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    Experiment - 1: Compiler GNU Project GNU Toolchain

    Uploaded by

    Happy Kumar
    The program writes a C program to perform bubble sort and compile it using GCC. It uses fork() to create 5 child processes, with the parent process waiting for all children to exit. The program gets the process IDs of the program and parent using getpid() and getppid(), and checks if they are listed in the output of the 'ps' command executed through system().

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Experiment - 1: Compiler GNU Project GNU Toolchain

    Uploaded by

    Happy Kumar
    66 views7 pages
    The program writes a C program to perform bubble sort and compile it using GCC. It uses fork() to create 5 child processes, with the parent process waiting for all children to exit. The program gets the process IDs of the program and parent using getpid() and getppid(), and checks if they are listed in the output of the 'ps' command executed through system().

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    experiments

    Original Title

    experiments

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    The program writes a C program to perform bubble sort and compile it using GCC. It uses fork() to create 5 child processes, with the parent process waiting for all children to exit. The program gets the process IDs of the program and parent using getpid() and getppid(), and checks if they are listed in the output of the 'ps' command executed through system().

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    66 views7 pages

    Experiment - 1: Compiler GNU Project GNU Toolchain

    Uploaded by

    Happy Kumar
    The program writes a C program to perform bubble sort and compile it using GCC. It uses fork() to create 5 child processes, with the parent process waiting for all children to exit. The program gets the process IDs of the program and parent using getpid() and getppid(), and checks if they are listed in the output of the 'ps' command executed through system().

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    Experiment - 1

    Aim: Write a C program to perform bubble sort in linux operaring system and compile it
    using gcc and use gdb debugger.

    Description of Aim and Related Theory:

    Bubble sort, sometimes referred to as sinking sort, is a simple sorting algorithm that
    repeatedly steps through the list to be sorted, compares each pair of adjacent items
    and swaps them if they are in the wrong order. The pass through the list is repeated
    until no swaps are needed, which indicates that the list is sorted. The algorithm, which is
    a comparison sort, is named for the way smaller or larger elements "bubble" to the top
    of the list. Although the algorithm is simple, it is too slow and impractical for most
    problems even when compared to insertion sort.[2] It can be practical if the input is
    usually in sorted order but may occasionally have some out-of-order elements nearly in
    position.

    GCC:
    The GCC (GNU Compiler Collection) is widely regarded as the most important piece
    of free software. Formerly called the GNU C Compiler, the GCC now
    contains compilers for the C, C++, Objective C, Fortran, Java and Ada programming
    languages.

    GCC -The GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) is a compiler system produced by the GNU
    Project supporting various programming languages. GCC is a key component of the GNU
    toolchain and the standard compiler for most Unix-like Operating Systems.

    GCC is a key component of "GNU Toolchain", for developing applications, as well as


    operating systems. The GNU Toolchain includes:
    1. GNU Compiler Collection (GCC): a compiler suit that supports many languages,
    such as C/C++, Objective-C and Java.
    2. GNU Make: an automation tool for compiling and building applications.
    3. GNU Binutils: a suit of binary utility tools, including linker and assembler.
    4. GNU Debugger (GDB).
    5. GNU Autotools: A build system including Autoconf, Autoheader, Automake and
    Libtool.
    6. GNU Bison: a parser generator (similar to lex and yacc).
    GCC Compilation Process
    GCC compiles a C/C++ program into executable in 4 steps as shown in the above
    diagram. For example, a "gcc -o hello.exe hello.c" is carried out as follows:
    1. Pre-processing: via the GNU C Preprocessor (cpp.exe), which includes the headers
    (#include) and expands the macros (#define).
    > cpp hello.c > hello.i

    The resultant intermediate file "hello.i" contains the expanded source code.
    2. Compilation: The compiler compiles the pre-processed source code into assembly
    code for a specific processor.
    > gcc -S hello.i

    The -S option specifies to produce assembly code, instead of object code. The
    resultant assembly file is "hello.s".
    3. Assembly: The assembler (as.exe) converts the assembly code into machine code
    in the object file "hello.o".
    > as -o hello.o hello.s
    4. Linker: Finally, the linker (ld.exe) links the object code with the library code to
    produce an executable file "hello.exe".
    > ld -o hello.exe hello.o ...libraries...

    GDB
    A debugger is a program that runs other programs, allowing the user to exercise control
    over these programs, and to examine variables when problems arise.

    GNU Debugger, which is also called gdb, is the most popular debugger for UNIX systems
    to debug C and C++ programs.

    GNU Debugger helps you in getting information about the following:

     If a core dump happened, then what statement or expression did the program
    crash on?

     If an error occurs while executing a function, what line of the program contains
    the call to that function, and what are the parameters?

     What are the values of program variables at a particular point during execution
    of the program?

     What is the result of a particular expression in a program?


    How GDB Debugs?
    GDB allows you to run the program up to a certain point, then stop and print out the
    values of certain variables at that point, or step through the program one line at a time
    and print out the values of each variable after executing each line.

    GDB uses a simple command line interface.

    Points to Note
     Even though GDB can help you in finding out memory leakage related bugs, but
    it is not a tool to detect memory leakages.

     GDB cannot be used for programs that compile with errors and it does not help
    in fixing those errors.
    Code :

    #include <stdio.h>
    int main()
    {
    int array[100], n, i, j, swap;
    printf("Enter number of elements\n");
    scanf("%d", &n);
    printf("Enter %d integers\n", n);
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
    scanf("%d", &array[i]); // input array element
    for (i = 0 ; i < ( n - 1 ); i++) // last element is already in place
    {
    for (j = 0 ; j < n - i - 1; j++)
    {
    if (array[j] > array[j+1]) // interchange element
    {
    swap = array[j];
    array[j] = array[j+1];
    array[j+1] = swap;
    }
    }
    }
    printf("Sorted list in ascending order:\n");
    for ( i = 0 ; i < n ; i++ )
    printf("%d\n", array[i]); // print array element
    return 0;
    }
    Output:

    Banwari@banwari~VirtualBox:~/home$ gcc bubble.c


    Banwari@banwari~VirtualBox:~/home$ ./a.out
    Enter total number of elements
    5
    Enter 5 numbers
    3
    2
    6
    4
    1
    Sorted list in ascending order:
    1
    2
    3
    4
    6
    Banwari@banwari~VirtualBox:~/home$

    Finding and Learning:


    We have written and compiled C program in linux system using gcc compiler
    and got the desired outputs as shown above. It was a nice hands-on on the
    linux system and found it easy and attractive to work on.
    Experiment 2
    Aim: Write a C program to check process IDs of the program and the parent of the
    program process
    1. Use system command to execute ps command to get all the processes under the
    current user system(“ps”)
    2. Use getpid() and getppid() to get the program process and parant process ids check if
    the program process id and parant process ids are listed in the ps command.
    Output to be directed to an output file for submission.
    Extend this program to fork 5 child processes , parant must wait for all children to exit.

    Description of aim and related theory:

    ps command

    The ps (i.e., process status) command is used to provide information about the currently
    running processes, including their process identification numbers (PIDs).

    A process, also referred to as a task, is an executing (i.e., running) instance of a program.


    Every process is assigned a unique PID by the system.

    The basic syntax of ps is

    ps [options]

    When ps is used without any options, it sends to standard output, which is the display
    monitor by default, four items of information for at least two processes currently on the
    system: the shell and ps. A shell is a program that provides the traditional, text-only user
    interface in Unix-like operating systems for issuing commands and interacting with the
    system, and it is bash by default on Linux. ps itself is a process and it dies (i.e., is
    terminated) as soon as its output is displayed.

    The four items are labeled PID, TTY, TIME and CMD. TIME is the amount of CPU (central
    processing unit) time in minutes and seconds that the process has been running. CMD is
    the name of the command that launched the process.

    Fork()-

    System call fork() is used to create processes. It takes no arguments and returns a
    process ID. The purpose of fork() is to create a new process, which becomes the child
    process of the caller. After a new child process is created, both processes will execute
    the next instruction following the fork() system call. Therefore, we have to distinguish
    the parent from the child. This can be done by testing the returned value of fork():
     If fork() returns a negative value, the creation of a child process was
    unsuccessful.
     fork() returns a zero to the newly created child process.
     fork() returns a positive value, the process ID of the child process, to
    the parent. The returned process ID is of type pid_t defined in sys/types.h. Normally,
    the process ID is an integer. Moreover, a process
    can use function getpid() to retrieve the process ID assigned to this
    process.

    CODE:

    #include<stdio.h>
    #include<stdlib.h>
    #include <sys/types.h>
    #include <unistd.h>
    int main()
    {
    int status=system("ps");
    for(int i=0;i<5;i++) // loop will run 5 times
    {
    if(fork() == 0)
    {
    printf("[Child] pid %d from [parent] pid %d\n",getpid(),getppid());
    exit(0);
    }
    }
    for(int i=0;i<5;i++) // loop will run 5 times
    wait(NULL);
    return 0;
    }
    Result :
    Banwari@banwari~VirtualBox:~/home$ gcc assignment2.c
    Banwari@banwari~VirtualBox:~/home$ ./a.out

    Finding and Learning :


    We have learned about process and forking of processes in this experiment. We have
    learnt how the process gets forked in linux system and how the parent process keeps
    track of resources allocated to a child process. We learnt the diffrences between
    commands and system calls. If the call to fork() is executed successfully, Unix will
    make two identical copies of address spaces, one for the parent and the other for the
    child. Both processes will start their execution at the next statement following
    the fork() call.

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