with coach wrcws and washen in m f s o r cladding to walls. sq m 0.08 0.07
265. - D o but fixed with J or L shaped hook bolu and n u s . with bitumen and galvaniscd
limpet washcrs ... ... ... ... S9 m 0.10 0.09
266, Extra ovcr items 264 and 265 for fixing curved sheels. of any radius (as in Niswn
h u s . Lahore sheds ctc..) ... ... ... ... S9 m 0.02 0.02
267. Extra ovcr items 264 and 265 if sheets are secured lo each othcr by bolting or
rivelliny at :-
(a) side laps, at 20 cm c/c ... ... ... metre 0.03 0.03
(h) cod laps. at each corrugation . .. ... ... mctre 0.08 0.08
268, Extra over i t e m 264 and 265 for :-
(a) raking culling at hipsJvallcys clc.. or s q w c citting and waste
at abutumcr~u ... ... ... ... mewe 0.04 0.03
(b) circularcutting ... ... ... meue 0.06 0.05
269. Plain mild sccel sheeting, any gauge, black or galvanised, in flashings, ridges, hips
and valley gutters (length x girlh) :-
(a) fabrication ... ... ... ... S9 In 0.23 0.10
(b) fixing ... ... ... ... S4 m 0.10 010
270. -Do-in semicircular caves gutter, 150 mm dia. fixed to flat iron brackets (brackets no1
included) :-
(a) fabricalion ... ... ... ... metre 0.09 0.09
(b) fixing ... ... ... ... metre 0.10 0.10
271. Exwa ovcr rrcm 270 for each internal or external angle. and drop end for connection lo
downtakc p i p includ~ngnecessary weltcd or soldered joints ex.. ... Each 0.23 0.10
272. -Do-bur for stopped end ... ... ... ... Each 0.14 0.07
273, Corrugated or %mi-corrugated AC sheelr in roof or cladding to walls, fixcd
wilh coach screws and washers ... ... ... ... sq m 0.10 0.09
273. -Do- b u ~fixcd with J or L s h a d hook bolu and nuts, wilh bllumen and galvanised
limp1 washcrs ... ... ... ... sq m 0.11 0.10
275. Extra over items 273 and 274 for :-
(a) raking culling at hipdvallcys ex.. or yuarc cultrng a1 abutmcnls.
vcrges ev.. ... ... ... ... metre 0.04 0.04
(b) circular cutting ... ... ... ... metre 0.05 0.05
'I.
No.
I
Description of work
1
I
Unit of
work %
1
~abourconsmt
in days
worker
fi&i"m
1 I
1
/ of work
Description
!
1 lq
1
Unit o
work
I hbour consmts
in days
Skilled Mazdwr
276. Fixing acccssorics of AC mot 277. Fixing AC rain water goods:-

sheeting :- (a) Eaves gutter mcue
(a) Ridgcs. any kind mcve 0.05 0.08 (b) Bounda~ywall or
(b) Apron pieces metre 0.12 0.15 valley gutler metre
(c)Bargcboar&andcomerpieces meuc 0.10 0.12 (c) All sp~cialsin (a) and
(d) NorUi light curves metre 0.08 0 10
(b) above Each
(c) ~ V C fillcr
S pioccs mew 0.06 0.07
(0 S lyae louvcrs meve 0.13 0.11 (d) Rain water p i p s any sizc metre
(g) Cowl typc vent Each 0.14 0.12 (c) AU spcials in (d)
(h) Ri2&efinial Each 0.07 0.09 except junctions Each
( j) Roof light Each 0.25 0.25 (0Junction, single Each
(k) Expansion joint in mof (g) Junction, dou6le Each
shoc~ing metre 0.08 0.10 (h) Rain water heads Each
Note : Consranrs in irem 277 include for fuing holder bars wherever appropriare.
68
LABOUR CONSTANTS
1 Unit Labour constant in days
-
1SI.
NO.
Description of work of
work
Skilled '
worker
Roof
tiler
, Mazdow/
1 bhisti
278. Fixing standard pipe holdcr hats to walls. comprising two semi-circular
halves of flat iron and c a t iron bace fixed to plugs. ... ... Each
279. Laying Manglore palrcrn rocf tiles (fixing batlcns excluded) ... S4 m
280. Laying ndgehip lilcs lu suit Manglorc tile roof, including bedding and
jo~nlingin limc or cement m o m . ... ... ... meue
281. Raking cutting to Manglorc tiles at hips and valleys. ... metre
282. Straight culling in -do- st abulmenls, chimney slacks/vcrges. ... mctrc
283. Bedding Manglorc tiles 21 eavedverges in lime/cemenl m o m . ... metre
284. Drilling holcs in eaves tiles and screwing to eavcs baltens. .. 100 Nos
2 i . 5 Slonc 4.1h r,mfi112(40 mm sl:ahs~IsJurr'r conrrtw or w x J c n , o ~ j & set
,
j ~ h p111ud
l 31 t ( ~ a11d
p \.11111 111 ccnlcni'ltllae intau.
286. AdUdeducc from item 285 for u c h variation of 5 mm thickness
287. 80 mm thick (average consolidated thickness) mud phuska on flat roofs.
including 25 mm thick mud plazrer and gobri leeping. ...
288. Add/dcduct from ilem 287 for cvcry variation of 10 mm thickness ....
289. Dcduct from item 22 if gubri lccping is not requ~rcd ... ...
290. Filling cinder and light ramming (in hollows for WC panslbths left for
future expansion.) ... ... ... ...
29 1. Grading flat roof surface by (mixing and) laying cindcr concrete, any mix.
lo requucd slope, finished even ... ... ...
292. Cultingoutcracksto Vshapeandgrouling wilh richcementmom(inlime
tcnacing/rwf slabsld.djoining pampels) ... ... ...
293. D o - but filled with a mixture of hot bitumen and sand after brushing the
crack wilh hot bitumen ... ... ...
294. Lime concretc lerracing in roof. includ~ngmixing lime concrcre, treated
wilh gur and belfruit. and round~ngjunctions with walls (lack coat of
bilumcn not included) ... ... ...
295. Extra over itern 294 for smooth uowcllcd finish ... ...
Skilled
worker
I Tarbitumen
sprayer bhisri
296. Tack coat of hot bilumen lo top of roof slabs, including prcpanuon of
surfaces (and blinding wilh pea gravel if ordered) ... ...
297. Priming rwl surface wllh hlluminous emulsion primer ... ...
298. Four wurse normal waterproofing ucatment consisting of first and third
courseof hotbitumencoat, secondcourseconsistingof bituminousfeltand
fourth course of gril/pea gravel blinding (grading of surface initially to
s l o p s not included) ... ... ... ...
299. Six course heavy watcrprwfing treaunent consisting of first, third and
fifth courses of hot bitumen coat. second and fourth courses consisting
of biluminous fclt and sixthlfinal course consisting of gnl/pea gravel
blinding (-d~lto-) ... ... ... ... S9 m
300. Cutting groove in wall and making g m d afler tucking in wa~erproofing
treatment ... ... ... ... ... meue
301. C.I. sccketed rain water pipes. fixed to walls, cement nom joints, u p t
150 mm din, including securing clampsholder bats ... ... meue
302. Acccssoricslspecials for C.I. sockeled pipes :-
(a) Offsets, bends, elbows. shoes, diminishing pieces, rain water
hcads etc. ... ... ... ... Each
(b) Branches single ... ... ... Each
(c) Rrnnrhes double ... ... ... Each
69
LABOUR CONSTANTS
I I Labour constant in days for a team of one
SI.
Description of work
No.
., nails
Unit of work : per square metre
CEILINGS, LININGS AND WALL BOARDING
Note : For work in narrow widths as in pclmets ond the like increase respective labour constants by 30%
303. A.C. building boards 4 to 7 mm thick, fixed with countersunk srews. holes
drilled, screw heads covered with plaster of paris ... ... 0.09 0.03
304. Fibre insulation boards, prlicle insulation boards and tiles @lain or
perforated). wood wool building slabs and the like. ... ... 0.05 0.07 0.02
305. W w d wwl building slabs fixed with hot blown type bitumen (Labour for a
team of one bitumcn worker, one mazdoor and one carpenter). ... 0.03
306. Standard or tempered hard board ... ... ... 0.08 0.02
307. Plywood of any description or thickness uplo 12 mm ... ... 0.05 0.07 0.03
308. Wood panicle boards,any type. up10 25 mm thick ... ... 0.04 0.06 0.03
309. Block board. any thicknes ... ... ... 0.08
310. Hessian clothlother textilcs fixed with mils ... ... 0.04 0.01
31 1. Mincral wool w glass fibre blankers, cut to required sizdshape and placed
in walls or ceilillgs as per manufacturer's insmlcuons ... ... 0.07
312. Decoralive laminates ('Formica' etc) fixed with adhesive u, timber or
timber based surfaces ... ... ... ... 0.35
- -
Unit of work : per meve

.. -
313. Fixing cover slrips of any material wilh screws over joints, including mites
at inlcrsections ... ... ... ... 0.01 0.01
PAVINGS AND FLOOR F ~ ~ S H F S ~ .-
- - ..-
.- Labour constants in days per sq m
(Constants in flooring section include for labour in mixing

Masodpaviour
- -~ 1
~azdoorhhisii"'
. .- ~
monar/concrete wherever relevant)

314. 75 mm thick lime concrete sub-base for flows ... ... 005 0.28
315. 100 mm thick cement concrete sub-base for floors ... ... 0.05 0.30
316. Addordcductfrom items314 and 315 forevery 5 mm Ulicknessoveror under. 0.01
317. 25 mm thick floor finishconsisting of ccmcnlconcreffilaid in bays to an even
finish ... ... ... ... ... 0.04 0.17
318. Extraover item 317 for :-
(a) Each 5 mm of additional thickness of floor finish ... 0.03
(b) finishing to a fine steel trowelled smooth surlace wilhout
using exm cement. ... ... ... 0.03 0.01
(c) -Do- hut using extra cement ... ... ... 0.02 0.01
(d) making chcqucred impressions ... ~., 0.01 0.01
(e) 2 lo 3 mm thick linishing coat wtth neat cement mined wilh
pigment and fine sand. stcel uowelled w a fine smooth surface
(machine polishing not included) ... ... 0.05 0.01
Note : L a b o w constunu given in items 317 and 318 ( a ) , (b) and (dj'alro upply to granolithic topping ofjlnors.
70
1,AROUR CONSTANTS
ur constants in
Sl Descrlptlon of work
No.
I
I
j l 9 . ,a) I 5 I I I thick
~ wearprmf topping, incorpor;lllild mculllc hnrlner lsuih a\ 'lrunite PIC .) uirh
yrmolitl~icconcrete n11.i. I J Iin~hays avd lin~qhcdf.ur and even with 3 steel trowel . ., 0M 0.15
(b) -Do- but 20 rnm thick ... ... ... ... ... 0.07 0.17
320. Treating flwr with three dressings of sodium silicatc solution ... ... 0.03
321. Brushing or sprinkling subfloors with ncat ccment slurry ... ... ... 11.01 0.01
322. (a) Precast concrete slabs 40 mm chick, in flooring, kddcd on 15 mm thick layer of m o m , jointed
and pointed flush (including labour in making precast slabs) ... ... 0.15 0.40
01) -Do- but 50 mm thick ... ... ... ... ... 0.16 0.45
(c) As in (II) above but except labour in making precast slabs ... ... ... 0.13 0.32
id) As in (b) above bul except -do- , .. ... ... ... 0.14 0.37
(e) Add to items (a) or @) above i f precast slabs are finished smwlh using extra cement ... 0.04 0.01
323. Brrck floor usinn old sile conventional bricks :-

(a) brickrlaid Ilat :
(i) laid dry on 25 rnm thick sand cushion, join& filled with sand ... 0.02 0.07
(ii) -do- but join& pointed flush in ccmenl mortar ... 0.07 0.16
(iii) bedded grouted and pointed flush ill same mortar as wnrk G e e e d s ... 0.09 0.18
(b) bricks laid on edge :

(i)As in (a) (i) above ... ... ... , .. 0.03 0.09
(ii) As in (a) (ii) above ... ... ... ... 0.08 0.17
(iii) As in (a) (iii) abovc .., ... ... ... 0.10 0.19
!:.I. Stone set1 pavlnp. ldld i d I ~ ~ n i i ~ or b n ep:llh'ni, il.ing done sells o i s i 7 ~?I) in 75 crll IOII~.
~ orhrr IS
111 20 L.ni wide and 15 cm dctp, k ~ l d c , on
l 20 111111 layer of mortar. 211 nllli jtllnls f111cd with mon?r
, ~ Lxd~n~xlure
LII of mrralli:. I~:~r.lcncr,.x d lintshed fl~lsh .. ... 0.85 0 10
325. Extra over ilem 324 for area of noor in edging using stone sells 45 cm deep ... ... 1.45 0.50
2 6 . Self faced srn~l.;r~,nrn~~nevw~lr

slabs 25 lo 411 mm rll,:k, hll,lc.d (asclage 15 lo 20 mm kal.llnp).
jolnud and yolnlcd in m y m o m (InCludlng n ~ q Jrc.s,ll~g
h and rqu.,nng rc rdls..) . . 0.lh 0.11
2 7 . Sclff3ced limcwnc \[I.I1 A* S l d h h ~ or

J Kud?pp.~h'.;Idhi 2 5 m 30 mu! hick (using rwdy p ~ l ~ c l i u l
slnbqnt I I ~ I I ~
s ~~ ~ l to 20 mm th~.:klayer u r h Lric flush po~nlrd
/ eI) kI d J r . d oICI joinivin ally nnms. 11 12 11.1 1
328. Add to item 327 i f in umds and nFcrs o f steps, and in skining ... ., . 0.06 0.05
329. Add to item 327 i f in dado ... ... ... .~. ... 0.10
Note on polisher :Labour conslanf given in I S : 7272 (Par1 I ) for mechine

polishin# @ 0.50 day per sq m of polisher and 0.40 day per sq
m ofpoiishing machine appears fo be much roo high ar per
[rode enquiries made wirh polishing sub-conrraclors,
Furrher, considering idle rime of machine, conrranr for the L
poli.rhcr ondpolrhmg machine m y be Ioken as some.
330. 10 mm thick lerraso casl in situ in floors. includ~ngcutting grinding and

polish~ng(underlayer and devider suips not included) ... ... 0.10 0.12 0.22
33 1. Add or deduct from ilcm 330 for each mm of h~ckncssover or under ... 0.005 0.015
332. Exwa over teffazo topping cast in situ, for work in :-

(a) bordcrslmarg~nsin different shade. 7 to 30 cm wick . .,
@) treadshisers of steps, and slurling @andpolished) ... ... 0.03 0.18 0.03
(c) dado (hand polished) ... .., ... ... 0.05 0.18 0.03
LABOUR CONSTANTS
Labour constans in days per sq m
SI. Description of work
No. Mason/ Polisher Mazdood
paviour bhisti
333. Recast cemenllterrau, tiles (initial machine cut to top surface given during
manufacturr in factory), set jointed and pointed in neat cunenl slurry, in floors.
including cutting and polishing with machine (snred not included) ,..
334. Add to ilem 333 if in dado or full tile high skining. hand polished (backing saeed
not included) .,* ... ... ... ...
335. Add to item 333 if in half tile high skirting or in riKn and madP of steps, hand
polished (-da) ... ... ... ,.. ...
336. Bees wax pdishing to tenazo cast in situ finish or to ~ e m e n r / t e m otiles in flwr.
dadolskinhgs ele., ... ... ... ... ...
337. Glazed d e n w a r e riles, about 15 cm x 15 cm in size (or of nctangular shape).
6 mm thick, in floors, set.jeinted and pointed in neat cement (screcd not included)
338. -Do-but in slrirtings and dado. including on window cills (-&) ...
339. Linoleum cut to size and laid loose. in floor ... ... ...
340. Rubber sheets or PVC sheets, with or without i n t e r n fibre or asbestos backing.
or linoleum sheets, cut to sue and sealed down in flwk with approved adhesive ...
341. Rubber tiles/PVC tiles/PVC asbestos tiles, laid with approved adhesive in floor ...
342. Wood block (parquet) flooring laid to pattern, using ready manufactured blocks
19 to 40 mm thick. bedded and jointed in hot or mld biturnastic (scrd. sanding
and polishing is not included in the conslanu) ... ... ...
Note : Lubow constants for two block bordcrlmnrgin, nosing ro j l w r . and
raking curring for parquet flooring will be 0.40 d q per metre and for
circular curing O.IZ doy per mew of paviorlcarpenfer.
343. Screeding to flwrs average 15 mm thick in cementflime mortar to required levels4

falls (preparatory to laying flwr tinish) ... ... ... 0.06
344. Add or deduct hom item 343 for every 5 mm thickness less or m m ... 0.01
-
Sundry Labours Flwr Finishes running metre
345. Extra over cast-in-situ finishes (such ar tenam, ordinary or gmolithii Mnaete -
wirh or wirhout metallic fbor hardener etc.) for following laboun :
(a) internal rpunded angles, internal coving, a external angle or champher a
nosing upto 25 mm radius.. . ... ... 0.03 0.03
@) fair stopped edge ... ... ... 0.02 0.02
(c) almini~m/p~ticI8$bestos4glaSs deviding strips to form bay :
(i) in floors ... ... ... 0.02 0.02
(ii) in vertical faces ... ... ... 0.025 0.02
(d) Aluminium (or any other kind) angle or non-slip p U M edging to tmds
of skp. ... ... ... 0.02 0.01
346. Raking cutting to flwr finish consisting of :-
(a) bricks laid fla ,,*
@) bricks laid on edge ... ... ... ... 0.04
(c) cernentlterrazo tiles ... ... ... ... 0.10 0.02
(d) glated egrthnware tiles ... ... ... ... 0.10
(e) rubbcrhinyWVC asbestos tiles ... ... ... 0.02 0.01
Note : For circular cutting increase rhc labour consfanfs in ircm 346 fc) to (e)
by rhrce times. No addition required on ifem 346 ( a ) and (b).
72
LABOUR CONSTANTS
I Labour conslants in days per s q m
Description of work
NO.
PLASTEKINC AND POINTING

Nutes : ( a ) L a b u r cunr~onlsfor plaster in^ and poinllng mclude for mixing morrur. They do nor include for raking
our joints. Rnking our j o i n u as the work proceeds b included i n labour consrnnrsfor brickworkislonework.
( b ) For work in rhe following situorionr labour consranrs for plasrcrer (bur nor for mnzdoorlbhisfi) should
bc increased using rhe mulripliers indicnred below :-
Situation j Mulupllcr
Sphencal surfaces 3.5

Patch repaidsmall quantities ..~
Sides and wffitsof beams ...
317. IS mm thick plastering, one CVJI work. finished even fair and smooth in ceilings
and soffits ... ... ... ... ...
348. 15 mm thick rendering, evenly finished, to fair faces of brickwork or t c
concrete s~irfaccsincluding scoring surface for next coayltcy lo- tiling etc.,
where rcquircd. ... ... ... ... ...
349. -Do- but to rubble masonry walls or to mugh face of one brick thick walls huilt in
old size brick$ ... ... ... ... ...
550. Add or deduct fmm ircms 147 U1 349 for every variation of 5 mm in b e thickness
of plaster (proreta for variations less or more than 5 mm) ... ., .
351. ,\dd to itarns 348 and 349 if work is exwutcd as plaster in single coat finished to
;In cvcn, fair and smooth surface wilhout using extra cement ... ...
Soles : (i) I n I& CR(C of plnsrering i n rwo rnna, consrnnu given in ilems 348,
350 and 351 will npplyfor !he second cool.
(ii) Ifrhird (finnl) conr is lo be applied or rr rerting roor, l a h u r consrunis
fur rhc .second cour w i l l b ~Jamc
, us in i l e m 348 and 350.
( i i i ) Lubow rime for bhis~ifor second coal m ~ n r ~ o n eind ( i ) and (ii) nbove
may be reduc~dby SO% rhe second coal is ilpplied wirhin 2 or 3
days, lhus nor requ~ringcuring of thefirs! cour for full 7duys.
352. Scttir~gcoat in cement morrar 3 to 6 mm thick l'inishcd in a hardcvcn, f l u r a n d s m ~ ~ i l h

S U I ~ ~ C Cln. walls ... ... ... ...
353. .Do- but in ccilings m d soffits
354. Sl;lking sclcctcd in1 l ~ m e .silting t l ~ohlain fine lirr~eputty, and applying nwru
' l 2 rrrrn hick to obtain an cven. fair and smooth surface polished with a
I l n ~ ~ h111
xtccl irowcl as final coot lo walls ... ... ... ...
35j. .Do- but in ccilingi
356. Sand faced plaster consisting of 5 mm thick coat of cement plasler (on previously
rcndrrc~lsurlacc) and wpplng it all over with cork lined wooden float to produce a
a n d gr.llncd l c r t u ~ e ... ... ... ...
357. Applyitlg rough cast ccmcnl pluter coat (on previously rendered surface which is
slrll ~rcc11) ... ... ... ... ...
358. Extra lahour rcquircrl in prob,id~ngdry pebble dash finish (on and immcdinlely
after frcshly zpplied rendering) ... ... ... ...
354. Taklng dou,rl old plaster fro111brick or stone walls, raking out the joints, hacking for
key and scrubbing down, whcrc old plaster is in :-
(a) mud mnrlar
(h) lime morlar ... ... ... ...

(c) cement mortar 1 gauged mortar ... ... ...
73
LABOUR CONSTANTS
S1. t
No ./
Description of work
Labour consmls :n days
per mning.metre
.- . .-
Plasterer 1 Mazdoor
360 Extra labour in plastering for :-
. .
(a) work in isolated unconnnfxlcd ponions upm 30 cm width or g h h including cutting to edges
slapped ends forming corners elc .. as in bands skinings edc.
. 0 .W 0.04
(b) neatly finishing wall plaster at junction of wall with tread$ and risers of steps. nosings or in
exposed stepped skirting of stairs (each edge measured) ... ... 0.01 0.01
(c) forming external or internal rounded angles exceeding 80 mm and not exceeding200 mm ginh . 0.08 0.08
(d) forming V or square grooves in plaster upm 10 mm wide on facc and upto 10 mm deep ... 0.03
(e) -Do-but upto 15 mrn wide on face and upto I5 mm deep ... ... 0.05
(f) cornices upla 150 mm ginh to required profile ... ... ... 0.07 0.07
(g) -do- but exceeding 150 mm and upto 225 mm in ginh ... ... 0.09 0.09
01) d o - but exceeding 22.5 mm and upto 3CQ mm in ginh ... ... 0.10 0.10
361 . Time required for sundry labours given in (a) to (fJ below is already included in relevant
constants for plastering :-
(a) Forming slightly rounded inlernal or external angles ... ... 0.02 0.02
@) Forming internal ar external rounded angles .25 mm gvIh ... ... 0.03 0.03
(c) -DO-but 60 mm girth (not requiring any culling of maronry) ... ... 0.05 0.05
(d) -Do-bur 80 mm girth (-ditto-) ... ... ... ... 0.07 0.07
(e) Forming square or champhered finished edges (upto 15 mm thick) lo raised plaster panels or
Lo skiig/dado projecting beyond the general fxe of plaster ... ... 0.01 0.01
(f) -Do-but for plaster raised by more than 15 n m beyond general face ... ... 0.02 0.02
Labour consranls i n
(a) mud monai

..
362. Raking out joins of old brick walls Y U t in :-
... ...
@) l i m e m o m ... ... ...
(c) cemenUcement-lime mortar ... ... ...
363. Raking out joins of old rubble masonry or concrete block walling in :-
(a) mud m o w ... ... ...
@) l i m e m o w ... ... ...
(c) ccmcntJeement-limemom ... ... ...
3M. Raking out joints of old self faced smne slab flwr or p m s r t concttIe slab flwr pointed in
cement monar ... ... ...
365. Raking out fresh mortar pints of rubble walling as work proceeds ...
366. -Debut of brick walling. as work proceeds ... ...
367. Pointing on brickwork :-
.
(a) Flush in different monar as a separate operation ... ...
(b) Ruled or keyed ... ... ....
(c) Cut or weather suuck ... ... ...
(d) Raised and cut ... ... ...
368. Pointing on brick flooring laid flat :-
(a) Flush. in different monar as a separate operatian ... ...
fb) Ruled ... ... ...
(1
LABOUR CONSTANTS
~ ~
1I
Labour consmnts
.~~.i n days per 10 sq rn
SI. Description of work
Category
Firsr
.....
Walls
._-
Each
... , F~rstcl\,l,,,es
..... ,.............
Each
'
1
1
382. White wa>hing/colour washing, each subsequent coat

I Labour
Limc-washer
coat
-
subsequent coat
coat
0.06
! I subsequent
coat
or rcnewal coat ... ... ... Mazdoor 0.03

383. Sizing plastered surface with oil-size putty to a hard.
smooth and cvcn surfacc ... ... ... Painter 0.36 0.43
384. Applying ordinary dry washable distemper ... Painter 0.20 0.13 0.25 0.16
Mnzdoor 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.04
385. Applying oil bound washablc distemper or acrylic Painter 0.25 0.20 0.30 0.24
emulsion paint ... ... ... hlazdoor 0.06 0.05 0.06 0.05
386. Applying watcrproof cement paint (such as Painlcr 0.30 0.25
'Snowccm' elc. ... ... ... Madwr 0.10 0.10
Bhisli 0.10 0.10
Nole : Add 30% extra labour on items 381,382, or 384 to 386 ifwork is done on rough cast plasterlpebble dash surfnce.
Labour constant for glazier in days per sq m of work
.....
Excccding Exceeding
Upro 0.10 0.10 and not 0.50 and not Exceeding
GLAZING sq m
per pane 0.50 sq m l ~ m per panc
per pane per pane
387. Cutting glass panes to required dimensions (preparatory to
glaring) of :-
(a) clcarlready- fmstcdsheelglassofordinary or seleckd

glazing quality 2 to 4.8 mm thick ... ... 0.07 0.06 0.05 OW
@) d i t t o but 5.5 or 6.3 mm thick ... ... 0.09 0.07 0.06 0.05
(c) figured. patterned or pin hcaded glass 3 or4 mm hick. 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.05
(d) -dim- but 5 to 6 mm thick ... ... 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.06
(e) rough cast wired glass 6.4 mm Ulr6~ ... 0.10 0.09 0.07 O.(M
(0 rough cast wired and figured/pautcrned glass 6.4 mm

thick. ... ... ...
(g) hear absorbing ( 'Calorex' elc) glass 3 mm thick.
(h) -ditro- 5 or 6 mrn thick ... ...
(i) 6 mm thick polished plate glass ... ...
Labour constant for glazier in days per sq m
1 Before using constants given below on this page, Timber doors/windows/partitions Metal doors/windows
please refer mres applicable to irem 388 given on With beads With beads Fixed
next page 1 Wilh fixed wilh fixed wilh With with
putty sprigbndd cups and putty rnehl
panel pins screws beads
3RR. Glazing in any kind of glass of any thickness, using glass
panes cut to rcquired dimensions (for cutting see item 387)
in pancs of sizcs :-
(a) not exdceding 0.10 sq m per pane ...
(b) 0.10 to 0.50 sq m per pane ... ...
(c) 0.50 to 1 sq m per panc ... ...

(d) exceeding 1 sq m per pane ... ...
SI. Description oi work Lahour consfants in
No.
Nores applicable ro irem 358 :-

(i) Add 0.01 day of mnzdoor or h l p e r per .rq m of work to the consronrs given
in irem 388 (a) and 3&? ((h ... ... ...
(ii) Add 0 03 day o f m z d o o r o r helper per sq m [$work to the consrants giv~,nin

rrcm 388 (c) and 388 id) ... ... ...
(iii) Add 10% ro rhe ronsronrs <>fglazier for work In sri-ond storey and above
ifdone from ourside xinndin~on srr%fold,~. ... ... . ~ .
(ivj Add50% lo the con.~renrrofplaricrJor work done oflladdcrs, in small quanrirre.r.
389. Sundry glazier's work :
(a) Grinding, obscuring or frosting clear gI;~r.;at sire of work ... ...
(b) Silvcrirlg (for mirrors)
(c) Hack out hrokcn glass and puuy/rcmovc glass and bcads, from timber joinery.
(d) Hack out broken glass and puuy frntn mclnl casements including rcrnovingl
punching out old sprlng c!ips/pins etc. ... ... ...
(c) Salvaging old scrviccable glass from woodcn or mcwl cascmcnls and
renluving lo stole ... . . ... ... sq m
(I) Grindlng and round~ngoff cdgcs of glass of any l y p l x b w 4 rnm in thickness. m
rn
(h) Circular cutting on glass upto 4 mm thick ... ... ... m
(i) -Ditto- but cxcccding 4 mm thick m
6) Drilling holes upto 12 mm dia in glass not exceeding 4 mrn thick .... Each
(k) -Ditto- but in glasscxceeding4 mm thick ... .. ~ ... Each
(I) Fixing mirror with plywccd backing 10 wdll wid1 4 dotiic hcadcd chror~~ium
plated scrcws, lncludtng plugging LO walls ... Each
PAINTING, POLISHING, VARNISHING, TARRING, OILING ETC.

Notes :Labour conxtenls given in rhis serfion, u n l e s mcnlioned orherwise, a r c for plain surfaces measured nelr. Before
worhin,f our a rare for an irem of work u . ~di.rplayed in !/re Bill of Quanrirrfs ro be priced, the labour consranl
should be adjusred where applicable by the mulli/llyingfmcror menrioned againsl vnrlous lypes of uneven surfaces
lislcd in the table given bclow. If the merhod of mcusuremenr adopted for working our quantiries varies wirh
Ihe merhod of measuremtnr mentioned in the table helow, furrher adjusrmenrs in rhe consranrs may become
necessary.
Method of Measurement
(a) All measurements to be takcn flat, i.e. not girthed.

(b) Areas of limber or metal doors / windows etc.. to be mcasurcd flat on face inclusive
of frame / chowkat. Edges. chocks, clcats, heads fittings etc., shall not be measured
separately. No deduction to be made for glasb panes or gauzcd areas.
(c) Tile I slaw baucning to be measured flat ovcrall, not girthed, and no deduclion Lo be
madc for open spaces between baucns.
(d) T r c l l ~ swork, gltard bars, balusters, gratings, grills, XPM I wcldmcsh, sleel railings and
gatcs, opcn palisade fencing and the ltkc to he mcasurcd flat ovcmll without deducting
open spaces, and aupporung members / frames etc., not to be mcasurcd separately.
(e) Stcel rolling shutters / collapsible gatcs to hc mcasurcd for the size o f opening. Top
cover of rolling shuucrs to be nlcasured scparatcly lor both (internal and external)
face.
77
LABOUR CONSTANTS
Multipliers lor converting uneven surhns into equivalent plain area
Multiplier Multiplier
to obtain la obrain
Demiption of uneven surface couivalent Desfription of uneven surface eauivalent
/ piamarea / 'ain
For each sidc For each side

Panelled or bat& pinery 1.30 W n l y glazed or gauzed and partly e l sheet
cladded steel doors. 0.80
nush doon 1.20
Cormgated steel sheets 1.14
Glazed M g a d joinery 0.80
Corngated A. C. sheets 1.20
Partly panelled and partly glazedlgauzed
joinery ... ... ... 1.00 Semi-cormgated A. C. sheets 1.10
Fully venelianedfiouvredjoinery 1.80 I For painting
all over
Weather boarding 1.20 1 W& ~ Uor jaffri
L 2.00
Wood shingle roofing 1.10 / Tile/slate mfbattening 0.80
Steel rolling shutters 1.10 Guard bars, gratings, grills. WM~weldmesh.
g m etc. 1.00
Fully glazed or gauzed steel doors and
windows ... ... ... 0.50 Collapsible shulters or gates 1.50
Labour constant in days of

Unit of painter or polisher
SI. Description of work Work
-
No. Fit Each subsequent
Coal Coal
Note :Constants given for painting and allied work are for working offthefloor or scaffolding. For l d e r work where
sc@olding is MI provided painter's r i m siwuld be increased by 15% and an addirional allowance of one
mardoor for 2 painters (or 50% of painter5 lime) rrmde.
393. Prepare surface and apply creosote oil or linseed oil or a coal tar
mixture to umber or wood based surfaces ... ... 10sqm 0.25 0.15
391. Tarring to small arlicles like holdfats, gully gratings, ends of posts.
or b a t h of chowkats elf.. where area of tarring is less than
0.10 sq m per anicle. 100 Nos 0.50
392. Tarring ends of posts, backs of chowkats and the like, when a m of
tarring exceeds 0.10 and does not exceed 0.50 sq m per article. 100 Nos. 1.00
393. Prepare timber / wind baed surfaces and apply :-
(a) --wax polish ... ,., ... 10qm 1.00 0.60
@) varnish ... ... ... 10sqm 1.65 0.90
(c) French polish ... ... ... 10sqm 3.50 1.90
(d) French polish to fir- of teaL lipping of bbck-bards, dnw
rops and similar narrow widths (upto 40 mm wick.) wronnoctcd
withotherpohhedanar ... ... ... 10 m 0.75 060
New w a k i d d i n g Rmewd
cluning Jurfaccs coat
and rrting out
394. Painting t n f f i k lines by hand. single cmt. 10 em wide with road
d i n g paint on Mncrcte pavcmcnLI or tar mpds (gaps between short
knglhs U, Ixi deducted ... ... ... 10 m 0.10 0.08
395. Painting traffic lincs/lettcrdrigns/mwddash~~etc,, exceeding
I0 cm wide on ditto- ( d i t b ) ,,, ... ,.. sq m 0.30 0.25
I Labour consmls in days of oil paintcr
SI. i Doscription of work Undcr Finishing
No.; coat coat
Note :Reduce conslunrr in i l e m 398 end 399 hy 20% fur undcrcootlfinishing coat ifulwninium paint is used
396. Painting umber surkccs wilh rzady m~xuloil painU

natural or synthetic enamcl pain1 ... ... 10sqm 0.20 0.15 0.25 0.35 0.37
397. Painting to wood bascd surfaccs like hlock board.
plywood etc., with -do- ... ... 10qm 0.12 0.10 0.25 0.35 0.37
398. Painting to metal surfaces with -do- ... 10 sq m 0.12 0.35 0.35 0.35
391. Painting lo small mctal articlcs like switch~hlocks.

slrapsctc.,if onconnected w i h othcr painling work. 100 Nos 0.64 1.50 1.85 1.90
4OO. Painting to concrete surhccs or smooth finished

plaster surfaces or asbcslos ccmcnt surlaccs ... 10 %I m 0.15 0.30 0.35 0.37
I'ainling letters etc. on wall$ I pavemrn&l roads
401. Painling in background (whitehlack or any olher colour) of any stzc or shape,
.w
. .. p.
~~
preparatory to palnllng rn lcucrs ... ... ... Sq m 0.30

402. Painting lcttcrs upto 2 cm high on any smooth surface like plaslered walls etc. 10 Nos 0.10
403. Extra over ilcm 402 for cvcry cm additional height above 2 cm ... 10 NOS 0.04
404. Painting commas, stops, hyphens. brackers, etc., any size ... ... 10 Nos 0.04
Labour constants in days of
Hanging wall paper paper-hanger per 10 sq m
Walls 1 Ceilings
405. Stripping old papcr and cleaning ... ... ... 0.10 0.10
406.Cleaning down surfaces and slopping holes clc. ... ... 0.M 0.06
407. Siring to surfaces ... ... ... ... 0.04 0.06
408. 11anging lining or ordinary wall-papcr ... ... ... 0.20 0.30
4(r). Hanging wall~paperof light raiscd pattcm ... ... ... 0.30 0.42
410. Hang~ngwall-pi~pcrof hcavy riuscd pattern or of heavy fabric pallem ... 0.50 0.70
WATER SUPPLY, PLUMIIING, DRAINS AND SANITARY FITTINGS
Unit I Labour constant in days of
Grk k ~ ] - 4 1 a r d o l r
411. Lay~ng,aligning and keeping rwdy for jointing, in uenches or on ground. cast
iron pipes [or watcr / sewage mains, of any class or kind, 111 any length per pipe.
spigot and swket or flanged (cxcavalion, earthwork and jointing of pipes Per
not included) ... ... ... ... Quinlal 0.07 0.14
412. Laying aligning and keeping ready for jointing, in trenches or on ground. specids
suitable for spigot and socket or flanged cast iron pipes of any class or Pcr
kind (-ditto-) ... ... ... ... Quintal 0.14 0.35
Notes : ( a ) To work oul labour constunt p r metrefor laying casl iron pipes, multiply the total weight in quintals of 10 pipes
by the mKrranrs given in item 411 for each category of labour, and devide the product by the length of 10 pipes
in metres ar laid.
(6, 7" ,\orl ,.t,r 1.rbovr constants Jor l ~ ) r n , !onlv of e,xh speiiul f i l r r n ~fur cart iron pipes, mulriply w e i ~ h tof
P U , 1i:ltnq
~ in ./urnl~~lc
h\ 1h1.luhnur ronrrrrnr per qumral fnr pnrh rarpgnry nf lnhnurrr given tn item 41.'
79
LABOUR CONSTANTS
I 1 Lahour constant in days
. m. r.joint for a tcam of
one jointer and one mazdoor
---- Type.-of joint
p~
Sl. .
Description of work For spigot and socket prpes For flanged pipes
No.
Using rubber With rubber or
Run
gaskets such fibre board inxns.
lead wool
as Tyton' bolts and nut5-
413. Joinu between cast iron pipes and cast iron pipe/specials, of :-
(a)
@)
80 mm diameter
100 mm diameter
...
...
...
...
0.11
0.14
0.09
0.12
0.04
0.05
I1 0.05
0.06
(c) 125 mm diameter ... ... 0.16 0.14 0.06 0.07
(d) 150 mm diameter ... ... 0.18 0.16 0.07 0.08
(e) 200 mm diameter ... ... 0.27 0.23 0.10 0.12
(f) 250 mm diameter ... ... 0.36 0.30 0.13 0.14
(g) 300mmdiamerer ~.~ ... 0.40 0.33 0.15 0.16

(h) 350 mm diameter ... ... 0.49 0.40 0.19
(i) 400 mm diameter ... ... 0.55 0.46 0.21
(i) 450 mm diameter ... ... 0.70 0.62 0.23
Or) 500 mm diameter ... ... 0.80 0.68 - 1 0.27
Unit /Category Labour constant in days - ~- ~~~~
of 1 of Diameter of pipe I p ~ p especial in mm

W a ~ a b o u r e r 80 mm I 100 mm I 150 mm
-.
i
250 mm i 300 min
414. hyingonly i~~bestoscementpressmpipes
of any class in trenches or on gmund. (of per rn Yipelaysr 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.06
any length per pipe) Mazdmr 0.03 0.05 0.09 0.15 0.18
415. Laying only cast iron specials suitable for Each Pipelayer 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.06 0.07
a s ~ t o cement
s pressure pipes Mazdoor 0.02 0.02 0.05 0.12 0.14
416. Making joint ktween asbestos cement
pressure pipes or between p i p and cast
iron specials, using cast iron detachable Each Pipelayer 0.08 0.10 0.17 0.35 0.40
joint with gasket. Mazdoor 0.08 0.10 0.17 0.35 0.40
Labour constant in days per meue

Pipelayer 1 Jointer (or mason) 1 Mazdoor
417. Reinforced concrete pipes laid and jointed with concrete
collar, plastic ring insen. jute braiding dipped in bitumen
and collar caulked with cement monar for :-
(a) 100 mm dia pipcs ... ... 0.02 0.08 0.10
(b) 150 mm dia pipes .. . .. 0.03 0.09 0.11
(c) 2W mm dia pipes ... ... 0.04 0.12 0.14
(d) 250 mm dia pipes ... ... 0.05 0.15 0.20
(c) 300 mm dia pipes ... ... 0.10 0.20 0.28
(0 450 mm dia pipes ... ... 0.15 0.35 0.50
(g) 500 mm dia pipes ... ... 0.20 0.45 0.65
Nnte : Where single length of concrere pipe is lo be laid (as in crossdrainforfoor paths erc..) joint;,-'c ';.-ais nor ro he added.
LABOUR CONSTANTS
1 1 Catcgoty 1 Labour conslanls in days pcr mcuc--
SI.
No. i Description of work 1 of Internal diametcr of pipes in mm
1 Labourer h 5 i 2 6 - 2 5 - 3 m n
418. Steel water tubing, any grade, wilh screwed socket

joints, including cuttindthrcading p i p s where
rcquircd and fixing tube fiuings such a? bcnds,
single or douhlc tcc junctions conneclors, unlons,
hacknuts etc.. (but no1 including fixing of fixlwes
such m bps, showers, slop-cocks ctc.,) :-
(a) laid in uenches (excavauonharlhwurk not Plumber 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.0: 0.02
included) Ma/-d<x,r0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03
(b) fixed to walls, ceilings or floors, secured with

clips/wall hooks including plugging (cutling Plurnbcr 0.07 0.OX 0.08 0.08 0.10 011
chases for conccalcd work excluded) Mazdwr 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.10 0.13 ' 0.16
..... ..-- Exlcrnal

. ..... .......of
. . .dtanclcr . ...pipes
. .. .. in. mm
16 1 20 4 25 32 ] 40 1 50
419. Polythclcnc and unplaslicixd PVC pipes, low or
highdensity,includingallnecessary~ials,culung
and jointing a? specified :-
(a) laid in ucnchcs lexcavauoniearrhwork not

included)
(b) fixed to walls, ceilings or flmrs. sccured wilh

clips/wall hooks including plugging (culling Plumber 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.08 0.09
chases for conccalcd work excluded) Mazdmr 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.M 0 07
~, .Lahour conslar.1 in days (Unit :-.

Each:,
, ~~
~~
Incrnal diameter of i
01-"r -- ~ 300
~~~
420. Cuuing cast iron pipes for reducing to required

length bcforc laying, including filing to remove Fitter 0.08 0.12 0.15 0.23 0.30 0.40
hum ctc., Mazdoor0.08 0.12 0.15 0.23 0.30 0.40
..-~ lntcrnal diamclcr of p p s in mm (Unit = Each)

Uplo 5T------~~
I 20 7 -
25 & 32 / 40 & SO
-
421. Cuaing steel water tuh~nglo rcquired lcnglh and Plumber 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.16
cutung lhrcadson cut end for wrcwcd sockerjoints Mazdoor 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.05
L;lhour conswnt In days pcr filling

1 -M~&T
~ ~
Plurnhcr
422. Firing to wafcr supply rub~ng:
(a) Taps and cocks of any kind and dian~clcr
(b) Slop-cocks,stop valvcs and gatc valvesothcr Wan

in conccalcd work :-
(i) upto 20 mm dia
(11) 25 and 32 mm dia
(iii) 40 and 50 rnm dia
(c) nall valvcs :-

(i) upto 20 mm dia
(ii) 25 and 32 mrrl dia
O i l ) 40 and 50 mm dia
(d) Shower rose ~u!bhlcfor 15 to 20 mm dia piw

LABOUR CONSTANTS
Unit Labour constants in days (of 8 h o w )
Category per unit of work
SI. Description of work of of - .-a
No. Intern1 diameier of p i p / specials -

Labomr
50mm I 75mm 1 100mrn
423. Cast i m (spm or sand cast) spigot and wcket, soil.

ware and vent prpes. with or without ears, fixed to
walls, including jointing with spun yarn and cemml perm Plumber 0.04 0.05
mortar (fittings measured separately). MazQor 0.08 0.09
424. -DiUo- but laid in benches or under flwr pes m Plumber 0.03 0.03
Mazdax 0.04 0.04
425. Fixing cast iron fittings suitable for pipes in iluns 423
& 424 above, includhgcuttingofpipes whaerequired.
and extra join& in spun yam and cement mortar :-
(a) bends, duck fwt bends. diminishing
pieces, single branches, swan necks, with Each Plumber 0.05 0.06
or without access doon Mazdwr 0.08 0.09
(b) Double branches Each Plumber 0.06 0.07

Mazdmr 0.08 0.09
(c) POIStrap-nahni aaporflwrmp(any s i a Each Plumber

of oullct) Mazdwr
426. Extra over items 423 to 425 above for mn lead (or pa Plumbcr 0.04 0.05
lead wool) caulked joints in lieu of cement joints join1 Mazdwr 0.02 0.04
427. Asbestos cement soil, waste and vent pipes fixed to

walls with standard holder bas and jointed with Spun perm Plumber 0.04 0.05
yam and cement monar (filtings measured scpamwly) Mazdwr 0.08 0.09
428. Asbestos cement fittings suitable for pipes in item 427

above including cutting of pipes and exmjoints when
involved :-
(a) Bends, diminishing pieces, single branch
pieces. swan necks etc.. with or without Each Plumber 0.03 0.04 0.05
z c e s doors Mazdoor 0.03 0.04 0.05
(b) Double branchea Each Plumber 0.05 0.05 0.06

Mazdwr 0.04 0.04 0.05
(c) Sloued vent cowl or vent cap cowl Each Plumbet 0.02 0.03 0.03
Mazdwr 0.02 0.03 0.03
Internal dlameter in millrrneues

1 0 0 T iso 1
200 1 -2 ZOJ
429. Salt glazed stoneware pipes for drains. laid in wenches
and jointed in cement mortar as specified (excavation pcr m Mason 0.07 0.10 0.12 0.13 0 0.17
and eanhwork excluded) M w r 0.14 0.17 0.19 0.22 0.23 0.25
430. Specials for d t glazed slonewaredrain pipe including

extra p i n t s (-do.)
(a) bends Each Mason 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10
Mardoor 0.08 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.14 0.15
(b) single Y junctions Each Mason 0.08 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20
h4azdwr 0.13 0.16 0.18 0.21 0.22 0.24.
(c) double Y junclions Each Mason 0.12 0.18 0.21 0.24 0.27 0 30
?&zdoor 0.15 0.18 0.21 O 24. 0.25 0.27
,
LABOUR CONSTANTS
1 "nit Labour constants in days
(of 8 hours) per unit--of work
Description of work
NO. Work Plumber
(or mason) Mazdwr
431. Fixing wash down water closet pedesfal pattern, with integral P a S !rap, seat
and cover, low or high level flushing tank. PVC flexible pipe connection fmrn
stop cock to flushing rank, flushing pipe, and joining up (to water supply and
drainage pipes separately laid) ... ... Each 1.00 1.00
432. Fixing water closet. squat pactem, with separale P or S Wp. foot rests, high
level flushing tank. PVC flexible pipe from stop cock to flushing tank, flushing
pipe, including lime concrete bcdding and joining up (lo water supply and
drainage pipes separately laid) ... ... Each 1.30 1.30
433. -Ditto- but without high level flushing lank (flushing pipe connected to water
supply pipe controlled by sclf closing concussive type press cock. Fixing
of press cock excluded) ... ... ... Each 0.90 0.90
434. Fixing and connecting up sinldwash hand basin, medium or large size,
including brackets, pillar fap. PVC pipe connection. pating with union,
discharge pipe etc., complete ... ... .... Each 0.60 0.60
435. -Ditto- but small size ... ... ... Each 0,SO 0.50
436. Fixing corner or flat back urinal to wall and pointing around including fixing
grahg with union and discharge pipe and connection to flushing pipe ... Each
437. Fixing automatic cast iron flushing cistern including brackets for urinal(s).
and connecting up to supply and discharge p i p s ... ... Each
438. Fixing storage type water healers for baths and connecting up outleu and inlets
for wdtcr supply (wiring and eiecrrical c o n n e c l m ~excluded) ... Each
439. heparing foundation and installing small electric bwslfr pump including
joining up to (separately laid) pipes on sucuon and delivery side, and fixing foot
valve, striner etc.. complcre (wiring for eleclrical connecuons excluded) . . . . Each
440. Fixing and connecting up nahni uap ... ... Each
441. Fixing gully trap 230 x 300 mm size including inspection chamber in brick
work, plartering, fixing frame for cover. ctc.. and connecting to drain pipe ... Each
442. Square manholes upto 0.30 sq m clear inner size on plan. upto 0.60 rn deep.
including concrete foundations, brickwork, plaster, forming haunching and half
round drains, connecting up to incoming and ouigoing pipes and selling frame
for cover (excavalionleanhwork excluded) ... ... Each
443. Extra over item 442 for o c h additional depth of 0.30 rn ... ... Each
444. All as in irem 442 but 0.45 sq m clear inner size on plan, upto 0.60 m deep ... Each
445. Extra over item 444 for each additional depth of 0.30 m ... ... Each
446. Round manholes of standard size upto 0.60 rn dccp. including concrete
foundations ecc.. all s s in item 412 above ... ... Each
447. E x m over ilem 447 for each additional depth of 0.30 rn ... ... Each
448. Walerpmfing sunk portions in upper floors for baths/toiieu or w a e r closets
(size of enclosure uplo 2.25 sq m on plan) by applying 15 to 20 mm thick
waterproof plartsr in rich cement m o m ... ... Each
449. Add to item 448 for each additional sq m on plan , .. ... Each
450. Extra over labour consums for fixing upw 50 rnrn borc u l pipes. if p i p runs
are la be c o n d e d in chasm. including cutting chases and making guxl ... per m
451. h u a over labour consfants for fixing slop cocks for work in conjunction with
pipe. concealed in chases ... ... ... Each
83
LABOUR CONSTANTS
- --
1
~
Lnhur conslllnts in days

Unit (ul......8 hour$) ~ -x~unit
r - of work
No. Descripticln of work of Pl!imber Ifiudcx~r
~
I ~~~~~
Work
~~
: :,,,; .......
(0, Ill,,.;:,:
452. Fix~ngwatcr metcr and stop c m k for h e m e to galvanised steel water

tubing, including jam nut. sockct ctc., threading tube and malung long
scrcws, complete, suitable for :-
(a) pipes upto 25 mm dia ... ... Each 0 3n 0.30
(b) pipes of 40 and 50 m n dia
~ ... ... Each 0.37 0.37
453. Laying jointing and pointing in rich cement m o m , 150 mm dia half round salt
glazed ware channels (excavation. eanhwork. preparing subgrade or sub-base
not included) ... ... ... perm 0 05 0.10
454. Malung connection of drain or scwcr line with cxisting manhole including
brcaking into aod making good to walls, flwr, pl.l~lcr. making necesmq
channels elc.. complete (excavation and earthwork not :ncludcd) :-
(a) Inr 100 and 150 mm dia p ~ p e s ... ~.. E~ch il 10 0 lr,
(b) for pipes cxcecding 150 mrn and upto 300 mni dia ... Ihch 0.24 0.2-
455. Cutting existing salt glazed ware drain pipe and inserting a Y junchon pipe wilh
one l w s o collar and making neccsrary joints with stiff of cement mortar
and spun yam for :-
(a) 100 mrn dia p i p ... ... Each 0.50 /I,<(
(b) 150 mm dia pipe ... . ~. Each 0.75 11.75
(c) 200 to 250 mm dia pipes ... ... hch 1.25 1.25
(d) 300 mm dia pipc ... ... Each 1.5iI 1.50
456. Testing drains, ncw or old, by filling with water including temporar), fixing of
pipeshnds, etc. to cqualisc pressure :-
(a) pipes upto IS0 mm dia ... ... per 10 0.17 0.17
mews
(b) p i w s exceeding 150 mm and upro 300 mm dia ... per10 0.25 0.25
metres
457. Tcsting maoholes, new o r old. by -do- ... ... Each 0.43 0.25
458. Smdre testing cach indcpcndanr system of soil and vent pipes uplo ~onncction
with manholc, uslng smoke testing machine (use of ladders included where
necessary) ... ... ... Each 0 50 0.50
ELECTRICAL WORK (INTERNAL)

Nore on Point Wiring items
Lubour constants fur point wiring, whcre relrvant. include forfixing o f :
( a ) Barrens (including cornerslbends erc.) screwed ro rawlplugs or r e d gullies, wooden blocks and boardr for mnunting
swirchcslrockcrrlelectricfirrings like ceiling rose, lamp holders err.. or in the case of conduit w ~ r i n forfirinl:
g conduiu,
conduir Jirrinl:~ and accessories, joinllterminal boxes, boresfor m u n d n g swircheslsockeolfan regulators erc.
IbJ Fixing cable 10 barrens o r drawing through condrils, including to and f r o lead from disrrihurinn board/switches/fun~/
fan rejiularorrlelecrricaI jittings etc.
(c) Earrhw~relo earrhing connections.
Labour consranisfor poinr wiring do not include for ..
( a ) I;ixhglconnecling up of swircheslceiling roseslJansIfan regularorslsockerslholdcrs etc.
f b j Submain wiringlsubrna~nearrhinx from main swirch control board ro d~srriburionboard.
Icj Currrng chnreslmaking good for concealed conduils or for sinking of boxes.
( d ) rlxlng of bloclslboards for mounting distriburron boardsliron clad switches.
The helper associaled with wireman w i l l be one who can cnrry 0 1 unimportant labows like curring pockets in brickwurk.
jxlnl: v n k gurrier, drilling holesfor raw1 plujis. handlinglhanding up wiring marerials and rhe like under directions from rhe
wircmun.
XJ LABOUR CONSTANTS
-- ---A~
1 Labour conswnts in days

i I
SI. 1 I unit (of 8 hours) pcr unit
-- of work
No. I Description uf work I of t-or ~clperor'
) Work I elccuician mzdoor
..
459. Point wiring for one light p r n t or fan point or bcllfbuzzer point controlled by
one swilch/push button, or for one 3 pin %kc1 oullct fixed on an independant
b u d .-
(a) on wwden balicns ... .., ... Each 0.45 0.75
(b) in surface or conccalcd conduils (cuuing chases and making gmd t the
same forconcealcd wotk excluded) ... ... hch 0.75 I .DO
Note :Add 50 'ih extra lo conslonls in irem 459 (a) or ( h ) for each addirionnl lighl pain1 conlrolled by the same switch
or/or one l i ~ h pun!
l controlled by iwo. IWO-wayiwilches
460. Point wiring lur 2 or 3 pln s ~ k c on
t the s m c board wllh othcr switchcs (for
wrring on baucns as well ;IS in c!~ndults) ... ,.. ... Each 0.10
161. Firing and ~onnwllrlgup :.

(a) ~ n d a o t slarnpholdcrs.
, shxlcs. switchcs, push buttons. bcllsfbuzzcrs... F~ch 0.04 0.04
(b) ccilirrg rust ... ... Each 0.02 0.02
(c) fluorcscc~rl\inglc lubc Irght mounting rail complete with accessones,

fixcd illrccuy lir waliiccil~ng,including plugs/gullies lor fixrng ... Each 0.12 0.10
(d) d o . but Iur t w ~ ntube light ... ... ... Each 0.15 0.10
(el as in (c) ur ( d ) ahovc but irrcluding decorative covcr reflector. grille ccc.. Each 0.30 0.10
(I) single bulb dccorativc light fitting of any kind. iacludlng shade.
back-plate ~ L L . hmckct
, nr hand1 typc ... ... hch 0.20 005
(gj 3 pln c w ~ l c hsrx:kcl~,udrt ... ... ... Each 0.14
(h) Il;lmcprrx>li l r w;itcrl~glithulk head litung and light lilting ... Each 0.06 0.06
6) ccillng 1311 ... ... Each 0.16 0.16
(k) 1dn regulator ... ... hch 0.05 0.05
(I) cxhau\t 1.~11 ... ... .,. Each 0.18 0.18
(m) IS to M) amps ilo~iblcpolc ironclad switchfuse with nculr31 l l r ~ k2401480

volts inclurl~ngclrjllmg holcs on ihc b i d ... ... Each 0.08 0.08
(n) -do- but ttil~lcpulc ... ... ... F.ilc11 0.10 010
(p) Iron clad dj\lr~bulron boards. 2 lo 4 ways. 250 vol&. 15 amps pcr
way, itrcluddng dr~llingholes nn boards ... ... Each 0.09 0.09
(q) -do- lj lu X wil). ... ... ... Each 0.11 0.11
(r) -do- but 10 ~nI? way\ . . ~ ... ... Each 0.13 0.13
(4) bus har cl12nihcr. 1 strcp. IIX) amps, iron clad. 450 rnm long ... Each 0.45 0.45
(I) -(!I,- hut 4 stnp. 200 amps, 6%)mm lung ... ~ . . Each 0.50 0.50
(v) ~ l c c t r ~
11ictcr
c ... ... ... Each 0.40
1 Fitter and
Painter ' Mazdoor
I h l Framul, slicct 111ctu1clad. hingcd mctcr fixing h a r d . wrth locking mangerncnt.
inclutl!ng F;lhric8tron, painting and firing, of slzc 3OO x 450 mm ... Each 0.62 0.03 0.65
LABOUR CONSTANTS
I ; Labour consmu i n days
SI. I 1
No. ' Dcscripuon of work I
Unit
of
(of 8 hours)&unlt of work
I
Lineman or ;
! Work 1 wireman ,, Ma7.door
464. Earthing complcte, with steel plate clcctrodelsteelp i p buried directly in ground,
earth wire protected by galvaniscd Iron plpe and connected to main switch
conuol board. including charcoallsalt filling etc.. complete (excavation/
wlhwork, concrele, brickwork, setting cast iron frame and cover not included). Each
465. Earth connection with galvanised steel wire fixed on surface of wall or in recess
(cutting c h w s and making gOod cxcluded) ... ...
ELECTRICAL WORK (EXTERNAL)
466. Erection of steel tubular or preslrcsscd concrete poles 9 metres long (excavation1
earthwork, concrete and transporlationlunloading of polcs lo poinls along the
required alignment of ovcrhead linc not included) ... ... Each
467. Extra over itcm 466 for each additional 0.5 m lcngfh of pole ... Each
468. Erection. fixing and tightening slay assembly complete including slay rod, anchor
plate, thimble, smy clamps. turn buckle, stay wire etc.. complele (fabrication. Each
cxcavationleuthworklconcrctc not included) ... ... set
469. Fixing in position cross arms of stcel angle or channel sections including
backplates, clamps etc., complcte for 2 or 4 wire ovcrhead line (For complete
itcm of fabricating and fixing add 2.22 days of fitter, 0.92 days of
blacksmith and further 3.30 days of mazdmr) ... ... Quintal
470. Fixing procclain ~nsulatorsof pin/shackle/rcel~looptype on cross arms of poles. Each
471. Running out and fixing galvani.xd stecl karcr wire for overhead lines ... 100 m
472. Fabricating and erecting hcxagonal/reclangular/ring type cable guards made
out of 4 mm galvaniscd steel wire ... ... ... Each
473. Running out and fixlng aluminium bare conductor steel reinforced 712.11 mm lo
7/3 mm diameter. or aluminium bare conductor 711.96 to 7D.1 mm diameter
including bind~ngto insulators ... ... ... 100 rn
474. -Ditto- but of 7D.35 mm diameter and above including -do- 100 m
475. Fixing vice type line connecton or vice type laps for service wiro Each
476. Fixing porcelain aerial fuses for line wire with brass contact boln and nuts . Each
477. Fixing 'Danger' notice platc for LT or HT overhead line ... Each
478. Fixing lake-off service brackershouse servlce brackcts for house service
conncction (Fabrication not included. Add 0.05 days of mason's time to the
constants for this item). ... ... ... Each
479. Fixing twin core weatherproof 2401415 vole grade cable for s w i c e
concction, including fixing 4 mm suspension wire and insulated suspension
hangers 1 m apart (for run between the take-off service bracket upto house
scrvicc bracka) ... ... ... per 10 m
180. Dismanlling overhcad lines (conductor. GI wire. cross arms. insulators etc.,)
complete except poles ... ... ... 100 m
181. Dismantling poles embedded in concrete foundations ... ... Each

482. Laying 1.1 KV grade power cable (single. 2, 3. 3.5 or 4 core direct in ground
including sand cushioning and protective brick covering (excluding joinls/cablc
boxes/excavation and earthwork)
(a) upm 25 sq mm cross-section ... ...
(b) exceeding 25 but not exceeding 120 sq mm cross-section ...
(c) exceeding 120 but not exceeding 400 sq mm cross-section ...
~~ ~~~~
L.tiwur LO~I~I.I:II~, ill <!,I! h

u.1 hours) 1,cr .ut11t ~-
of work
~ . .
I i r ~ c ~ i ~ora t l
ulrcman hl~zdoor
-
(b) ~ ~s~q! mni cro\s.$ccI!nn

c\ccc,I!ng 25 I w l HOI c x c c ~ ~ c l h120
(c) i.scccclinr i ? i t 1-011101 cxcccil~ng400 ~ ( rnrn
1 cross rcclion
4 I I V I : I I .3, 1.5 or 4 core) PVC 111su1alcdand

P\('\I,i'illlit~<l I l l . \l.I111: ,'j'~'ll Ill.l\IIIlr! t10c1
..
(:I) 11I'tO -:- .ti : , I , i l ~i~\~~c~ll,lll . . ...
(h) 2 5 1 ~ r 1i ~ L~ ,l X L ~ , L
< ' S ~ L , L : ~ I ~ I ~ , L3Iq#ti1111
JOiI ~)~ cross v c l t { m ...
Each
(I,) 3.5 x 2 5 . 3.5 x 75. 1 x 16. 4 x 2 5 . 2 x 50. 3 x 50. or 3 x 70

sq mm rut ... ... ... Ench
E:sh
JSS. C;~blcjoic~tingwllh cl)t~r)rc\ln lor ~ l r n l g l l lhrough

t jninl including lixing lugs1
Icrrulcs, using wblc joinling kct, cri~npoond,hi~rdricr,plaslic mould clc., fur
1.1 K V gr:trlc I'VC insulalcd and PVC sheathed aluminium conductor cable o f :
(il) S ~ L E Sas in iicrn 487 (a) ahuvc .. ... Ench
(b) sizcsas in tlim 487 ( h ) ahovc ... , .. Each
(c! sires a, in jlcm 187 (c) nhovc Each
489. hlilking cnd tcrmin~~lion wilh britsa cotnprcssion glilt~dfor 1 . 1 K V gritdc PVC
insularcd and PVC sheathed aluminium conductor cahlc o l 2 x 10. 2 x 16. 3 x 10.
4 x 1 0 . 2x25. 2 x 7 5 . 2x50. 3 x 1 6 , 3 x 2 5 , 3x35. 3 x 5 0 . 3 . 5 ~ 2 5 4
. x16
sq mm si7.0 ... ... ... ... Each
i!IiJ. -D$n@. but o l 3 x 70. 3 x 45. 3.5 x 35, 3 5 x 50. 3.5 x 70, 4 x 25. 4 x 35, or
4 z 5 0 <q rnm <i,c ... ... ... Each 0.17 0.17
-A--- ........
Constnnt for labour or use of
ROAD WORK plant in days
R- -
Ma7dmr
i!,l Prilwrati,,~~of' irlhgr.>,Ic I,) drcssing surhccs l o carnbcr, ~ , a w i n gand kccping

r m l y lor rolling ... ... ... ...
492. R o l l ~ t ~and
g i.ori~oli~l:~ling lormation surhccs, including lilling dcprcrsiona
u l l i i h tkCUr dlirirlg n>lllng, using:
(a) 11;lliil n l l l c r 0.2 10 0 5 tonne capacny ...
(h) :1n~n131r<!licr of 0 0 8 l o 1.5 tonnc capacity ...
(c) p o w r ri!!lcr llpln 5 tonnc capacity , ..
(11) pou'cr rr?lli'r o f X tunnc wpacity ...

(c) poivrr ri,il-r i ~ f li! ltn I ? lnnnc ~ i ~ p i ~ c i t y ...
87
LABOUR CONSTANTS
1 Conslanls for labourluse of olant
in days per 10 sq m of work
SI. :
No. 1 Dcscriplion of work Mnzdwrlmate
bhisti or I
1 chowkidar I roller
493. Laying smnekankar h u l d e r soling. propcrly handpacked (or base course using
oversi7~road melal) lo the required gradienVcamber/superelcvatim, including
watering spreading blinding malerial and consolidating with a power roller for :
(a) 100 mm spread thickness ... ...
(b) 150 mm spread thickncss ... ...
(c) 200 mm spread thickness ... ...
494. Laying brick soling with ovcrburnt or well burnt bricks, filling interstices,
blinding, watcring and rolling with power roller :
(a) consisling of one layer of bricks Inid flat ...
(a) consisting of one layer of bricks laid on edge
(a) consisdig of twolayers of bricks laid flat

495. Light wearing surfaces, like bcrms, walkways, clc., made up of murmm. shingle.
kanknr, gravel, red bajri clc.. including blindtng, watcring and rolling wilh
power roller :
(a) 50 mm sprcad thickness ... ...
(b) 75 mm sprcad thickness
(c) 100 rnm spread thickness ... ...

Note : In item 495 $light wearing .~urfnceis lo be conxolidared by hand
renvning insfed of rolling. a d d 0 . 4 4 . 0 5 5 and0.69 daysfor 50. 75, and 100 mrn
fhicknesses respeclively lo the conrranf for matdoor, in lieu of roller rime.
496. Walcrbound macadam carpet, sprcad, levelled, watered and consolidalcd wilh
powcr mllcr lo rcquired gradient, camber and superelevation :
(a) 100 mm compacted thickness (equivalent of about !20 to 140 rnm
sprcad thickness - screenings extra ... ...
(b) 75 mm compacted lhickness (equivalent of about 90 to 110 mrn
spread thickness - scrwnings extra) ... .,.
497. Preparing road surfaces, new or old, by brushing wilh wire brushes, brwming
and lanning with gunny bags :
(a) waterbound macadam surfaces ... ... 0.55
fb) black topped surfaces ... ... 0.33
Constant for labourlusc of pladt in days pw 10 sq rn of work

Mazdoodmate/ Bitumen Bitumen Power
bhisti/chowkidar MiS''Y sprayer u n i ~ boiler roller
498. Applying priminghck coat. manually @ 10 kg

ly/bilumen per 10 sq m ... 0.25 0.003 0.006 0.001
499. (a) Surfxc dressing one coat work using 20 kg
bitumenand0.14cum stonechippingsper 10
sq m and rolling ... 0.42 0.008 0.01 1 0.007 0.01 1
(h) Dltto burtwowatworku\lng2nkl: hllu~ncr!
with 0 15cu m c h ~ p p ~ n g ~ l o r i ~ r s I?
t c kk:,
ai~,
b~tumcnw~thO10cu m chlnnlnc\. . .. for ~crond
coat and both conts rollcd scpamtcly .. . I! I H 1ii)l'i 0.017 0.418 0.017
500. Renewal coat of surfacc drcssing using
12 kg biwmen and 0.10 cu m stone chippings
and rolling ... 0.28 0.005 0.006 0.004 0.006
LABOUR CONSTANTS
C o n s w n ~for
~ labourlusc of plant in days per 1 0 sq m of work
. . .. ~-
7-
~~
51. Descr~pt~on
of work Mardoorimatcl Misvy 1 Bitumen Bitumen Ititumcn :
So. 1 bhis1iichowk1d;lr
501. n ~ i ~ ~ m i n oprcmixcd
tls carpct. 20 mm
consolidated il~ickncss,using 0.27 cu m
of stonc chippings m ~ x c du,ith 14.6 kg of
hinder, rollcd and compacted tu rcquircd
grad~cntand camhcr ... 0 58 0.019
SO2 Srcmixed bituminous macadam os
specilied. 5 0 mm consolidated rhickncss
rollcd and compaclcd to rcquircd camhcr
and gradicnt (prepar~ngsurfaces, tack
coal and scal coat not included) ... 2.34 0.036
503. - D i t t o but 75 mm consolid3tcd 3,4R
0.054 0.15 0.54 0.05 1
Ih~ckness
5(M. Liquid scal coat (IRC type 'A' ) uslng
9.8 kg of hot bilumcn (sprayed), hlindcd
with 0.09 cu m stonc chipp~ngsof 6 mm
F I Y C pcr 10 sq III and rolling ... 0.40 0.005 0.W6 0.006 0.006
505. Srcn~incdsand s u l coat (IRC typc 'B' )
using 0.06 cu m s;lr~d and 6.8 kg hol
hllu~ncnpcr 10 sq m, mixcd sprcad and
rollcd ...
,,36 0.006 0.001 0.005 0.006
Note : For concrcrr: roads / pavements consrunrs given in concrcre sccrion are applicable,
Unit o r
Work
ii ca'egory Of
Labour constants
in days per
unit o t work
50G. Filling cxpansiun join& in concrcic pavings etc.. w ~ t h prcmoulded
hiluminous joinc Filler (conswnt worked out is for I5 cm deplh of joint
..
Cillcr. bul converted into sa m and is also aoolicable for othcr dcoths
, of
-~ so m Mazdoor 0.067
jotnts) Mawn 0.022
507. Prinling top cavity in expansion joints (left after illling with prcmouldcd 10 m Mason 0.01
hiluminous join1 flllcr as in itcm SO6 above) and filling with hot sealing (pcr sq cm Mazdoor 0.02
con~pound(conslant 8s for 10 mctrc lcnglh of joint sealed, for each sq cm cross-
cross-section of joint filled with scaling compound) sccrion
508. Placing (at thc limc o f concreting) 20 mm dia steel dowcl bars one meue 10 m Black-
long wlth ferrules, at 400 mm ccnlrcs along the length of expansion joint. (of cxpan- smith 0.19
including culling notches/holcs in formwork and (lalcr) in prcmouldcd sion joint) Helper 0.19
bituminous filler a1 ~ h tlmc
c of finishing ihc joints Mazdoor 0.06
509. Forming consUuclion joint 10 mm wide. 30 mm dcep and (latcr ) filling 10m Mason 0.15
with sealing compound or hot blltlmcn Mazdoor 0.15
510. Forming dummy j o ~ n t(conuaction) 10 mm wide, 65 rnm deep and (later) 10m Mason 0.25
flll~ngwith sealing compond o r hot b~lumcn Maldoor 0.25
51 1. Scarifying walcrbound macadam. bitumen macadam o r other black toppcd
surfaces by hand, not cxcceding 50 mm deep ... 10sqm Mardoor 0.44
512. . D i u o but cxcceding 50 and no1 ercccding 100 mm dcep . 10sq m Mazdoor 0.77
5 1 3 . Repairing pot holc? hy swccp1n.c clean o f mud/dust, filling with fine

scrccncd road mcul. watcring, wcll ramming etc. including culling edges
uplo 25 mm dccp (measurcmcnt will be for area o f pot hclcs) ... sq m Mazdwr 0.17
511. D ~ t t hul
o fillcd with prcmixcd bituminous mixture (stonc metal and hot
b~tumcn)scalcd with hindcr and hlindcd with stone chippings, hand
ra~nnicd(or powcr rollcd) ... ... sq m Mazdwr 0.62
515 Screening road mct;il, chippings clc. a1 nitc, ~ncludingrcmoving scrccncd
malcrials clcar of scrccn and sucking (measurcrncnt for m c u l before
scrccning) ... ... cu m Mardoor 0.35
8'1
LABOUR CONSTANTS
DKMOLITION AND DISMANTLING
Notes : (a) L a b o w constanls for dcmolirion and dismonlling includefor sracking srrviceublc rnnreriu1.s and dl.tpo\ul rifdchri,i
wirhin 100 m lend.
(h) Conzrunrs a t e for work uptofloor two level (i.e. groundfloor includingfoundurions upro I m dcplh ~ n rwo d uppcr
sroreys i n r l u d ~ n groof offloor rwo level). F u r work i n higher sroreys make extra allowance 0.7 given in rclcvi~nrt[rm.s.
( c ) The tcrm disrrranrling signrfies raking up or down wirhour cnusing any avoidable damage lo the orltcleimaicrinl
heing removed.
I 1Mazdoor I .~
/ Mazdoor
NO.
sI. 1
I
Description of work days pcr
! cu rn
I I I
Dcscrtplion of work days per
cu rn
Dcmoltt~onof :- Demolition of :-
516. Lime concrete 1.20 522. Brickwork or rubble stone masonry in cemcnt
mom 3.10
517.Unrcin~orccd ccmcnt concrctc uplo 15 cm
thickness or cross-section 2.45 523. Ashlar faced stone maasowy in llmc or ccmcnl
mortar 3.40
518. -Ditto- but morc th:m 15 cm hick 4.00
524. Ashlar faced stone rnaonry in lime or cement
519. Rcinrorccd ccmcnt concrctc or rcinforccd mortar 1)15
brickwork of any dcscrtption (Also scc ilcm 527) 4.15
.
520. Brickwork or rubblcslone masonry in mud mortar 1. I 0 1 525. rnorWr
Marblc/nrccasl
. concrclc work in ltme or ccmcnt
2.45
522. -Dioo- bul in lime mortar 1.40 1 526. Mud phuska in roof 1.10
-
Labour conslanls
SI. 1 Dcscr~ptionof work Unit of cams or^ of
No. 1 Work , Lahourcr nf wnrk
-- . --
527. Extra ovcr ilcm 519 for culling slecl bars whcrc rcquircd (cross-seclional sq m Blacksmith 0.50
nrca of concrclc/rcinforced brickwork cut to bc mcasurcd) Mazdoor 0.50
528. Dcmolitian of brick tiles in lcrraccs ... ... sq m Mazdmr 0.IZ
529. Exwa ovcr ilcms 5 I 6 lo 526 lor cvcry addlr~onalslorcy height abovc floor
two lcvcl (if materials arc carried down by head lontl) ... .. . cu m Mazdoor 0.30
530. Separating and clcanlng/s~raighlcningrcinforccmcnt bars from dcmol- quinwl Blacksmilh 0.25
ishcd concrclc or rcinlorcul brickwork Mazdoor 0.50
5,; I S.ilv.~l:tn!! u h~>l:rc.t~i.~hlr

hrirkc lio~ndcn~oli,l~;dbr~.kw~,rk
hutl~~nmutl
itiort:u 11, rctrnn 114itl.)rwr .tntl clcnning. lnclud~ngsucking ... INN) Nos M:ifrhulr J 30
532. -Ditto- bul i f tn lirnc morhr .. . .., 1000 Nos Mazdoor 5.00
533. -Ditto- bul i f ccmcnt rnortx ... ... ... 1000 Nos Mudoor 6.20
531. S;~lv;lging rc-usnhlc sloncs and un(l:~magcdprccnsl concrcrc arltclcr from

dci~iollshcdwork inclltdlng rcmovtng mnrkir :~nrls ~ ~ c k i n g ... cu m Mazdoor Oh5
535. D~cmantlingt~lcs/s~onc slabs in ll<x~rsclc..

l:11(1 i n lttnc or ccincnt in or tar:^
(it) C Z 25 111111III~L~IICSS
L ~ I 1q10 ~ ~ ... 10sq m Mardoor 0.90
(b) lilcs cxcfcdutig 25 nrrn and U(I~I JIIInn1 iluclnc\r ... I O sqm Madoor 1.30
(e) slonc sI:~hs in floor clc.. . . .. . 10 sq m Mazdoor 290
Note : Add 0.!)6.0.12 und 0.24 mnidnor doyr /wr l(lO .rq !rt rc~/rc~,rrrvcly
In cnn.trr~nrrfor i1cm.r 525 ( 0 1 , ( h ) ~ m d( c ) fr,r vork in clrrv
uddrrronol rrnrcy hrighr uhnvcfloor rur) l r r r l
536, D~srn:lnIlingsheet roofing (mcasurcd for ac1u:rl arc2 nfnr>l) :.

(a) CG1 shcclc in roclltng includtng pla~nGI shcc~cin r~dgcr. 10 $(I in Carpcntcr 0.25
h ~ p villl~ys
~. m i l glIIICrS. Ma/.dour 0.65
(h) Cnnugnrcd or scmi-corrugated AC shccls in moling fixed

with co:~chscrews or wiih Jhook holls, Including ridges.
hips and vallcy spccials ofabc<tos ccrncnl.
LABOUR CONSTANTS
I
k & b o u r constants in days
SI. 1 Description of work Unit carpen7---
No. I of I Blacksm~thl Mazdoor
! Work 1 Mason
537. Demolishing jack arches including steel joists, in rooflfloor :-
(a) ~nlime mortar ... ... ... cu m

(b) in cement m o m ... ... ... CU m
538. Dismantling tiled roofing :
(a) singlc layer of Mangalorr/RaniganJ/AIlahabad pattern or

countly typc tiles ... ... ... 10sqm
(b) double layer, o r - d o ... ... ... 10sqm
539. Demolishing rharchcd mof including bamboo jaffri, capping to ridges. hips etc.. 10 sq m 0.45
540. Disnmntling limber battens rn ronf, any sire :
(a) upto I 5 cm apart ... ... ... 10sqm 1.40
(h) exceeding 15 Ern apan ... ... ... 10sqm 1.20
541. DlsmanUing purlins and rafters from roof, upto 40 sq cm in crass-section.

of any kind of timber ... ... ... 100 m
542. Dismanlling wooden uusscs. any span. any typc ... ... Each 0.65 2.00
543. Dismantling stccl trusses. w~thoutdismembering ... . Perm 0.15 0.30

of span
544. Disrnanlling timbcr planks in wvcs/barge/valleys, roof, floor or ceiling ... 10 sq rn 0.35 0.70
545. Dltto, but in wall linings and partitions ... ... 10 sq m 0.25 0.50
546. DismanUing wooden uellla work including framing ... ... 10sqm 0.25 0.60
MISCELLANEOUS
547. Initial layout of a building Allow one mason and 8 labourus working for half a
day for every 200 sq m of built up area (this will
include the labour in the initial layout and 'creating
semi-permanent brick stub pillars with reference
points marked in plaster o n top).
548. For casting. curing and testing of cubes of concrete. Allow 0.5 days of unskilled labourer per cube. V h i s
will be over. and above the skilled laboratory
technicianslengin~rin charge of lhe site laboratory.)
539. Labour requircd in trdy~ngup the site and clearance Ranges from 20 to 65 days of unskilled labour with
of rubbish altcr completion of wurk on a building one to 4 mates for supervision depending on the area
projccl. of site.
550, Detailcd clcanlng of bulldings by removing paint Allow 2 labour days per 100 sq m of built up area of
splashes, sundry mortar droppings, dust seuled on hullding.
complclcd ~lcnis, shoe marks of the construction OR
labourers moving about, clcan~ngup toilet< etc., used
by labourers, w ~ p i n gup joincry. and flnal we1 mopping Allow 0.05 % of the cost of all other items of work
of floors clc., preparatory to handing over to owner :- in the building.
CEMENT CONSTANTS
Cement constants based on experiments carried out by the CBRI Rmkee and the Concrete Association of India arc
given below. These consfants include an allowance of 2 5 %for wastage and are in use in the MES Depanment for waking
out estimated requirement of cement.
These constants may be considered applicable for ordinary P d a n d cement, Porlland po7zolana cement. Portland
slagcement,high aluminacement. sulphateresisung cement, and toPortland whitecemenlforpurpososof estimating, analysing prices
and for approving rates payable to contractors.
Cement Cement
Mix by unit conslant Mix by
Description of Item Description of llcm Unit constant
volume in kg volume
in kg
Cement Concrete Stone Masonry (contd)
Mixed cement concrete I: 1 : 3 cum 402.83
delivered on banker 1: 2 : 4 cum 308.53 Walling of random or I : 1: 6 cum 73.80
1: 2 : 5 cu m 268.55 polygonal rubble.un~0ursed0r I: I:8 cu m 56.89
1 : &: 5 cu m 253.18 broughtupmcourses,ingauged 1: 2: 9 cu m 49.71
1: 3 : 6 cu m 213.20 mortar(cement : lime : sand)
1: 4 : 8 cu m 161.95
1 : 5 : 10 cum 129.15
1 : 7 : 12 cum 104.55 Plastering
Mixed cement concrete using 1: 5
all-in aggregaw delivercd on 1: 6 cum
cum 264.45 10 mm (0.5 inch) thick
312'63 1: 2 sq m 11.79
cu 206,03 rendering or screeding on brick 1:3 sq m 8.41
banker 1: 8
1 : 12 cu 138,38 or concrete surfacer in cement 1:4 sq m 6.77
and sand mortar 1:6 sqm 4.46
Mortars
Cement and sand mortar 1: 1 cu 1058.83 -Ditto- but on stone masonry 1: 2 sq m 15.68
1: 2 cu 699.05 surffa~esor lalhing 1: 3 sq m 11.17
1: 3 cum 493.03 I:% sq m 8.41
1: 4 cum 382.33 1: 6 sqm 5.a
1: 6 cu m 254.20
1: 8 cu 192.70 Add or deduct for each 5 mm 1: 2 qm 4.77
(0.25 inch) thickness over or 1: 3 sq m 3.38
Gauged mortar : I cu 244.98 under 10 mm (0.5 inch) on 1:4 sq m 2.51
(cement: lime : sand) : cu 189.63 concrete, brick,lathing or stone 1: 6 sq m 1.69
: ' cu I@.* masonry surfaces (cement
1 : 5 : 10 cum 147.60 mom)
1 : 7 : 12 cum 120.95
Drickwnrk lOmm(0.5inch)rhickw&ring 1: I : 8 sq m 3.38
or screeding on brick or 1: 2: 9 sq m 2.82
Brickwork in well burnt bricks 1: 3 cu m 123.00
concrete surfaces in gauged
built in cement and rand mortar 1: 4 CY m 9s'84
1: 6 monar (cement : lime : mid)
using old size bricks. cum 64.06
I: 8 cu m 4793
-Ditto- but on stone masonry I: I:8 sq m 4.20
-Ditto- but using modular size 1: 3 CU m 113.30 surfaces or lathing 1: 2 : 9 sqm 1.64
bricks. 1: 4 cu m 87.90
1; 6 CU m 58.40 Add or deduct for each 5 mm 1: 1 : 8 sq m 1.38
1: 8 cU m 44.30 (0.25 inch) thickness over or 1 : 2: 9 sq m 1.13
Brick work in wcll burntbricks, I:I :6 cu m 60.48 mm (0.50 inch) On
built in gauged m o m (cement : 1 I :8 cu m 47.93 Mncrcte. brick lathing Or "One
lime : $and). using old size l:2 :9 cum 40.49 masonry (gauged
bricks. morlu)
-Ditto- but using modular size I: I :6 cu m 56.80
bricks 1: 1 : 8 cum 43.60 Pointing
1:2 : 9 cum 37.70
Sto.ie Masonry Raking out joints to a depth of 1: 2 sq rn 2.51
10 mm and providing flush, 1: 3 sqm 1.69
Wallingofran&morpolygo~l 1: 3 CU 147'60
rubble,uncoursedorbrought up 1:4
kcycd or struck pointing in 1: 4 sq m 4.39
cu m 114'80
to courses in cement mortar. 1: 6 cu m cement mortar , on brick
75.34
surfaces.
1: 8 cum 58.94
CEMENT CONSTANTS
Cement Cement
Description of Item Mix by Unit constant Description of Item Mix by
volume in kg volume
Concrete Honeycomb bick-tile-work 1: 2 sq m 16.53

Setting only in position using
ccmcnt and sand mortar the I one bnck~tilethick, in cement
and sand m o m
1: 3
1:4
sqm
sq m
1164
9.02
followingtypeofprecalconcrete
xticles :-
Kerbs, steps and the like

I Honeycomb brick-tile-work
half brick-tile thick, in cement
Copingshd plates, a n c h o r h d 1: 4 cu m 3,75 Honeycomb brick-tile-work sq m 2.70

with tiles laidon edge(rhickncss sqm 1.78
blmks, window cills elc.. o f wall cqual to thickness sqm 1.25
Smell linlels
Jally 25 to 30 mm ~hickness
1:4
1: 4
cu m
q m
9.75
1.25 1 Using modular brickr of
19 x 9 x 9 cm acrual size :
Concrete Block Walling Half brick thick walls (ie 9 cm

thick), in cement and sand
Walling with precast (solid or 1: 4 cu m 35.99 mortar
closcd cavity) concrck block 1: 6 cum 23.93
wallina- any. rhickness I: 8 cum 18.14 --
.Do- liut in eauecd mortar
(ccmcnt : limc : sand)
Brickwork (I cm thick Joints)
Uring old sire brickr, of Honeycomb brickwork, one
23 x I 1 x 7 c m ocrunl size :- brick hick in cemen; and sand
mortar
Half brick thick walls in ccmcnl I :3 sqm 11.62
and sand monar 1.4 sq m 9.01 Honeycomb brickwork, half
brick thick in ccment and sand
-Do- bur in gaugcd morlar 1: I : 6 sq m 5.78 mortar
(ccmcnt : limc : sand)
Miscellaneous
Pardi walls. w i h bricks laid on 1: 1 sq m 9.77
edgc, in ccmcnt and m d morlar 1: 2 sq m 6.45 ExIra for joining new brick wall sq m 2.72
1: 3 sq m 4.55 with old in cement and wnd sqm 1.81
1:4 sq m 3.53 monar.usingoldsizcormodular
bricks (conslant is for tl-e area
Honcycumbbrickwork.oncbrick 1: 2 sq m 12.83 of cross-sction of new wall
thick, in cemcnt and sand mortar 1: 3 sq m 9.05 joining with old)
1.4 sq m 7.01
-Do- but with gauged n~ort;u sqm 1.74
Honcycomb brickwork hallbrlck 1: 2 Sq m 5.88 (cement : limc : sand)
thick. in cemcnl and sand m o r w 1: 3 sq m 4.14
1: 4 sq m 3.21
Making gmd to cha~escut in per 0.90
Honeycomb brickwork with 1:2 sq m 2.87 brick walls, wath cement and meme
:)ricks laid on cdgc (thickness of 1: 3 Sq m 2.02 sand mortar a h fixing pipes.
wall cqual w hickncss of brick) 1: 4 sq m 1.57 conduiw etc., for conccalcd
( work
Onc tile hlck walls in ccmcnt and 1: 4 cu m 106.77 Note . Sizeofchusecutby hnnd
rand m o r w 1.6 cum 70.99 us~lally does not wry
wrih lhe dameler of
-Do- but in gaugcd mortar I: 1:6 cum 68.42 pipe embedded.
(ccmcnt : limc : wnd)
Halt lllc hick iaclng in ccmcnt 18.58 Making good to holes in slab Each 0.70
and wnd m o m (built integrally 14.41 a l t r r passlng pipes, with
wilh main wall) 9.58 cc:Ticnt concrete 1:2:4, and
I~lltshing up Lo malch with
Half lilc thick wall in ccmcnt and 13.1 1 st<rr~unding surPder.
und morw 10.17
Rr~cklilc wall, with lilcs laid on 1: I sq m 5.87 Poinung in Ccmcnl and stone
wlgc in pardi walls, vcrtical Fins 1:2 sqm 3 87 dust morlar lo atonc veneer
etc . in atnent and u n d morwr. I:? sqm 2.71 work in wdl l~ning
MATERIAL CONSTANTS
EXCAVATION
Excavation Without Timbering
Depths to which excavation in trenches in the following kinds of strata will retain a vertical face, for short periods rcquired in
building operations, without falling in may be taken as follows -
Clcan dry sand and gravel : 0 to 0.33 m Wcll drained loam 6 to 2.6 m
Moist sand and surface mould : 0.3 to I m Compactgravcllysoil : 3 t o 5 m
Soft or ordinary m h : 0.6 to 1.3 m Well draincd stiff clay : 3 l o 4 m
Angle of Repose (or Natural Slopes)
Natural slopes of earth, ie angle at which thrown-up soils will s m d of their own accord without slipping and wilhout the
nccessily of retaining walls arc given in the table bclow. Slopes vary with the condition of soil, ie whether dry, moist. loose, very
lmse clc.
Angle of Ratio of b w of Angle of Ratio of base of

Type of Soil Typc of Soil
repose slow to height repose slope to height
Alluvial soil, dry 27' 2 : I Earth vcgctable, very wet ISa 3 : I

Clay, dry 39O 1.25 : 1 Earth vcgclablc. punned 63O 0.50 : 1
Gravel, compact 4 9 1 : 1
Clay, wcll drained 4 5O 1 : I
Gravcl, with sand 38' 1.25 : 1
Clay, damp and plastic 27O 2 : I
Peat. Tim 4 9 I : I
Earth, compact 500 I
Sand. fine and dry 33O 1.50 : 1
hrlh veget;lblc, dry and loose 2Y0 1.75 : 1 Sand, loose arid moist 29O 1.75 : 1
Earth vcgelable, moist 4 So 1 :I Shingle, lwse 39O 1.25 : 1
Increase in Bulk
Approximalc incrcase in bulk of different kln& of soli (when cxcnvated from natural undisturbed ground and thrown
up into a heap) may bc taken a follows :
Sand and gravel ... 12.5 % Murrum or chalk depending on size of pieces : 33.33 %
Eanh and clay ... 25 % Rock depending on size of pieces : 50 %
Deduction
Deductions W h medc from the volume of loose heap-of different kinds of soils lo arrive at the contents before breaking up
undislurtcd gmund will bc as iollows :
Sand 2nd gravel ... 11 % Murmm or chalk ... 25 %

h r ~ and
h clay ... 20 % Rock ... 35 %
Economical Distances for Remcwal of Soil etc.
Economical diswnccs for dif(crcnt modes of removal of spoils for Indian conditions vary considerably with tho wages
dcmnndcd by lnlmurcrs, lypc of labourers (ie male. female w boys) and carlage rales payable lo bullwk cam, motor lorries elc.
Forestimating purposes avenge economical dismnces may be taken as follows:
Hcnd loads ... upto 50 rn Bullock cans ... 300 IO900 m

Whccl banows ... 50 to 300 m Mom lorries ... Disranccs excceding MM m
95
MATERIAL CONSTANTS
Planking and Strutting (Excavation Support)
Open rimbering is used for moderately firm ground. For open timbering, usually 38 mm thick poling boards for 30
% of area of the face of excavation lo be supported, with waling of 100 mm x 100 mm size and
horizontal or raking s h t s cut from 125 mm dia ballics are employed.
Close rimbering is similar to open timbering. except that poling boards are employed for 100 % of arca of the lace
of excavation to be supported. Clme limbering is employcd for lwse gmund.
Timber rcquired for

~ y p cof excavation singlc use per sq m Notes
required
of face of excavation
In ucnches Open timbering 0.033 cu m Timber requirement indicated should be increased by 8 % u>
Close timbering 0.058 cu m allow lor wastage in cutting to h e requ~redsize.
Upro 10 uses of timber may be possible. The numbcr of
Ovcr areas Open timbering 0.029 cu m reuses will however be limited by h e extcnt and magnitude
Close timbering 0.052 cu m of work, alterations that may be required lo cut sizes when
using in new locations etc.
In shall?, wells and Open timbering 0.032 cu m The price analysis should take into account the scrip value
cesspirs. Close timbering 0.063 cu m of limber.
Excavating Rock by Blasting
Rock excavation using blasting p w d c r and fuses Rock excavation using dynamite
Materials required pcr 10 cu m of excavation Materials rcquired per 10 cu m of excavation

SofVdisinte-
grated rock Hard rark Dynamite required in
Type of excavation Type 01rock kg per 10cu m
Powder No of Powder No of of rofk
in kg fuses in kg fuses
Excavation over a r m Sandstone 1.20 to 2.40

exceeding 30 cm in 1.97 2 3.93 4 Trap 1.20 to 4.20
dcplh and exceeding
1.5 m in width. Granilc or Hornblende 1.20 to 4.70
Cemcnt concrcle 1.80 to 3.60
Excavation in vcnches 2.52 3 6.42 7 Quarrr 1.80 to 4.20
not cxcccding 1.5 m in
width. Gneiss 3.60 lo 4 70
Li~ncsloneand marhle 4.40 to 6.00
Rcquircmcnl of explosivcs varies wilh the extent of rccrriclion in spaco, smallflarge magnitudc of work. and
convollcd blasting that may be necessary. Thc lower figures in the ranges indicated for requirement of dynamitc arc,
applicablc for open unreslricled blasting.
Avcngc rcquiremenl of explosivcs blc.. for 100 cu m of excavalion by blasting in hilly lcnain for road building
operations may be lakcn as :-
Enplosivc (dynmitc) : 35 kg Detonators : 17 NOS.

Salcty fuse : 17 rn Dclonating fuse : 50 nl
Hardcorr
Spread thickness of hardcorc is reduced by about 15 lo 25 % due to compnction dcpcnding upon thc nature ;III,Ig r i l i l l u g
ofmatcrial used and the dcgrcc of compaction ach~evcd. This in turn signifies rllat for each cu rn of llni5hcd work in;r~<r~a!,
required for hardcore will be 1.8 to 1.33 cu m.
96
MATERIAJ, CONSTANTS
MORTAR A N D CONCRETE
Water
Water required for munar and concrete varies from 26 to 36 litrcs per bag (50 kgj of cement depending on the
nlixiproportion of mortar or concrctc, moisture content of aggrcgatc and the watcr-cement ratio adopted.
Shrinkage
Cement shrinks when wetted
Sand shrinks when welted
Mud Mortar
15 to 30 %
20 to 30 % I Dry cement and sand mix shrlnks when wetted 25 to 35 %
Dry ccmcnr concrcrc mix shrinks when wcttcd 20 %
Fur mud morlar, rcquiremenl of suitable dry earth may bc Wkcn as 1.20 cu m for 1 cu m of mud mortar.
Lime
I quintal of unslaked lime yiclds 0.158 cu m uf lime putty.
I cu m of unslaked lime yields 1.225 cu m of lime putty.
1 quinwl of unslakcd lime wcupies 0.129 cu m o f volume.
Lime M o r t a r -
Material requircd cxcrdsive of waslagc
--
Materials reyuircd pcr cu rn o f morlar

hlir by volume Lime putty in cu m
&ime putty : Sand) (or unslaked limc in Fine sand in cu m
quinwls and in cu m)
.
1: 1 0.7125 0.7 125

(4.51 q o r 0.58 cu m)
1: 2 0.475 0.95
(3.01 q or 0.39 cu m)
1: 3 0.357 107
(2.26 q or 0.29 cu m)
Nole ; For lrme : surkhi mortar, requiremen! of surkhi can be raken same 0s requiremen! of sand indicated nbove.
requiremenr of lime purry d o remnrning unchungcd.
Lime Concrete
Materials requircd for 1 cu m of lime concrete consisting 100 p u t s of gradcd coarse aggresdtc mixed with 4 0 parts
of limc mortar ( b t h by volume) are as follows e x ~ l u s i v e01 waslagc :-
0.84 cu m of gradcd cowsc aggegate of 40 mrn s u e
0.40 cu m of rcady mixed wct lime rnorur.
Nole : For m d roncrele, the conslantsfor lime concrere may be adopled sub~lirulingreyuirefnenr of mud mortarfor
the requiremenr of lime mortar as given above.
Cement M o r t a r and Cement-Lime Gauged h l o r t r r

For requirement o f cement for various mixes of cement mortar or cement-lime-sand mortar refer cement conslanls.
Requirement of watcr may be laken a s 140 liues per cu m of morlar.
Lime putty and sand required per cu m of
Sand required pcr cu m of cement and sand monai cement-lime-sand m o m
Mix by
volume
Sand in
cu m
Mix by
volume
Sand in
cu m I I/ Mix by volume
Cement : Lime : Sand

Lime pulry in cu m Sand in cu m
1: 3 1: 7 I: I: 8 0.134
1:4 I: 8 1.07 l:2:9 0.238
(Quantity o r sand is exclusive of wasrage) (Consrants are exclusive of wastage)
97
MATERIAL CONSTANTS
Cement Concrete
Refer cement consIanls for requirement of cement for various mixes of concrete. To the requirement of coarsc and
fine aggregate indicated below add 2.5 % to allow for wastage.
Mix by volume Size of Coarselline aggregate required per cubic meve of concrete
Cement : comc
Sand : aggregate Using shingle and coarse aggregate Using crushed stone as coarse aggregate
.
Aggregare used Sand in cu m Shingle in cu m I Sand in cu m 1 Crushed stone in cu m
--
Reinforcement
Reinforcement is romclimcs expressed as sectional area of steel used compared to t k sectional area of concrete,
ic 1 % of steel in an RCC slab will mean that if the slab is cut, the cross-section will reveal 0.01 sq m of steel bars for every
sq m ot sectional area of slab.
1 % reinforcement will indicate 78 kg stecl per cu m of concrete (based on steel weighing 7830 kg per cu n ~ ) .
Rcinforcemcnt usually rcquircd in various situations is as follows :-
Culvenr and foundations
Landing, n w r and roof slabs
Arches and walls
0.5 ta 1 %
1 to 1 . 5 %
1 l o 2 46 I Columns and suuls
Beams, linrels, and braces
Piles and connections
B~ndingor lying wire for rcinforcCmen1 may be laken as 0.9 lo 1.3 kg per quintal of relnforcemcnl.
1 t o 3 %
2 1 0 3 %
2 t o S %
Wastage of slcei will depend on the site of off-cuts and the possibility of using the off-cuv, in situations llkc
chajjas, canopies elc. Wastage of steel in reinforcement varies from 2 to 10 %.
Formwork and Centering

Whcn analysing rates of formwork and centering, assessment of lhe numbcr of times that the umber can bc uscil
is of grcat importance. It is usual lo assume upto 16 uses depending on the nature and the magnitude of work.
Quantities of materials, including wastage, required for 10 sq m of formwnrk in various situations arc given below,
ond lhcse ore for firs1 or single use. Allow for nails and spikes at the rate of about 4 to 5 kg for first use and 1 kg lor
cach subsequcnl use for 10 sq m of fo;mwork.
Materials required per 10 Sa m of formwork includin~

- 5 % wastage.
.
$1. Boarding Scantlings or Ballies or slruts

Situation where formwork is w be provided in sq rn battcns in cu m in meues
No.
I. Foundations, foolings, bases of columns and mass concrele
2. Solfits of suspcnded landin&/roof/flwr slabs upto 200 mm thick
3. -Ditto- but exceeding 200 mm in lhickness ...
1. Wails, partitions. parapets and lhc like ... ...
5. Columns, piers etc. ... ... ...
6. -Ditto- but circular on plan ... ... ...
7. Sides and solfib of beams, lintels and the likc ... ...
8. Edges of slabs and breaks in suspended floors ... ...
9~ Suircascs ... ... ... ...
I0 Chullah hoods, chajjas, etc. ... ... ...
11. of semi-cylinrical shclls of radius upto 3 meues
5<1Ii11> ...
I?. 501111%u l domes, vaulu and shell roofs. sperical in shape, that is
curved in both horizontal and vertical ulanes
98
MATERIAL CONSTANTS
Dry ccmcnt is thoroughly rnixcd with pigment hcfore mixing with sand and aggregate. Quantity o f dry pig-
ment to be rnixed with one bdg of cement (50 kg) is as follows :
Culour Pigmcnt to he mixed with 50 kg bag Colnur Pigment to be mixed with 5 0 kg bag of
nf cement of cement
Black 5.56 kc black oxide of manaoncsc or / Buff 2.08 ka- vcllow

. ochre
Blue
any othcr carbon black.
8.14 kg azure blue o r ullramarine. I Red 8.14 kg red oxide of iron.
BRICKWORK
Durning Bricks
Furl rcquircd for making burnt hricks is as iollows :-
Wood fuel (clamp burning) 4 to 4.30 qttintals per 1003 bricks.
Coal dusl (kiln burning) 1.30 to 1.50 quinlals per 1OOO bricks.
Ilrick and Mortar Requirement

As brick sizes diffcr widely. the method of working out the brick and m o r w requirement is enplaincd below :
Data
Sirc of bricks : 19 x 9 x 9 cm (modular or ncw sizc hrick, with frog of 10 x 4 x 1 cm sire)
Sire o i joint : 1 cm rhick.
For one brick thick wall in English bond

In the hcadcr course each hrick along with half a joint on both i d e s ocupy 0.10 m lcngth of the course. Tcn
hricks with joints will be reqttircd for 1 m length of hcadcr coursc.
In thc stretcher course each pair o l strctchcrs with half a joint at ends will occupy 0.20 m length of the coursc.
Five pairs o l strctchers i t 10 bricks with joints will be required ior 1 m length of swctcher course.
Each headcr and stretcher course with half a joint at top and hottom will make up 0.10 m height of the wall.
5 headcr courses and 5 strctchcr courses will make up 1 melre hcight of well.
A portion of I n~ long. 1 m high and 19 cm wide wall will havc :-
Volu~ncof brickwork : 0lYcum
Number of bricks 10 courses x 1 0 bricks each course = 100 bricks.
Volume occupied by bricks : 100 x 0.19 x 0.09 x 0.09 = 0.1539 cu m
Volume occupied by joints ; 0.19 - O. 1539 = 0.0361 cu m
Mortar to fill up frogs : 100 x 0.10 x 0.04 x 0.01 = 0.0040 cu m
Total mortar requircnicnt : 0.0361 + 0.0010 = 0.0401 cu m
If thc cubical contents of one brick thick wall are calculated on thc basis of 190 mm (actual) thickness of
w;~ll. thc material consfanL9 work out to 527 bricks and 0.21 cu m of m o r w per cubic metre of brickwork without
allowing for any wastage, using modular hricks.
If however, the ctlbtcal contents of one brick thick wall are calculated on the h i s of 200 mm (nominal)
thickness of wall, the material conslants work out lo 5W bricks and 0.20 cu m of mortar pcr cubic metre of brickwork
wtihout allowing for any waswge, using modular brtcks.
Ilasis of calculntiun For the material constants given hereinafter for brickwork a r e as follows :-
(a) Di,ncmions of modular sizc bricks have hocn takcn as 19 s 9 r 9 cm with a f r o ~of I D x 4 r I cm size.
(h) Dinrcnrions of old s u e brlckr have bocn taken as 9 r 4.375 1 2 75 inchcs (= 22.86 x 11.11 r 6.985 cm) with a frog of
12.7 n 5.1 x I cm sme.
(r) Dimensions a l old s i x hrick tilcs havc becn taken as 9 r 4.375 x 1.75 inches ( = 22.86 r 11.11 n 4.445 cm) wihout any
frog.
(d) Thickness ul joints has h e n t&cn as 1 cm throughout.

(e) Thc constants are applicable for cubical contents of brickwork measured for nomrnal thickness of walls ie one brick [hick
walls using modular bricks mensurcd u 20 cm thick, and one brick hick wall using old sire bricks (or old size brick ttles)
mcasursd as 23 crn thick.
(0 For brickwork measured in sq rn for hall brick thick walls ev.. Ihc considerations about nominal hichcss/acmal thickness
01walls rnentioncd in (c) above obviously do not apply.
(g) Allowance has been madc lor mortar used up in filling up pores in brick surfaccs and mcarional thicker joints rcquired lor
aligning pcrpxdr, te vertical joints. 'his allowance has not been made in thc illustrative example given abovc. (This natc
( 6 ) applies to constants glvcn for cnncrcte blnck masonry work on ncxt page also).
MATERIAL CONSTANTS
Material conslants for brickwork (without wastage), using :-
Type of brickwork Unit Modular bricks Old size bricks Old s u e brick tiles
Bricks in Mortar in Bricks in Morm in Brick tiles Morur i n
Nos. cu m Nos. cu m in Nos. cu tn
20 cm (nominal) thick walls cu m 500 0.224 455 0.246 655 0.272

using modular bricks. or 23 cm
(nominal) thick walls using old
size bricks or old size brick tiles
Half brick thick walls, or walls sq m 50 0.017 53 0.023 77 0.026
half brick tile thick
Brick on edge walls,or walls with sq m 35 0.009 I5 0.0054
brick tiles on edge
Half brick tile facing, built sq m 77 0.036
intcgrally with other walls
Honeycomb brickwork half brick sq m 36 0.0064 38 0.0082 55 0.01 1

thick, or half brick tile thick
Honcycomb brickwork one brick sq m 75 0.0144 77 0.0179 112 0.0230
th~ck,or one brick tile thick
Honeycomb brickwork laid on sq m 25 0.0040 25 0.0025
cdge, (ie thickness of wall equal
to thc thickness of brick or
thickness of brick tile)
Note consranrs given above an adequate allowance has been made for the morrar joinr ar rhc perfir! of the honcv-
: I n the
comb, brickwork area with rhe main brickworklwalling etc.
Length of hoop iron o r 6 mm dia steel bar required tor

strengthening thin brick walls (joints one cm thick)
Hoop iron or steel Hnlf brick thick wall Half brick thick Xalf brick tile hick Wall built wilh old size bricks or
bar placed at :- built with modular wall built with old wall built with old brick tiles on edge (lhickncss nl
bricks size bricks size brick tiles wall equal to thickness of brick
- -.
Every course 10 mlsq m 12.52 mlsq m 18.37 mlsq m 8.26 mlsq m

Alternate course 5 mlsq m 6.26 mlsq m 9.19 m/sq m 4.13 mlsqm
Evcry third course 3.33 m/sq m 4.17 mlsqm 6.12 mlsqm 2.75 mlsq m
Evcry founh course 2.50 mlsq m 3.13 mlsq m 4.59 mlsq m 2.07 mlsq m
Solid or cavity Concrete blocks and mortar required (exclusive of wastage) for block masonry
Size of concrete blocks and

1 I
thickness of joints considered for Unit
constant
20 cm [hick wall using 20 15 cm thick wall using 15 10 cm th~ckwall uslng 10
crn (actual) thlck blocks cm (actual) thick blocks cm (actual) th~ckblcrk$
Using blocks 29 cm long and 19 sq m 16.67 blocks, and 0.0176 16.67 blocks, and 0.0133 16.67 blocks. and O.(N)80
cm h i g h on lace (actual cu m mortar cu m mortar cu m morm
dimcnsions) with 10 mm thick
joints
-Ditto- but with 12.5 mm thick sq m 16.33 bllxkr, and 0.0216 16.33 blocks. and 0.0170 16.33 blocks, and 00lOX
jo~nts cu m morw cu m mortar cu rn morw
Uung blocks 39 cm long and 19 sq m 12.50 blocks and 0.(1160 12.50 blocks and 0.0120 12.50 blocks and O.MR0
crn high on face (actual cu m mortar c u m rnormr c u m morwr
dirncnsions) with 10 mm thick
,01ntL'
-D!tto- but wilh 12.5, mm thick sq m 12.27 blocks, and 0.0197 12.27 blocks, and 0.0147 12.27 blocks, and O.Ol)!lX
joints cu m mortar C U m mortar C U rn n1orl;lr
MATERIAL CONSTANTS
STONE MASONRY
Materials required including wastage
Type of stone masonry - . stones 1 Headershhrourh Morrv
Quarrv 1 Notes
in cu m stones in NG in cu m
I I I
Random rubble. polygonal rubble or 1.10 to 1.15 7 0.30 Higher requirement of quarry
squarcd mbhle masonry, uncoursed or stones for squared rubble regular
brought upto courses coursed masonry and ashlar
masonry is duc to wastage in
Squared rubble, regular coursed 1.15 to 1.25 7 0,28
masonry dressing the stones to the re-
quired regular heights and
Ashla' masonry 1.3 to 1.40 7 0.12 shapes
WOODWORK AND JOINERY
Wastage in Timber
Wasmge in convening round logs into square slcegen 20 %
Wastage in convening squared sleepers into large scanllings 10 %
Wastagc in converting squared sleepers into filletsharding 12 to 30 %
Wastage in cutting tlmtcr in stock sizes to required finished lengths 5 %
Wastage in planing clean sawn t i m k r into finished sizes 510 8 %
Notes : Wasrnge in planing clean sawn timber into finished sizes should not be reflected i n the rares for rnensured
work where tolerance for planed surfaces is allowed in the finished sizes of the timber work.
.4s on ample precaution, quoted rares should allow for an overall wasrage of 7.5 46 on the quoniity of
timber measured for finished nominal sizes to arrive ar rhe quantiry of clean sawn timber to be purchased
in sizes stocked a( rhe saw mills.
Nails
Requirement of nails for carpenter's work varies from 1.5 to 3.5 kg per cu m of timber depending on the kind of
work, scctions of limber uscd, etc.
BUILDER'S HARDWARE
hleasurement o f Sire
In terms of the relevant Indian Standard specifications the sizes of various articles of builder's hardware are to be
measured as follows :-
Anicle I How measured I --
Anicle
~ -
I - -
.
HOW
..
measured
--
Butt hingcs Length of joint or knuckle Locking bolts. sliding LengUl of bolt.
bolts, skeleton tower
Parliament hinges Width between flanges bolts, and aldrop
bolls.
Piano hinges Overall width of flaps (opened)
Hasp and staples :-
Spring hinges Length of spring cylinder for (a) Wire type Overall length of hasp including
(double acting) regulating spring the hinged plate
Blank hinges to be used Length of join1 or knuckle @) Plate type Length from cenue of hinge to ihe
along with spring hinges (safety type) end of the hasp. excluding [he
hinged plate.
Tee hinges Length of the leaf from joint to
~ t spointed end. Handles, drawer pulls, Grip length.
Strap hinges Length of any leatfrom joint to and drawer handles
its pointed end. Cupboard locks Venical length of face across the
body excluding the box staple or
Door springs (rat tail Distance from the centre of the striking plate.
type) spindle to ccnue of roller
Knobs ~ n i r n u mdia of the knob
Spring pavnt helical Hydraulic d w r closer Weight and width of door to
Barrel tower boltslsemi- which it it suitable.
barrel lower bolts, made Rim latches, mortice Horizonfal length of face across
of slcei lock, mortice night h e body. excluding the box staple
L ) l t l ( i - hut of non~fer- Lenglh of barrel latch, mortice latch or striking plate.
rcws melid verucle type
MATERIAL CONSTANTS
BUILDER'S HARDWARE
Requirement of wood screws for fixing various sizes of builder's hardware items is given below. Length of
scrcw will, to a cemin extent, vary with ihrkness of timber to which Ule article is fixed.
No of IS No of IS No of IS NO ot IS
Size screws Desig- Size screws Dcsig- Size screws Desig- Sire scrcws Desig-
in mm required nation in mm required nation in mm required nation in mm required nation
Steel butt hinges Parliament hinges Steel strap hinges Skeleton Tower bolts
Light weight Aluminium/brasdsteeI Light weight 375 14 I,
I5 4 2 50 6 8 75 6 6 450 14 ,.
25 4 2 65 6 8 I00 6 6 600 16
4 3 75 6 8 125 8 6 750 1X h
40
50 4 3 I00 8 10 150 8 6 900 20 h
65 6 4 125 8 10 200 8 Mild steel sliding door bolts
75 6 5 150 8 10 250 10 (Aldrop ) for use with
100 8 6 175 8 10 300 10 8 padlocks
Steel butt hinges 200 8 10 350 14 9
Medium weight 400 14 9 150 10 9
Piano hinges 200 12 9
20 4 3 (1.825 m lengths) Steel strap hinges 250 14 9
25 4 4 Medium weight
4 5 75 6 6
300 14 '>
Borh 30 and 40 mm sizes 375 16 9
40
50 4 6 require two screws (at every 100 6 6
6 450 16 9
65 6 8
75
90
6
6
8
8
75 mm centres) of IS
Designation 5
125
150
200
8
8
8 (For all sizes carriage bolts. 6
per set are also required)
100 8 9 Double acting spring hinges 300 10 Non-rerrous metal sliding
125 8 10 100 8 10 400 14
150 8 10 125 8 10 500 16
door bolts (Aldrop) for
use with padlocks,
Steel butt hinges 150 8 10 Steel strap hinges Brass, Types 1 & 2, and
Heavy weight Blank hinges for use in Heavy weight Aluminium Type 3
50 6 8 conjunction with double 150 8 10
65 6 8 acting spring hinges are 200 8 lo 150 16 4
75 6 9 300 12 lo 200 16 4
available in 70 and 75 mm 250 16 4
90 6 9 size each requiring 6 screws 400 14 12
100 8 12 500 16 14 300 16 4
of IS Designation 10 3 50 16 4
125 8 12 600 16 14
Steel tee hinges 375 16 . 4
150
175
10
10
12
14 Light weight -
D w r springs Rat tail type 400 16 4
200 10 14 75 6 6 These are available in 300 450 16 4
100 6 6 and 375 mm size and require
Steel butt hinges (per set) 6 wood screws of Hasp and staple (safety)
125 7 90 7 5
Square type 150 7 6 IS Designation 10.
50 4 6 200 7 8 115 7 5
Barrel Tower Bolts and 150 8 8
6 8 250 8 8 semi barrel tower bolts
65
75 6 8 175 8 8
300 8 8 6 6
90 6 9 350 lI 9 100
75 6 6 Hasp & staple (wire type)
100 8 9 400 11 9 125 6 6 65 4 6
Steel butt hinges 150 8 6 75 4 h
Broad type Steel tee hinges 90 4 6
Medium weight 175 8 6
50 4 6 200 8 6 100 5 6
75 6 8 75 6 125 8 6
6 225 8 6
100 8 9 7 250 10 6 150 8 10
125 8 10 125 8
300 10 6 175 8 10
150 8 lo I 50 7 8
2W 7 375 10 6 Door handles (type I )
Aluminium butt hinges 250 R 9 400 10 6 75 4 6
50 4 6 300 8 9 Rivettedlspot welded 100 4 6
65 4 6 350 11 lo steel tower bolts 125 4 6
75 6 6 to 10 400 1I 10 100 8 6 150 4 6
90 8 10 450 I1 12 125 8 6
100 8 10 to 12 500 Door handles (type 2)
12 12 150 8 6 75 4 6
125 10 10 to 12 175 8 6
150 12 12 Steel tee hinges 200 8 6 100 4 6
B r a s butt hinges Heavy weight 225 8 6 115 6 8
(for cabinetrj) 150 7 10 250 10 6 135 6 8
25 4 2 200 7 10 300 10 6 D w r handles (type 3)
30 4 4 300 10 10 375 10 6 75 2 6
40 6 4 400 II I2 450 12 6 90 4 6
50 6 4 500 12 14 600 14 6 100 4 6
MATERIAL CONSTANTS
STEEL AND IRONWORK
Wastage
Wastage of steel in steelwork varies widely with the lengths of sections availablelpurchased and the actual lengths
required in the work, and may range from 2 to 10 7%. A highcr proportion of wastage invariably occurs in steel plates for
gussets, fabrication of girders, baselsole plates etc. In analysing prices. 10 % wastage in plates and 5 % wastage in other
stccl sections is usually allowed for.
Priming Coat
Rates are occasionally required to be quoted for steel and ironwork inclusive of the shop coat or priming coat of oil
paint. For structural and other steclwork in building operations the area of painung required for shop coat usually works out
to an average of 3.50 sq m per quintal of steel.
Rivets end Bolls
Thc wcight of nvetslbolts for rivettedhltcd up connecuons varies from 1.5 to 3.5 kg per quintal for light steelwork
and from 4.5 to 5.5 kg per quintal for built up sections in structural steelwork in buildings. Weight of bolts required in fully
bolted up steelwork is marginally higher than weight of rivels required for fully rivetled connections per quintal of steelwork.
ROOF COVERING
Type of tiling Size Number of tiles required per 10 sq m
Single layer country tiles 20 x 13 cm 1300

Allahabad tiling, single 30.5 x 38 cm 114 flat and 114 half round.
Allahabad bling, double 15 x 19 cm 227 flat + 227 half round + 227 semihexagonal.
Manglore pattern tiling 41 x 23.5 cm 141
Type of ridgc Numbers required Mortar required per 100 m length of ridges or hips
or hip tilcs per 100 m length If bedded solid I If only jointed .and pointed
Manglare pattern 330 0.75 cu m 0.20 cu m

Allahabad oattcrn 330 ridges + 340 elbows 0.75 cu rn 0.20 cu m
Note : Add 5 % wastage in the above constanrs for riling ro allow for breakogelmorrar droppings.
Corrugated Galvanised Iron Sheeting in Roof
Laps
One cormgation side lap = 55 mm. One and half corrugations side lap = 85 mm. End lap = 150 mm
(minimum)
Requirement of Materials
Weight in kg of CGI sheets required per 100 sq m of roof area (actual)
Class and gauge of sheets
Particulars 0.80 mm thick (22 gauge) 0.63 mm thick (24 gauge)
class 2 1 class 3 Clars 2 1
Class 3
With one corrugation side laps kg kg kg kg
(a) Using sheet7 with 10 corrugations 846 828 683 664

(b) Weight of 10 corrugation shcct for the portion in end lap 21. 16 20.70 17. 07 16.61
(c) Using shcets with 8 corrugations 867 848 699 680
(d) Weight of 8 corrugation sheet for the portion in end lap 21.67 21.20 17.48 17. 01
With one and half corrugation side laps I I
(a) Using sheets with 10 cormgations 877 858 708 689
(h) Weight of 10 corrugation sheet for the portion in end lap 21.44 20.97 17.29 16. 83
(c) Using sheets with 8 corrugations 908 888 733 713
(d) Wclght of 8 corrugation sheet for the ponion in end lap 22.68 22. 18 18.29 17.80
Note :The above constants ore bared on roof wirh sloping bngrh of5.85 m covered in 2 skels 3 m long each (wirh one cenrrol cnd-iair
of I 5 em). and wirh lenxrh along eaves board equal ro ren widrhi ofsheers. For dilfcrenr lentrhi ofsheers wed, cowrams should
be adjured on rhc bmis of wcighr of rhc porrion of sheer in end lop per IW sq m of sheaing.
101
MATERIAL CONSTANTS
The quantity of 6 mm dia 65 to 75 mm long screws. or hooWcrank bolts 8 mm dia with one n u t each, along with
one curved galvanised washer per r r e w or hooUcfank boll depebds on I& centre to centre distance of bearers. 3 screws
or hwWcrank bolts are required per width of s h e : along the Length of bearer. and the numbers work out as follows :-
Number of screws or hwk/crank bolts required per 100 sq m shcellng

Paniculm
8 cormgation sheets 10 corrugauon shcels
With one corrugation side laps NOS. Nos
Bearers at 0.5 m centres ...

Bearers at 0.75 m centres ...
Bearers at 1 m centres ...
With one and half corrugation side laps
Btaren at 0.5 m centres ... 840 680

Bearers a: 0.75 m centres ... 600 485
Bearers at 1 m centres ... 480 390
Sheets if ordered to be secured by bolling or riveting at 20 cm centres for side laps, and on every corrugation
for end laps will require following quantities of 6 mm din galvanised short cone-headed bolts and nuts, each with a pair of
curved galvanised washen. or 6 mm dia galvanised rivets, each where indicorqd with q pair of galvanised plain round
washers, per 100 sq m of sheeting :-
Parliculars 8 corrugation sheets 10 cormgation sheets
Side laps NOS. Nos.
With one corrugation side laps 790

With one and half corrugation side laps 820
End laps (For roof as per the foolnote on previous page)
With one corrugation side laps 199 199

'With one and half corrugation side laps 206 206
Plain GI Sheet Ridging
60 Nos. of 1.83 m long. 38 cm girth ridges along with 660 Nos. of galvaniscd cpach headed screws and 600 Nos.
of flat circular washers are rcquircd per 100 m length of ridging.
A. C. Sheeb for Roofing and Side-cladding

(Ref13 :459 - !no)
Particulars Cormgated Sheets Semi-cormgated Sheets
Slandard lengths 1.50. 1.75.2.00.2.50.& 3.00mlongforboth types

Thickness (Tolerance (-) 0.5 mm, (+)Free) 6 mm 6 mm
Overall width 1050 mm ll00mm
Effective laid width. allowing for side lap 1006 mm 1014 mm
Corngation - Overall depth & centre to centre distance 48 mm @ 146 mm centres 45 mm @ 338 mm centres
Side lap 44 mm 86 mm
End lap (minimum) 150 mm 150 mm
Covering efficiency (varies with r w f s u e R sheet length) Range 87 to 91 % Range 84 to 89 %
Purlin spacing (maximum) for roof 1.40 metres 1.lO metres
Spacing of m n e r suppons (maximum) for side cladding 1.70 m e w 1.70 metres
Maximum free overhang a eaves erc. 300 mm 300 mm
Area of sheets per metric tonne (unpacked, on p u n d ) 74.74 sq m 83.68 sq m
MATERIAL CONSTANTS
A. C. Sheets for Roofing and Side-cladding (conld)
1. - SL Whcrc N = N o o l <hee~<
pcr row L = k n g t h of roof in metres
N =
W - SL S L = Onc side-lap o f sheers in meucs W = Overall width of one sheer in metres
IJ,c h e above formula to find uul lhc numbcr o f sheels requued in one row to cover thc lenglh of r o o l on plan. I f N i s nu1 :I
whole number, N should he rounded up l o form a full number and the s ~ d elap will have to bc sullably lncrea.~ed.
The lormulagiven above will alsoassist in cstimaling the quantity of specials like h e number of pairs olridgccapp~ng,or lhc
numbcr oiapron pitces/eauesfiller p~eceslnorthlightcuwes/ven~latorcurves ew. In using the above formula for eslimaling spec~als,
~ h cvalue of I..SL, and W IS that of the conespondmg roofmg sheers lgnortng the length of 'spec~al'given in h e catalogue of the
rw~;~nu~a;rcturer, and N is ~ h numbcr
c u f specials rcquired.
For csumaling h e numbcr o f 8 mm did G I hook bol~slcrankbolls ew., used in case of steel purlins, or G I coach screws used
I n casc of tlmbcr purlins, the number of G I hook bolls or coach screws required will be the number o l sheeti in one row, plus one.
~nulriplicdby tllc numher of purlins in lhc corrcbponding roof slope.
Lenglh of hook h o l ~ srequired will be h c dcplh ofthe slecl purlin (+) 75 mm for fixing sheets on inlermediale purlins ( i e . not
~nvoi\,!n&end lap) and dcplh of steel purlin (+) 40 mm on end laps (1.e. whcrc four sheels meet).
Along with tile11hunk/~renkin,ll(i/c onc null and along w i h cach coech scrcw allow lur onc birumcn washcr 25 rnm diameter
1 111111 ~ I I Iand
c~ . G I flat warher 2 mm thlck.
one
. ,Isc.im
. , holuand nuL?alongu,~lhh~tumcnwa?hcrantl(;l washer arcused lor sl~ch~ngr~dgecapp!ngs,comerpleces, venl~lalor
.incl ilurth 11ghtcurves ctc.
CI<ILINCS. L I N I N G S A N D W A L L - B O A R D I N G
Whcn working out rams lor ceilings, linings and wallboarding the sizes in which the boardslplywwd e t c , are to
k lbxcd and ihc sizcs in which the samc arc manulacluredlavailahlc. and ihe conscquenl wastage, i f any, arc o f imporlancc.
Archltccls arc C X ~ C C I C ~to give duc lhought l o this aspect whcn preparing working drawings. Even wastage due l o marginal
ilrcos can, in most cascs hc arnidcd hy s~lililhlcspaclng of supports lhcrcby ensuring that the marginal widths/lc.nglhs are i n
a c ~ ~ I ~ c ~ i c / s y m m c<uhmullii,lcs
~r~cal of the standard sircs of boards.
Working nu1 thc pcrccntngc o l waswge involved should he thc first slcp in working out raies for ceilingsflinings
clc. Assrlrrring any stancl;lnl figure for wastage may turn out to bc hazardous.
Pl:ihIcr 01 P:~ris Ceiling
For making plastcr of Paris cciling lilcs ahoul 160 k g of plnstcr of Paris (gypsum anhydrous) and 10.5 sq m o f
hcss~ancloth (both quanlttlcs cnclucivc of wastage) w i l l bc rcquircd l o makc 10 sq m o f tiles (including closing gaps between
wit11 plarlcr o l P;lri\ aficr llxing In posilion whcrc ordcrcd).
111~1
, 25 r 6 mm wooden strips and chicken wire mesh reinforccmcnt

For in-silu pl;~alcro f Par1.r cclling 10 mm i h ~ c kon
lircd to wmdcn iramcwork, loll<~win&! malcrials will bc rcquircd lor 10 sq m o f cciling (exclusive o f w d c n lnrncwork).
~ n ~ l u t l l nwiiswgc
g :-
25 x h mm wmdcn slrlp?. 15 mm c/c = 0.047 cu m. Nails = 0.75 kg.
Chickcn wirc IIIC\~ = 10.5 sq m. Plastcr o f Paris = 207 kg.
The above quanhtics arc inclusive o f wastagc.
F L O O R FINISHES A N D P A V I N G S
C;rani~lilhic Floor
Gr:inol~~h~c
cuncrclc noor lopping, consisling 1 part ccmcnl 1 part stone dust ; 2 parls of granite chips w i l l
rcqolrc Ihc lollowing ma1cri;lls p r sq rn :-
For 25 mm thickness : 19.60 k g ccmcnl. 0.027 cu m slonc chips and 0.014 cu m ~ l o n edust.
For 30 mnl lhlckncss : 22.10 k g ccmcnl. 0.030 cu m slonc chips and 0.016 cu m stonc dust.
For wcarprnnf topplng, m a w l l ~ cnoor hardcncr and ccmcnl arc mixcd ;n dry statc. One part of such a mixturc
I\ t l two pilrts by volume o l crushcd granitc chips of 6 mm sizc, and wamr addcd. Malcrials rcquimd per sq m
r n ~ ~ cw!lh
of wcarprot~ftopping arc :-
For 15 m m wcarprool topplng : 25 kg o l ccmcnr & hardcncr mix and 0.017 cu m o f granite chips.
For 20 mm wcarprool topping : 33 kg o l ccmcnt & hardcncr mix and 0.022 cu m o f granite chips.
Rrcakdown of the quantity of ccmcnl and w c ~ g hilr l hardcncr w i l l dcpend on the proportion rccommcndcd by the
n~anuf;jriurcr. For cxamplc. i f lhc recommcndcd proporllirn IS I part of hardcncr : 4 p r l s o f ccmcnt by weight, then l o r I 5
mm thcck lopping 5 k g u f hardcncr and 20 k g of ccmcnl will bc rcquircd pcr sq m.
MATERIAL CONSTANTS
R c q ~ ~ ~ r c m01c ncla n c ~ i l \.an.l

. ;llnl .t$grr.g~lclor konLlclc l l ~ r , r r.and ,~.h.h;~-z\ ran cas~l)Ix. xni.-J .I\ 1') u.>rrin;
, u I ih: L ~ , h ~ cctml:ni,
xl o f ~ o n ~ r c tISPI: .h: qv, IIO,.,I1111,kn.w ~ I I J. I ~ l l ~ ~lhc ) I ~i gc ~ i ~ ~ l glvcn ~ con* r:t;
: ~ i l ~liu 01 th., 124t1 ,:%I
111ix. Whcn w o r k ~ n goul ihc cuh~c;~l conlcnts 111 conrrclc in sub.hascs laid (in hartlcorc or rammcd murrum, aboul 5 l o u 111rr8
extra thichncss bhould bc lilkcn into account a1 allow fnr un-cvcn nulure o f ihc surlacc on which ihc c ~ n c r c l ci s 1;ild Whcn
lin~shinglaycr o f concrclc is I i l i r l on prcpi~rcdcnncrctc suh~hilu:or on RCC fl~xrrlrcnilslabs, ahnu1 3 mm calra thickncqq
shrriild hc ullou~cdlor kcylundulations in the suh-haqc or RCC blah.
15 l o 25 k g o f ccmcnl in lhc. lnrm c > i ccmcnl slurry should hc allowcd pcr I 0 sq m 01 flooring lor providing hond
klr,ccn any 1 ~ ~ 1layers
1 of COnCrClC In l1110rlng.
Whcn calculaling rcquircn~cnt(cuhlc:~l conlcnlc) 111' m11rl:ir. addiIion;~l lhickncss (ovcr and ahovc lhc spcr~ltcd
1h1ckncss o l hctlding I i ~ y c rin I11u)rs) a\ c x p l i ~ ~ n cahovc
d i , r c<rncrclc fl<x)rs shr)uld hc wkcn into account.
For mnrbir r c q u i r c n ~ c nin~ h;~rk~ng
scrccd in vcruc:ll surlarcs l ~ k cdado ctc.. rcfcr matcrial conslilnls for pl;islcrtnp.
C r n ~ c n Required
l for Selling Ilricks. S l ~ i n eSlallr and 'I'ilcs elc.. in FIonr.
F l ~ n r l n gmavrlal of thc tli~ckcru;iricly like hricks. stonc sl;ihx, pl:l~n or col~)urcdccmcnt ~ i l c s2nd tcrr4J.u tilcs
.
clt arc l a d dlrcrlly on lhc morwr k d d i n g lhycr, and as thc laying ol' morlllr hcdding and laying o f ihc hrickslulcs clc..
pnrccds simul~;~ncouslyno a d d i l i ~ ~ n accmcnl
l (;lparl Irom grouung lhc joints which is considcrcd scpara~cly) I S rcquircd
Thinncr varictics of lilcs l ~ k cglerctl i~lcs.'Spirlck' ccr:i!nic lllcs cs.. arc usually laid on scmi-hurdcncd bcdd~nglaycr and
rcquirc ahoiil 4.40 kg o l c c m c n l pcr sq m in lhc I'orm ol' ncal ccmcnl slurry for sclling in placc in l l o o r ~ n g .For lialng thinncr
vur~cticso l ulcs u) hardcncd hacklnp wrccd. In vcruc.:ll rurlilccs llkc tlado ctc.. ;I Izlycr or ncill ccmcni ol' sulf conslslcncy
i s cmplrrycd. and the ccmcnl rcquircd will vary lrom '1 kg ( I r ~ r5 mln l;~ycr) 10 I X kg (lor 10 mm laycr) per sq m.
Whitc or grcy ccmcnl. or :I mixillrc 01 w h ~ l c;ind grcy rcmcnl (In lhc lnrm of ncal ccmcnl slurry) rcqu~rcdtor
proaling 1 mm thick joints in lilc-wurk. ~nclu(linga h w l 50 % waslllgc varbcs lrom :-
0.30 kg pcr sq ln for l(X1 x Ill0 x 5 mm ~ h i c klllcs
Ill
0.60 kg pcr sq m lor :(XI a ?(XI x 20 mln [hick tilcs
Nolc : Approrinlr~lcly lXh0 kg ccnrenr will y l ~ ! l d1 r.u rn of r.cmcnr pnsre crffcr nririnp warcr
Thc numhcr o f hricks and h r ~ c k - ~ i l crcguirctl

s pcr XI in o f hrick ll<vrringwith I em lhick j o l n u arc us gtvcn k l o u
u.illioul waalagc. M o r b r indicalcd IS lor groullng lhc jlrlnu llnly. cxclus~vcor lhc bcdding leycr. Allowance hils k c n made
lor porcr i n hrick laccs and acasion;il tlr~ckcrjoin&.
Wllh m~xlularhricks Wilh old silc bricks With old sirc hrick lllcs
Type o l brick flooring I 9 x 9 x 9 cln sire 22.86 x 11.1 I x 6.985 em 22.86 x 11.1 I x 4.415 cm
In s~nglclaycr
Brlck-Nos h l o r u r cu m Brick-Nos M o r u r cu m Tilcs - Nos M o r u r cu m
The numhcr o l squarc irr rcc~iingolarlilcs o f various s l ~ c srcqiiimrl pcr sq m o f llcn>ring (u,ilh I min l h ~ c kjoknrr)
arc glvcn hclow cxclusivc of waslilgc. Si/.cs indiciilcd arc aclual sizcs. Wiisuigc in lilt.; in riiking culling varics lrom 7 ulcs
? lilcs prr Ilncal rnclrc l i l r 225 x 225 lnln silc l i l c s Waslap! in lilcs in slralfilll
pcr linca1,nlclrc l l l r 150 x 150 min I t l r x I(?
culling w i l l hc I dcvldcd hy lcngth or u ~ i d t hof l i l c i n mctrcf. ycihling a constunt lor weswgc of lilcs in nrrmhcrs pcr mclrc
as ihc marinnurn I'ipurc. bul thi\ car1 hc i n ~ n ~ l n ~ su1c d a con.;~dcrahlc cxlcnl hy using thc cul lilcs in s ~ m ~ l alocations~
r
S i x o f lilcs NO. o f lilcs Sirc o f tilcs No. 0 1 iilcs Sirc o f lilcs No. o f lilcs
in mm per sq rn in mm pcr sq m ~n mm p r sq m
25 x 25 1480 150 a 150 44 305 x 305 II

50 x 50 385 152 x I52 43 S(N1 x 500 4
'18.5 x WX5 101 152.4 x 152.4 43 I(X1 x 2(X) 50
90 a 99 1(XI lOX.5 x IUX.5 26 105 x 203 47
I(X1 r ((XI YX ?(XI x 2(XI 25 125 x 250 72
108 x IOX 85 203 x 203 24 105 x 305 31
148.5 r 11X.5 45 250 x 250 I6 150 x 3(X) 22
I x 149 45 >(XI r 3(Xl II 152.5 x 305 22
200 x 320 I6
kIATEKIA1, CONSTANTS
Malcrlals rcqulrcd for 10 sq m o f

ton laver o f terrazo
Cement Marble chips Marhlc powder
~n kg ~n kg in kg
Top l;!ycr of rcrr;l/o ca\l-ln-vh1. ronslsting i part< of ccmcnt hy weight
111ixcdwilh I part o l marhlc poudcr hy wclghl, and onc such part o l
ccmcnt.marhlc powder nllx by volu111c rnlxcd wllh 1.75 parts by volurnc
of m;lrhlc chip< i,I2 l o 4 mm SIX (ic Crdilc 0 s i ~ c ).-
(i) 5 rnm ihick layer ... 26 61.10 8.65
(ii) h lnm 1l11ckl:~ycr . .. ... 31 73.30 10.40
?. -Dlllo. hut lrslng marhlc chips of 1 l o 7 mm SIK (ic Cr;lilc I s i c ) :-

(I) 7 rnrn [hick l;~yrr ., . 17 85.50 12.10
(it) 8 ntrrl llllck 1:lycr .. . 42 97.80 13.85
(II~) 9 ~ n mlhlck layer ... ... 47 110.00 IS 60
3 A l l ;I< in ilcm I ehovc, hut onc p:lrt of crmcnl-marble pouvlcr mix hy

volu~ncmixed with 1.50 p;irt.: hy vi>lumc 01 m:lrhlc c h ~ p sa l 51/c 7 to 10
mm (ic Gr;ldc 2 sift)
(i) 10 mm lhick I;lycr ... .. . 57 118.80 19.OO
(11) I l mm lhlck layer ... .. . 61 130.70 20.R0
(ill) I ? rnm thick laycr ... 69 142.60 22.70
Notcs la) Avrrape w,ci#hl uf n w r t ~ l erhip.~ i s 1710 kfi per cu nr.

( 1 ) ) /:or upplylng ccntcnl slurry e,c bond 1)crween undcrluycr and rerrazo IOlJplng olluw 25 kg of greylwhire ccntenl
per 10 .ry nr of l r r r a r o ropprng
(I,) Allow 2 5 X wmrrtlji? on 011 niillcrtol i:onslnnl.r given in ihc abovc rahlc.
(I/) Marcrials r c q l i ~ r c df i . ~11Iuin ConrrPlC in under111)er 10 he worked our aS per ~ o n ~ l l l n~l l. v~ c for
n CDnCrcle.
(el Pljimcnrr ro /,re u,ccd/or ol>rrrrningd~/ferenr .ihndcri~oli,urr ,rJ rcrruzo will br i n 11re following proporrionc :-
( ' ~ l o u ri shade 1 M ~ x ~ n Pg r o p o r ~ ~ o n s
Rcd 1 kg r u l oxide o l iron : 15 to 20 k g grey ccmcnl.

Black I kg c;~lhon black : 25 ti> 40 kg grey ccmcnl.
Uotllc grccn I kg grccn chrom~umoxldc : 15 l o 30 kg grey cenlcnt.
Pmk I kg red oxide of iron 100 l o 300 k g whllc cement.

Crcarn I kg yellow n x ~ i l cof iron : 100 l o 400 k g whitc ccmcnt.
Ycll<~w I k g ycllow uride c r l iron : 25 to 75 k g w h ~ t ecement.
L ~ g h grccn
t I k g grccn chromium oxide : 5 0 l o 150 kg w h ~ l cccmcnl.
Fawn I kg y c l l < ~ w
oxldc o l iron : 6 kg grey ccmcnl + 4 k g white ccmcnt.
Frcnch grey Nu P i g ~ r ~ c rcquircd
lil : MIX I l o 2 p m s o f grcy ccmenl with 4
parts u f wllitc ccmcnt by weight.
C r u r y hlurhle Paving
Cr;l,y m;nrhlc paving, nxing random irregular s i x broken marhlc slabs o f kg kg kg kg

~ ~ ~ x shadcs/colours,
cil bul 01' unilortn ih~ckncss. gaps f ~ l l c dwilh tcrrazo
nllxturc (as indicalcd lor lhc mlx in dc\cription o l i l c n ~ s1 or 2 of lcrrnro cast-
i n ~ s i l uahovc), trowcllcd to a smooth cvcn surlacc and machlnc pollshed :-
(I) Ibr lop Iaycr. 20 mm thick ... 31 73.30 10.40 392
(ii) lor top layer. 30 mm thick .. . 47 110.00 15.60 588
(111) for top layer. 40 mm thick ... 62 146.60 20.80 783
Note : Cunrrunr is exclusive of remenr concrrt<. undcrlnyrr Allow 25 kg cemenl per 10 sq m of paving for cement slurr)
as lmnd herween unrlerl<iycr and i o p p r n ~ .Arru ~ ~ / m u r b lslabs
e w i l l he in the region of uboul 72 10 75 %I of rile area
of puvinfi Allow fur prgmcnrs suns us for lcrrazo.
MATERIAL CONSTANTS
PLASI'EKIN(i AND P O I N I I N ( i
The ohvious pri~ccdurcfor calculalirlp ihc qu;lnIily r ~ sand

l and ccmcnl (:~nd/nr limc) rcqu~rcdpcr sq m 111 pl;lscr
v:irious ~h~ckncsscs is l o work out thc volumc of nlorur rcquircd pcr sq m o f plsstcr and to apply m ~ t c r i aconsuntb
l Cur
1norI;lr 11, lhc wrnc, ullcr allowing lor ahoul 2.5 '8, waswgc lor morwr drnbpings.
Th~ckncsso l plaslcr, howcvcr. is calculated from thc pn~udcslpiirl o l ihc surl';lcc plesvrcd. The volume o i tnorLtr
u,~rkciIoul (ic p r ~ t l u c01'l area ant1 ll~ickncsso l plaslcr). Ihcrclorc necds l o bc ~ncrcarcdby prcdclcrmincd crlcnks h ~ s c don
d.lw collcclcd from ac1u:ll plaslcrinl: work l o ;lllt,w i ~ kcy r (rakctl {rut joints c~c..) pnrcs. undulal~ons,uncvcn surlaccs ;lnil
c r m s i r l ~ ~ l : ~o!t ~morulr
~ ~ n duc 111 trou,clling.
Thc cnlcnl o f r;~kc<lout joinls av;lil:lhlc lor kcy in plastering varics with (hc f ; ~ cdimcnsii~n\o l h r i c h o i v;lrlnu\
L~nds. Furthcr, one hrick lhick wells -4th tradtlional h r ~ c k sprcscnl a Salr lacc nn onc sidc and a rough uncvcn lacc on lllc
othcr sdc.
Extra ih~ckncsso l plaslcr 111 hc consiilcrcd whcn

N;~lurc or surfacc l o k pl;~stcrcd calcula~lngw l u m c n l morwr
Srnrx~lhconcrclc surh~cc.hacked l o l i ~ r ~key

n lor pl;l\lcr
Rough ci~ncrclcsuri:~cc. prodt~ccdby clcan w u n forniu,ork Avcragc group value for cnncrclc surl:~ec
may k takcn as 1.3 mtn
Surlarc of concrctc h l w k masonry work. jrMnls rakcd 1 cm 1.6 mln
F u r lace i r l hrlck walls uslng old si/c hr~cks.- c l r l -

Fact o l h r ~ c kwalls using rnotlular bricks. di,~
1 3 rnm
3.7 mill
3 Avcr;~gc group valuc lor lair hrlck
'urlaccs lnay bc h k c n a>-4 mm
Rough (inner) l l c c o l brick w;lll.; uslng old

Surhcc of rantlorn or ix~lygonalsmnc m:lsonry -do-
. ; ~ r t .h r i ~ k , -do- 6.6 rrlrrl
. , 1 Avcragc group v;~luc lor rough \ u r h c o
111i1yhc Lakcn as X mm
SllrSacc (IS I'~rst/scrond01131 o l pl:lsIcr (in IUYI clr thrcc cnal

work) sri~rctlMI l i ~ r mkcy for ncxl ci1;11 irf plilhlzr O h mm
Thc a h v c d;lw assumcs a fair quillily 01' work~nanship,in plas~crw i ~ r kSI; well as in ihc br~ckworklconcrclci
s~t~ncworkc~c..on w h ~ c hihc plaslcr is appllcd. tlighcr quantity of mortar than indicated ahovc may k rcqu~rcdduc u) uncvcn
si/cdirrcgulari~icsin Lhc hrioks uscd and iluc 111 a icndcnuy In plaslcring artiwns l o apply m o r u r in laycrs thicker lliiln
spcc~l~cd.
hiaterial C(mslnnts for Special Items (IPlasler

I
For spcclsl ilcms o l plilslcr. Ihc m.llcri;lls rcquircd for lhc undercoat (ic rcndcring including duhhlng), o l lhc
Ilrickncss as spccilicd which is usually 10 rnrn hick l r i m ihc p r ~ u t l c s part
l 01' ~ h csurhcc l o k plustcrcd. should hc wilrkcd
nut as ibr gcncral ilcms o f plaslcr.
Material conswnls ibr lhc spccial i ~ n l r h l n gcr1a1 lnclucivc (11' wuslagc arc givcn hclirw :-
Typc o l spccial I'inish ;~pplicd

mm sizc rnm s i x
(untlcrcoat to hc as s p c c ~ l ~ c d ) . . ~~-
cu 111 c u ~n cu m c u ~n
1 5 mm thick sand Faced plaslcr in cclncnl

and sand morwr (1:4) 25.00 0.07
2 Rough c;lsl plaslcr Finihh consisting I
part ccmcnl : I par1 crushcd slilnc or
gravcl 6 l o 12 mm s i x : I par1 w n i l 80.00 0.055 0.055
1 Pchhlcdash (or drydash) l i n ~ s h , (on
lrcsbly aplll~cdu n d c r c o ~ ~ ) 5.IX)
4 Nccru finish 1.5 mm thick 0.02
5 , Lime punning 3 mm lhlck with 1 purl
ltrnc pk111y 1 1);111 1 1 t h ~\:1n,1 0.025 0.025
MATERIAL CONSTANTS
Pointing
M o r u r required lor poinling 10 sq m 01surfacc (inclusive 01 waswgc)
Type of surface lo w h ~ c hpo~nlingis done I Morur Type o f surface l o which pointing is done / Mortar
--
cu m cu m
Flush, kcycd or suuck poin~ingl o brickwork on fair Pointing wilh bastard luck or mason's 'V'joint lo
facc. 0.0355 random rubble masonry. 0.0912
-Do- bul to random rubblc mnsunry 0.0153 -Do- bul to squarcd rubble masonry courscd or
uncourscd. 0.0131
-Do- hut lo squarcd rubble, courscd or uncourscd
masonry 0.0576 Flush. kcycd or slruck p i n t i n g l o ashlar or block-
in-coursc slone masonry or t o concrete b l w k
-Do- b u to
~ lacing o f brick tiles 0.0555 walling.
- 0.0217
I
WHITWCOLOURWASHING
AND DISTEMPERING ETC.
Specifications adoptcd by various dcpartmcnlsiagcncics. and thc covering capacilies claimed by manufacturers lor thcir
palnr and allicd producls dilfcr considcrably. Matcrial conswnfi givcn bclow arc lhc averagc values.
Tvoc o f finish I Matcrials reouircd ocr 10 so m o f surlacc
First coat Each suhscqucn~

Co'ilt
Whitc washing to walls or undcrsidc of ccdings. Slakcd I ~ m c . . . ... 1.20 k g U.80 k g

(iluc ... ... 3 grams 2 grams
Ultramarine blue ... 4 grams 2 grams
Sodium chloridc ... 155 grams 105 grams
Ccmcnr wash 10 walls or undcrsidc of ceilings. Ccmcnl ...... 1.07 kg I 1 kg
Note :For colour-warhin,q, rnarerin1.s required for each coal (afrer iniriul coal of white-wash) will be same as given for 'each
subsequenr coal' of while-wash, except rhal in place of ullrumarine blue, 80 lo 100 g r a m of mineral colour will be
required.
Walcrprool ccmcnt bascd paint o l propriclory brand (suihblc
lor mixing with wa~cr)such as 'Snowccm' or similar, on :-
librc board surface and ~ h elikc ... Dry powder ... 3.00 kg lor two coals
smooth concrclc surlacc ... Dry powder ... 3.05 k g l o r two coats
plastcrcd surface (plain) ... Dry powdcr ... 4.00 k g lor two coats
un-plaslcrcd hrick wall lace ... Dry powdcr ... 4.40 kg lor two CO~LS
unplastcrcd concrctc block walling ... Dry powdcr ... 4.65 k g lor two coats
roughcast or pbblcdash plaslcr ... Dry powder ... 7.70 k g lor two coah
Puuy~ngplastcrcd surfaces to a smooth cvcn finish ... ... ... 0.20 k g 01 putty
Clcarcolling plastcrcd surlacc with gluc solution (Ikg glue

: 15 kg wntcr) ... ... Glue 80 grams
Priming plasmrcd surlacc wilh proprlclory brand o l primcr

(preparatory to applying dislcrnpcr) ... Primer ... 0.80 to 0.90 l i u c
Priming coat 01 whiling lo plaslcrcd surlace ... Whiling ... 1.00 k g
D ~ s c m p c r ~ nwilh
g dry distcmpcr (washablc) 01propriclory
brund ... ... ... Dry distcrnpcr powder 1.35 k g lor two coals
Dislcmpcring with oil-bound distcmpcr (washablc qual~ty)o l O i l hound d~slcmpcr

proprlclory brand ... ... paslc 1.50 k g for two coats
Acrylic emulsion paint to plastcrcd nccru finishcd surlaccs, Acrylic emulsion paint l i u c l o r white shade
(or on ordinary plasrcrcd surlace givcn oil-puuy lrcalmcnl
lo inakc i t smoolh and cvcn)
lilrc lor othcr than whitc
shade
Note : I4'hcn unuiyring prrccs. allowunccfor brushes. .sand paper erc.. is u ~ u a l l ymade at rhe rare o f 5 % of rhc culculared
lehour woges for each unir of whilc washing, disrcmpcring ere.
MATERIAL CONSTANTS
GLAZING
Wastage
Whcre glass is purchased in bulk-in stock s i ~ c sand cur to s i ~ e srequired for fixing. 10 to 15 % wasogc
is rcquircd lo be allowed on glass.
I f glass is purchased ready-cut to rcquircd sizcs for lixing by builder's employces. 5 % allowancc is madc
for waste.
Where glass is fixed by a subconuactor at all-inclusive ratcs for glaring, an allowance of I % will covcr
brcakagcs subwqucnt to glazing but bcforc handing over h e building lo the owner.
Almost all builders find it cheaper and convenicnt to employ a subconfractor for glazing work at rates inclusive
of labour and malerials.
Where subcontractors are cmploycd, the local trade customs should be taken into account in the worklng out
of rates lo be quoted by a buildcr. FTS system ts still prcvalcnt in the glazing uade. I n some localities the sizes of
intlividual glass panes are roundcd up to the ncarcsl dlmcnsion o f 3 inches, which means that a pane o f size 10 A 22
irtchcs will be mcasurcd as 2 sq I t . Another custom that may bc come across is to charge panes less than 1 sq ft u c a as
I sq f ~ . Scalfolding is to be providcd by thc buildcr to ihc subconuactor.
Requirement of Glazing Putty
The requircmcnl of glazing putty given below is for glazing with oil putty without beads. The elcrncnt of
backpuuying accounts for 20 % of the requirement o f glazing puny given in the table below. Whcre glass panes arc back^
puuicd and fixcd wilh limbcr bcads to w d c n jotncry, glaring putty rcquircd will be 20 5% o( the requlremcnl indicated in
thc lilblc bclow.
Rangc o f area Putly rcquircd in kg per sq m of glazing

of each pane To wood sashes To stcel windows
Upto 0.1 q m 1.07 1.32

0. l to0.2 sq m 0.68 1.04
0.2 to 0.3 sq m 0.54 0.63
0.3 to 0.4 sq m 0.49 0.59
0.4 to 0.5 sq m 0.44 0.54
0.5 LO 0.6 sq m 0.39 0.49
Exceeding 0.6 sq m 0.34 0.44
Thc nvcrnxe rcquircmcnl of putty in kg per sq m of glazing in panes not exceeding 0.5 sq m per pane for timber
joincry and slccl windows may be mkcn as 0.65 kg and 0.82 kg respectively.
PAINTING, POLISHING, VARNISHING ETC.
Equivalent Plain Areas
Alwnt~on1s drawn lo page 77 o f this book where mull~plyinglacton lor convening a s e ~o f uneven surfaces Into
cqul\.Jlcnl plaon area i ~ ihr
~ purpose
r o l p31nung clc.. arc glrcn. Tttc ntalsr~:llconsunrs gtvcn bclow arc sppllcablc for work
Material Cunst~nls
.
Corcrtng cap;rc~ttc,rlilirncd by manul;lcturers of pmnt and allled producls dtffcr considerably. Funhcr. Ihc lypc
and nature 01' wrfares, workman\h~pctc rnrl wlrh on one )oh may d ~ l l c rlrom anolhcr. The malerlal conslants glkcn below
should be trcatcd as avcragc ind~calivefigurcs for cs~imalmgpurposes, and used wilh caution and discrimination whcn
cmploycd for indenting stores.
Dcscriplion of work Materials required for 10 sq m of surface
Timber and wood-based surfaces
Oillng wilh crcosotc or raw linsccd oil to Crcosotc or raw 0.80 lilrc - first coat
wrought dmbcr linsccd 011 0.55 lilrc - sccond coat
-Do- but lo c l a n sawn trmbcr Crcosote or raw 1.15 lilrcs- (irst coat
linsccd oil 0.75 litre - second coat
Tarring lo c l a n sawn limber surfaces. Coal wr 3.00 lilrcs
110
MATERIAL CONSTANTS
Description of work Material rcquired for 10 sq m of surface

Timber and woodbased surfaces
Preparatory work before paintindplishinglvmishing elc.,

(to be allowed lor where specified) :-
(i) Knotting ... ... ... Patcnt shcllac knolting ...
(ii) Stopping ... ... ... Putly for stopping ...
(iii) Sraining wrought surfaces using spirit based
staincr liquid ... ... Slaincr liquid ...
(iv) Staining clean sawn surfaces using linseed oil
bascd swincr liquid ... ... Stainer liquid 1.00 litrc
(v) Sizing wrought surfaces with weak size of
lhinned shcllac varnish, sparingly applicd ... Sizing
Priming coat of oil paint to wrought timber or smooth
wccdbbased surfaces
(i) Using aluminium primer ... ... Primer
(ii) Using lcad based primer ... ... Primcr
Oil painting to wrought surfaces aftcr priming coat (allow for Oil paint . First coat ... 0.63 litre
the number of coats as ordered) ... Second coat ... 0.56 litrc
Third coat ... 0.45 litrc
Oil gloss coat ... 0.42 litrc
Renewal coals of oil paint on old oil painted surfaces ... Oil paint - First coat ...
Second coat ...
Painting to wrought surfaccs using synthclic cnamcl paint, En, paint . First coat ... 0.70 litrc
aftcr suitable undercoat or priming coal ... Secondcoat ... 0.56 litre
Varnishing to wrought surfaces, conslstlng :-
(i) Flat coat of h a r d ~ d r y i n g flatting varnish
(applicable for two coat work) ... Varnish ~..
(ii) Finishing coat of varnish (after flat coat) where
.two coat work IS spcslflcd . . . . ... Varnish
(iii) Varnishing in one coal work ... Varnish
Bees wax polishing to wrought surfaccs using wax dissolved Bees wax ...
in a mixture of turpentine and linseed oil ... Turpentine ...
Linseed oil ...
French polishing ... ... ... Frcnch polish (spirit base) 2.50 litres
Special blackboard pain1 (after priming coat) ... Black board paint - Each coat 0.50 litre
Natural clear mclaminised wood finish. matt or glossy ... Wood finish (single coat) ... 1.XI litre
Steel and iron surlaces
Treating galvanised surface with mordant solut~on Mordant solution 0.35 litrc
Priming coat ... ... Red lead primer ...
Red oxide zinc chrome primer
Aluminium red oxide primer
Oil painting (after priming coat) ... ... 011 paint . First coat ...
Finishing coat ....
Synthctic enamel - each coat
Black japan - each coat
Aluminium paint - each coat
Bltum~nlscdblack paint
Plastered surlaces
Priming coat .. ~ ... ... P r ~ m e r(su~wblefor plaster) 0.85 litrc
011paintlng alter priming coat ... ... Oil paint (undercoat)
011paint (f~nlshlngcaat)
Painting with synthetic enamel after.priming coat ... Synthctic enamel (cach coat)
MATERIAL CONSTANTS
Mnteriuls Required for Pipe Juints
Curt i r n n sncket and spigot pipes

(lor wurcr supply und dratnr lutd below ground level)
Nominal Run lcilrl join1 Lead wool joint Ccmcnt mortar (1:I) joint
intcrnel dia Lead Dcpth of Spun yam L w d wool Spun yam Ccment m o m r Spun yam
01 pipc per joint lcad joint pcr joint Ixr joint pcr joint per joint per join1
* * *
mrn kg rnm kg kg kg cu rn kg
N o t : The ul>ove inforn~ulirm i n culumnr murked * k r r hccn crlreclcd frorom IS ; 31 14 - - Code of prucrire for lrrying
cur, iron pipes. Cemenr join1.v <Are ~)ermissil~lr for cnsl iron gruviry e w e r s
enst i r o n pipes with flanged and bolted j v i n l s
G;lskct. onc pcr jo~nt,uscd bctwccn flangcs of p i p s for making w ~ t c r u g h joinis

l may be of comprcsscd fibre board
or n;lturel/synlhctic rubbcr o f thickness hclwccn 1.5 to 3 mrn. Thickness and out-lo-out dinrnctcr of cach flange, and thc
nu~rlhsrand dialnclcr o f bolts rcquircd pcr joinl rclcvant to cach d l f k r c n l ~ntcrnaldlamctcr 01 plpc are given bclow :-
Bolts rcquircd Bolts rcquircd

Ni,min;ll Each ntlngc Norn~nal Each flange
per joint per join1
~rllcrni~ l l a inlcrnal dla -
of p i p Din Thickncis Diamctr ol p i p Dia Thickness Diamcrcr
rcquircd required
mrn mtn mm NOS mm n~ln mm mm Nos rnm
80 2(KI 21 4 16 5(X) 670 33 20 24

1(K1 220 22 X 16 6(N 780 36 20 27
125 250 22.5 8 I6 7(Xl X'J5 38.5 24 27
150 2x5 23 X 20 750 960 40 24 27
200 340 24.5 8 20 X1X) 1015 41.5 24 30
250 395 26 12 20 Y OO 1115 44 28 30
300 445 27.5 12 20 I(X)0 1230 47 28 33
350 505 29 16 20 1 100 1310 50 32 33
4(X) 565 30 16 24 1200 1455 53 32 36
450 615 31.5 20 24 1500 I800 61 40 39
Cast i r o n (sacket and spigot) soil, nnste and vent pipes

(Marcrials required pcr joint)
N o m ~ n a ltnlcrnal
d~amctcro f PIC
Ccmcnl jomt
~ c m c n ~t O I Y 1 spun y m / Run lcad j o ~ n t
Lcad I spun y a m
MATERIAL CONSTANTS
Mnterish Rquired lor Pipe Jdnb (conrinued)
Salt glazed 8-re pipcs
Msteri.lr required pa p i t
inlcrml din cunatand
of P i P monnr (1:1)
mm cum kg
Non-pressure concrete p i p n
Two of hemp ropc. appmximtdy equal to the circumfennce of the p i p and of thickness appropriate to the
caulking space an dipped in cement s l u q and slipped o w the pipe b a m l at each ridt of the wlcolu m d pushed in with a
caulking tool to the midpoint lo cnsurc even ihichcix of cement joint inside Ulc wllar.
Minimum caulking space (between outside diamevr of pipe barrel and inner diameter of the loose concrete collar for
pinling) for all non-prrspure (NP) type of conmtc p i p is 13 mm for pipes upto 250 mm din. 16 mm for 300. 350 and
400 mm dia and 19 mm for p i p exceeding 400 mm d i a
Nominal Nominal
i n 1 4 dia Centall and sand morur (1:l) in& din Cement and'aand m o n u (1:l)
of pipe required per wllar joint of Pipe required ~CI I collar joint
Wata cement buildinx p i p a

for rmhmter, mil, waete and ventilrtiw
Nominal d h t e r M0nar muired S wy m Nominal internal din White I d required

of p i p per joint per joint of pipe pu joint
mm cu m kg mm w=
Add 5 4. of the cost of white lead to cover the cost of

small quantity of spvn yarn Md oilJor oiling threads
of pipe and socket.
MATERIAL (IONSTANTS
Sanitary Appliances
Sizcs rscommended lor saniury appliances in relevant applicable lndlan Stanilard Spccilicalions are given bclow I'm
rcady reference. T h e e may be found uscl'ul in franring ilcms of work, drafting of spccil~calionsand in tlclailing working
drawings.
Type uf sanitary appliance Recommended sires
Wash down water closet. European pedestal Patterns 1 and 2. Both paltcrns have integral 'P'or 'S' wap.
Overall dimensions o f bolh paucms (wilhout scat and covcr) arc
identical :-end w e n d Icngth 500 lo 575 mm, width 315 mm, and height
390 mm. Walcr surfacc arca ill Paucrn 1 is twice lhal of Patlcm 2.
Both patterns havc provision fur vcnl horn and arc availahlc in P or S
trap as ordcrcd.
Seat and rover for European pedestal type Thcrnmoscl seat and covcr cutilorming lo IS : 2548 (Par1 1) - 1983 may
water closet. be of 'l'ype 'A' mouldcd from phcnolic plastics o r of Typc 'B' moulded
(Hinges of nickel-chrorniurn plared brass/bronrcl I'rom urca-lormal dchydc.
Or Of aluminium alloy wi'h Thermoplastic scat and covcr conforming lo IS : 2548 (Part 11) - 1983
Or suilable piastlc' Scat and In
may be of Typc 'A'moulded from polyslcrcnc o r o f Type 'B'moulded
black white or 0 t h colours)
~ from polypropclcno.
Water closets, sqlratling pattern &!&cn

IS ' 2556 (Par1 111)-1981.
(Total dcplh crclusivc of P or S wap is 290 to Long 580 mm or 630 mm lung
320 m m for 580 mm si/.c 'Long' pan, 310 lo 340 Lcngth inclusive of back or front Inlet = 685/735 mln
mm for 630 mm size 'long' pan. 280 lo 300 mm Orissa 580 x 440 mm or 630 x 450 mm inclusive of f m t r e s ~ s .
lnr small Orixsa pan. 300 l o 320 mm lor large Lcngth inclusivc of flushing inlcl = 655 or 705 mm
Orissa pan and 290 mm for 'Rural' pan. All
sauauing pattern WC pans rcquirc scparatc Rural 425 mm long and about 650 widc inclurlve at intcgral
'P or 'S' traps.) footrcs~s.
Scpararc f m t r c s ~ s(oplional) 01 ci?c 250 x 125 x 1 5 mm minimum
rcquircd for 'Long' p x m m only.
Squalling plates (Urinals) S i x s W x 350 mm or 450 x 350 mm. both 100 mm thick.
IS . 2556 (Purl IViSer 31 . 1974.
Urinals, bowl type Flat back -Sirc 430 x 260 x 150 mm minimum.
IS : 2556 (Purr VIiSec 1 ) . 1979. Hclghl Irom lop of flushing rim to bottom of o u t l c ~430
mm. prr)jcclion from wall 260 mm. widlh 350 mrn.
Anglc back - 340 x 410 x 265 mm. minimum.
Hcighl from top of flushing n m l o bottom of outlct 340
mm. pr<!jccuon from apcx of comer 410 mm, lcnglh
abutting against cach lcg ol corncr 265 mm.
M n from wall
Urinals, half stall Flat back - 580 lnm x 380 mm x 350 mm
IS : 2556 (Purr VIiScc 2 ) - 1974 or 450 tnm x 350 mm x 300 mm
. .
&i& H&
!i ELQLUUU from cnrncr
Anglc hack - 450 mm x 375 mm x 350 mm
or 580 nun x 400 mm x. 500 mm
P a r t i l i ~ ~slabs
n tor urinals S i ~ c .825 mm height x 450 mm width x I 0 0 mm thick
IS : 2556 (Per1 VllSer 4 ) - 1974. or 675 mm hcighl x 325 mm width x 85 mm !hick
Qvrrall nro- fk,& b!Qd

Wash basins
EdLb /mm wall su* hetu m
IS : 3.56 (Purl IV) 1972:
Flal bnck 660 mm 460 mm 200 mm 2 (or nonc)
pilllcm 670 mm 450 mm 290 mm 1 or 2
550 rnnl 400 mm 290 mm I M 2
450 mm 300 mm 225 mm 1
Angle hack 600 mm 4x0 mm 290 mm. 1 or 2
paucm 400 nlnl 200 m n ~ 200 mm I or ?
* Ucsignatcd as sllrgeon s h351n.
MATERIAL CONSTANTS
Type of sanitary appliance Recommended sizes
Laboratory sinks
IS : 2556 (Parr V) - 1979
Flushing cisterns Flushing cislerns may be high level (minimum height of 1250 mm
-
IS : 774 1984 between top of pan and underside of cistern) or low level (height not
exceeding 3W mm between top of pan and underside of cistern) or
(Flush pipe internal diameter to be 32 mm for high coupled ie at the back portion of wash down pedestal pattern water
level cisterns and 38 mm for low level cisterns. CIOSEIS, where usually underside of the cistern will bc at the level of top
Inlet pipe 15 mm diameter) of pan.
Dual flush cistcrns are of a design which enables the user to cause a
short flush of parlial discharge when only urine needs to be flushcd
away or 10 cause the customary full flush at his option.
IS recommends only 5 or 10 live capacity flushing cisterns, single or
dual flush type. for Indian or European type WC and urinals.
Automatic flushing cisterns for urinals. Sizes recommended are 5. 10 or 15 litres Capacily. Capacity to be
IS : 2326 - 1970. worked oul on the basis of a b u t 2.5 lives per urinal sewed, with
automatic operation of flushing at intervals not less lhan.10 minutes and
(Internal diameter of flush pipc to be 25 mm.) nor more Ulan 20 minutes.
ARCHITECTURAL NORMS AND GUIDELINES

FOR AVERAGE BODY MEASUREMENT lNDIA
Height from Height fmm
Type of Fining o r Fixture. Type of Fining or Fixture, top of floor lave1
top of floor level ArchiteCfural elemem etc.
-Arch'itecluralelement etc. ..."..,
in ,-rn
--
in cm
Top of Kitchen platform 80 Tap in kitchen gmund sink
Minimum clear opening below slab of Tav in bath room
kilckn platform to accomodate a - Do-if used for taking bath
making gas cylinder 68 sitling MI floor, below the rap
Top edge of kitchen sink 74
Bouom of ceiling fan
30 cm wide shelf (to provide full Top of railing in balcony
reach upto back of shelf) 150
Top of stainace railing (measured
Lowest shelf in kitchen 50 from edge of nosing of srcps) 85
From cop edge of wash hand basin 85
Minimum space
Top of panitions for urinals 130 provision in cm
Lip of urinal for gcndemen 70
Depth of wardmbe ( for coats ) 50
Bottom edge of reflecting surface
ot'intrror t i ~ c i hl h n d wash basin 130 Between walls enclosing wash basin 95
Rod of towel mil 90 In front of wash basin and wall 65
Edge of dining table and wall 85
Stop c ~ i for
k shower rose 100 Edge of dining table and cabinets ' 120
Tap in waar closet 22 Betvieen table and other furniture 60
Note t For comfort in using staircase, the sum of twice the height of risers in cm and one width of tread
in cm should coma to about 58.5 cm.
:For amomdating two gas cylinders side by side below kitchen platform provide 85 cm clear width.
116
APPROXIMATE METHODS OF ESTIMATING COST OF CONSTRUCTION
An accurate rellablc estimate or forecast o f the probable cost of construction of any building or civii engineering
work can only be found out after planning, designing and preparation ot detailed drawings. l'he process w i l l involve working
out and pricing detailed quantitirb for each item of work like excavation. concrcte, brickwork etc.. applying current marker
rates and then arrlving at the total cost. This entails considerable effort and expenses, and before undertaking thc same it
bccomes necessary to assess the likely cost o f construction using approximate methods.
Approximate estimates may be defined as preliminary forecasts indicating the likely cost o f construction. Approximate
estimates are used for :-
(a) maklng administrativeifmancial decisions about taking up the work in hand, so that detailed planning can be
~nltlatedafter getting budgetary approvals,
(b) assessing commercial viahility, i.e: working out probable net rerurns.on investment,
(c) carrylng out building economicsicost planning exercises to decide on the shepr/size/construction methods and the
I~ke,to be adopted at the time o f detailed planning, and for studying aspects like taxation, insurance etc.
Various approximalc methods of estimating are given below :-
Plinth Area or Squarc Metre Method
I n this method the built-up area measured at each floor including basement is worked out and added up. 'l'he rules
fur calculating plinth area of buildings are given on page 27 of this book. Approxiniate cost of the proposed building is
then worked out by multiplying the total o f plinth area o f all floors by construction cost per unit area of a similar building
built in the recent past The cost per unit area adopted in the calculation should be suitably modified to cater for the
following variations between the building from which the rate is adopted and the budding for which the approximate estimate
is required :- difference in ceiling height and plinth height; difference in type o f construction or specifications; appreciable
difference in location; difference in date of construction: change if any, in the price level of important items o f work; and
the likc.
Cubic Kate or Cubic Metre Method.

This method is based on the volume of a building in cublc metres, inclusive o f hollow spaces inside the rooms etc.
The volume of a building inferred in this method should not be confused with the volume of solid contents o f the building
like brickwork, concrete etc. Approximate cost o f the proposed building will be volume in cubic metres o f the proposed
building multiplied by the cost per cubic metre o f volume of a similar cxisiting structure built in the recent past.
For working out volume of a building in cubic metres, built-up area o f the building at each floor level is lnultiplied
by height o f the respective storey, except that the height of ground floor is measured from half the depth of foundations,
and height of top floor in case o f pitched roof is measured upto half the height o f slanting portion of the r o o t There is
however no uniformity o f rules for calculating height of the b u ~ l d ~ n ginclusion
, or exclusion of open narrow ventilating
shafts, roofed over galleriesiverandahs etc., for the purpose o f calculating volume o f the buildings. This diversity of rules
will however not make any difference as long as calculation of volume of thc building from which the rate per cubic
nietre is derived is done in the sanie manner as calculation of volume o f the building for which the approximate estimate
is to be worked uut.
Modifications required in the rate per cubic mehe to allow for variation between the two buildings being compared
will be same as the factors mentioned in the plinth area or square metre method.
Service Unit Method
'The term 'service unit' relates to the purpose o f a building or civil engineering work. Approximate estimates for the
following types uf buildingdworks can be made using the service unit method :-
BuiIding/work Service un/t I Bu/ldin~/work Service unit I Bu//d/ng/work
. Service unit
Collegeischool Class room Stable Animal Highway kilometre
Hospi~al Bed Hotel Rwm Canal kilometre
Cinemdstadium Seat 1 Hostel Student 1 Water/sew%e main metre
Prison Cell Large apartments Tenement I Water tank- litre
The approximate estimate in this method is based on the cost per service unit, incurred for a building or work
constructed -in.the recent past. Necessary modification to the untt rat; will have to be made to cater for the-variations
described in the plinth area or square metre method given above.
Example :- Cost of constructing a hostel building to accomodate 100 students (Wo per r w m ) including all furniture,
.
toilet blocks, verandah ctc was Rs. 30,20,000. This yeilds a unit rate o f Rs. 30,200 per student for similar hostels.
:....! nz.,m ~ t h n d
T-.-:--
I'ypical bay method for worklnt: out approximate est~maresis useful for buildings like row of garages, factory buildings,
railway platforms etc., which have several identical bays. A bay is a typical compamnent of a building. For example, a
typical bay o f a row o f garages w i l l be portion of the building fiom cenue to ceotre of two successive columns (or crpss
walls) in one direction, and from outer face o f Front wall upto rear face of rear wall of the bay in the other direction. The
end bay w i l l need to be considered separately and appropriate adjustment made to cater for gable wall etc. The approximate
estimate w i l l be number o f intermediate bays multiplied by cost o f one intermediate bay plus the cost o f the two end bays.
APPROXIMATE METHODS OF ESTIMATING COST OF CONSTRUCTION (Contd.) 117
Approximate Quantities Method

In the approximate quantities method all-in-price of each different element or component of the building is worked
out as accurately as possible as the first step. For example, (a) all costs involved in the wall per metre length upto plinth
level, including foundations, damp proof course etc., (b) cost of wall in superstructure per square m e e includinp brickwork,
plastering, distempering etc., making a prejudged adjustment for openings etc worked out as a percentage of the measured
wall area., (c) cost of RCC slab per square metre inclusive of concrete, rcinforcrment, centering, formwork, plasurlwhitewash
to its soffit etc., and all such principle components of the building. The number of units of each element or component are
worked out approximately and multiplied by the all-in-price per unit. All these costs of the different elements of the buildtng
when added up will give the approximate cost of the building, after making an allowance for sundry items overlooked.
This method requires more time than the methods described earher, but will yeild a rekult more nearer to the fmal
actual cost, depending on the efforts taken and experience of the estimator.
Empirical Formulae Method

Approximate method of estimating cost of a building bawd on empirical formulae worked out by C.B.R.I. Roorkee
for labour and material requirements of different types of buildings is given on pages 33 to 35 of this book. The quantities
of materials and labour days multiplied by the current market rates for h e same, yeild Lje approximate construction cost
of the building when added up.
Building Cost Index Method

The building cost index method of approximately estimating the cost of a building is suitable for Government
depamnents like CPWD/MES!Railways etc whose construction activity continues year afkr year, and is spread all over the
country. Average cost of construction of a particular type of building, in usually the head-quarter region of the department,
in a particular year is worked out. This worked out cost, for the particular type of building is allotted the index I (one),
and the particular year is treated as the base year. As construction costs will increase with passage of time, the building
cost index after a passage of say five years may be 1.25 in.relation to the base year for the particular region. Similarly, as
construction costs vary From one region to another, the construction cost index for a particular region can be worked Out
in relation to the index of the head-quaner region. Thus the variation in price due to passage of time as well as regional
difference in construction costs can be monitored, and effectively used for preparing approximate estimates.
Head offices of the various depaments receive feed-backs from their zonal or regional ofices intimating the wnstrvction
costs actually incurred on recently completed, buildingdprojects, and this information is compiled and disseminated to all
concerned with preparing approximate estimates for the depamncnt.
SPECIFICATIONS
Introduction.
Specifications are written instructions which supplement the drawings. While drawings represent 'wh.1' is to be done,
the specifications lay down 'how' it is to be accomplished, by describing in detail the quality/source of materials and
wotkmanship. Specifications guide the men on site in physical performance of the conmct.
Specifications, being written instructions, are given' greater legal strength and importance than the drawings. Building
contracts in majority of cases stipulate that specifications will take precedence over the drawings in case of discrepancied
variation between the two.
Essential requirements
Specifications read together with drawings should define completely the physical, technical and operating characteristics
of the finished work, in a logical and systematic method eliminating repetitions, omissions and conflicting statements.
The person who writes specifications should have :-
(a) sufficient knowledge and understanding of the work, and the materials/workmanship and methods available to
accomplish it.
(b) good power of expression and capability of marshalling of thoughts in a manner readily understandable by those
responsible for execution of work.
Technique
Good technique of writing specifications necessitates adhering to basic principles of grammar, word usage, subject
matter, compostion and punctuation. Legal phraseology need not be used when writing specifications. Legal requirements
of contract do not have a place in specifications as they will be taken care of in the standard contract forms by means of
generalhpecial conditions.
118
SPECIFICATIONS (Contd.)
Stylc
Specificatioiis sliould be ~rrittcrtin short. cuncisc scntcnco. in the simplest style possible, l'he style and tense should
hc thc same througliout UnTam~ltarwords, words havins niore than onc ineatling, and unusual techrtical expressions hhould
hc avoided. A l l sentences shntlld he complete, defin~teand unamhigrtous Ppnctuation needs special attention because, lack
of proper care in its use may complctcly changc the meening of a sentence and misrepresent the intentions o f the contract.
Tabulations arc oticn advantageous it1 preference to lengthy dc%cripiions, and shorrld he rcsortcd to. whcre possible.
Precision
Precision in wrlttiig spectficat~onsI S o f great itnponancc This rcquiremcnt o f preciclon will be clcsr from the following
pairs o f typtcal words often used in writing o f rpeciticatiotrs :-
Any, all :- 'Ilc shall mahc p o d any dcfccts' should read 'Ilc sltall makc good all defects'
Eithcr, both :- 'Either side o f the wall shall be plastcrcd' should rcad 'both sidcs o f thc wall shall be plastcrcd'.
And, o r :- 'It shall he free from defects o f materialr and workmanship which would impair i t s strength o r durability'.
Notc that interchanging thc \rurd 'and' by 'or' and vice-vcrsa in this sentence will rcsul! in an entirely different meaning.
Use o f 'and/or' though common in legal documents i s not desirable in specifications because o f lack o f certainty.
Will. shall .- Ilse 'will' in connectinn with act* o f thc ownerlaichitectiengineer-in-charge.and 'shall' with reference
to things m hc done by the contractor This word prcfcrcncc i s a customary an2 helpful distinction bctween commitments
of.one party and obligations o f the contractor.
Do not usc appilrent rynonbms such as 'must' and 'shall', as dtfferent degrees o f thetr mandatory naturc may he
inferred. Use one or the other. and use it consistently. Use 'shall' in preference to must'.
Amount, quantity , - Amount should be used in contiection with money and quantity when referring to area, v o l u ~ c ,
number o f ohject5 and lh3 like
Subject matter
he subject mattcr o f thc spccifications should bc confined to the information and directions necessary for construction
work atid should be suflicient to enable tenderers to price their work completely. Specifications are intended to amplify. but
not to repeat the information rhown on drawings
The specification writer should have definite reasons in mind for every requirement specified; but these reasons or
explanattons should not be given in the specifications. For example, a stipulation that ready mixed paint manufactured by
a part~cularcompany shall be hrought to the site with manufacturer's scz! in-tact, docs not need an explanation that the
provision has bcen made to prevent contractor replacing the paint with inferior quality ofpaint.
Practicability
Specifications should be practicable giving due regard to the limitations o f available materials and workmanship.
Standards o f tolerance and tinishes should be consistcn! with functional. architectural and structural.requirements of the
completed work. As far as possible, standard sizes and pattcrns available in the market should be specified, as special
sizes are expensive and require extra time for manufacture and delivery. Thoughtless copying out o f specifications readily
available to the specification writer should be avotded as it may lead to un-necessary refinement. For example specifying
controlled concrete using weigh hatching equipment, test cubes. laboratory tests etc, for concrete required in a small septic
tank would bc an absurdity.
P o i n t s t o b e c o v e r e d in s p e c i f i c a t i o n s
Materials :- Quality, sourcc, size. shape, appearance, geologicallbotanicai classification of stoneltimbcr. physical
propcrtics such as weight, specific gravity, hardness. viscocity etc; chemical compostion, place of inspection, protection during
transportihandlingist~~age, electrical, thermal, accoustic propenics, ctc., as pertinent to each different material required for
the particular item o f work
Workmanship : Description of workmanship, method o f mixing (manualmy machine), method of laying, method of
fixing, preparation of base or surface, cornpaction, finishing, curing, nominalifinished sizes, size of joints. widthilength of
s~dclcndlaps, ctc., as may bc pertinent to the particular item of work.
'Tools and plant : If the usc of certain tools1planVmachinery such as earth moving equipment, sheep foot rollers.
weigli batching plants, hot mix bitumen paviourigradcr etc, is desired to bc made mandatory, the requirement should be
clearly stated.
Protection o f finished work t i l l the date of completion, and deaningtsite clearance as may be desired.
SPECIFICATIONS (Contd.)
Sequence to he followed in writing specifications
When writlng detailed spccilications the sequence In which the construction work is likcly to progress i s followed
when selecting the order in which. the items are specified one after the other, e g . excavation and eaahwork. concrctc
including reinforcemenr/formwork etc, brickwork and so on.
The spccification for any panicular ifem of work, such as colicrete etc., i s laid down in a consistent manner following
a panicular sequence i.e. matcriai, then workmanship, tools and plant etc.. and the same sequence is followed for other
items.
Paragraphs. in a set of specifications for a particular work, should be numbered fullowing any o f the different lnethods
available for thc same. for convenience in quoting any particular provision in correspondence etc.
TYPES OF SPECIFICATIONS
Types o f specifications may be listed as :-
Brief/outlinc specifications
Being hard pressed for time, the architectiengineer o f a proposed work usually indicates the specification^ for all
items of work in brief, covering salient important points These brief or outline specifications do nor form part o f the
contract, and are intended to be later developed into detailed specifications by the quantity surveyor or junior architect1
englneer for attaching with the tender documents.
Standard specifications
Standard specifications are a compilation o f specificat~onsfor all the various Items o f work for all the trades involved
in building and civil engineering work. They include comprehensive deta~lso f all aspects o f work. Standard specificatians
are usually printed in the form o f companion volume o f standard schedule o f rates (i.e. DSR or District Schedule of ~ates)
these two being s~~pplcmentary and complimentary to each other.
Detailed specifications
Detailed specilications for a particular job are more or lcss similar to the standard specifications cxcept that items of
work not required in the particular job will not find a place in the specifications. Where standard specifications are ava~lahle
and can be made pan o f the contract. the task o f drafiing spec~ticationsfor a particular job is greatly reduced as lnd~cating
the werative port~ons/paragraphs/provisionso f the standard spccificat~onwill completely describe the work.
'Open', 'restricted' or 'closed' specifications

Specifications can also be classified as 'open'. 'restricted' or 'closed' on the basis of the degree of choice allowed to
the contractor in selecting the manufactureriproduct or specialist firm to be used in the work.
Opcn specifications state thc physicalichemicai properties of the materials etc., along with the results required to be
obtained in tests to be carried out. A n effective way of framing opcn specifications for mareriais is to make provisions of
specific lndlan Standard Specifications (IS!) or similar standards like BSS etc applicable, without naming any particular
brandltrade namc or properletory commodity Thus an opcn specification is one which lays down the minimum standards
which can be fulfilled by products marketed by newly started as well as old well established manufacturers. This leads to
bener competition and consequently lowering o f rates quoted by contractors
Restricted specifications are those in which the material etc, is described and contractor is allowed to choose from
any o f the rwo or more specifically named trade namesiproprietory brands or manufacturers For example when specifying
ready-mixed paints. names o f two, three o'r more leading paint manufacturers may be given and contractor has to procure
paint required for the work only from one u f these listed manufacturers. I t is necessary to ensure that price and quality of
the products o f manufacturers in the approved list is more or less identical, as the contractors will invariably opt for using
thc brand which i s cheapest out o f those listed
Closed specification is one in which the materialiproduct is specified by mentioning a single trade name, catallrgue
number, or manufacturer and sometimes even a panicular distr~butorfrom whom the product is to be purchased by the
cr~~tracror, for use in the work. Ihus, in closed spec~ficat~on
the cholce or preference o f the owner or architect/enginecr i s
.,,.,.,>" maximum imponance. without bothering about cortr or competition.
It shoilld bc notcd t h a ~any part~cularconstruction job can have .open specification' for cenain materials, while olher
~materlalscan have .restricted specification'. and <ome funher mater~als/articlescan havc 'closed spccification' stipulated
In the same contract
The am'techniquc of \,riling specifications can be perfected by going through 'standad specifications' given in DSK
or any similar comp~lat~on,duly joning down and memorising salient po~nts,key words, imponant provisions etc that will
need to be covered when drafting specifications for principle items o f work in construction jobs.
121
The Arbitration and Conciliation Act (26 of 1996)
The above refemd Act came into force on 19 Aug 1996, some notable time aspects o f which are as follows :-
(h. 7) Arbihation agreement shall be in writing, and it may be separate or form part o f a contract agreement
in the nature of an arbitration clause, or agreed upon by exchange of letters etc.
(See. 8) If the opposite party commences legal proceedings ignoring the agreement for arbitration, before taking
m y part i n the k g d proceedings, an application tq the Court, (accompanied by certified copy o f arbitration agreement)
should be made requesting the Court to refer the parties to arbitration.
(See. 11) Ifa person (or instihltion), fails to perform any function entrusted to him in terms of agreed procedure
for appoin!ment of arbiuator(s), a party to the dispute may apply to the Chief Justice o f the appropriate Coun to take
neceswy steps for appointing the Arbitrator.
(See. 13) Appointment of a particular arbitrator may be challenged on grounds o f doubts about the arbitrator's
independance or impartiality or lack of agreed qualifications w g i n fifteen days of becoming aware o f the appointment or
of the grounds for challenge, along with a written statement of reasons for the challenge. Ifthe grounds for the challenge
are not accepted by the arbitrator or the opposite par@, the only remedy lies in an appeal to the Coun for setting aside the
arbitral award after it is published. Such appeal is made under Section 34.
(Sec. 21) Arbitration on a particular dispute is deemed to have commenced on the date on which a request for
that dispute to be referred to Arbitration is received by the respondent.
(Sec. 33) Application to the Arbitrator for correction o f computationallclericalltypographicai errors. or (by mutual
agreement between the parties) for interpretation o f a specific point or part of the award, may be made within thirty days
of receipt of the arbittal award, and the arbitrator shall act on it within thirty days o f receipt of the application. Application
to the arbitrator (with due notice to the other party) can be made for giving additional award in respect o f claims presented
in the arbiiral proceedings but omitted or missed in the arbitnl award, within thirty days o f receipt of the award, and the
arbitrator shall act on it within sixty days o f receipt of the application.
(Sec. 34) Application to the Court for setting aside an award has to be made within three months o f the date of
receipt o f the award by the party, or the date o f disposal o f any application under Section 33 by the arbitrator. This time
of three months may be extended by another three months (but not any more) at the descretion o f the Court
(Scc. 36) M e n time limit for application to Coun for setting aside the award has expired or rejected, the award
becomes final and binding. The award shall be enforced under Code o f Civil Procedure (5 of 1908), in the same manner
as if it were a decree o f the Court.
N o time limit has been prescribed for making and publication o f award in this Act.
The Limitation Act (36 of 1963)

This Act lays down the period of time within which any suit, appeal or application can bemade in a Court of Law
for enforcing claims, rightful dues, share o f profits, compensation for wrongs, unpaid wages, specific performance of contracts
etc.
The period of time within which appeals against judgements, decrees, etc can be made i s also laid down. if legal
action is not instituted within the Limitation Period, any suit, appeal or application made in a Court of Law will be too
late being time-barred.
The Workmen's Compensation Act (8 of 1923)

This Act provides for payment by employers to their workmen (or to dependants of the workmen in cases of death)
of compensation for injury by. accident. The compensation payable is worked out on the basis of one month's wages of the
worker, multiplied by different laid down percentages (depending on death or totalldifferent degrces of disablement etc..)
multiplied by a laid down 'relevam factor' as applicable for the completed years of age o f the workman in question.
The party entering into a contract with a builder is in the position of a 'Principal Employer' in respect of workers
employed by the builder on the particular contract work.
The Indian Contract Act (9 of 1872)

A vely detailed study of this enactment is recommended. A couple of points which are commonly missed or on which
wrong notions prevail are elaborated upon here.
Revocahon o f tender by a contractor is non-effective (nu1 and void) if the acceptance letter has already been despatched
before receipt o f the communication revoking the tender, and this is applicable even in cases o f revocation letters dated
prior to the date o f acceptance letter, (even if revocation letter is despatched by Regd Post prior to the date of Acceptance)
but received after despatch of the acceptance letter.
Revocation o f tender by a tenderer does not confer any right to the parry calling for tenders to confiscate 'Earnest
Money' attached to the tender, if no contract situation has been established.
17.3
VALUATION OF LAND A N D BUILDINGS
FACTORS AFFECTING VALUE O F PROPERTY
r h e factors affecting the value o f a property cons~stingo f land and build~ngscan be h r ~ e l l ) I~srcd;is
(a) Increase in demand or decrease in suppl) tend I@ cause thc prices tu r i x . and vlce versa \bherc ihc i i ~ p ) l l !
is highly elast~rand quickly adjusts and marches the dcmand. the rise <,I.lall in i7riccs w i l l on]! bu li~.lr:~n;ll .Tl~i<1~~~~~~
law o f eccrnomics applies to the value o f land and b u i l d i r , ~also
~
She demand and supply o f land and buildings IS aWcctcd b) -
(i) Rise or fa11 in population o f a part~cularlocality.
(ii) Stab~lity,expanding business. conimercc and enterprises. new i;ictorics. increasing lcvcl o f pro\perit! ;~ntl
acconiodationishopsioflicc~crc . and tlrc
the like w i l l increase the demand for new and hcttcr rcs~dent~al rent,
w i l l in turn show an upward tendency.
( i i i ) Restrictions imposed by local and state author~t~es

affect the supply o f land and buildings. Such rcrtrlcuirn\
may be in the form o f development plans. zoning for residc~itinl/commercial/ind~r~alarea,. curb, on intcll\it!
o f use o f land such as laid down floor space indcr (FSI), building bye-laws. Urban [.and Cc~ltn: Act illit1
tlic like.
(b) Whun othcr forms o f invcsttncnt hccomc more attractive in coiiiparlson. [lie valuc o f land arid hulld)n:\ gcl
adversely affectcd For cxa~mpleif market valuc o f bullion is risin: sl~arply.and is expected lo continue to rise lbr sonic
Inore timc. rhc !low o f capital lowards investment in land and bui!dings will he reduced.
(c) Cr~~iccntriltrn~i
of availablu i~ivestablecapital in a l e u hands usually results in increase in vnluc o f lands and
buildin~s.and vice-versa.
( d l V:~luc o f lalid itrid buildiriys tend to rlse sharply when ~nflatlonaryconditions prevail. Sharcs. b u l l ~ o nand
rcal estate arc. o f li~tc.considcrc~las the only forms of' invcst~nentcapable o f keeping ahead o f the erodins \vorth o f Rupee
(c) I'ri~posal\ for dcvclopnienl or improvclnentc in civil anienilio like roads, gardens. dramage. water-supply.
electricity. slrcct ! ~ g h t i n g;and tIic'1iL.c in a p,lniculer localjty w ~ l enhance
l the value of vacant plots. On the othcr hand.
dcclararion of' grccli heltr. rcscrvatlons fir playgroundseducational in~titi~tionsihospitals etc., possibilit? o f Govcrnmcnt
arquiring land and s'uch ti~ctorsw'ill h a r p l y reduce pricc o f land in the aff'cctcd locality
( 0 In llic citrc 01' lilnd properly the ptocncc UI abiencc ot' proper approach. frontace on roads. width o f iucli
roads. additir>nal rcutrn Srt,nta;r. at s~rlcor at ilic rcar. nicans o f coniniunication, nature o f ground (he. u hether riatural
land or land made up thy l i l l i ~ i plow lying area rccla~mcd l i o m sea.. whether flat or undulating, soft or hard a f t e c t i n ~
13undin: depth). s i x and sl111pr 01' thc hullding plot. vista l o r uninterrupted view) and all such factors have a bearins on
lllc value o f land. A plol surrounded on all cdcs lcavlng no approach (also callrd as land locked land) w i l l fetch a lower
price ah c u ~ n p a r c ~
10l :~djoining pluts having proper approach.
(g) In tliu cilrc r r l hull!-up propcrt). tile cundition o f the structure. amounts required to be spent on repairs,
insurance, maintcn;~nce. ILturc (or rc~n;i~ning)liJc 01' thc b t l l l d i n ~ .vacant or tenant occupied. and all such peninet~tfactors
affect valuc of the prr~pcn),
(11) O h s o l ~ c c ~ ~ 11iei11is
icc a p ~ r i i c u l a rklnd o f drsign of' building or method o f construction (e.g, pitched rool:
largc ritrnhli~igh u n ~ a l o w rwttli nutbhouscs etc..) going out o l ihsli~onthereby rcduciny value o f the esistlng huildlng. I'he
typc 01' obsoleccllce d2ruribcd i ~ h o v cis snnicrimcs tcr~iicdin ,iunct~onelohsolcscence')
(i) ' S o ~ l e Io r economic ohsolerccncc' may lie due l o particular ioca!itiea golng our o f lashion For c\omple.
exlstlng. once snuglit ;allcr propcrtlcs in thc ltudrt o f a c ~ t ymay bcconic less attractive due to con:estion. pollutinn illid
traffic disturb;incc. l lie ~ i i u s l ~ r o o n t io~f ~+nis
g in an otlicraise dcs~rablcpart o f an urban area w ~ l lsharply reduce thc
valuc o f land and buildings ill tliot l ~ c a l ~ tKcnt ~ . control acts. Icgislation barring eviction o f tenants and the like depress
thc valuc. as ycild Srnm such rcntcd out built-up propcny is unable to keep pacc with inflationary trends 'This can be
considcrcd as en cxztniplc 01' e c o n ~ ~ m iobsolc~ccnce
c o f the property
(k) I he generill law and order situatio~l. ilhqcncc or u f riotsidiaturbunccs. conceniration o f parlicular
comtnunltlcs in it locality. and c o ~ i d i i ~ o ndue
s to war have scrlous i~iipilcton rhe v a h ~ co f property.
VARIOUS TERMSITONCEPTSIFOHMULAE USED IN VALUATION

A valuer $11' propel?). h o u l d bc cunvcrsani \r.~ththc ibllowing lenns/coticeptslformulae and their proper appl~catioii.
Valuation procers frcqucntly involvcs calculi~tionof ctrmpound intcrcst for which various formulac gtvcn helaw arc osed.
\;nlu;rtiun tablcs arc 01' grctlr use iii such calculauons With Iht. advciit o f electronic scientific calculators howevcr, thc
need lbr valuation tablcs IS grcnlly ruduccd,
i V , ~ ~ c v, - (I) 'The word ~ l i t r r c s t 'uscd in the explanation o f various tcrms~conceptsgiven below mcans
thc rate o f conipoultd interest per annunl (eaccpt where slmple interest is specifically
iiicntloncd)
VALUATION OF LAND AND BUILDINGS
VARIOUS TERMSICONCEI'TSIFORMULAE USED IN VALUATION (Cnntd.)
Notes (Conld) - (ii) The value o f the variable 'i' denoting the rate o f interest in the formulae given below is
to be inserted in decimal figures, i.e. 0.04 for 4 % interest. 0.055 for 5% Y% interest.
0 1 0 for 10 % interest, etc.
(iii) In the illustrations given below. the answers worked out have been rounded off to the nearest
Rupee wherever appropriate.
Amount of Re. 1.00 means the total amount to which an initial one-time investment o f Re. 1.00 at a specified
rate o f interest w i l l accumulate at the end o f a given number o f years.
If 'i' is the rate o f interest, and 'n' is the number o f years, then,
Amount o f Re. 1.00 = (I+ ij"
Illusrrarion :- A sum o f Rs. 500 invested today at 5 % rate o f interest w i l l accumulate at the end o f six
years to : 500 x (I + 0 . 0 ~ = ) ~Rs. 670
Present Value of Re. 1.00 payable or receivable at the end o f a given number o f years :-
If ' i ' is the a t e of interesL and 'n' is the number o f years, then,
I
Present value o f Re 1.00 =
(I+ i)"
Illustration :- The present value of Rs. 800 receivable at the end o f six years at 5 % rate o f interest w i l l be :-
1
800 x = Rs. 597
(1 + 0.05)6
Amount of Re. 1.00 per nnnum means the total amount which will accumulate at the end of a given number o f
years if Re. 1.00 is invested at the end of every year at a specified rate o f interest.
If 'i' is the rate o f interest, and 'n' is the number of years, then.
-I
( I + i)"
Amount of Re. 1 .OO per annum =
i
lIlus/ration :- If Rs. 500 are invested at the end of every'year for 5 successive years at 6 % rate of interest, the
total accumulation at the end o f fiRh year will be :-
Annual Sinking Fund is the amount required to be set aside at the end o f every year and invested at a specified
rate of interest, SO that at the end o f a given number of years it will accumulate to a predetermined amount.
I n a property consisttng of land and building, the building portion of the property will slowly loose its value with
every successive year due to wear and tear (andlor by functiot~alobsolescence), and at the end of its useful life i t will have
only about 10 % o f its original value (this 10 % representing value of materials obtained from demolition o f the building).
I n order to recoup the capital ~nvestedon the building portion of the properly an annual sinking fund is created, wherein
a small portion of rent or income from the property is set aside and deposited in a bank or i n Government securities at
compound interest so worked out that when life of the bullding is over the owner can receive full value of the building
portion of the property, either from the bank or Rom the Government securities.
If 'i' is the rate o f interest and 'n' is the number o f years in which the investment is required to be recoupd,
then,
i
Annual sinking fund for accumulation of Re. 1.00 =
(I+ iy - I
Illuslrarion :- A n old building having a future life o f 20 years has been purchased for Rr. 20,0001- excluding the
value o f land. Assuming that the value of demolished materials will be zero, to recoup Rs. 20,000
at the end of 20 years the annual sinking fund at 4 % rate o f interest w i l l be :-
0.04
20,000 x = Rs. 672
(1 + 0.041~'
Years Purchase (Y. P.) in Perpetuity is the muliiplier by which the net income per year receivable in perpetuity
(i.e, for ever) is multiplied in order to arrive at the present capital value o f an asset, at a given rate o f interest.
If 'I' is the rate of interest, then.
Years purchase in perpetuity -- I

I
lllus~rotion:-Years Purchasg in perpetuity using 4 % interest will be -

I
0.04
= 25
Therefore. for an income of Rs 500 tn perpetuity, a sum of Rs. 500 x 25 = Rs. 12,500 w i l l have
to be depostted in a bank at the rate o f 4 % interest.
VARIOUS TERMSICONCEPTSIFORMULAE USED IN VALUATION (Contd.)
Years Purchase (Y. P.) for a lired number of years is the multiplier by which the net income per year, receivable
for a fixed number of years is multiplied in order to arrive at the present capital value of an asset.
Y. P. for a fixed number o f years is calculated in such a manner that it w i l l cater for :-
(a) Yearly income from the capital invested representing a cenain rate of simple interest on the amount of capital
invested..
and also
(b) Annual sinking fund. at a cenain rate of compound interest to recoup the capital invested at the end of a
given number of years.
Y. P. for a fixed number of years can be either at a single rate or at a dual rate.
Where the rate of simple interest representing the yearly income to be derived from the property is same as ihc
rate o f compound interest applicable to the sinking fund for recouping the capital, the multiplier worked out is termed as
the Y. P. at single rate.
Where the rate o f simple interest representing the yearly income to be derived from the property is differen1 from
the rate o f compound interest applicable to the sinking fund for recouping the capital, the multiplier worked out is termed
as the Y. P, at dual rate. In the cae of Y. P, at dual rate it should be remembered that the rate of simple interest representing
the yearly income from the property should be a reasonable rate of return on the capital invested (and this could be taken
as 8 to I I % considering the present bank rates), whereas the rate o f compound interest applicable to the annual sinking
fund should be much lesser (say 4 to 5% ? depending
lo on the perfectly safe and sound Government securltles in which the
sinking fund is proposed to be invested).
Y. P. at single rate
If 'i' is the rate o f interest representing yearly income receivable from the property as well as for the annual
sinking fund, and 'n' is the number of years for which the income is receivable, then,
( I + ;yl - I
Y. P. at slngle rate =
I (I+ I)"
/Ilusrra/ion :- A property expected to yeild a net income of Rs. 10,000 per annum for the next six years is to be
purchased. Allowing 5 % rate of interest, bath for the yearly income on capital invested as well as for redemption of
capital through a sinking fund at the end o f six years :-
Present value of the properly = 10.000 x Y. P.
= Rs. 50.757
When using Y. P. at single rate, other factors remaining the same, increase in the number of years for which the
propeny is expected to yeild income w i l l result in increasing the value o f the property, and vice versa, and other factors
remaining the same, increasing the rate o f interest w i l l result in decreasing the value o f the properly described in the
illusIration given above.
Y. P. at dual rate
If' y ' ir the rate o f simple interest representing annual Income receivable from the property, ' I ' i s the rate of
compound interest for annual sinking fu, 4 to recoup the capital invested, and 'n' is the number of years for whlch the
yearly income is receivable, then
I
Y. P. at dual rate =
y [(I+ i ) " - i ] + i
OR
1.
Y. P. at dual rate =
y + sinking fund for Re I
Illusorion :- A property expected to yeild an income of Re. 10.000 per annum for the next six yean is to be
purchased. Allowing 8 % on capital invested and 5 % on redemption of capital through a sinking fund.
Present value o f property = 10.000 x Y. P.
( 1 + 0.05)' - 1
= 10.000 x = Rs. 44,049
0 0 8 [ (1 + 0.05)6 - l ] + 0.05
For practising valuers it w i l l be wonhwhile to note that, other factors remaining the same, Y. P. using dual rates
will increase due to (a) any increase in 'n' and vice-vena, or (b) any increase ill 'i' and vice-versa, or (c) any decrease in
'y' and vice-versa.
VALUATION OF LAND A N D BIIILDINCS
VARIOUS TEHhlS/CDNCEPTS/FOHMULAE USED IN VALUATION (Contd.)
Salvage value i s the \aluc expected to be reallsed on sale of machinery or eiluipnietit when i t s useful span <,f I;,
15 over, htlt 1131 1101 bcconlc c~lllpletel) useless
Scrap value nr junk value 15 the value o f ~ i i a c h ~ n corn equipment whcn i t becomes curttplrtc'l\i UCCICSS. except
tor salc as junk or scrap metal In thc case o f build~ngswhich havc outlived their u r c f i ~spim
l o f life. the cvpectcd valuc
of tiiatcrials obtaitied from d c ~ r o l ~ t i o!\ill
n represent thc scrap valuc. brcilh-up valuc or dsniolition value,
Depreciation may hc dctincd 35 thc dccrcasc in value o l property, inacliincry ur rquipment duc l o wear, rear.
deca) 'and obsnlesccncc. Tutal accountable dcprecint~onwill he cost of mschinc> less salvage/scrap valuc in the case of
machinery, and in the case o f buildlng 11 w ~ l he
l the cost of the bu~ld~ng(s)
lcss x r a p valuc or demolition value o f the
buildin; in question
It 1s cnstomary to take thc dentol~t~on
value of a building as 10 "'0 of the replacement cost o f the building
Replaees~c~lt cost is thc cosr o f .In itsset uhich will he ~t~currcdi f rt i s to be replaced ar current ntarket rates
duly lakitig into account inethods of coi~rtructi~,n.Ilnproveddcci>ii techniquch etc.. in uu;uc on the dair o f assessment o f
the rcplaccment cost.
Kcproduction cost i s the cost o f reproducing a !.ubs!ant~all) identical replica o f an existing building using materials.
finish. methods o f construction ctc similar to lhc cui5ting b u ~ l d ~ n gc\en
. if t l ~ c yarc uur-of-date. Rrproducttoti cost rarely
finds any application in valuation o l prupenies,
Methods "f computing depreciation

(a) In the srrsight line niethod ul. compuunp dvp~cii,ttiu~ithc value 01' an asset i.: cons~dcrcdas diminishing by
an u ~ ~ i f o ramount
m every bear
O r ~ ~ , ~3 innf ~t -~j / S U ~ ~ L , $ : LYL,/,,C!
,
Ilcprcc~at~onper ycar -
~.~sI!,,~',IP~ I"/<,/ .s<vTicL, /,/c i t 1 >,,,<lrY
(h) In the written dunn valuc method ( W . D. V ~tietltud)u t cqu;ll percentage method o f calculilting dcprcciation.
llic valuc of an asser IS coilsldcrcd aa d i ~ ~ ~ i r l i i lhy
i i t i:!~ unil;ir~ll ~ C I . C C I I ~ B ~ C every yeilr. I-or cxait~ple. if an asset was
purchased ibr Rs 10,000 in 19V4. it, writtun down valuc at 5 ",, rate of depreciation brill be :-
Kc. 1lI,lJ01) (-) 5 ?O - Rs. 9.500 in 1905. (drprcc~;~r~on
r~ccour,rrd for Re. 500)
Rc Y.5OO I-)5 = Ks. 9.025 in 1006. (dcprcciat~onaccotlntcd for Kc, 475)
Thur in the W D V mcthud the qoantum o l dcprcc~aunn(In lcrins of tttoney) will go on reducins cvery ycar.
(c) In the sink~ngf u ~ i diiretliod ul' colnpur~ngdeprcclat~on,tllc coht o f rcplaccment of the assct on the date of
valuation, i l s t o ~ a lexpected l i k and i t s prcscnt age arc lound out. Thc annual sinkins fund at an apprupriatc i a t c of
interof to recoup the cost u f rcplaccmclit \vttliin tltc total c\pccted ilfc 111 thc ajsct IS alrtl worhcd uut
Tllr drprec~ationin ro5t of the asset is taken as equal to tlic amounr o f accumi~latioiiof the binking fund for the
number ot year.: o f age of tlic asset already passed on tltr date o f valuation
l l l e ~ f r u ~ i o:-
n 'l'he prescnt day rcplaccment cost o f a butldlng, excluding value of land, is Rs. ? lacs. Total expected life
of the building is 80 years, and i t s present age is 30 ycar,. Allowing for s~nkitigfund at 4% '% rate of
interest work out amount o f deprcciatioa and presenr valuc of the bullding.
S. F, for accumulation o f -
Re. 2 lacs in 80 years
( I ' 0.045)"' - I
Amounr of Rs. 27414 per 274 I 4 x - Us. 16.724
0.045
year at 4% 76 in 30 year5
( i c deprec~auonto-datc)
I'rcscnt day value of the buildin;: ; 2,00,000 (-i
16.724 Rs. 1.83.276
'Thrrc
-
are no hard and fast rules
Life of buildings har a cotls~dcrilblcimpact ozt tllr assessed valuc o f property
for estimating the total l ~ f eor luturc remaining life of a b u i l d ~ n ~ , the ligure adoplrd b i l l largely be a matter of !udgemcnt
and
based on tnspcction of the building and experience of the valurr.
The estimated total l ~ t eo f a building. less its present agc will ~ndicatethe furure lik of a building. B u i l d i n ~ s
well nlaintained and in excellent state of repairs will laat loiigrr. Life 01' hulldings in bad shape can be prolonged by
carrylng out capital repairs to the aifectcd puniults. These comments wtll need to be kept in mind whcn uailll: the guide-
lines given below
Type o f building Expecled total life
R. C. C. ! steel 1 tlmrr irnlned buildings o f permanent type o f construcrion 70 to 90 years
Bulldings with load bearing walls and pi~chedroof o f semi-pcrmmcnt lype o f construction 40 to 60 year:
'Temporary single storey slrncttrrcc 10 tn 15 )cars
127
V I L U A T I O N OF L A N D A N D UIIILDIN(;S
FREE-t1OLU ANI) LEASE-HOLD PROPERTY
I'l11: o\vlterhliip of a / ~ r ~ c l i o i d p r ~ j /cun>istln$
> ~ ' r ( ~ of land. or land will? butldin:s thcreon, siynities that the /).e~~holder
has tlic rislit lo utilibe ;tnd d c ~ wlllll the prilpcrly ar 11c pleases. subjcct l o the rules and regulaf~unso f local authority and
utiier laws of liic iund l'lic rlphta of tiic frcciioldcr mcludc [a) rtght to occupy atid u,r. i b l rlght to sell in whole ur in
p X L (c) n:ht lo s i l l a\%:i! lhc pcopcrr) III HIIOIC 111 111 part. i d ) !igIit l o renr out or to y ~ v con lcase the propcrty to others
(el illid o b v i ~ ~ u s l[lie
y right l o relilsc to do ail? of lltesc t h i n g
llte above rights llti~crentill the propcny rvith t?eehc,ld tentire may he devldrd by a lease or le~sesto create inore
than utie i n ~ e r r aill tiic propen? > ~ ~ casi i ies~or'sir~tcre>t.Iessce's interest. sub-lebsc's interest cic
I l i c owner uito gives his Irtnd.buiidingls) nn lease i r !.noun as the Icnur, and tlic pan) aho takcs thc land and'
ur buildingts) on lease i s c.illcd llie i i ~ s s c ~ i ~Sucli
. prolwny taken on lease is tcrnicd as /c~u~e-lrnld
prolwm. in lhc hands o f
tllC Ic,,ec..
I l i c luisor surtcndcrs his riylit IC,

pcm\us\. ucc~ip! dnd use rlic propcny for the trmi (i.e, perlod) of lease tor the
amouni of rcntal ,tntcd in the le:ise dccd (tcrnicd ;la It;?\? ~grccnient).rctaininp the rlyht to rcpossoss the property at tlte
end of tlic Icase lcr~ii,and cuclt irc(~oiiecsionat elid ot the lease i, tcrmcd as -,-cvcv,v~on'.
Terms and colidilions o f tlic Icase spell out tllu inlttilher 01' ?cars fur which thc luasc i s i o bl' valid, the rental lo
bcp3id and also ollicr rl;ltt\ and obli~atiottsof thc p a n ~ s . llicse terms, conditions. provisiotts. and covenants in a lease
dccd arc vury i1npon:lnt in ;~scc~t;ti~ii~ig
the v;iluc 01' tlic lrswir s and Icsc<s intereht in the propcn).
Depending on tlte tcrlns o f the lensc agrccitient the leswe nin! suhleasc the propen? to a 'sr,h~/esrt~c~I t the
gound rent as per thc subleasc ayeenlent is higher than tlie nrl>tnal groucid rent 11 is termed aa 'tntpr(lved yroxrr~dr e n t
llie difierrnce bctnecn rhc intprovcd ground rcrtt and the origitial ground rent is lerntcd as the ',~ro/jr ratri' 'The orisinill
ground renr is also sontct~tttestcr~nedas the 'lreud rcnr'.
an' open plot of land is lcarcd out lor long dutations like 50 )cars. 99 years ctc, h r the
In a hrril,Ir,ii: / , ~ u , s ~
purpnv o f construcnng b u i l d i n g thereon, and the periodic rent petd 1s termed as ground rent or 'itwccured gru18rxii rcnl'.
Agreements for buildlng 1c;tsc usually stipulate that tlie lessee ,will put up bu~ldings/slructuresetc , on thF land at the lessee's
own minimum speciticd cost Whun such cnnsrruction srork 15 complclcd tlie ground rent stipulated becomes the 'secured
~ r n u n dr&' the IC~I>> signifying hctter asjurancc o f receiving the rcnlr rezu!arly. Ajireeinents for butlding lcase may also
stipulate tltnt tltc lcssor will bccomc nwncr o f tile land lncludinp tlie bulldtn$s co~istructi:d thereon. on 'reverston' ar end
of the pcriod o f lcase.
I n an 'ocirrpo~rv,!u/ I t i l w ' cotllplete propert) consistirig of land atld building(s) existin: thereon, IS glveli on leabe
and the periodic considcralion paid 1s tcrnicd as 'ruck wrzr'. i c full rent of. the properly.
Veluation of a ius~or'sInrerot in a propun) Ic;~sxlout w ~ l con,i
l ,i o f capitailsed value of the lease rrnl per ycdr
for tlie un-expircd period of thc lcasc. plus prcarnt value of the propen$ on .reversion' at rhe expiry o f the lease period.
Valuation u f a lescce's interest in a propun! lakc11 on lcasc by l i i ~ t will
i consist of the capitalised value o f 'protil
rent' fur IIIL. unexpired pcriod of the lease. plus tntcrest on tliu aniount spent by the lessee in improvenienrs if any carried
x t as per terrns o f the lease.
h1ETHODS OF VALUATION
I t should be noted that valuation of purely agricullural and other types o f land whtch do ttol have any possibility
u f developing building potcr~tialin the near foresecahle tiuurc is an entirely different subject and is not included in the
skills, cxpcnise and kno\r.lcdge expected of a Civil Englneer or r c l i i t c c t , and therefore outside the scopc of his studles
Methods of valuation can be broadly classified as :-
Income capitalisation crr investment methods. Physical mcthods.

(I) Rental method. (i) Land and building mcthod.
(ii) Profit method. ( i i ) Devclopmcnt method.
Outgoings
Incomc capitalisation or investment rncthodr of valrrat~ondepctid on a fa~rlyaccurate absessment of the net income
from the p;-operty The various periodically recurring charges'expcltscl'laxrs etc termed as 'outgoings' are to be deducted
from the gross income in order to arrive at the net income of the propcny O u t ~ o i i i g sconsin of the following :-
(a) Munrc?poi ruxcj. are worked out on the basis 01' cenatn percentages o f thc net reteable value of propenies.
Municipal authorities at d ~ f k r e n tcities etc follow thetr own rules. norms. ~ u i d elines and procedures for assessing the net
rateable value which basically depcnds on the annual rent polential o f the property less cenain statulory and other deductions1
allnwances. Ouner occuplcd premises, renred premtses. shops:commcrcial prcmlscs, g o d o w n l f a c t o ~etc. are categorised as
s x h and treated separately. C t ~ n i m i r ~ l n n r lusl municipal corporalionr liave descrctionary powers in thc matter o f lixlng
ratcohlr \.;~ILIC>
I28
METHODS OF VALUATION(contd.)
A table showing municipal taxes levied under various heads during 1994-95 by Pune Municipal Corporation,
expressed as percentages applicable to two different net rateable values is given below as an illustration. These tax
percenteges are applicable only for the particular year, reteable value and kind of property (i.e. residential or commercial)
as mentioned.
Particulars Residential property having rateable Commercial property having rateable
value of Rs. 3,100 per year value of Rs. 20,000 per year.
General tax . . . . . . 18 % . . . 25 %
Water tax . . . . . .
Water benefit tax . . . . . .
Seweragetgarbage removal tax . . .
Drainage tax . . . . . .
Education cess . . .
Fire fighting tax . . . . . .
'Tree ccss . . . .
Employment guarantee cess . . .
Total 60.75 % Totar 71.75 %
* Note .- Water tax is not levied where separate payment on the basis of water meter reading is obtained.
(b) Repurrs ro properry and expenses on the same are also required to be taken into account when calculating
outgoings.
Annual repairs are of recurring nature, and consist o f repairs to roof leakage, plumbing, drainage-and rain watcr
pipes, renewal coats of preservatives, paint, distemper and the like.
Allowance for annual repairs may be made (i) based on the average expenses incurred during the last few years.
or (ii) based on a certain percentage (usually % to I % ) o f the cost of construction of the building or (iii) bawd on a
certain percentage o f the gross rent receivable from the property. The alternative mentioned at (iii) above.is prefemd by
most valuers. It is customary to make an allowance o f 10 to 16.66 % (i.e. one tenth to one sixth) of the gross rent to
cater for annual repairs, when calculating outgoings of a property.
Major repairs o f strucrural nature (also termed as capital repairs), i f required to be carried out to put a building
in renantable condition, will have to be estimated and its cost deducted from value of the property, so as to arrive at its
net present value. Major repairs being of non-recurring nature are accounted for separately, and do not-form part o f the
annual out-goings of the propeq.
(c) Fire imur~nceIS an indemnity given by the insurers ( i e , Insurance Company) to the insurer (;.a the owner
of the property) against financial loss due to damage by fire, for a certain consideration called as a premium payable to
the company. The premium is payable periodically and it covers fire-risk for a specified period and is limited to the insured
amount, as long as the Insurance policy is kept 'alive'.
The insurable amount is worked out on the basis of cost of replaceinent less 10 % for foundations and plinth (as
foundations and plinth are not affectable by fire), less depreciation for age o f the building at the time of finalising the
insurance agreement. If insured amount is less than the insurable amount the claim for damage by fire is payable after
reduc~ngi t in the same proportion.
The rates o f insurance premium vary from I 2 to 25 paise per annum for each Rs. 100 o f the insured amount.
Where the properiy is not insured, the owner is taking a risk. and therefore an allowance of I to 2 % of the gross rent
may be taken as an 'outgoing' o f the property to cover the fire insurance element.
(d) Managemenl charges include (i) salary of rent collector, or an amount representing the time and energy spent
by the owner in collecting rent and keeping track o f arrears etc., (ii) salaries o f sweeper. liftman, pump attendant and
watchman if these are employed and paid by the owner (iii) electr~calenergy consumed for common lighting i n pasfaged
stairs. for lifts and pumps etc., (iv) service charges for maintenance o f lifts; and the like.
Allowance for management charges varies from 5 to 10 % of the gross rent and is treated as an item of outgoings
of the property. A proper estimate of this allowance should be made to avoid underlover charging. I n the c m of ownership
flats (self-occupied), the management charges will be in the form o f periodic payments to the housing society.
(e) Vacancies und bad debts when they occur will reduce the average collection o f gross rent from a property.
In large cities, scarcity of accomodation and the operation of Rent Act have reduced Ihe incidence o f such losses to the
minimum.
Where the system of renting out property on leave and licence basis for I 1 months duration (or the like) is adopted,
demands for large interest-free deposits and the owner gmind choosey about the type o f tenant ( e g plrference to companies),
vacancies for a few days per year are not uncommon even in the present days of scarcity of accomodation. The possibility
of bad debts, due to tenant's inability to pay cannot be completely ruled out particularly i n small towns.
The extent of allowance for vacancies and bad debts a . an item of 'ouIgoings' is a maner of judgement and may
be anywhere in the region of 'A O h to 10 % of the gross annual rent, depending on circumstances of each case.
VALUATION OF LAND AND BUILDINGS ?',
METHODS OF VALUATION (Contd.)

Outgoings (Contd.)
(0 Ground rent and land luxes elc, also need to k allowed for in the calculation u f ourgoln_ez in rcspri I ,,f
(i) Ground rent. where applicable, tor lease-hold land on which the building rented out may have bcen cuti>tructcii.
(ii) Non-agricultural tax where applicable (iii) Tax on lnami land; and the like. The allowance to bc madc wlli dcperlii
on the factual position
(g) Sinhifigfund for redemption of the capital invested in the bullding portion o f the propcrty at rhc end of ,er\
life of the building is allowable as an outgoing of the property. to the extent of annual conlribution to the * ~ r t k c niumi
~
irrespective of whether a sinking fund has actually been created or not. I t should however be noted hat captral~sauor~ :,I
the annual income from the properly done by applying Years Purchase for a fixed number of years wtll autornat~callyprovtdc
for the s~nkingfund. and in such cases the S.F. amount will not be accounted for separately in the outgotngs o f the propen)
This is an important aspect in rental method o f valuation.
Total of outgoings o f a property will differ from one case to another, and may vaty in the region o f 30 :e 5 5 %
of the gross rent receivable from the property.
It should be clearly understood that amounu payable on account of wealth tax and income tax (evcn though t h q
may be solely caused on account o f ownership and Income from the property) are NOT to be included in out going^' of a
properry. These taxes are a matter o f individual concern, and the decision for or against the purchase of a pan~cular
propeny may d~fferfrom one person to another depending on the property already owned by him, and the cxtent of addtrional
tax burden that he will have to bear.
RENT4L METHOD OF VALUATION
In decisions regarding investment o f capital in any form of real estate the aspect of annual incume rrce~vahle
from the propeny will be o f utmost importance. The price that a willing purchaser w ~ l pay
l for various alternatlvr prupertiv,
avatlable will be proportionate l o the expected annual income o f each direrent property. This relation between the hrnouril
of annual income and the price o f the property :s the basis of the rental method o f valuation
The term 'rent' denotes periodical payments made by tenants for th: use, occupation and possession o i land. u r
land with buildings thereon. Rent paid by tenant caters for the return on investmenl made by thr owner and alsu for thi.
various 'outgoing expenses' on the propeny borne by the owner of the propeny.
The step by step procedure followed in rental method o f valuation consists of working out the following ,~
(a) Gross annual income from property, i.e. actual rent recei~tdlex~ected to be received if im out 01. retit.
(b) Net annual income, i.e gross income less outgoing expenses of the property^
(c) Assessment of remaining life o f the property as far as its building portion is concerned
(d) Decision about rate (or rates) of interest to k adopted for wurking out Years Purchase
Net annual income r Y. P, for the duration o f remaining life of the b u ~ l d ~ n g
Value o f the propety = plus
Present value of the price of land recetvable at the end o f the remaining iife of the
building (also termed as the reversionaly land value)
When using the rental method of valuation, the following aspects should be taken into account :
(i) If the propeny has any balance potential of horizontal or venical developement (due to unut~ltscdI S. I
or upward rev~siono f F. S. I.by local authority), the value of balance potential s h ~ l d
be assessed and added tu the baiue
of the property worked out.
(ii) i f the building is in need of major repairs of structural nature etc., to make it tenantable, the cust of such
repairs should be esnmated and deducted from the value of property wurked out by rental method.
(ili) If the buildtng in question is recently constructed, in excellent condition. and i s yeilding a Fdtr net rent the
present value o f price of land receivable at the end of the long future life of the building should b r ignored and Yrarr
Purchase in perpetuity should be used for capitalising the net rent.
(iv) In the case of property coming under the pervicw of rent control act, it may be prudent to adopt the procedure
in (iii) above, until the rent control acl is repealed or suitably revised.
PROFIT METHOD O F VALUATION
The value o f propew consisting of liccnccd business premises such as cinemar, hotels and the like depends primarily
on the profit earning capacity of the establishment. These properties have visible assets .in the shape of land, bu~ldin$.
plant. machinery, etc.. as well as intangible assets l ~ k egoodwill, established set-up o f operatingtmanaging staff. and V ~ ~ U C
attached to the l~cenceissued for the ctnemdhotel e v provided that it is transferable 10 the new owner.
Owner o f any propeny will expect the best posstble price obtainable. and hc is likely to find a purchaser if the
price demanded represents fair market value. In addition to valu~nga propeny by profit method the valuer should also
ascenain the market value by using other methods such as rental method, lalrd plus break up value basis, land plus .
depreciated value bas~s,and also valuz considering alternativ. uses of the properly. There is no hard and fast rule dtctating
the u w of profit method of valuation for the type of property described in the preceding paragraph When cons~dering
value due 10 bener alternative use of the properly due weighrage has to be given to the liabilities arising out of workmen's
compensation due to closing dowr o f the existing business
l3U
PROF= METHOD OF VALUATION {Contd.)
For a proper understanding of the Profit Method, considerations applicable to valuation of a cinema house are
glven below :-
(a) Gross income is calculated aner deduct~ngentenalnment tax payable to State Government from the amount
of tickets sold, plus income from stalls, canteen, advertisement slides, vehicle park etc. Gross income is calculated on the
hasis o f average of the lasr three to five years.
(b) Profit or net illcome is calculated by deducting the expenses or 'outgoings' o f the establishment from the
gross income calculated as in para (a) above. Expenses to be considered will consist of :-
(i) Essential expenses (sometimes termed as prime, basic or prel~minaryexpenses) on items like film hire
charges payable on feature films, documentaries, trailors and news reels; tax per show payable to local municipal authorities.
and any other taxes pertaining to the cinema business.
(ii) Working or management expenses such as staff salaries, bonus, gratuity, provident fund, welfire fund,
office expenses, advertismenVpublicity for shows, hoardings, consumable stores, water, electricity, mun~cipaltaxes, service
charges for projectors and other plantimachinery; insurance, licence fee, subscription to trade associations'etc.
(iii) Depreciation in the value of building, plantimacliinerylfumiturelfininysand fixtures at ihe appropriate
rate depending on life o f each of these, plus cost of annual repairs is allowed as an jtem of expense.
(iv) The element of owner's risk and remuneration for entrepreneurship is allowed as an item of expense.
(v) An amount of one fourth o f the working or management expenses (as in (b) (ii) above) is sometimes
treated as the amount of working capital, and interest on this is allowed as an item of expenditure or 'outgoings' o f the
businrss.
It should be noted that the followmgare-NOTnllowed a s expense deductible to arrive at the net profit :-
(i) Income m.
(ii) Interest on borrowed capital for putting up or purchasing the cinema.
(iii) Sinking fund allowance is not necessary as depreciation is calculated and deducted h t h e gmss income
for the putpose of calculating the net Income.
(iv) Expenses on major repaidrenovations
(v) 1.osses due to bad managemcntiinefficiency.
The gmss profit less all the deductible expenses represents the profit or net Income from the busmess. The net
profit is considered as made up o f two parts termed is 'tangible profit' and 'intungib/e prop:
Tangible profit (usually taken as 70 to 75 % of net profit) is considered as attributable to visible assets such as
building. land, machinery, furniture etc., and intangible profit (i.e. balance 30 to 25 % o f net profit) is considered as
a!Wtbutable to intangible assets such as goodwill, management set-up, licence etc.
The portion o f profit or net income attributable to visible assets is capitalised at a rate o f say I 0 to 12 % rare o f
interen in perpetuity, and the portion attributable to intangible assets is capitalised at about 2 % higher rate of interest
(i.e. say 12 to 14 %) in perpetuity.
The total of capitalised value o f profit from tangible and intangible assets is considered as the fair market value
of the property
The valuation of similar licenced business premises such as hotels, large restaurants, fully furnished and adequately
equipped halls meant for carrying out functims like marriagcdreligious ceremoniedannual general mcersirnusical pmgramrhcs
etc can be done on the same lines as given above for cinema halls. with obvious necessary changes.
LAND AND BUILDING METHOD OF VALUATION
The land and building method of valuation (also known as physical method, summation method. capital value
method etc.,) in brief, consists of estimating the cost of building, depreciated to allow for age o f the building on the r e k v ~ t
date of valuation. and adding to i t the fair market value of land on the relevant date o f valuation.
The land and building method of valuation is particularly suitable when land forming part of the property is not
yet utilisrd to the full extent allowable by ~ u l c s / s m N t n l k g i sof ~ IocuUnrtc authorities, making applicution of mtnl
~ i thc
method of valuation difficult. It also provides a useful cross-check on the valuation done by other methods.
Valuation of land component

In the land and building method, valuation of land component o f the property almost entirely depends On the
comparison technique, wherein value of comparable plots of land fram variow instances of sale in the recent past is taken.
and by work~ngout an average, assessment of the market rate of land is made. I n such an exercise max~mumreliance is
placed on the sale insmccs o f land nearest to the property being valued.
Market value of land depends on many factors such u location. s i l c and shape of p l o ~d e p l h / f r o n t % c J r ~
frontage. wid* of road, v i w ctc. Atter deciding the avenge mulcet value of l a d i n the ~icinity.-wCi%_IW for . v a r i o ~
plus and minus factors of the l m d being v W ir urnridad to vrivc at % land rate lo be adopred for thc vahutiOII
being done.
VALUATION OF LAND AND BUILDINGS 131
LAND AND BUILDING METHOD OF VALUATION (contd.)

Valuation of land component (Contd)
For very large plots o f say 2,000 sq m and above in area, there being very few likely purchasers for such large
plots, a minus weightage o f 10 to 20 % is considered. duly taking into account the prevailing demand.
In the case of plots having irregular shape, proper land utilisation for building purposes may become dlfticulr.
and therefore depending on the features of the imgularit) of.shape, a minus weightage of 5 to 15 % may be considered
Siruations like the immediate vicinity of slums, cemetaries, railway track nuisance, tanneries, and other depressing
factors like nullah, open drain, public toilet blocks etc., may svtcrely affect value of the land, and the minus weightage lbr
such factors may be in the region of 5 to 25 %, the erosion in value due to vicinity o f slums being the maximum.
A plot of land having wide frontage on road but tapering to a much lesser width towards the rear is termed as :I
'vyaghramukhi' plot, and this being considered as inauspicious by superstitious buyers a minus weightage o f 5 to 10 %
may be appropriate.
A plot of land having no access or approach whatsoever t o any road is called 'land locked land'. Only the
owners o f adjoining propeny having independant access to some mad may show some interest in purchasing such a plor.
or a right of way will have to be purchased on a permanent basis from such adjoining propeny owners. Value of such
land locked plots is usually assessed about 20 to 50 % lesser than plots free of such a disadvantage.
Corner plots having return frontage. or plots having access to mad at front as well as at rear may be given n
plus wcightage o f between 5 to I 5 % depending on the locality (i.e. business/commercial/residential etc.), width and
<ri
importance of the road on which the additional frontage i s available, etc.
A plot situated at a T ;unction o f road, on the opposite side o f the secondary road w i l l have a clcar and
uninterrupted view along the length o f the secondary road, and is said to enjoy a 'vista'. Such land may be givcn a pli~q
weightage of 5 to 10 %.
Belting of land
Front land is always more valuable than land at its rear. For
valuation o f large plots of land having considerable depth and where
the plot cannot be subdevided into smaller plots due to legal or
silualional restraints the method of belting o f land is adopted. &Iting
TbElt Second llclt
method can be resorted to only for very large plots o f say more than -
1,000 sq m in area and having road at one o f the smaller side of the First Bcit
plot only. Even the existence. of narrow approach lanes on another
side or at !he rear will preclude the use o f belting method. If sale
A B
+Road --)
instance o f any plot of comparable sizelconstraints in the vicinity is
available, such sale instance should form the basis of valuation discarding the belting method.
In the belting method the depth of plot is devided into three belts. The depth of the first belt having frontti%e
has to be declded considering the nature of land use in the locality. Generally 20 metre depth in commercial localtry atid
30 metres depth in residential locality is adopted for the first belt, though this not a hard and fast rule. Depth of rhc
second belt is usually taken as 50 % more than the depth of the first belt, and remaining land at rear of the second hcll
i s taken as the third belt. Value per unit of land in the first belt is taken same as the rate of plots of reasonable slze and
having depths ideal for the intended land use i.e, commerciaUresidentiaI etc. Rate o f land in the second belt i s taken a5
66 % o f the land rate in the first belt, and for the balance third belt the rate i s taken as 50 % of the land m e in the first
belt.
I t should be noted that the belting method of afflxing land rate i s at best anificial and arbitraw, and 1s not lookud
upon favourably by the courts of law. It should not be used for land in fairly well developed areas having good building
potential
Recess land is that portion of land which lies within the boundary of the plot, but makes an obtuse angle wlth
the road line at the zero frontage point. The concept of recess land can best be understood from the sketch. The triangular
portion AED is called as recess land, forming part of the plot of land ABCDE. 'A' i s the zero frontage poi111 of 1111.
recess land.
Existence of recess land in a plot i s not anached much significance in present day valuation practise aa arra
the recess portion can be taken into account when working out F. S. I.of the plot of land.
Valuation of building component
Valuation o f the building component of a propnty involver two aspects, namely ascertainment o f cost o f construcrlor!
on the date o f valuation, and the depreciation in value to account for age of the building, duly allowing for scrap valuv
realisable at the end o f the building's life.
The account method for calculating cost of a building can be employed where careful account of costs tncurrcd
on labour, materials, supervision and incidental expenses such a?i Architect's fees etc., is carefully maintained, or where
work has been executed by concluding a contract with a builder.
LAND AND BUILDING M E T H O D O F VALUATION (Contd.)
Valuation of l a n d c o m p o n e n t ( C o n t d )
Detailcd or itcmwtx: method of calculat~ngcost o i building tnvolvcs working out quantittcs of all items or work
and applytng unit rates of cach item prevailing on the datc of valuation. This 1s the most accurate mcthod but is labounous
and involves a great deal of time and cUort.
Any of the approximate methods of cstlmatiilg cosl of construction descrtbed on pages 116 and 117 of this book
mav also be ctnploycd depend~ngon suitabililv and applicability of thc sarnc to thc bulld~ngin qucstton.
Once the cost of a bu~ldtngrclevant to the datc of valuation is establishcd. thc value of an cxistlng building can
be derived by allowtng for dcprcciatton for the n u m k r of years o i age of the butlding
The amount of deprcciatloo can be found ilsng thc srnktng fund method (alsu termed as thc prcsenl worth method)
/llustrnlron - Cost of construction, caiculatcd at ralcs prevailing on the datc 01 valuation of an existing buildlng is Rs
3.00.000 and iu agc is 40 ycars as agalnst total cxpectcd lire of 70 ycars Allowing 4E O h ratc of lntcresl
for sinking fund.
Annual sinking fund to accumuldtc to Re 1;- at the end of
i 0 045
70 vcars !& 441 Yo wtll be or = Rs 0 002165
(I I ri" - I ( I + 0.056)" - I
Amount of Re 11- invcsted p r year (a! 4'/, % ratc of inlcresl
(I I 1)" - 1 (I t 0 045)4' - 1
in 40 ycars ulll bc or = Rs, 107 01
i 0 045
Therefore. accumulation of sinking fund in d0 ycars
will be 3,00,000 x 0 002 165 x IOi.03 =Rs 69,516
The amount of Rs 69,516 accu~nulatcd the s~nklngfund is
treated as thc amount of dcprcclatlon in 40 ycars. and
therefore value of the butlding is 3,110,000 (-) 69.516 2,30,484 = Rs
Roundcd olT to Rs. 2,30,5oU
It should be noted tltat sinking tund accumulation is worked out for the cosl of construction at rates prevailing
on the date of valuation and not on the cost of construction incurrcd on thc actual date of construction.
Calculation of d e p r e c i a t i o n u s i n g straight l i n e method.
/llu.slrorjon - Cost of LI buildtny, uslng ralcs prevailing on the datc of valuation is R s 5,00.000. and its age on the datc
uf valuation IS 60 years out of a total expected 11fc of 90 years,
Rs. 5,00.000 less 10 % scrap valuc = R s 4,50,000
1)cprcclation for 60 vcars out of 90 years total expected life
will be -
60
YU
; 4,511,000 givlng amount of deprecralio~i = Rs. 3,00,000
Value of build~ng0'1 date of valuation is R;, 5,0U,OUO (-) 3.00,tN)O = Rs 2.00.lH)Il
DEVELOPMENT M E T H O D ( O R PLOTTING S C H E M E METHOD) OF VALUATION
Development method for valuation of land is used in the case of a large tract of vacant land whtch has gaincd a
buildtng potcr~ttaldue to movenlent of building actlvtty towards the land. The purposc of this method is to find out the
p v n t i a l value of the land if i t is developed by laytng out roads and dcviding the land into plots of reasonable sizc for
wle to prospective buycrs after providing essential amentues and infrastructure
The ortgir~or t h ~ smethod can bc traced Lo the fact that plots of snlall rtaronablc sizc have many prospcct~vc
buyers arid so fclch appreciably higher prtcc as compared lo plots several times larger and therefore unwelldy,
If sale tnvtattces of similar largc tracts of land of comparable rile in nearby localities arc available then that prlce
should form thc barns of valualton dtscarding the development method of valuation
The stcp by stcp procedure for valuation by this method will be .-
(a) Exanune the demand and current niarkct rate for small plots of reasonable stze tn the area,
(b) Ensure that there arc no encumbcranccs ltke 'green belt', or reservations for plblic utilitia/hospitals/cdu~auonal
~nstiluliondn~arket yards etc, appllcablc to the land in quesllon.
(c) ,Examme rules of development c o n t r o l ~ ~ o ~Planning
vn Dcpanment etc. to find out minimum widths for colony
road., areas to be set aslde for mmpulsory gardcndch~ldrcn'splay grwnd/communily hallleloctric sub-slationdpumplng sub-
stattondoverhcad water tankslsewage disposal schcnicr and the likc On an average, approximately 25 to 30 % of thc
land under dcvelopmenl IS uscd up for laytng out colony roads and other amenities described above.
ARer dcdunlng the area requ~redfor mads and other amenities from the a m of knd being developed, the balance
arca mrrlttplicd bv the cxpcctcd sale price per untt area for small plo~swill veild the likcly gross income^
133
FIXATION OF RENT
Rent is defined as the periodical payments received by the owner of a propeny from his tenanu for thc iise,
occupation and possession o f land, or land including buildings thereon.
Conlracruol renl is the rent negotiated and agreed upon between the landlord and the tenant at the inception of
the tenancy.
Srandard renr is made up o f fair net return on invezment in the property. adding thereto outgoings of the prupcrt?
incurred by the owner. The total of net annual retum on investment and yearly outgoings o f the property devided by I2
will represent the standard rent payable per month The assessment o f a fair retum on investment is a matter of iudgement.
and obviousl) the computation o f standard rent will increase or decrease depending on whether a high or low rate of retunt
on investment is adopted.
I n calculations for working out standard rent, it is customary to adopt interest rates of about 2 A O% inore on cost
of consrmction. and about 1% % more on the cost o f land as compared to interest receivable from safe Gw~ernmenrsecurities
However, as per latest trends and recommendations of Supreme Court in a judgement passed by it, a rctum o f 10 '% on
Cost of land and cansttuction seems to be considered as appropriate for the purpose of fixing o f standard rcnt.
The concept of 'Standard Rent' explained above, howcver, changes considerably due to provisions o f Rent Cuntrol
Acts operating in various States.
Rent Control Acts o f most States lay down 1st September 1940 as a cut-off-date, and prov~dethat -
(a) For buildings which have been let out on or before 1-9-1940, the contractual rcnt on I-9-IY4f1 shall be,
treated as the standard rent of the property.
(b) For buildings constructed before, as well as after. 1-9-1950, and let out for the first time after 1-9-1940. the
contractual rent negotiated at the time o f first letting out shall be treated as the standard rent o f the propeny. However, if
such contractual rent is excessive, it can be challenged in a court of law. (In important cases heard by courts of iaw.
where contractual rent did not exceed standard rent by more than 8 %, the contractual rent was not treated as excessive)
(c) The 1986 amendment to the Bombay Rent Control Act provides that for buildings constructed after Oct
1987, the owners shall be entitled to recover rent as negotiated with the tenant without being subject to provisions regarding
standard rent for a period of five years from date of completion o f the building. On expiry of this five year's holiday
from Rent Control Act, the standard rent charged to the tenant shall not exceed net return o f 15 % on investment an land
and building plus all outgoings incurred by the owner.
(d) The negotiated/snndard rent, in all cares is subject to increase by a proportionate amount to cater for increases
in municipai taxes, repair cess etc.
The provisions of Rent Control Act are not applicable to premises belonging to the Governement or any local
authority.
Rent of Buildings owned by Government

Each CentralIState Government construction department like MESICPWDIPWD etc., have their own laid down
rules for fixing of rent to be charged to Government employees in respect o f accomodation allotted to them for residential
purposes, and the procedure is bastcally as follows
Cost o f construction is worked out from departmental accounts maintained. Rules o f some departments provide
that in the case of old buildings, the cost o f construction on the date of rent-fixation less depreciation for age of the building
using sinking fund method. be taken into account for the purpose of fixing rent. Where such rule prevails, the rent IS
required to be revised after every gap o f a fixed number of years (usually five years).
The cost o f acquisition of land, community halldgardens, external services like colony roads. mains for sewer!
waterlelectricity etc., are not taken into account when fixing rent payable by Government employees.
(a) Interest on the cost of construction. This is usually charged at a flat rate of 6 % per year.
(b) Yearly cost o f maintenance and repairs at the rate o f :-
1
1% % on building work These percentages differ from state to srate and between
I % on internal sanitary installations different departments. I n some stares/depanments the cost
I % on internal water supply installations of annual maintenancelrepairs is ignored in calculations
I'h YO on internal electrical insrallations. for charging rent to their employees
(c) Propeny tax. if any, payable to municipality or local body by the departmet~t.
Yearly rent devided by 12 w i l l be the monthly rent to be charged.
However. if the monthly rent so worked out exceeds 10 % of the average basic salary o f the employee the rent
chargeable is resrricted to 10 % a f the average basic monthly salary of the employee. For example if scale of pay of an
employee is Rr. 400 to 1.000, his average monthly basic salary will be (400 + 1,000) i 2 = Rs 7001- which means that
the monthly rent chargeable will be Rs 701-
134
VALUATION REPORT
The valuat~on
A cllent employing a profess~onalvalucr, expects a full-fledged duly s p e d report from thc valuer
rcpon IS an rmpomn! document needcd by the cl~cnlfor submission along with hls lax-rclurn. or as cv~dencein court
cascs, or for whalwcr other purpose he has In mlnd for getting the valuation done
A valuation report should bc wrincn in plain, simple language, duly bringlng out all thc informat~oncollected by thc
valuer. along with its source, justification and assumptions made if any. Sale instances of land or building including land.
rclicd upon by the valuer should be quoted Important points to be covercd. such as, the purpose of valuation, thc dale as
on ivhlch ihc valuation is done, extracts of property reglslcr or cxtracl of Index Il lssued by revenue aulhorilics, date of
\?sit to site by the valuer etc , should not be m~sscd.
Provision 8 (D),made under Wealth Tax Rulcs 1951, st~pulatesthat valuation rcpon on immovable property shall
k glvcn on Form 0-1, (along with annexure to form 0-1) rcproduccd on pages 138 to 141 of this book. Blank printed
forms are availahlc on sale with dealers of printed stationery in lagc cities like Punc. Use of thcse forms ensures that no
~mponantrtspecl is rnisxd i n h e valuahon repon. It is recommended that, in lhelr lcrm-work submissions related to valuation
rcpon. such printed forms be made use of by students.
VALUATION FEES
As per nlle 8 (C) in the Wealrh Tax Rulcs, 1957. the %ale of fees to be charged by a Registered Valuer approvcd
by tlic Central Board of Direct Taxes should not exuxd :-
On thc first Rs 50,000 of the asset as valued 4 % of the value
On the ncxl Rs I.O0,000 of the asset as valued $ % of lhc valuc
011 the balancc amount of ihc assct as valucd % of the value
Wherc more than one asset belonging to a party is valued at thc same tlme. all thc assets valued shall be lrcatcd as
a srnglc ;l<sct for the purpose of calulating fees payable If the fee calculated is less than Rs 50 the valuer IS entlued to
charge Rs 50 s s hls fee
In lhc case of very large propcnies a sllding scale of fees may be negotiated between the valuer and the client
SOLVED PROBLEMS
A few solved problcms in valuation illuslrating the varicus methods of valuation, as also leasehold and freehold pmprIy,
fisatlon of rcnt etc are glven on pages 135 to 137 of this book.
SOLVED PROBLEMS IN VALUATION i35
Problem No. 1 (Leased out Properfy).

A plot of land having 10 years of unexpired period o f lease is fetching a ground rent o f R4. 600 pcr annum. The land
has been sub-leased at an improved rent o f Rs. 1,100 per annum. 'lhe improved rent is well secured by a building cot~structed
on the land by the sublessee. The free-holder will have benefit o f the improved rent in perpetuity after expiry o f the lease
pcriod of 10 yearr. Valuation of free-holder's interest and the first lessee's interest is required.
Free-holder's interest
(i) Income of Rs. 600 p.a. for 10 years
Y.P. @ 8% for 10 years
( i + i)" -1 or
(I + 0.08)1° - 1
= 6.71
I ( I + i)" 0.08 (I + 0.08)'o
Value = 600 x 6.71 ... . . . ...
(ii) Income of Rs. 1,100 p.a. alter 10 years.
Y.P @ 8% in perpetuity = -
100
8
less Y P @ 8% for 10 years (-) 6.71
Y.P Q 8% in perpetuity deferred for 10 yeam = 5.79
Value - 1,100 x 5.79 . . . ... = Rs. 6.369
Valuation o f Free-holder's interest 4,026 + 6,369 = Rs. 10,395
First lessee's interest
Improved rent = RE. 1.100 p.a.
Deduct head renr = (-) Rs. 600 p.a.
Profit rent = Rs. 500 p.a.
Y.P. @ 8% for 10 years is 6.71
Value 500 x 6.71 ... ... = Rs. 3.355
Problem No. 2 (Rental Method).

A building having ground and four upper floors is standing on a free-hold plot o f land. The land is fully u~iliseduplo
allowable FSI. Rent Control Act is not applicable to the property, and there is no restriction on availability of land value in
reversion. Work out fair market value o f the land and building using following data :- Area o f plot 500 sq-m., annual rent
received from tenants Rs. 1,00.000, municipal taxes Rs. 30.000 pa., insurance premium 1% o f gross rent, pa., aggrrgate
salary of sweeper and watchman Rs. 700 per month. Electricity bill for common areas and service charges for pump arc Rs.
3 0 0 and Rs. 50 per month respectively. Value o f similar land in the locality Rs. 3,000 per sq.m. Future life of bullding 40
years. Yield expected 10%
Gross annual rent received . . . ... ... = Rs. 1,00,000
Outgoings :-
Municipal taxes Rs. 30,000
Repairs @ 10% o f gross rent Rs. 10,000
Insurance I % o f gross rent Rs. 1,000
Rent collection charge 5% of gross rent Rs. 5,000
Salary of sweeper & watchman 700 x 12 Rs. 8.400
Electricity & service charge of pump
(300 + 50) x I 2 Rs. 4,200
Total outgoings ... ... . . = Rr. 58,600
~et'annualreturn will be Rs. 1,00,000 (-) Rs. 58,600 = Rs. 41,400
Y.P. for 40 years of future life @ 10% on capital and 5% for redemption
Value 4 1.400 x 9.235 ... . . . = Rs. 3,82,329

Land value in reversion
Area 500 sq.m, @ Rs. 3,000 ... ... = Rs. 15,00,000
Present value of Rs. I/- receivable after 40 yean @ 10%
Reversionary land value = 0.02209 x 15,00,000 .. = Rs. 33,135

Fair market value o f Property (3,82,329 + 33.135) . . = Rs. 4.15,464
176
Pmhlcm '\o..i(Profit Melliod).
\\'nrL i,wl : . i l l i w : 4 i , ! i a o c o f :Lclncnia hall. mandoed h! 11s owner, from the follow~ngdata :
l n c n n i ~~ c teilr
r Ks.
C;n15$ ticket saic5 c\;Iudir~ir errrenaln,ncnt 1.n ?8.00.000
I'reliminar) expenrcr per year

Hire o f lilrniiicws reels etc
S!ioru tax payahlc to Municipal Corporation
Working erpunsrs per \ c a r

st.l ~ 't l \i~lri~ies
. , . and orhrr c ~ p c c \ c \011 cm~ln\cck
( on?\im.+hlcrtorei gas & clcariclt! chargcr
Ilurticip.tl r:t\ on b u ~ l i i ~ n g s
Strvlce chargc on ~ ~ l a o t ' m a c h ~ n c n
Pr~nt~ng. telcphoncs. portage and slaliuncr, > \ CtL.
Injurancc prcniium (on building and machinery)

Sl~oivarlucniicn~rnt, in llcwspaper
I i m n c c i l l - a ~ l dorllsr ! n ~ r i . r I l s n c o iexpenses
~~
Repairs & depreciatiuii per ! r a t

! X c ~ n i r s10 lhuilrlin, pl<int. r n a c h ~ n r yand h~rnlture
St~rnmnrvof expense5
b'rc!in:in;liy cxpcnscs ...
Wcrhlny ckpcnse5 , ,
Rcp2lrs ~lcprrc13tl~:n
1I I I II : ' : 5 ? , oil gross yezrly Income of Rs.
Total cxpcnscs
Gross Income
I.eqr expenses ..
Net income . .
'Tangible profit ,@ 70"" 01' 5.77,850
Intangible profit @ 301, of 7.'7.850
('apllalise tang~blcprofit :ic I ? % in perpetuity
101
.I -. .' 4.04.495 33.70.792 (a)
(':.pirni~sc lntnn5:t!c p:,.:'. 7 Id",, i;! p*rpetuit!

., ,
-. I -:... 12.38.250 (b)
Valu;ili~m of a plot :; : , ,t ..\ . ~ nl r i Allril 1481 i s to be donc tor purposes o f working out capital gains. Area of the
plot i s 500 r q n ~ and it' ;lIouablc IS1 i s one. Sale instances o f comparable plots o f land in nearby localilities on or abour
the rclevanl date of valuarton 3rC 1101 available. Enquir~esreveal that flats on ownership basis built on a land (having FSI I )
next to the plot o r land under valuat~onwere sold by a promoter-builder at the rate o f Rs. 1.500 per sq.m, of built up area
during the period I:?!l9XI to 30th April 1981. Construction cost of residential flats prevailing in 1981 was in the reglon of
R s 800 per 3q.m o f built up area.
As comparable sale inrta,tce~of land are not available, i t IS proposed to work our rare of land from price fetched by
ownership flats during the relevant perlod.
Pricc fetched by o*nership flats in the locality Rr. 1,500 per sq.m.
Ucduct 15% builder~promnrrr'sprofit and overheads Rs~ 225 per sq.m.
Bubic cixst ot' I.md and buildlrig Rs. 1,275
l)edt~ctcort ot canstruct~on Rs --800
I'rlre u l lalid pcr 8q.m Rs 475 per sq.m
Marie1 value o i the plnt u f land having 500 sq.m, area is therefore assecsed
as $00 * 475 -- Rs. 7.37.500 as on 1st April 1981
137
Problem NO. 5 (Land and Building method).
A [rope fly consists of a two storeyed huilding having I50 sq.m. plinth area inclusive of both storeys, and 1s constructed
on a plot o f land 150 sq.m. in area. Age of the building is 35 years out o f total estimated life of 80 years. Latest
construction cost of similar buildings is about Rs. 2,300 per sqm. Land value of comparable plots is Rs. 1.800 per S q m
Work out fair market value of the propeny if the building is in vacant possession of the owner.
Present day cost of construction 150 x 2.300 = Rs. j.45.000
3.45.000 less 10% for scrap value = Rs. 3.10.500
Depreciation for 35 years out o f total 80 years life by araighl line method
- 35
80
x 3.10.500 = Rs. 1.35.844
Depreciated value of building = Rs. 2.09.156

Value of land 150 x 1.800 = Es.2.70,000
Fair market value of the propcny = Rs.4.79.1 56
Problem No 6 (Developer's method).
An investor is considering purchase o f a plot o f land admeasuring 28.000 sq. m in area with the intention o f developing
the land by providing essential amenities, carving out small building plots. and selling the same for profit Aiming at I 5 %
profit on sale price. work out thc prtce mhich thc investor should offer for the plot o f undeveloped land. based on the
following data .-
Cost of developmcnt per sq. m for entire area for providins essential amenities like roads. external services erc. :-
Rs. 40 per sq. m. Period required for development 2 years. ArchitecUEng~neer'sfees charsed will be 3 % of the cost of
development. Legal charges, stamp fees. advertisement etc will be an aggregate expense of 8 % o f sale price. Area
expected to be used up for providing roads, playground, garden, electric substation etc is 25 % o f area o f undeveloped land.
Expectrd tlme lag between purchase of land and sale of last plot after development is 3 years. Average land rate for small
developed plots in the locality is Rs. 500 per sq. m. Take present value o f Rs. I/- payable at the end o f J % years as Rs.
0 8796 and at the ciid I year as Rs. 0.9174.
Solution
Area expected to become available for sale in the form o f small plots will be 28.000 (-) 7000 = 21,000 sq. m.
Salr price expected to be realised will be 21.000 r 500 = Rs. 1.05.00.000
Present value of sale price realisable by end of 3 years i.e.
average time lag o f 1% years will be 1.05.00.000 x 0.8796 = Rs. 92.35.800
Cost o f development 28000 x Rs. 40 per sq m = Rs. 11,20.000
Architect's 1 Engineer's fees 3 % o f Rs. 11.20.000 = Rs. 33.600
Total cost of development = Rs. 11,53.600
Rs. 11.53.600 will be payablc over a period o f two years. and
therefore can be deferred for an average period of I year.
Present value o f cost o f development is 11.53.600 x 0.9174 = RE. 10.58.313
Legal and miscellaneous charges 8 % o f 1.05.00.000 ;. Rs. 8.40.000
Provide for investor's profit @ 15 % o f Rs. 1.05.00.000 = Rs. 15.75.000
Total of expenses and investor's profit = .Rs. 34.73.313 34.13.313
Market value o f plot in undeveloped stage = 9?.35,800 (-) 34.73.313 = Rs. 57.62.487
Problem No. 7 (Firation of Rent).
A plot of land has been purchased for Rs 80.000. and a building has been constructed on i t incurring a further
expenditure of Rs. 1.20.000 inclusive o f water supply, sanitary and electrical finingr. Allowing a net return or 5 % on Cost
of land and 8 % on cost of construction, work our standard rent of the property. Assume future life o f building as 80 yean.
cost of maintenance Rs. 600 per gear. Municipal taxes and other outgoings 25 % of gross rent. Annual sinking fund to be
created @ 5 %
Return on building cost. 8 % o f 1.20,000 = Rs. 9.600
Return on land cost, 5 % of 80,000 = Rs. 4,000
Total net return required per year = Rs. 13.600
Sinking fund to be created to recoup 90 % o f building cost allowing for 10 % as scrap value
Rs. 1.20.000 r 0.90 = Rs. 1,08.000
1,08,000 x 0.05
Sinking fund instalrnent = = Rs. l l 1.20 per year.
(I.oS)80 - I
I f G = Gross rentl then municipal taxes and other outgoings = 0.25 G
Total outgoings = maintenance (+) S.F. ( i ) 0.25 G
Gross rent (G) = net return required (+I maintenance (+) S.F. ( + ) 0.25 G
= 13.600 + 600 + I 11.20 r 0.25 G
C - 0.25G = 14.31 1.20
G = 19,081.60
Yearly standard rent should be Rs.lP.081 60. and monthly standard rent should be Rs 1.590
138
REPORT OF VALUATION OF IMMOVABLE PROPERTY
FORM &I
Report 01valuation of immovable property (other than agricultural lands, plantations, lorests, mines and quarries)
Part I-Questionnaire
A L L QUESTIONS T O BE ANSWERED BY THE REGISTERED VALIJER.
IF ANY PARTICULARQUESTION DOES NOT APPLY TO THE PROPERTY UNDER VALUATION HE M A Y INDICATE
SO. IF THE SPACE PROVIDED IS NOT SUFFICIENT DETAILS M A Y BE A n A C H E D ON SEPARATE SHEETS.
Neme o r registered valuer ................................. Rtgbtration No. .......................

General :
I. Purpose for which valuation i s made
2. Date as on which valuation is made
3. Name ofthe owner /owners
4. Ifthe property is underjoint ownership/coownership. share ofeach such
owner.
Are the shares undivided?
5 . Briefdescription o f the property
6. Location. Street. Ward No.
7. SurveyIPlot No. of land
8. Is the propelty situated in residential1commerciaVmixed aredindustrial
area?
9. Classification o f locality high class/middle classlpoor class
10. Proximity to civic amenities, like schools, hospitals, ofii~es,markets,
cinemes. etc.
I I. Means and proximity to surface communication by which the locality is
served
Land :
12. Area of land supported by documentary proof, shape, dimensions and
physical features
13. Roads, streets or lanes on which the land is abuning
14. Is it freehold or leasehold land ?
I S . If leasehold. the name of lessorllessee, nature o f lease, dates o f
commencement and termination of lease and terms o f renewal of lease :
(i) Initial premium
('ii) Ground rent payable per annurn
(iii) Unearned increase payable to the lessor in the event of sale or
transfer
16. Is there any restrictive covenant in regard to use of land? Ifso. attach a
copy ofthe covenant
17. Are there any agreements o f easements? Ifso, anach copies
18. Does the land fall in an area included in any Town Planning Scheme or
any Development Plan o f Government or any statutory body? Ifso, give
paniculars
19. Has any contribution been made towards development or is any demand
for such contribution s t i l l outstanding?
20. Has the whole or pan of the land been notified for acqu~sitionby
Government or any statutory body? Give date of the notification
2 1 . Attach a dimensioned site plan
Improvemen& :
22. Attach plans and elevations of all structures standing on the land and a
lay-out plan
FORM 0-1 (Contd.)
23. Furnishtechnical details ofthe building on asepamtesheet[The Annexure
to this Form may be used]
24. (i) Is the building owner-occupied/tenantedlboth?
(ii) If parlly owner-occupied, specify portion and extent o f area under
owner-occupation
25. What islhe Floor-SpaceIndex permissibleandpercentageactuallyutilised?
Rents
26. (i) Names of tenants/Iessees/licensces.etc.
(ii) Ponions in their occupation
(iii) Monthly or annual rcn~compensation/licentefee, etc.. paid by each
(iv) Gross amount received for the whole property
27. A n any o f the occupants related to, or close business associates of, the
owner?
28. Is separateamount being recoveredforthe use o f fixtures like fans, geysers,
refrigerators, cooking ranges. built in wardrobes, etc., or for service
charges? I f so, give details
29. Givedetailsofwaterandelectricitycharges. ifany, lo beborne by theowner
30. Has the tenant to bear the whole or par( of the cost of repairs and
maintenance? Give particulars
31. If a lifl is installed, who is to bear the cost o f maintenance and operation
Owner or tenant?
32. Ifapump is installed. who hasto bearthecostofmaintenance andoperation
owner or tenant?
33. Who has to bearthccostofelectricitychargcs for lightingofcommon space
-
like entrance hall, stain, passages. compound, etc. owner or tenant?
34. What is the amount of prope-rty tax? Who is to bear it? Give details with
documentary proof
35. Is the building insured? If so, give the policy No., amount for which it is
insured and the annual premium
36. Is any dispute between landlord and tenant regarding rent pinding in a
courl a f law?
37. Has any standard rent been fixed for the premises under any law relating
to the control of rent?
Sales :
38. Give instances o f sales of immovable property in the locality on a separate
sheet, indicating the name and addms of che p r a m , registration No.,
sale price and area of land sold
39. Land rate adopted in this valuat~on
40. If sale instances are not available or not relied upon, the basis o f arriving
at the land rate
Cost of Construction :
4 I. Year o f commencement o f constructiotl and year o f completion
42. What was the method of construction by contracthy employing labour
directlylboth?
43. For items of work done on contract. produce copies o f agreements
44. For items o f work done by engaging labour directly. give basic tales of
materials and labour supported by documentary p r w f
FORM 0-1 (Contd.)
Purl 11 - Vnluation
Herc the registered valuer should discuss in detail his approach to valuation of the property and ~ndicatchow the value has
been arrived at. supported by necessary calculations
Part 111 - Drcloration

I hereby declare that -
(a) the information furnished in Part I is true and correct to the best o f my knowledge and belief.
(h) I have no direct or Indirect interest in the properly valued;
(c) I have vrsonally inspected the proptny on. ......
Date ............ . .. . .. ... .............. ~ ....
Place ............... ......... Signature of registered valuer

FORM 0-1 (Contd.)
RNNEXURE T O FORM 0-1
Technical details Main Annexe Servants Garayes Pump
building quarters house
I. No. o f floors and height o f each floor

Z Plinth area floor-wise (As per IS 3861-1975)
3 . Year o f construction
4. Estimated future life
5 . Type o f construction load bearing wallsIRCC frameisteel frame
6. Type of foundal~ons
7. Walls:
(a) Basement and plinth
(b) Ground floor
(c) Superstructure above ground flwr
8. Panitions
9. Doors and windows (Floor-wise):
(a) Ground floor
(b) 1st floor
(c) 2nd floor, etc.
lo. Flooring (Flwr-wise):
(a) Ground floor
(b) 1st floor
( c ) 2nd flwr, etc.
I I. Finishing (Floor-wise):
(a) Ground floor
(b) 1st flwr
(c) 2nd floor, etc.
I?. Roofing and terracing
I . Special architectural or decorative features. if any
-
14. ( i ) Internal wiring surface or conduit
(ii) Class o f fittings : Superiorlord~nawlpoor
15. Sanitary installations :
(a) (i) No. of water closets
( ~ i ) No. o f lavatory basins
(iii)No. of urinals
(iv) No. of sinks
(v) NO. of bath tubs
(vi) No. o f bidets
(vii) No. o f geysers
(b) Class of fittings : Suprior colnured/ruprior whitelordinary
16. Compound wall :
(i) Height and length
(ii) Type of construction
17. No. o f IiPts and capacity
18. Underground Pump capacity and type o f construction
19. Overhead tank :
(i) Where located
(ti) Capacity
(iii) Type o f cnnslruction
20. Pumps - N o . and their horse power
21. Roads and pavings within the compound, approximate area and type
of paving
22. Sewage disposal - whether connected to public sewers. If septic unks
provided, No. and capacity
~ ~.~
................................... ..........
Signature of registered valuer
[Note . Necessary modifications in his Allnerurv .be
III~ made to suit be prDpCfi) under valu~lion)
MENSURATION
AREAS
1. Rectnngles
(1) A = ab
(ii) d =
when A = am;a
d = diagonal.
- length; b = breadth;
2. Squares
(i) A = 8'
(i) d = a VT
where A = area; a = side; d = diagonal.
3. Right-angled triangles
(i) h -4-8
(ii) b = d ( h - p) (h + p)
(lii) p =d(h - b) (h + b)
Where h a hypoenux; b = base; p = perpendicular.
4. Triangles
(I) A = +bh
where A = area; b = base; h = heighr
(ii) A = f l s -
a) (s - b) (s c) -
where A = area; a. b and c are the three sides;
ands= a + b + C
2
5. Equilateral triangles
(i) h = a -2fi
-
(ii) A = a' x 9
where h = height a = side; A = area.
6. Isosceles triangles
A = + . I m
where A = area; a = side; c = base.

7. Parallelograms
(i) A = bh
whue A
( ~ i ) A = dp
- wa: b = base; h = height.
= ma; d = diagonal; p = offset of diagonal.

where A
(iii) A r 2 (s - a) (s - 6) (s - d)
whue. A = area: d = diagonal: a and b are twoldjacent
sides; and s = a +
2
+ *
A =td,4
where A - aiw dl and 4 an two diagonals.
whae A = arm d = diagonal; p, and p, are the offsets of
the diagonal.
10. QuadrlhtenL inscribed in circles

A = - -
4 (s a) (s b) (S - C) (S d) -
where A = area: s. b. c. d are the sides:
Where A = area; a and b nre the parallel sides: h = the

pupendicular distance between he parallel sides.
12. Regular polygons

(i) A = A x ar
2
(iii) A = a' x "cot

4
-w
;;-
(iv) A = r' x n tan 187
where A =
-
area; n = number of sidw a = side; r = radius of
inscribed circle; R radius of circumscribdd circle.
where A = area; a = side
14. Regular octaso118

A - 2 nz (I +fi)
where A = area: a = side.
Circles
(i) C = x d
(ii) A = x r2
where C = circumference: d = diameter; A = area; r = radius.
Similar figures
( i ) a : b = p : q
where a and b are lenglhs in one figure, corresponding ro p and
q respectively in the other.
where A, and A, are the areas of !he two figures: a, and a, are
corresponding lengths. one in each figure.
Ellipses
A = n a b C = DM
Where A = area; a = %mi-major axis; and b = semi-minor axis;
C 5 circumference; M = multiplier.
If value of $= 0.2, 0.3. 0.4. 0.5, 0.6. 0.7. 0.8 or 0.9 then the
corresponding multiplier (M) will be 2.1010. 2.1930, 2.3013,
2.4221. 2.5527. 2.6912. 2.8361. and 2.9866 respectively.
Chords of circler
(i) a =+)
(ii) 1, =F
dh
where a = semi-chord of the arc; b = chord of the semi-arc;
d = diameler of h e circle; h = height of arc.
Arcs or circles
(1) L =.L x 2 n r
360
(ii) L = - 8b - 2a
3
where L = length of h e arc; ao= censal angle of the arc; r =
radius of the circle; a = semi-chord of the arc; b = chord of the
scmi-arc.
Sectors of circles
(i) A =& x n ~ =bT
2: ~
(ii) b = - nDe
360
whue A = arca: 0 O = angle of h e sector; b = length of h e arc
of the sector: r = radius of the circle: D = diameter.
Stgmtnts of circles
where A = area; h = height of the segment; C = chord of the

segment.
Circles inscribed in triangles

A
r=-
S
where r = radius of h e inscribed circle; A = area of the

Wangle; s = scmi-perimelcr of the Vlangle.
24. Circles inscribed in equilateral triangles
=A
2 f l
where r = radius of the inscribed circle: a = side of the Lnnnylc.
25. Circles circumscribed about triangles
R = - abc
4A
where R = radius of the circumscribing circle; A = area of ihc

uiangle: a, b and 2 are the ihree sides of Lhe triangle.
26. Circles circumscribed about equilateral triangles
Where R = radius of h e circumscribing circle; a = side of the

uiangle.
Simpson's Rule
A 3 ( P , + P , + ..........,.
b,+Ph.,+l
L I
1
where A = area; d = common distance: 2. = number of equal
pam into wh~chthe base line is divided; P,, P,. ..... P,+, arc ihc
ordinates taken in order.
SOLIDS
28. Rectangular solids
(i) V = sbc
(ii) V = A,c = A,b = A,a
(i;:, V = m3
(iv) S = 2 (ab + bc + ca)
(v) d = + a m
-
whcre V = volume; S = wholc surface; n = length; b = brc;l<lth,
c = depth; A, area of base; A, = area of side:
A, = area of end; d = diagonal. ,
,
9 . Cubes
(i) V = a'
(11) S = 6aZ
(ti;) d = a lli
whcrc V = volume; S ='whole surface;
a = edge; d = diagbnal .
30. Prisms and cylinders
(i) V = Ah
-
-
(ii) V r A,L
(iii) S pL + 2A
-
whrrc v Ivolume; S wholc surface;
A I
-
of hrc; A, = W of cma-#licsT
h Iheight; L = h g l h : p pcrimclcr d cnru-
toction.
31. Circular cylinden
V -- n r'h
when V volumc; r ndius of ba%
h hcighL
32. Righl cirrulsr cylinders
- -
(i) V = x r'h
--
(ii) S 2m (h + r)
whew V volume; S wholc surf=;
r = radius 01bpy; h hcight.
(i) V
(ii) S = pL
- AL
when V- volumc; S = whole surlxc;
-
A = arcn of cross-YLtim; L -
Icn@ of mmn
circumlcrmcc; p p i m c v r a l crou-%lion.
34. Cylindrical ringa
(iii) S - ry(R' - fi
(iv) S - I (C' - c3
- -
radius;'r -
when V- volumc; S F whdc IU~SDEC;R = wlu
inncr radius; C oulcr circumlenncc:
c inncr circumluence.
35. Pyramids and Cones
whcrc V = volumc; A F am or basc; h = hcighl.

36. Right regular pyramids
1
(ii) S = - ps + A
2
where V = volume; S = whole surface; A = arm of
base; p = perimeter of base: s = slant hcight.
37. Circular cones
V = 1 ur2h
-
3
where V = volume: r = radius of base; h = height.
38. Right circular cones
(i) V = ar'h
3
(ii) S = nr (- + r)
where V = volume; S = whole surface; h = heighl;
r = radius of base.
39. Regular tetrahedrons
(i) V = zm $
-3
(ii) S E 48'6
where V = volume: S = whole surface: Za = edge;

h = height.
40. Wedges on rectangular based
where V = volume; L = length of base; b = breadth

of base; e = edge; A = area of cross-section:
h = perpendicular height.
41. Wedges on trapezoidal base, o r oblique frustra of

triangular prisms
where V = volume: A area of cross-section;

e,. e,, e, are the lenglhs of lhe lhrm parallel edges.
42. Oblique frustra of any right regular p ~ s m
(i) V = AL
(ii) S = PL
where V = volomc: S = lateral surface: A = area of
cross-scction: L = mean length: P 5 pcrimctcr of
cross-scction; and
sum of lengths of parellcl edges
mcnn lcngth =
rlumbcr of parnllcl cdgcs
3 , Ohlirlue frustra of right circular cylinders
(i) V = xrlL
(ii) S = 2xrL
whcrc V = volume; S r curvcd surface: r = radius of
cross-section; L = mean length.
d4. I'rismoids
h (A, + A,
V =- + 4A)
6
-
whcrc V volumc; h = hcigbl;A, and A, wc tllc ;irca\
of chc cnds; A = arca of mid-sccl~onparallel lo t l i c
cnds.
45. Frustra of pyramids and cones
(I) V = -1 (A, + A 2 +
3
a)
whcrc V =volume: h = hcight; A, and A, arc ihc areas
or thc ends.
46. Frustra of right regular pyramids
(i) v = k
3
(A, + A , + m)
1
(ii) V =- $0' + p)
2
where V = volume: h = height:
A, and 1\1 are the areas of h e ends; P and p are h e
perimeters of the ends; s = slant height.
17. Frupta or rig111 circular cones
(i) V = -nh
-(R+rl+Rr)
3
(ii) 1 a
S = - (C+ c)
2
(iii) S = n s (R + r)
-
wllcrc V volumc; S = curvcd surf:~cc:Rand r BIC thr
radii oithcends; Cand c arc thccircumf'crcnccsof thc
cndr; s = slant height: h = pcrpcndicular height.
48. Spheres
(i) V = - xd'
6
4
(ii) V = - xr'
3
(iii) S = ndZ
(iv) S = 4xr2
whcrc V = volume; S = suriacc; d = diameter;

r = radius.
49. Spherical shells 139
X
(i) V = -
6 (D) - dl)
(ii) -
4n
V = 3 (RT.?)
(iii) V = xD% (nearly), when the thickness of the
shell is very small compared 10 the
outer diameter.
where V = volume; R = outer radius; r = inner radius:
D = outer d i c i e r : d = inner d h w t e r ; h = thickness
of h e shell.
50. Oblate spheroids

4
(i) V =- ua'b
3
where V = volume: a = semi-major axis; b = semi-

minor axis.
51. Prolate spheroids
V = - 4 nab'
3
where V s volume: a = semi-major axis; b = semi-
minor axis.
52. Zones of spheres
-
(ii) S = xdh
where V = volume: S E curved surface; r, and r,are the
radii of the two ends; h = h e i g h ~d = dla of sphere.
53.
(i) -*
Segments of spheres
v
6
4 h2)
(3,"
(ii) V c- "h' (3d - 2h)

Z
(iii) S = rrdh
w h m V = volume: S = c w e d surfse; r, =radius of
the b m of the segment: h = height: d = d ~ aof the
spheIe.
54. Sectors o l S p h e r n
(i) 2 x rlh
V =-
3
(ii) V -
1
= 3 i S = x r + [2h + m)
(
where V = volume; S =whole surface: r =radius of
the sphere; hand sare the height and curved surfaceof
the segment of the sphere that forms the base of the
sestor. s = 2xrh
55. Irregular solids whose opposite ends are plane figures
lying in parallel planes.
V .f[ A , + a + , + 2 ( A , + A , + ...+
a.,)
+4(A,+A,+...+ ~ 4 ~ 1
where V = volume; Zn = number of equal
parur into which the length of the solid is
divided by planes parallel to i s ends; d =
A,. A , A, A,. >,

common distancebetween the parallel planes
... are the area of thc
msversc sections o the figure made by the
p"a1kl planes (alren in ordcr.
56. Similar solids
(i) V, : V2 = a,' : a:
(ii) S, : S, = a,' : a,l

(iii) a, : a' = :
(iv) a, : 4 =G: fi
where V, and Vz are h e volumes; S, and S, arc thc
shrraces; a, and 5 are corresponding linear dirncn-
sions of the first and second similar solids rcspcc~
lively.
57. Any figure of revolution on axis, such as domes ete.

Convcx surface area = 6.2832 rL
Volurnc = 6.2832 ra
whcrc a = :arca of flat sectional surface revealcd if
the solid is cut into two halls.
= arca of gcncrating surface.
= arca of hatchcd portion (flat) (see skctch).
L = Lcngth of gcncrating line (scc skctch).
r = Distance of centre of gravity or gcncrating
surfacc 'a' to thc ccnlral vcrtical axis.
58. Spirals
Lcnmh of spiral (as in the case of hand rail o f 3 spiral
swikasc) : '
-
= n 4 (pitch)' + (nD)'
whcre n numhcr of revolutions
pilch = hcighl gained in each revolution
D = diarnctcr of rcvolution.
59. Square of same area a s a circle

Sidc = dia~nctcrx 0.88623
60. Circle of same area as a square
Diarnetcr = s ~ d cx 1.12838
61. Square inscribed in circle
Lcngth of one sidc 01a square inscribed in a circlc = Diamctcr ol
circlc x 0.7071.
62. Parabolar and Parubloids

Area of spacc within the parabola
= Base x 5 pcrpcndicular hcight
Volume of parabloid (solid)
= + nr'h
whcrc r = radius of the base of the parabloid
h = hcight
63. Irregular Polygons or Quadrilaterals

To find'area, devidc the polygon or quadrilaleral inlo tridnglcs
and calculate arcas of triangles using formula at SI. No. 4 ( ~ i )
givcn on page I 4:
BIBLIOG'RAPHY
Tendering and estimating procedures John A. Milne George Godwin Ltd, London.
Rinciples of estimating R.D.Wood The Estates Gazette Ltd. London.
Estimating and rendering for construction work Dennis R. Mudd Butterwonhs. London.
Estimating building cose C. F. Dingman McGraw Hill. London.
Estimating applied lo building W. Atton G a g e Godwin Lld. London
Estimating for building and Civil Engineering worn Spence Geddes Newnes- Butterwonhs. Ltd.
London.
How to estimate 1.T. Rea B. T. Batsford Ltd. London
Elements of Quantity Surveying A. I. Willis Granada Publishing. London.
Measurement of building wo* H. Wainrlght Hutchmson. London

&
10. Mensuration A.E. Pierpoint Orient Longmans Ltd, Madras.
11. Civil E n g i n k n g Contracts and B. S.Patil Orient Longmans Ltd, New Delhi.
Civil Enginwing Estimates
12. Estimating for building and public works B. Price Davies Building Estimator Publicauons
Cardiff. G&t Brian.
13. Several Indian Srandard Specifications Bureau of Indian Standards

New Delhi.
14. Building Research Notes CBRI Room,
15. Westaman Tables Wiley Eastern Ltd.
16. Smdard analysis of rates ( Vol I & 11) NBO.New Delhi

(for all India smdard rchedule of rates) &
U. N. Regional Housing Cenm
ESCAP, New Delhi.
SPACE FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Ma 2m919 1 i w \ \ 9 3 Subject to Pune Jurisdiction CASH nlERlO I
*:?ihrilz,* @faareffVm No. 601
Bombay SalesTax P ~ , W i b a a@
, XPP 030
No N 24 E-18
Dated 5-1-60
Central S T.R
Pune Vidyarthi Griha Prakashan
Pune 411 030
Ref: m.0. i
No Born124 E-27
Dated 25-6-57
( 2008 - 2009 ) fq?) 71 12008
I
I
i
-
1
- --
-. -.
- -- -
!
--
I
Total Rs. 9%
I
Prepared by
About Thisbook
1
This compilation is extremely helpful to builders in
quoting item rate and lump sum tenders, as well as in
prep- fnterim and final bills, submitting claims and
defendingArbitrationcaw.
Members ef all the professions and disciplines
connected witb the building and construction PetMty have
a e c e p d e d t h l s ~ ~ a a e n a m i ~ d r b l e
reference hsnabook
Porsesslon of thls book by the students passing out
tac- day day problems met with in their career.

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CAL INFORMATION

PROPERTY VALILTERS, ARCHITECTS

Pune Kdyarthi Griha Prakashan

Price :Rs. 175/- (Rs. One hundred seventy five Only)

This book stands dedicated

NOTE BY THE AUTHOR

Notes on specifications, as well as on approximate methods of estimating cost of construction,

Basic Unlts .- Cast iron manhole covers, gratings, steps

Shipping measure, American measure 2 Commercial abbreviations 24

Britlsh Units Metric Units

100 hectares ,. henornetre

Brillsh Unlts Metrlc Units

5 fluid ounces -- lgill 10 decilitres = llitre

16 drams 1 ounce 10 millgrams Icenigram

Fahrenheil to Celsius Celsius to Fahrenheil

Old Indlmn Weight Unlte Mlaallaneoue

Shlpplng Measur* Oensral

1 shipping ton -- 40 cub^ foot 1 radian -- 57.295s (SP 17' 45')

hundred weight -- 100 pounds

8.23 Imperial gallons

Americans oxpress road gradients in psrcentages. e.g. :-

20% grade - 1 in5

radians 57.2'1578 degrees, angular

(2) To converr Ratc per 10 rur~r~ing

(3) To convert Ratc per IMI ~ d l i ~ ~ i ilcct

(5) To convcrr Ratc pcr I[) s q u a r c f ~inlo

( 6 ) To convert Ratc I r r IM) square tcet inlo K ~ Ipcr

ISRO 12 OX88 ISRO 71 31.1 ISSQ 45 IS')

NOTE : I4'eithl per merre of ror~srecliribhcd/d~/ormed/~oId

HOT-ROLLED STEEL FLATS

ISNT 20 ISLT 2(X) 200 x 165 8.0 12.5 28.4

Deep Legged Tee liars

lSHT 75 75 n 100 8.4 9.11 15.3

Ucplh of Widlh of Wcight per Ucplh of Widlh 01 Weight pcr

ISJC 100 100 45 5.8 lSJB 150 150 50 7.1

MEDIUM CHANNELS (SLOPING FLANGES) ISLB 325 325 165 43.1

ISLB trOO 600 210 99.5

hIEDIUh1 WEIGHT IlEAMS

NOI'E: Hrcinhrs, dimensions erc of chnnnelr wrrh porollrl MB450

Standard Wcight pcr

SC 220 220 220 70.4 MS PLAIN BLACK SHEETS

Weight in kg per sq m of sheet

CORRUGATED CALVANlSED STEEL SHEETS

Nominal overall width of sheet

'All dLncnLDm in mrn SHEET PILING SECTIONS

Weight Weight per Pcr~metcr Centre lo

ISPS 1625 U 437 172 13

1 50 3.0 2.22 22 150 5.6 2.57

Mesh Size Dia. of Wires Size of Mesh Dimensions

72 100 150 4.2 3.0

10 0.63 31 0.90 100 1.25

19 0.63 50 0.90 75 1.40

Avmge Width Nominal Diameter

CALVANISED STEEL BARBED WIRE

Size Diameter of Wire in mm Weight of Barbcd Wire Distance Between

20 2 6 I.ight 2.35 1 .A? I I0 127.0 I.ight 4.5 I36

L ~ ~ I I I 3.25 4.57 Medium 485 19.6

90 101.6 Light 3.65 X X? 225 244.5 Heavy 5.9 34.2