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Tidal power
Tidal power or tidal energy is a form of hydropower that converts the
energy obtained from tides into useful forms of power, mainly electricity.

Although not yet widely used, tidal energy has potential for future electricity
generation. Tides are more predictable than the wind and the sun. Among
sources of renewable energy, tidal energy has traditionally suffered from
relatively high cost and limited availability of sites with sufficiently high tidal
ranges or flow velocities, thus constricting its total availability. However, many
recent technological developments and improvements, both in design (e.g. Sihwa Lake Tidal Power Station,
dynamic tidal power, tidal lagoons) and turbine technology (e.g. new axial located in Gyeonggi Province, South
turbines, cross flow turbines), indicate that the total availability of tidal power Korea, is the world's largest tidal
power installation, with a total power
may be much higher than previously assumed, and that economic and
output capacity of 254 MW.
environmental costs may be brought down to competitive levels.

Historically, tide mills have been used both in Europe and on the Atlantic coast
of North America. The incoming water was contained in large storage ponds, and as the tide went out, it turned
waterwheels that used the mechanical power it produced to mill grain.[1] The earliest occurrences date from the Middle
Ages, or even from Roman times.[2][3] The process of using falling water and spinning turbines to create electricity was
introduced in the U.S. and Europe in the 19th century.[4]

The world's first large-scale tidal power plant was the Rance Tidal Power Station in France, which became operational in
1966. It was the largest tidal power station in terms of output until Sihwa Lake Tidal Power Station opened in South Korea
in August 2011. The Sihwa station uses sea wall defense barriers complete with 10 turbines generating 254 MW.[5]

Contents
Generation of tidal energy
Generating methods
Tidal stream generator
Tidal barrage
Dynamic tidal power
Tidal lagoon
US and Canadian studies in the twentieth century
US Studies in the twenty first century
Tidal power development in the UK
Current and future tidal power schemes
Tidal power issues
Environmental concerns
Tidal turbines
Tidal barrage
Tidal lagoon
Corrosion
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Fouling
Structural Health Monitoring
See also
Notes
References
External links

Generation of tidal energy

Tidal power is taken from the Earth's oceanic tides. Tidal forces are
periodic variations in gravitational attraction exerted by celestial bodies.
These forces create corresponding motions or currents in the world's
oceans. Due to the strong attraction to the oceans, a bulge in the water
level is created, causing a temporary increase in sea level. As the Earth
rotates, this bulge of ocean water meets the shallow water adjacent to the
shoreline and creates a tide. This occurrence takes place in an unfailing
manner, due to the consistent pattern of the moon’s orbit around the
earth.[6] The magnitude and character of this motion reflects the changing
positions of the Moon and Sun relative to the Earth, the effects of Earth's
rotation, and local geography of the sea floor and coastlines.

Tidal power is the only technology that draws on energy inherent in the
orbital characteristics of the Earth–Moon system, and to a lesser extent in
the Earth–Sun system. Other natural energies exploited by human
technology originate directly or indirectly with the Sun, including fossil
fuel, conventional hydroelectric, wind, biofuel, wave and solar energy.
Nuclear energy makes use of Earth's mineral deposits of fissionable
elements, while geothermal power taps the Earth's internal heat, which
comes from a combination of residual heat from planetary accretion Variation of tides over a day
(about 20%) and heat produced through radioactive decay (80%).[7]

A tidal generator converts the energy of tidal flows into electricity. Greater tidal variation and higher tidal current
velocities can dramatically increase the potential of a site for tidal electricity generation.

Because the Earth's tides are ultimately due to gravitational interaction with the Moon and Sun and the Earth's rotation,
tidal power is practically inexhaustible and classified as a renewable energy resource. Movement of tides causes a loss of
mechanical energy in the Earth–Moon system: this is a result of pumping of water through natural restrictions around
coastlines and consequent viscous dissipation at the seabed and in turbulence. This loss of energy has caused the rotation
of the Earth to slow in the 4.5 billion years since its formation. During the last 620 million years the period of rotation of
the earth (length of a day) has increased from 21.9 hours to 24 hours;[8] in this period the Earth has lost 17% of its
rotational energy. While tidal power will take additional energy from the system, the effect is negligible and would only be
noticed over millions of years.

Generating methods
Tidal power can be classified into four generating methods:

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Tidal stream generator

Tidal stream generators make use of the kinetic energy of moving water to
power turbines, in a similar way to wind turbines that use wind to power
turbines. Some tidal generators can be built into the structures of existing
bridges or are entirely submersed, thus avoiding concerns over impact on the
natural landscape. Land constrictions such as straits or inlets can create high
velocities at specific sites, which can be captured with the use of turbines.
These turbines can be horizontal, vertical, open, or ducted.[10]

The world's first commercial-scale

Tidal barrage and grid-connected tidal stream
Tidal barrages make use of the potential energy in the difference in height (or generator – SeaGen – in Strangford
Lough.[9] The strong wake shows
hydraulic head) between high and low tides. When using tidal barrages to
the power in the tidal current.
generate power, the potential energy from a tide is seized through strategic
placement of specialized dams. When the sea level rises and the tide begins to
come in, the temporary increase in tidal power is channeled into a large basin behind the dam, holding a large amount of
potential energy. With the receding tide, this energy is then converted into mechanical energy as the water is released
through large turbines that create electrical power through the use of generators.[11] Barrages are essentially dams across
the full width of a tidal estuary.

Dynamic tidal power

Dynamic tidal power (or DTP) is an untried but promising technology that
would exploit an interaction between potential and kinetic energies in tidal
flows. It proposes that very long dams (for example: 30–50 km length) be built
from coasts straight out into the sea or ocean, without enclosing an area. Tidal
phase differences are introduced across the dam, leading to a significant water-
level differential in shallow coastal seas – featuring strong coast-parallel
oscillating tidal currents such as found in the UK, China, and Korea.

Top-down view of a DTP dam. Blue

Tidal lagoon and dark red colors indicate low and
high tides, respectively.
A new tidal energy design option is to construct circular retaining walls
embedded with turbines that can capture the potential energy of tides. The
created reservoirs are similar to those of tidal barrages, except that the location is artificial and does not contain a
preexisting ecosystem.[10] The lagoons can also be in double (or triple) format without pumping[12] or with pumping[13]
that will flatten out the power output. The pumping power could be provided by excess to grid demand renewable energy
from for example wind turbines or solar photovoltaic arrays. Excess renewable energy rather than being curtailed could be
used and stored for a later period of time. Geographically dispersed tidal lagoons with a time delay between peak
production would also flatten out peak production providing near base load production though at a higher cost than some
other alternatives such as district heating renewable energy storage. The proposed Tidal Lagoon Swansea Bay in Wales,
United Kingdom would be the first tidal power station of this type once built.[14]

US and Canadian studies in the twentieth century

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The first study of large scale tidal power plants was by the US Federal Power Commission in 1924 which if built would
have been located in the northern border area of the US state of Maine and the south eastern border area of the Canadian
province of New Brunswick, with various dams, powerhouses, and ship locks enclosing the Bay of Fundy and
Passamaquoddy Bay (note: see map in reference). Nothing came of the study and it is unknown whether Canada had been
approached about the study by the US Federal Power Commission.[15]

In 1956, utility Nova Scotia Light and Power of Halifax commissioned a pair of studies into the feasibility of commercial
tidal power development on the Nova Scotia side of the Bay of Fundy. The two studies, by Stone & Webster of Boston and
by Montreal Engineering Company of Montreal independently concluded that millions of horsepower could be harnessed
from Fundy but that development costs would be commercially prohibitive at that time.[16]

There was also a report on the international commission in April 1961 entitled "Investigation of the International
Passamaquoddy Tidal Power Project" produced by both the US and Canadian Federal Governments. According to benefit
to costs ratios, the project was beneficial to the US but not to Canada. A highway system along the top of the dams was
envisioned as well.

A study was commissioned by the Canadian, Nova Scotian and New Brunswick governments (Reassessment of Fundy
Tidal Power) to determine the potential for tidal barrages at Chignecto Bay and Minas Basin – at the end of the Fundy Bay
estuary. There were three sites determined to be financially feasible: Shepody Bay (1550 MW), Cumberline Basin (1085
MW), and Cobequid Bay (3800 MW). These were never built despite their apparent feasibility in 1977.[17]

US Studies in the twenty first century

A project to create a tidal power installation was begun in early 2014 by the Snohomish PUD in Washington but was ended
in late 2014 due to problems obtaining funding.[18]

Tidal power development in the UK

The world's first marine energy test facility was established in 2003 to start the development of the wave and tidal energy
industry in the UK. Based in Orkney, Scotland, the European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) (http://www.emec.org.uk/)
has supported the deployment of more wave and tidal energy devices than at any other single site in the world. EMEC
provides a variety of test sites in real sea conditions. Its grid connected tidal test site is located at the Fall of Warness, off
the island of Eday, in a narrow channel which concentrates the tide as it flows between the Atlantic Ocean and North Sea.
This area has a very strong tidal current, which can travel up to 4 m/s (8 knots) in spring tides. Tidal energy developers
that have tested at the site include: Alstom (formerly Tidal Generation Ltd); ANDRITZ HYDRO Hammerfest; Atlantis
Resources Corporation; Nautricity; OpenHydro; Scotrenewables Tidal Power; Voith.[19] The resource could be 4 TJ per
year.[20] Elsewhere in the UK, annual energy of 50 TWh can be extracted if 25 GW capacity is installed with pivotable
blades.[21][22][23]

Current and future tidal power schemes

The first tidal power station was the Rance tidal power plant built over a period of 6 years from 1960 to 1966 at La
Rance, France.[24] It has 240 MW installed capacity.
254 MW Sihwa Lake Tidal Power Plant in South Korea is the largest tidal power installation in the world. Construction
was completed in 2011.[25][26]
The first tidal power site in North America is the Annapolis Royal Generating Station, Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia,
which opened in 1984 on an inlet of the Bay of Fundy.[27] It has 20 MW installed capacity.
The Jiangxia Tidal Power Station, south of Hangzhou in China has been operational since 1985, with current installed
capacity of 3.2 MW. More tidal power is planned near the mouth of the Yalu River.[28]
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The first in-stream tidal current generator in North America (Race Rocks Tidal Power Demonstration Project) was
installed at Race Rocks on southern Vancouver Island in September 2006.[29][30] The next phase in the development
of this tidal current generator will be in Nova Scotia (Bay of Fundy).[31]
A small project was built by the Soviet Union at Kislaya Guba on the Barents Sea. It has 0.4 MW installed capacity. In
2006 it was upgraded with a 1.2MW experimental advanced orthogonal turbine.
Jindo Uldolmok Tidal Power Plant in South Korea is a tidal stream generation scheme planned to be expanded
progressively to 90 MW of capacity by 2013. The first 1 MW was installed in May 2009.[32]
A 1.2 MW SeaGen system became operational in late 2008 on Strangford Lough in Northern Ireland.[33]
The contract for an 812 MW tidal barrage near Ganghwa Island (South Korea) north-west of Incheon has been signed
by Daewoo. Completion is planned for 2015.[25]
A 1,320 MW barrage built around islands west of Incheon is proposed by the South Korean government, with
projected construction starting in 2017.[34]
The Scottish Government has approved plans for a 10MW array of tidal stream generators near Islay, Scotland,
costing 40 million pounds, and consisting of 10 turbines – enough to power over 5,000 homes. The first turbine is
expected to be in operation by 2013.[35]
The Indian state of Gujarat is planning to host South Asia's first commercial-scale tidal power station. The company
Atlantis Resources planned to install a 50MW tidal farm in the Gulf of Kutch on India's west coast, with construction
starting early in 2012.[36]
Ocean Renewable Power Corporation was the first company to deliver tidal power to the US grid in September, 2012
when its pilot TidGen system was successfully deployed in Cobscook Bay, near Eastport.[37]
In New York City, 30 tidal turbines will be installed by Verdant Power in the East River by 2015 with a capacity of
1.05MW.[38]
Construction of a 320 MW tidal lagoon power plant outside the city of Swansea in the UK was granted planning
permission in June 2015 and work is expected to start in 2016. Once completed, it will generate over 500GWh of
electricity per year, enough to power roughly 155,000 homes.[39]
A turbine project is being installed in Ramsey Sound in 2014.[40][41]
The largest tidal energy project entitled MeyGen (398MW) is currently in construction in the Pentland Firth in northern
Scotland [42]
A combination of 5 tidal stream turbines from Tocardo are placed in the Oosterscheldekering, the Netherlands, and
have been operational since 2015 with a capacity of 1,2 MW [43]

Tidal power issues

Environmental concerns
Tidal power can have effects on marine life. The turbines can accidentally kill swimming sea life with the rotating blades,
although projects such as the one in Strangford feature a safety mechanism that turns off the turbine when marine
animals approach.[44] Some fish may no longer utilize the area if threatened with a constant rotating or noise-making
object. Marine life is a huge factor when placing tidal power energy generators in the water and precautions are made to
ensure that as many marine animals as possible will not be affected by it. The Tethys database provides access to scientific
literature and general information on the potential environmental effects of tidal energy.[45]

Tidal turbines
The main environmental concern with tidal energy is associated with blade strike and entanglement of marine organisms
as high speed water increases the risk of organisms being pushed near or through these devices. As with all offshore
renewable energies, there is also a concern about how the creation of EMF and acoustic outputs may affect marine
organisms. Because these devices are in the water, the acoustic output can be greater than those created with offshore
wind energy. Depending on the frequency and amplitude of sound generated by the tidal energy devices, this acoustic
output can have varying effects on marine mammals (particularly those who echolocate to communicate and navigate in
the marine environment, such as dolphins and whales). Tidal energy removal can also cause environmental concerns such
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as degrading farfield water quality and disrupting sediment processes.[46] Depending on the size of the project, these
effects can range from small traces of sediment building up near the tidal device to severely affecting nearshore
ecosystems and processes.[47]

Tidal barrage
Installing a barrage may change the shoreline within the bay or estuary, affecting a large ecosystem that depends on tidal
flats. Inhibiting the flow of water in and out of the bay, there may also be less flushing of the bay or estuary, causing
additional turbidity (suspended solids) and less saltwater, which may result in the death of fish that act as a vital food
source to birds and mammals. Migrating fish may also be unable to access breeding streams, and may attempt to pass
through the turbines. The same acoustic concerns apply to tidal barrages. Decreasing shipping accessibility can become a
socio-economic issue, though locks can be added to allow slow passage. However, the barrage may improve the local
economy by increasing land access as a bridge. Calmer waters may also allow better recreation in the bay or estuary.[47] In
August 2004, a humpback whale swam through the open sluice gate of the Annapolis Royal Generating Station at slack
tide, ending up trapped for several days before eventually finding its way out to the Annapolis Basin.[48]

Tidal lagoon
Environmentally, the main concerns are blade strike on fish attempting to enter the lagoon, acoustic output from turbines,
and changes in sedimentation processes. However, all these effects are localized and do not affect the entire estuary or
bay.[47]

Corrosion
Salt water causes corrosion in metal parts. It can be difficult to maintain tidal stream generators due to their size and
depth in the water. The use of corrosion-resistant materials such as stainless steels, high-nickel alloys, copper-nickel
alloys, nickel-copper alloys and titanium can greatly reduce, or eliminate, corrosion damage.

Mechanical fluids, such as lubricants, can leak out, which may be harmful to the marine life nearby. Proper maintenance
can minimize the amount of harmful chemicals that may enter the environment.

Fouling
The biological events that happen when placing any structure in an area of high tidal currents and high biological
productivity in the ocean will ensure that the structure becomes an ideal substrate for the growth of marine organisms. In
the references of the Tidal Current Project (https://web.archive.org/web/20141110143850/http://www.racerocks.ca/wp/t
ag/tidal-energy/) at Race Rocks (http://www.racerocks.ca/wp/home/) in British Columbia this is documented. Also see
this page (https://web.archive.org/web/20141110142522/http://racerocks.ca/energy/tidalremove/tidalremove.htm) and
Several structural materials and coatings were tested by the Lester Pearson College divers (http://www.racerocks.com/rac
erock/energy/tidalenergy/succession/succession.htm) to assist Clean Current in reducing fouling on the turbine and other
underwater infrastructure.

Structural Health Monitoring

The high load factors resulting from the fact that water is 800 times denser than air and the predictable and reliable
nature of tides compared with the wind makes tidal energy particularly attractive for electric power generation. Condition
monitoring is the key for exploiting it cost-efficiently.[49]

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See also
Tidal power in New Zealand
Tidal power in Scotland
World energy resources and consumption
Structural health monitoring
Marine energy

Notes
Baker, A. C. 1991, Tidal power, Peter Peregrinus Ltd., London.
Baker, G. C., Wilson E. M., Miller, H., Gibson, R. A. & Ball, M., 1980. "The Annapolis tidal power pilot project", in
Waterpower '79 Proceedings, ed. Anon, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, pp 550–559.
Hammons, T. J. 1993, "Tidal power", Proceedings of the IEEE, [Online], v81, n3, pp 419–433. Available from:
IEEE/IEEE Xplore. [July 26, 2004].
Lecomber, R. 1979, "The evaluation of tidal power projects", in Tidal Power and Estuary Management, eds. Severn,
R. T., Dineley, D. L. & Hawker, L. E., Henry Ling Ltd., Dorchester, pp 31–39.

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External links
Enhanced tidal lagoon with pumped storage and constant output (http://www.inference.phy.cam.ac.uk/sustainable/boo
k/tex/Lagoons.pdf) as proposed by David J.C. MacKay, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, UK.
Marine and Hydrokinetic Technology Database (https://web.archive.org/web/20090826203812/http://www1.eere.ener
gy.gov/windandhydro/hydrokinetic/default.aspx) The U.S. Department of Energy's Marine and Hydrokinetic
Technology Database provides up-to-date information on marine and hydrokinetic renewable energy, both in the U.S.
and around the world.
Tethys Database (http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160515075614/http://tethys.pnnl.gov/wiki/index.php/Tethys_Home) A
database of information on potential environmental effects of marine and hydrokinetic and offshore wind energy
development.
Severn Estuary Partnership: Tidal Power Resource Page (https://web.archive.org/web/20110723014221/http://www.s
evernestuary.net/sep/resource.html)
Location of Potential Tidal Stream Power sites in the UK (http://maps.google.co.uk/maps/ms?hl=en&q=&ie=UTF8&ms
a=0&msid=107402675945400268346.0000011377c9bc61b8af9&ll=54.977614,-5.800781&spn=11.389793,29.179688
&z=5&om=1)
University of Strathclyde ESRU (http://www.esru.strath.ac.uk/EandE/Web_sites/05-06/marine_renewables/home/1st_
page.htm)—Detailed analysis of marine energy resource, current energy capture technology appraisal and
environmental impact outline
Coastal Research - Foreland Point Tidal Turbine and warnings on proposed Severn Barrage (http://www.coastalresea
rch.co.uk/index.html)

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1/27/2018 Tidal power - Wikipedia

Sustainable Development Commission (http://www.sd-commission.org.uk/publications.php?id=607) - Report looking

at 'Tidal Power in the UK', including proposals for a Severn barrage
World Energy Council (https://web.archive.org/web/20080529020508/http://www.worldenergy.org/publications/survey
_of_energy_resources_2007/tidal_energy/754.asp) - Report on Tidal Energy
European Marine Energy Centre (http://www.emec.org.uk/marine-energy/tidal-developers/) - Listing of Tidal Energy
Developers -retrieved 1 July 2011 (link updated 31 January 2014)
Resources on Tidal Energy (http://www.environmentportal.in/category/thesaurus/tidal-energy)
Structural Health Monitoring of composite tidal energy converters (http://www.ndtwiki.com/index.php/SHM_of_Compo
site_in_tidal_energy_converters)

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