Shushay Hailu

Addis Ababa University (AAiT)School of civil and Environmental Engineering
UPGRADING AND REHABLITATION OF AN EXISTING WATER SUPPLY SCHEM THE CASE OF

“MIDMAR EMBANKMENT DAM “
Adwa, Tigray, Ethiopia

By: Berhanu Tesfay Gebru
Advisor Dr.ing Negede Abate
A Thesis submitted to School of Graduate in Partials Fulfillment of the Requirement for the degree of
Master of Science in Civil Engineering.
(Hydraulic Engineering)
I
Declaration
I, the undersigned, declare that this thesis is my original work, has not been presented for degree in
any University and that all sources of material used for this thesis have been duly acknowledged.
Name: Berhanu Tesfay Gebru

Signature:
Date:
I
UP GRADING & REHABLITATION OF AN EXI STING WA TER SUP P LY SCHEME THE CASE OF “MIDMAR EMBANKMENT DAM “
UPGRADING AND REHABLITATION OF AN EXISTING WATER SUUPLY DAM

THE CASE OF “MIDMAR EMBANKMENT DAM”
TIGRAY REGIONAL SATATE, CENTERAL ZONE, ADWA WEREDA
The undersigned certify I have read and evaluate the thesis entities: Upgrading and Rehabilitation of
an existing Water Supply scheme the case of “MIDMAR EMBNKMENT DAM” and hereby recommend
for the acceptance by Addis Ababa University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for degree of
Master of science.
Name of Advisor Signature Date
_________________________________ ______________ _____________
As a member of the Board of examiners of the MSc, Thesis Open Defense Examination, we certify
that we have read, evaluated the thesis prepared by Berhanu Tesfay and examined the candidate.
We recommended that the thesis be accepted as fulfilling the thesis requirement for the degree of
Master of Science in Civil Engineering (Hydraulic Engineering).
Name of Chairman Signature Date
Internal examiner Signature Date
External examiner Signature Date
II
Acknowledgement
It may be honest to state that a research work can’t be carried out by oneself without the help of the
others. My deepest gratitude goes to my advisor and a former teacher in AWTI Dr.ing Negede Abate,
for his support and interest on my thesis work as well as his special thought for production of
principled, well equipped and technically skilled students in the country.
My heartfelt thanks goes to all my classmates, to my colleagues and friends (Goiteom Tukue Hadgu
and Mahari G/yohans Hiben) for their technical supported while working of this thesis work, and also
among my friends, I would like to thank Specifically to Moges Birhnau Mengesha for his support in
filling of my computer skill gaps and also would like to thank to Muez G/kidan Bisrat for his
brotherhood advices and extraordinary moral encouragement.
I would like also to thank the managers and staffs for Adwa and Axum water supply offices, Almeda
Textile Factory, and librarian for Tigray water resource Bureau and Ministry of water resource, for
their timely provision of data and materials for this research .This work might have not been possible
if it was not for their help.
Next, I would like to thank my family for their encouraging in my academic understanding with moral
inspiration.
III
Abstract
Midmar dam was designed as water supply source project for Adwa, small town named Adi-
Abun (Currently merged with Adwa town) and for Almeda Textile Factory. However, recently,
the dam is also serving as water supply source for Axum town which was not considered during
designing phase, Hence, the main objective of this paper is to evaluate the existing and suggest
possible remedial engineering measures so as to harvest maximum water as much as possible
in a hydrologic year as well as comparing the harvested water with future water demands.
SEEP/W software model is used to analysis quantity of seepage through dam body and
foundation at both scenarios (At existing condition and with design modification), when
compared with the quantity of seepage estimated at the design document, the designed
documents has no problem.
SLOPE/W model is used to computed slope stabilities at different scenarios under different
loading conditions as per the analysis results at the existing condition the dam is more stable
and the result of SLOPE/W for modified ( after dam height increment by 2m ) shows that the
dam is still safe and stable.
As per water demands for Adwa and Axum towns at the existing condition Midmar dam can
serve up 2023 G.C safely and when modified as a result 2.5 MCM volume of water can be
stored additionally, that is more than 33 % increment in water holding capacity of the dam has
been achieved and therefore the dam can serve as water supply source up to 2033G.C safely.
Design modification for existing spill way is not found as such satisfactory as upgrading option
as per the second upgrading option additional 22.39ha can be inundated, therefore social,
environmental and compensation issues should have to be kept in mind.
iv
List of symbols and Abbreviations
Km /hr. kilometer per hour
m3/day meter cubed per a day
AAIT Adiss Ababa Institute of Technology
m Meter
E Easting
N Northing
0
c degree Celsius
E.C Ethiopian calendar
G.C Gorgerin calendar
WSS Water Supply and Sanitation
CSA Ethiopian Central Statistical Agency
PDF peak day factor
PFH peak hour factor
PFO over all peak factor
LPCD liter per capita demand
IDF Inflow design flood
FOSmin Minimum factor of safety
WWDSE water works design supervision enterprise
Km2 kilometer square
ha Hectare
mm Millimeter
WSSA Water Supply and Sewerage Authority
v
WRDA Water Resource Development Authority
SDF Spill way Design flood
MCM Million cube meter
AWTI Arba Minch Water Technology Institute
Asl Above sea level
vi
Table of content
DECLARATION ................................................................................................................................................................................... I
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...................................................................................................................................................................III
ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................................................................................IV
1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 GENERAL ................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA ............................................................................................................................................... 2

1.2.1.Location......................................................................................................................................................................... 2
1.2.2. Topography ................................................................................................................................................................. 3
1.2.3. Climate ......................................................................................................................................................................... 4
1.2.4. Rain fall ................................................................................................................................................................... 4
1.2.5. Temperature........................................................................................................................................................... 5
1.2.6. Wind speed .................................................................................................................................................................. 6
1.3. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM ................................................................................................................................................... 6
1.4. O BJECTIVE OF THE STUDY .......................................................................................................................................................... 7

1.4.1. General objective ....................................................................................................................................................... 7
1.4.2. Specific Objectives...................................................................................................................................................... 7
2. LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................................................................................................. 8
2.1 UPGRADING AND REHABILITATION OF DAMS ................................................................................................................................ 8

2.1.1. Improving spill way safety ........................................................................................................................................ 8
2.1.2. Raise Embankment Crest .......................................................................................................................................... 8
2.1.3. World experience for upgrading and rehabilitation wo rks fo r Dams ............................................................... 9
2.2. STATE OF THE ART OF DAM DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION............................................................................................................. 9

2.2.1. Over view ..................................................................................................................................................................... 9
2.2.2. Hydrology studies and influencing factors ...........................................................................................................10
2.2.3. Surface flow estimation / Annual catchment yield ............................................................................................10
2.3. W ATER SUPPLY SYSTEM DESIGN APPROACHES ..........................................................................................................................12

2.3.1. General.......................................................................................................................................................................12
2.3.2. Facto rs influencing for designing and evaluating of water supply schemes .................................................12
2.3.3. Future population and water demand pro jection ..............................................................................................12
2.3.4. Population projection and influencing factors ..................................................................................................13
2.3.5. Population forecasting methods and influencing factors fo r choice of methods ...............................13
2.3.6. Population forecasting methods ...........................................................................................................................14
2.3.7. Facto rs influencing the choice of fo recasting methods .....................................................................................15
2.4. W ATER DEMAND PROJECTION.................................................................................................................................................15

2.4.1. Water Demand categories ......................................................................................................................................16
2.4.2. Mode and level of services .....................................................................................................................................17
vii
2.5. DESIGN PRINCIPLES OF EMBANKMENT DAMS ...........................................................................................................................19

2.5.1. Design data (Da ta requirement) ............................................................................................................................19
2.5.2. Design criteria and free board compu tation .......................................................................................................19
2.5.3. Seepage in Embankment dams .............................................................................................................................26
2.6. SLOPE STABILITY ANALYSIS OF EMBANKMENT DAMS .................................................................................................................28

2.6.1. General consid erations for stability ......................................................................................................................28
2.6.2. Stability analysis theory, methods and limitations ............................................................................................28
2.6.3. Facto r of safety and method of analysis ..............................................................................................................30
2.6.4.Facto rs of safety and their co mputations .............................................................................................................32
2.6.5. Methods and limitations .........................................................................................................................................34
3. METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY .............................................................................................................................................35
3.1. GENERAL ................................................................................................................................................................................35
3.2. DATA COLLECTION ..................................................................................................................................................................35

3.2.1. Primary data: ............................................................................................................................................................35
3.2.2. Secondary data:........................................................................................................................................................36
4. ASSESSMEN T AND EVALUATION OF THE BASELINE SITUATION .....................................................................................37
4.1. ASSESSMENTS ........................................................................................................................................................................37
4.2. SALIENT FEATURES OF MIDMAR DAM, CURRENT AND FORECASTED WATER SUPPLY AND WATER DEMANDS CONDITIONS ..............39
4.2.1. Salient features of Mid mar dam............................................................................................................................39
4.2.2. Current water supply and water demands conditions .......................................................................................40
4.3. EVALUATION OF WATER RESOURCE POTENTIAL .........................................................................................................................41

4.3.1. Hydrological investigations ....................................................................................................................................41
4.4. GEOTECHNICAL EVALUATION OF MIDMAR DAM .......................................................................................................................43

4.4.1. Dam foundation .......................................................................................................................................................44
4.4.2. Dam construction materials used..........................................................................................................................44
4.4.2.1. Lo cation of Construction materials ....................................................................................................................44
4.5. SEISMICITY AT MIDAMR DAM ..................................................................................................................................................46
4.6. MORPHOLOGY AND GEOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE STUDY AREA .................................................................................................46
4.6. ENGINEERING EVALUATION OF MIDAMR DAM ..........................................................................................................................46

4.6.1. Seepage analysis fo r existing Midamr dam .........................................................................................................47
4.6.2. Slope stability analysis for Existing Mid mar da m ...............................................................................................49
4.7. SPILL WAY AND FREE BOARD EVALUATION OF EXISTING MIDMAR DAM......................................................................................56
4.7.1. Evaluation of Spill way ............................................................................................................................................56
4.7.2. Freeboard evaluation ofMid mar da m ..................................................................................................................56
viii
4.8. DAM APPURTENANT STRUCTURES............................................................................................................................................57

4.8.1. Spill way wo rks of Existing Mid mar dam .............................................................................................................57
4.8.2. Intake and bottom out let structures ....................................................................................................................57
4.8.3. Water treatment plant............................................................................................................................................57
4.9. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS FOR THE ASSESSMENTS AND EVALUATIONS OF AS IS CONDITIONS .....................................................58
5. UPGRADING AND REHABIL ITATION OF MIDAMR DAM ...................................................................................................59
5.1. O BJECTIVES OF THE UPGRADING AND REHABILITATION..............................................................................................................59
5.2. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES OF UPGRADING AND REHABILITATION.......................................................................................................59
5.3. FACTORS FOR UPGRADING AND REHABILITATION ......................................................................................................................59
5.4.UPGRADING AND REHABILITATION OPTIONS..............................................................................................................................59
5.3. ANALYSIS FOR THE SELECTED OPTIONS .....................................................................................................................................60

5.3.1. Redesigning of Mid mar dam Spill way .................................................................................................................60
5.3.2. DAM HEIGHT INCREMENT ....................................................................................................................................................61

5.3.3. Seepage and Slope stability Analysis for modified dam section ......................................................................61
5.4. UPGRADING AND REHABILITATION DESIGN OF APPURTENANT STRUCTURES................................................................................70
6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .........................................................................................................................71
6.1. CONCLUSIONS ........................................................................................................................................................................71
6.2. RECOMMENDATIONS ..............................................................................................................................................................71
REFERENCES....................................................................................................................................................................................73
ANNEX – (A) RAINFALL DATA ......................................................................................................................................................75
ANNEX – (B) SCREENED AND ADEQUATELY TESTED RAINFALL DATA................................................................................76
ANNEX-(C): MON THLY DEPENDABLE RAIN FALL (MM) .........................................................................................................77
ANNEX-(D):KN VALUES USED IN OUTLIER TESTING ................................................................................................................78
ANNEX-( E ) : ORIGINAL SURVEYIN G DATA FOR MIDMAR DAM (USED IN DEVELOPMEN T FOR CAPACITY –
ELEVATION CURVE) .......................................................................................................................................................................79
ANNEX – (F) SCANNED MATERIALS ...........................................................................................................................................80
ANNEX – (G) WATER DEMAN D PRO JECTION FOR ADWA PROJECT....................................................................................91
ANNEX – (H) WATER DEMAN D PRO JECTION FOR AXUM PRO JECT ....................................................................................92
ANNEX- (I) SUMMARY FOR ANNUAL WATER DEMAND PROJECTION FOR BOTH TOWNS ............................................93
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List of Figures
Figure1: Location map of Midmar Dam and its catchment ............................................................ 2
Figure2: watershed Area and streams for Midmar dam catchment .............................................. 3
Figure3: Type of spillway, reservoir and land use cover of Midmar catchment ............................ 4
Figure4: Histogram of Monthly Average Rain fall (mm) ................................................................. 5
Figure5: Histogram of Monthly Average temperature ( 0C ) ........................................................... 5
Figure6: Histogram of wind speed in km/hr ................................................................................... 6
Figure7: Methods for calculating of fetch length (Adapted from Saville et al, 1962) .................. 22
Figure 8 : slope and potential slip ................................................................................................. 29
Figure9: Strength envelopes for soils ........................................................................................... 31
Figure 10 : AUTO CAD modeled for existing dam section ............................................................ 47
Figure 11 : Model for SEEP/W for existing dam............................................................................ 48
Figure12: Seepage through dam body and foundation (q) .......................................................... 48
Figure13: Model for SLOPE/W and material properties............................................................... 49
Figure 14: Factor of safety for downstream slope, during steady state (Normal Loading
condition) ...................................................................................................................................... 50
Figure 15:Factor of safety for upstream slope, during steady state (Normal Loading condition) 51
Figure 16: Factor of safety for upstream slope, during sudden draw dawn (Normal Loading
condition) ...................................................................................................................................... 52
Figure 17: Factor of safety for downstream slope, during steady state (seismic Loading
condition) ...................................................................................................................................... 53
Figure 18:Factor of safety for upstream slope, during steady state (seismic Loading condition) 54
Figure 19:Factor of safety for upstream slope, during steady state (seismic Loading condition) 55
Figure 20: AUTO CAD model for modified dam section ............................................................... 62
Figure 21: Model for modified dam section used in SEEP/W &SLOPE/W .................................... 62
Figure 22: Seepage through dam body and foundation (q) ......................................................... 63
Figure 23: Model for SLOPE/W and material properties .............................................................. 64
condition) ...................................................................................................................................... 64
Figure 25: Factor of safety for upstream slope, during steady state (Normal Loading condition)
....................................................................................................................................................... 65
Figure 26: Factor of safety for upstream slope, during sudden draw down Normal Loading
condition) ...................................................................................................................................... 66
Figure 27: Factor of safety for downstream slope, during steady state (Seismic Loading
condition) ...................................................................................................................................... 67
Figure 28: Factor of safety for upstream slope, during steady state (Seismic Loading condition)
....................................................................................................................................................... 68
Figure 29: Factor of safety for upstream slope, during sudden draw down (Seismic Loading
condition) ...................................................................................................................................... 69
x
List of Tables
Table 1: Wind relationship –Water to land (USSR, 1981)............................................................. 23

Table 2: Freeboard requirement for preliminary studies (USSR, 1977) ....................................... 25
Table 3: Recommended Minimum factor of safety ...................................................................... 33
Table 4: Water demand allocation as remedial, 2004 E.C............................................................ 38
Table 5: Summary of Annual water Demand................................................................................ 40
Table 7 : Engineering characteristics of soil material ................................................................... 45
Table 8: Optimum factor of safety for downstream slope during steady state (Normal loading
condition) ...................................................................................................................................... 50
Table 9: Optimum factor of safety for upstream slope, during steady state (Normal loading
condition) ...................................................................................................................................... 51
Table 10 : Optimum factor of safety for upstream slope, during sudden draw down (Normal
loading condition) ......................................................................................................................... 52
Table 11: Optimum factor of safety for downstream slope, during steady state (Seismic loading
condition) ...................................................................................................................................... 53
Table 12: Optimum factor of safety for upstream slope, during steady state (Seismic loading
condition) ...................................................................................................................................... 54
Table 13: Optimum factor of safety for upstream slope, During Sudden draw down (Seismic
Table 14: Optimum factor of safety for downstream slope, during steady state (Normal loading
condition) ...................................................................................................................................... 65
condition) ...................................................................................................................................... 66
Table 16: Optimum factor of safety for upstream slope, during sudden draw down (Normal
condition) ...................................................................................................................................... 68
condition) ...................................................................................................................................... 69
Table 19: Optimum factor of safety for upstream slope, during sudden draw down (Seismic
xi
1. Introduction
1.1 General
The project area of Midmar dam is located in Tigray National Regional State near Adwa town
and is bounded by UTM coordinates of left X=488983.936,upper-Y=1568152.068,right-
X=501619.910,lower Y=1576890.10 and it is located at approximately 1050km from Addis
Ababa at the foot of the historical mountain named Soleda,the highest peak in the surrounding.
At this moment there is high and progressive water demand of both towns due to high growth
rate of population, industrialization and urbanization and on the other side three is scarce
water resource availability, consequently, the city administrations are looking for options, how
they are going to satisfy their community demands and achieve furthe r economic development.
Therefore, the thesis mainly focuses how to upgrade and rehabilitate Midmar dam just to
satisfy demands as much as possible for Adwa, Adi-Abun (Currently merged with Adwa
town),Axum towns and Alemeda Textile Factory. It will also evaluate for how many years
Midmar dam can be used as a prime water supply source to satisfy all demands with and
without any design modification or rehabilitation measures.
1
1.2 Description of the study area
1.2.1.Location
The selected study area, Midmar dam water supply project is found in Tigray Region State, central
zone, in Adwa Town and it is accessible by all-weather road at a distance of not more than 6 km at a
direction of North-East Adwa to Axum main road, the accessibility will help in monitoring of the dam
performance and taking some remedial measures easily and timely.
Figure1: Location map of Midmar Dam and its catchment
2
1.2.2. Topography
Catchment for the study area is bounded within the geographic locations left-X=488983.936,upper-
Y=1568152.068,right-X=501619.910,lower Y=1576890.10 and has an average slope21.10% with 1959m
and 2826.8m Asl , minimum and maximum elevation respectively, good land coverage for generation
of surface run off. At dam axis there is a saddle at the right abutment for locating spillway. Due to this
an earth dam type with a hydraulic structure of over flow Ogee shape type of spill way was
constructed.
Figure2: watershed Area and streams for Midmar dam catchment
3
Figure3: Type of spillway, reservoir and land use cover of Midmar catchment
1.2.3. Climate
Climate condition with in the project area is classified as continental, with moderately hot and
relatively short cold summers. There is a pronounced mono-modal rain fall distribution and more
variable in time and space and the average annual precipitation is estimated about 758 mm.
1.2.4. Rain fall
For any hydrological analysis and design of hydraulic structures, the following rains falls rec orded at
Adwa metrological station has been adopted and the station is assumed to be representative.
4
Figure4: Histogram of Monthly Average Rain fall (mm)
1.2.5. Temperature
Monthly temperature ranges from 23.6oc to 30.8oc and the average monthly temperature in and
around the project area is about 27.6oc.
Figure5: Histogram of Monthly Average temperature (0C )
5
1.2.6. Wind speed
Monthly wind speed ranges from 6.228km/hr to 0.576km/hr at Adwa meteorological station and it is
assumed to be representative for the project area.
Figure6: Histogram of wind speed in km/hr
1.3. Statement of the problem
Several problems of water supply have occurred in Adwa town for long years and to alleviate the
problem during transitional government period water supply feasibility study was carried out,
accordingly, Midmar dam has been identified and constructed and is serving as a water supply source
for Adwa, Adi-Abun and Almeda Textile Factory, however nowadays this dam is also almost a prime
water supply source for both towns Adwa and Axum including some beneficiaries of their surrounding
rural areas, serving out of its design objectives, therefore, this thesis work will fill the gap on the
problems due to shortage of water encountered at the study area.
6
1.4. Objective of the study
1.4.1. General objective
This main objective of this paper is assessing the existing conditions and forwarding the appropriate
upgrading and rehabilitation options of the dam.
1.4.2. Specific Objectives
 Water demand-supply issues

o To identify whether the existing water resource is adequate or not with future water
demand projections.
o To predict years of conflicts due to shortage of water.
 Evaluation of the base-line situation (Dam, foundation, morphology, hydrology, appurtenant
structures)
o Determine theoretical seepage for Midmar earth dam using a computer program
(SEEP/W) and comparing with designed one
o Determination of annual catchment yield ( Hydrology )
o Determination of surge head and free board
o Evaluating and analyzing of slope stabilities of the existing dam using SLOPE/W
computer program
 To forward appropriate, better and sustainable recommendations as per the results while
evaluating of base line situations, therefore the followings will be concerns of specific
objectives of the thesis.
o The generation of upgrading alternatives
o Selection of upgrading option (remedial options of the water shortage problem)
o Design and Analysis of the selected upgrading options
 To select , design and evaluate upgrading and rehabilitation options
7
2. Literature Review
2.1 upgrading and rehabilitation of dams
Aging of embankment dams, updating of design standards and criteria and the development of
conditions affecting the safety of dams have resulted in a need for re- evaluation and, in some
instances rehabilitation of dams even to optimize resource utilization upgrading and
rehabilitation for existing dam is crucial engineering work. Even if finance is not readily
available, rehabilitation or improvement is necessary to protect the asset of the owner of the
dam. In this section techniques are presented for rehabilitation of embankment dams.
2.1.1. Improving spill way safety
A 1981 survey of non-Federal dams in the United States, concluded that 81 % had dam safety
shortcomings because their spillways were not adequate to pass the estimated maximum
design floods. This often reflects the difference between present-day design flood and the
criteria in vogue at the time the dams were constructed.
Embankment dams are particularly sensitive to failure caused by overtopping, both during
construction and while in service. Overtopping of a dam often causes dam failures. National
statistics show that overtopping due to inadequate spillway design, debris blockage of spillway,
or settlement of the dam embankment crests account for approximately 34 % of all U.S. dam
failures.
In South West of France, a survey of small embankment dams has been carried out in 1997-
1999 on more than 200 dam less than 20 m high [Lautrin, 2003]. 43 % of the spillways of those
dams have been raised, ranging from 0.1 to 1.2 m and thereby reducing significantly the
spillway capacity. (Source: SMALL DAMS Design, Surveillance and Rehabilitation, PETITS
BARRAGES Conception, Surveillance Rehabilitation, 2011)
2.1.2. Raise Embankment Crest
Generally (but not always) the lowest cost option to overcome inadequate flood handling
problem is to increase the total freeboard of the dam by raising the crest of the embankment
and raising of dam height is also an engineering option to increase reservoir water holding
8
capacity This is normally achieved by adding earth fill to the downstream face of the
embankment starting from the toe of the embankment. In addition to the fact that the spillway
must be designed to accommodate higher “recommended design and safety evaluation check
floods:
The stability of the downstream slope (and “in-situ” foundation) must be analyzed taking into
account that the existing embankment zones and the raised embankment. The engineering
properties of the earth fill materials of the existing embankment and the “new” earth fill
section should be determined with reasonable confidence (i.e. a representative (or
appropriate) sampling and laboratory testing program) and used in any analyses
2.1.3. World experience for upgrading and rehabilitation works for Dams
 Hinze Dam Upgrading

The Hinze Dam is located on the Nerang River, 15km southwest of Nerang in South East
Queensland. It provides the major part of the water supply for the Gold Coastal region .the first
construction of Hinze dam was made in 1975.The raise during the second stage was in 1985 up
to a level of 93.5 meters. During stage three the dam was raised by 15 meters approximately
108 meters and was doubled up the water capacity. The upgrade was provide an additional 79
MCM of flood storage capacity and increase the dam’s yield by at least an additional 16 million
liters a day. Within the Hinze dam up grade design stage the permeability on the dam and the
foundation was evaluated (Source: BAUER on Large dams www.bauer.de)
2.2. State of the art of dam design and construction
2.2.1. Over view
All water scheme projects have to cope with the regional and local conditions. For dam
construction and design and evaluation the conditions have to be respected such as, Geology,
morphology and topography ,watershed characteristic and hydrology, meteorological and
climatic data conditions and social , economic and environment impacts.
9
2.2.2. Hydrology studies and influencing factors
Hydrological studies are based on the available data from pervious times and are influenced by
catchment size, land use and cover, slopes of the catchment, rain fall distribution and intensity,
availability of rain gauges and their distributions , purpose of the project , proposed service life
of the project and economic return of the project and the results of hydrological analysis are
vital in estimating reliable volume of water that can be harvested from catchment in a
hydrologic year and in designing of appropriate hydraulic structure.
2.2.3. Surface flow estimation / Annual catchment yield
The annual yield at a particular out let is the water resource potential of the catchment. This
estimation is a function of rain fall, catchment size and weighted runs off coefficient. In general,
it is calculated using the following rational formula.
Annual yield (m3) ---------------------- Equation 1:( 2.2.3)
Where: C = run off coefficient (unit less)

Rfdep= Dependable rain fall (mm)
A= catchment size in km2, while computing of the annual catchment yield there should be unit
consistency.
2.2.3.1. Determination of dependable rain fall
Before proceeding of any hydrological analysis the data should have to be checked its adequacy
and consistency.To check whether the raw data is adequate or not, the following statistical
formula is used and the standard error of the mean is much less than 10 %, thus the available
data is adequate enough to carry out further hydrological analysis.
x  1 * 100

 10%
X n. -----------------------------------Equation 2:( 2.2.3.1)
Where: n = No of years

X= Mean value
x-1 = Standard deviation
10
The water Resource council method recommends the adjustment be made for outliers. Outlier
data are points that depart significantly from the trend of the remaining bulk data, which may
be due to error in data collection, or recording or due to natural causes. The presence of
outliers in the data causes difficulties when fitting a distribution to the data. The deletion of
these data can significantly affect the magnitude of statistical parameters computed from the
data, especially for small samples.
According to the water resource council (1981),
 If the station skewness is greater than 0.4 , test for high outlier are considered first
 If the station of the skewness is less than -0.4, test for low outlier first
 If the skewness is between ±0.4, test for both high and low outlier before omitting any
data from the data set.
Skewness is defined as lack of symmetry of the distribution and it is a prime factor used to
screen the data for further statistical analysis and coefficient of skewness is computed using the
following statistical formula.

Cs = X -----------------------Equation 3:( 2.2.3.1)

Where:Cs = coefficient of skewness

N = sample size

X =Mean value
x-1 = Standard deviation
And outlier values are going to computed using the following frequency equation

X H/L = X ± Kn*x-1----------- -------------------------------------------Equation 4:( 2.2.3.1)
Use plus to get high outlier value and minus sign for lower outlier values and Kn is unit less
number and is a function of sample size and read from the next table and it is Annexed, finally
thescreened and adequate rain fall data obtained after many trials of testing for data adequacy
and consistency is used for further hydrological analysis.
11
2.3. Water supply system design approaches
2.3.1. General
Any water supply system design needs careful and accurate determination of water demands
and supplies and numerous factors influence the demand. To reach some conclusions the
followings should have to be known and answered.
 For which purpose the water is used?
 Who are users of the water?
 Who or/and How the project is financed?
 For how many years the project will serve?
 What looks like trend of future demands?
2.3.2. Factors influencing for designing and evaluating of water supply schemes
In the design of new water supply project and evaluating of existing schemes it is necessary to
estimate the amount of water that is required and the design should have to consider basic
assumptions and factors listed here under.
 Source of water supply both at the required quantity and quality
 Cost of the project both availability of financial and economic feasibility
 Technical and environmental feasibility of the site and suitability of the topography
 Market availability of water supply pipes , fittings and any other equipment
 Availability of power of electricity or any other which can substitute.
 Estimation of domestic demand, demand for institutions and factories
 Estimation of future demand , fire extinguishing and other factors
2.3.3. Future population and water demand projection
Ethiopian Water Sector Strategy States that the provision of safe and sufficient water supply
and adequate sanitation services are indispensable components in the sustainable
development of Ethiopia‘s urban and rural socio-economic well-being .At present, most of the
population does not have adequate and safe access to water and sanitation facilities. Significant
type diseases in the country are water borne diseases and they are due lack of adequate water
12
supply and sanitation facilities, just provision of access to clean and adequate WSS facilities and
improving the performance of this subsector directly reduces the morbidity and mortality rates
of the population. (Source Ethiopian Water Sector Strategy, November, 2001).The principal
objective of the strategy is to secure for the provision of sustainable, efficient, reliable,
affordable and users-acceptable WSS services to the Ethiopian people, including livestock
watering. In strategies line with the goals and objectives of relevant national and regional
development policies, therefore the thesis addresses performance of Midmar dam.
2.3.4. Population projection and influencing factors
New design and evaluation of existing water supply schemes involves careful determination of
the number of population to be served, evaluation of the master plan of the towns with respect
to water demands and re-planning of the master plan when required. population projections
involves determination of the base population to be used, the growth rates, and design horiz on
in which the system is going to be designed as a result sustainable water projects will be
owned.
In projecting the population size it is important to consider the following factors
 Fertility and mortality rates and migration
 The economic activities within the town and surrounding areas
 The political and economic significance of the town , Availability of valuable natural
resources
Relative location of the town with respect to main high ways and the availability and sufficient
urban infrastructures like, electricity, road, water, telecommunication, health, education,
financial institutions and so like.
2.3.5. Population forecasting methods and influencing factors for choice of methods
Knowing the base population alongside with some indication of future growth tends would
enable to design a reliable and sustainable water supply systems and used to evaluate
adequacy of the existing water supply schemes. Adopting non-reliable base population figure
and formulating non-realistic assumptions would eventually lead to either an over designed or
under designed water supply scheme that does not meet the purpose it is designed for.
13
To minimize the risk of over or under designed system that results from mistaken assumptions
of base population figure, population data of the beneficiaries of the towns have been taken
from Ethiopian Central Statistical Agency (CSA).
2.3.6. Population forecasting methods
Arithmetic increase method

This method is based on the assumption that the population is increasing of a constant rate.
This method gives too low an estimate and can be adopted for forecasting population of large
cities which have achieved saturation conditions. That It is generally applicable to large and old
cities.
Geometric increase method
This method assumes that the percentage of increase in population from decade to decade is
constant. This method gives high results, as the percentage increase gradually drops when the
growth of the cities reach the saturation point. This method is useful for cities which have
unlimited scope for expansion and where a constant rate of growth is anticipated.
Decrease or Decline growth method
In this method, it assumes that the city has some limiting saturation population and its rate of
growth is a function of its population deficit.
Logistic method (Saturation method)
This method has an s-shape combining a geometric rate of growth at low population with
declining growth method rate at the city approaching some limiting population, This method is
reliable for community with limited land area a for future expansions.
Incremental increase method
In this technique, the average of the increase in the population is taken as per arithmetic
method and to this, is added the average of the net incremental increase, one for every future
decade whose population figure is to be estimated. In this method, a progressive increasing or
decreasing rate rather than constant rate is adopted.
14
The master plan method

In this method, the master plan of the city or town is used to determine t he future expected
population. The town is divided in to various zones such as commercial center, industrial areas,
residential center, schools, parks etc. thus, the population densities for various zones of the
town are fixed and hence the future population of the city when fully developed can easily be
worked out. Due to the absence of precise master plan of the towns this method will not be
considered for population projection.
Methods used by Ethiopian statistical authority

Out of the population for casting method discussed the exponential growth rate is used for
population projection in most cases.
2.3.7. Factors influencing the choice of forecasting methods
Population forecasting methods are mathematical functions and they are mainly dependent on
the following factors while adopting for project works.
 Plausibility (Do the out puts make sense?)
 Face validity (availability and quality of the data that is, are the inputs good?)
 Political acceptability (are he out puts acceptable?)
 Resources (money, personnel and time, can we afford it?)
 Need of the users (are users need satisfied?)
 Model of complexity (simplicity of application and explanation?)
 Forecast accuracy (is the forecast reasonable accurate?)
Therefore , to minimize the risk of over and under designing and evaluation of existing water
supply system , population growth rates and projects are pass through CSA assumptions and
forecasting model , and therefore future population sizes of the project beneficiaries are
projected by using an exponential population growth model.
2.4. Water Demand projection
While designing of new water supply systems and evaluating of existing schemes, water
demand projection should have to be specified based on water demand categories because
15
population, access to water, water utilization and facility standard differences are parameters
used in defining of water demands.
2.4.1. Water Demand categories
For a design and evaluating of a water supply system the amount of water demanded by the
community of a town has to be estimated and there are specific water demands are:
 Domestic water demand
Demand of a community for drinking, cooking and for sanitary purposes and domestic water
consumption varies according to the mode of services, climatic conditions, socio-economic
condition and other related factors. The following guide lines are used while designing and
evaluating of water supply system schemes. These lists of water demand guide lines are as per
Main Report of urban water supply design criteria, January 31, 2006.
Domestic water demand for the following categories of consumer:
Stage 1 Stage 2
o House connection (HC), 50 l/c/day 70 l/c/day
o Yard connection, own (YCO) 25 l/c/day 30 l/c/day
o Yard connection, shared (YCS) 30 l/c/day 40 l/c/day
o Public tap supplies (PT) 20 l/c/day 25 l/c/day
 Institutional and Commercial Demand
This refers to the water demand of facilities such as schools, hospitals, hotels, etc. and small
commercial enterprises, and also public demand where appropriate.
 Live stoke(water demand for animals)
 Water losses (Non-Revenue Water), even though it not metered as water
consumptions, Allowance must be made in the design for water losses, because no
distribution system is absolutely tight, in case of Midmar dam there is Non-Revenue
water recorded data yet and it is found difficult to say something about confidently.
Therefore, the total average total demand for a water supply scheme is the sum of all domestic,
institutional, commercial, industrial and livestock demands including water losses and also it is
known that Water demand of towns is dependent on many factors like: - the overall economic
16
activities of the town, living standard of the society, temperature, water tariff, the availability
adequate and good quality of water, distance of water point/s and other social factors.
The estimation of future water demand of a town involves determination of the number of
people to be served, the mode of service, per capital water consumption and analysis of the
factors that may operate to affect consumptions.
2.4.2. Mode and level of services
Water supply system of most of the towns the world have four mode of services in which the
populations are served.
 House connection (HC)
 Individual yard tap connection (IYTC)
 Shared yard tap connection (SYTC)
 Public tap connection(PTC)
The following guide lines are also used while designing and evaluating of water supply
system schemes. The following list of water demand guide lines are as per Main Report
Volume II produced by Ministry of Water Resources, Water Sector Development program,
Oct 2002.
 Domestic water demand (DWD): Daily per capita water consumption is generally very
low throughout the country .DWD is suppressed in almost all towns in the country
because of supply shortages. In estimating DWD, general design standards were
adopted 30-50 liter per capita daily (lpcd) for Urban centers and 15-25 lpcd for rural
areas. The Urban DWD per day is thus projected as being 30 lpcd for short term, 40lpcd
for medium term and 50lpcd for long term.
 Commercial and institutional water demands (CIWD): in addition to those of house hold
consumers , the water requirement of towns include the needs of such commercial and
institution consumers as public , schools , clinics , hospitals , offices , shops , bars ,
restaurants and hotels is linked directly with population size it was estimated at 5 % of
DWD for small-and medium sized towns and for large size towns it was estimated 10 % .
17
 Industrial water demand (IWD) : for planning purpose , reliable IWD indicators was
assumed to be the following percentage of DWD , 30 % of DWD in large and medium
towns and 10% of DWD in small towns .
 Livestock water demand (LWD): keeping of livestock is an integral part of the rural
community life. And water is an essential commodity for animals just as it is for humans.
However it is not advisable to use improved domestic water sources for livestock, it is
assumed that most of the animals will be watered from such natural sources as rivers,
streams, lakes and ponds and springs in the vicinity. if no such sources are available
nearby for the livestock, the animals should be watered from cattle troughs sited below
water sources for human consumption , in case potable water schemes are to be used
for livestock watering , an allowance of 3 lpcd is an additional to DWD .
 System losses (SL): losses from water supply systems vary considerably according to
diverse factors .SL are a function of the quality of construction, type and age of pipes in
the distribution network. SL is equivalent / assumed to be 25 % total domestic,
commercial, institutional and industrial water demands.
 Average daily demand (ADD): urban ADD is considered to be the combined total of
demand from domestic, commercial, institutional, industrial, livestock and water losses
or average day demand is the total annual water demand divided by 365 days.
 Maximum daily demand (MDD): Daily water consumption in a town varies according to
time of a day, season, and climatic conditions within the entire country a nd therefore to
allow for increasing of water demand during the dry season, MDD was assumed to be
1.15 times the ADD for all towns.
18
2.5. Design principles of Embankment dams
2.5.1. Design data (Data requirement)
The data required for the design of an earth fill dam are also important while evaluating of
existing situations and the followings are the most important among the others.
 Investigation of foundations and sources for construction materials
 Hydrological studies results
 Result of geotechnical investigations
 Topographic surveying data
 Meteorological data
 Source of and availability finance & socio-economic survey data
The required details and accuracy of the data are governed by the nature of the project and
immediate purpose of the design; that is the design is for a cost estimate to determine project
feasibility, whether the design is for constructions, or whether some other purpose is to be
served. The extent of investigations of foundation and sources of construction materials are
also governed by the complexity of the situation.
2.5.2. Design criteria and free board computation
The basic principle of design is to produce a satisfactory, functional structure at minimum total
cost. Consideration must be given to maintenance requirements so that saving achieved in the
initial cost of construction do not result in excessive maintenance cost. Maintenance costs vary
with the provision of upstream and downstream slope protections and to achieve minimum
cost the dam must be designed for maximum use of the most economical materials available,
including material excavated for its foundation and for appurtenant structures.
An earth fill dam must be safe and stable during all phases of construction and operations of
the reservoir .To accomplish the following criteria must be met:
 The embankment, foundation, abutments and reservoir rim must be stable and must
not developed unacceptable deformation under all loading conditions brought about by
construction of the embankment, reservoir operation and earth quake.
19
 Seepage flow through the embankment, foundation , abutments and reservoir rim must
be controlled to prevent excessive uplift pressures, piping , instability , sloughing ,
removal of materials by solution effects or erosion of materials in to cracks , joints , or
cavities .The amount of water lost though seepage must be controlled so that it does
not interfere with planned project functions.
 The reservoir rim must be must be stable under all conditions to prevent the triggering
of a landslide in to the reservoir that could cause a large wave to overtop the dam.
 The embankment must be safe against overtopping or encroachment of freeboard
during occurrence of the IDF (inflow design flood) by the provision of sufficient spillway
and out let works capacity.
 Free board must be sufficient to prevent over topping by waves and include and
allowable settlement of foundation and embankment as well as for seismic effects
where applicable (U.S Army of corps of Engineers, 1993)
 Camber should have to be sufficient to allow for the settlement of the foundation and
embankment but not included as part of free board
 The upstream slope must be protected against wave erosion, and the crest and
downstream slopes must be protected against wind and rain erosion.
 Adequate spill must be designed and should have to allow safe flooding.
 The slopes of the embankment must be stable during construction and under all
conditions of reservoir operation.
 The scheme of zoning of the dam must guarantee the dam’s safety with respect to
stability, seepage and cracking. Frequently, different sizing and shaping of the zones
result in the same safety. The selection is made with regard to the availability of
materials and their most economic handling.
An earth fill dam designed to meet the above criteria will prove permanent safe, provided
proper construction methods and controls are achieves, keeping in mind the above guide lines
the following remarks are also equivalent important to compute and evaluate free board
allowances.
20
Factors which influence selection of freeboard

 Reliability of design flood estimates
 Assumptions made in flood routing
 Type of dam and susceptibility to erosion by over flow
 Potential changes in design flood estimates , either through changes in flood estimation
techniques or due to change catchment condition
Freeboard requirement for new embankment dams as per USBR (1992)

 Free board at maximum reservoir water surface elevation , the minimum freeboard
should have to be the greater of (a) 0.9m or (b) the sum of the wind set up and wave
run up that should be the generated by the average winds that would be expected to
occur during large floods, as determined after seeking advice from local authorities and
meteorologists .The point out that for large reservoirs and catchments the wind may be
independent of storm event that created the flood , and suggest a wind with a 10%
probability exceeding (1 in 10)should be used .
Computation for effective Fetch length
In reservoirs, fetches are limited by the land surrounding the body of water, the shorelines are
irregular and effective fetch is calculated from the following formula:
21
Figure7: Methods for calculating of fetch length (Adapted from Saville et al, 1962)
F= ---------------------------------------Equation 5:( 2.5.2)
Where: I =angle between the central radial from the dam and radial i
Xi = length of projection of radial i on central radial.
A trial and error approach should be used to select the critical position on the dam and
direction of the central radial to give the maximum effective fetch.
The radial spanning 450 on each side of the central radial should be used to compute the
effective fetch.
Wind Set-up (Hs)
Wind set-up is the height of water pulled up due to the bellowing of wind and can be estimated
for lakes and reservoirs based on the following equation:
22
U 2 FCos 2
Hs 
K .Dr ----------------------------------------------Equation 6:( 2.5.2)
Where: Hs = Wind set-up in meters above the sill water level that woul d prevail with zero wind
action
U = average wind velocity in kilometres per hour over the fetch distance (F) that influences the
designed winds estimates should have to be obtained from the Bureau of Meteorology or
equivalent organisation and for effective fetch wind speed over water should have to be
corrected as per the following table (1)
Table 1: Wind relationship –Water to land (USSR, 1981)
Effective fetch length(Fe) (km) 0.8 1.6 3.2 4.8 6.4 8(or more)
Wind velocity ratio ,
over water/over land 1.08 1.13 1.21 1.26 1.28 1.30
Determination of design wind speed

Gumbel’s Distribution method is for estimation of deigns wind speed of various rec urrence
intervals and Extreme values are selected maximum or minimum values of sets of data. This
distribution is applicable to the extreme meteorological events, such as maximum daily rainfall,
rain intensity and peak flood flows, wind speed. The Gumbel distribution is expressed by the
equation:

X  X  KTx ------------------------------------Equation 7:( 2.5.2)
Where:X = value of the vitiate X which has a return period T


X = Mean of the vitiate
x = Standard deviation of the vitiate
K = frequency factor which depends on the assumed frequency distribution, return period, and
size of the sample
23
To determine the values of X for any return period T by using equation (2.5.2) the statistical
parameters in the proposed distribution are first determined for the random data series. Then
the K value is obtained from the K-T relation of the assumed frequency (Chew, 1951). For the
Midmar dam design wind speed estimation, extreme values (daily maximum wind values) has
taken for the analysis and the corresponding KT is 1.305, and it KT can be computed from the
following formula.
KT = - [0.5772+ln (ln ( ] - -- -----------------------Equation 8:( 2.5.2)
Wave height
The maximum wave height is the most important factor for determination of free board which
depends on the maximum wind velocity , its duration and fetch length .The most commonly
used formula for estimating wave height for fetch lengths (F) less than 32km is (Stevenson’s
formula modified by Moliter to include wind velocity )
To determine the wave height, the following formula was used:
hw  0.0322 F.U  0.763  0.2714 F ----------------------------------Equation 9:( 2.5.2)
Wave run up
When wave strike against a solid surface they climb or run up for a short distance. Rough
surface is provided by riprap on face of the dam .the computed wave height is generally
increased by 50% to account for wave run up (Sing B. Vars hney R.S. & Varghese B.G (1995).
Settlement allowance (H) and settlement calculations
Settlement of the dam between 1.5% and 2% of its total height is considered during its lifetime.
Settlement calculation for embankment dam is associated with particle crushing and is greatly
increased by saturation. It can be therefore accelerated during construction.
The construction settlement occurring at crest level is given by:
Settlement (1) = 0.001H (3/2) ------------ -----------Equation 10:( 2.5.2)
Where: H is total dam height excluding settlement,
Long term post construction settlement is given by:
Settlement (2) = (log 10 (T2/T1)) ---------------------------Equation 11:( 2.5.2)
Where: T 2 is service life of the dam and T1 is time of construction,
Ranges from 0.2 to 0.5, take 0.3
24
Table 2: Freeboard requirement for preliminary studies (USSR, 1977)
S/no Longest fetch Normal free Minimum free Remark

(km) board (m) board (m)
1 Less than 1.6 1.20 0.9
2 1.6 1.5 1.2
3 4 1.8 1.5
4 8 2.4 1.8
5 16 3.0 2.1
Determination of Spill way surcharge head

Hydraulic of spill way is started with the following equation:
Q= C*L *(H) 3/2 -------------------------------------Equation 12:( 2.5.2)
Where: Q = Designed routed flood (m3/sec)

L =spill way crest length (m)
C= discharge coefficient (unit less) and dependant of shape of the spill way and is
obtained from standard figures and it is associated with some iterative computations.
H= depth of flow over crest of the spill way (m),Hence, total free board is equal to the
sum of wind set up, wave height, wave run up, settlements and surcharge head and the basic
purpose of the spill way is to provide a means of controlling the flow and providing conveyance
from reservoir to tail water for all flood discharges up to the spill way design flood (SDF). The
importance of safe spill way cannot be over emphasized, many failure of dams have been
caused by improperly designed spillways or by spill way of insufficient capacity. Ample capacity
of spillway is of paramount importance for earth and rock fill dams, In addition to providing
sufficient capacity, the spill way must be hydraulically and structurally adequate and must be
located so that spill way discharges do not erode or undermine the downstream toe of the
dam. The spillway’s bounding surfaces must be erosion resistant to withstand the high scouring
25
velocities created by the drop from the reservoir surface to the tail water. Usually, advice is
required to dissipate the energy of water at the bottom of the drop.
Project functions and their overall social, environmental and economic effects may influence
the hydraulic design of spill way .Optimization of the hydraulic design and operation requires
awareness by the designer of reliability, accuracy, sensitivity and possible variance of the data
used.
2.5.3. Seepage in Embankment dams
Excessive Seepage though the dam body and under foundation results dam failure, Coefficient
of permeability also called Darcy’s (Engineer’s) coefficient of permeability is used in seepage
analysis in earth dams and the estimated rate of seepage has great role in zoning of dam body,
as result economically, hydraulically and structurally stable dam can be designed.
The coefficient of permeability is defined as the rate of discharge of water at temperature of
20oc under conditions of laminar flow through a unit cross -sectional area of saturated soil
medium .The coefficient of permeability has a dimension of velocity and is usually expressed in
centimeter per second. Permeability computed on the basis of Darcy’s law is limited to the
condition of laminar flow and complete saturation of soil. Under condition of partial saturation,
the flow is in transient sate and is time dependent. To analyze natural flow conditions which
depart from the Darcy flow condition, it is sometimes necessary to apply Darcy’s law in
conditions where it is not strictly valid. When this is done, the effects of turbulent flow and
partial saturation on the permeability must be recognized and take into consideration
(Cedergren, 1971) and the estimation of quantity of seepage is carried out through principles of
Darcy’s law, Henry Darcy, a French engineer, conducted a laboratory experiment to study the
flow of water in a verticals and filters which he published in his 1856 treatise. The result of his
experiment indicated that (Rouse and Ince 1957).
Earth dam should have to be designed to utilize available material to be the best advantages
and to conform the actual conditions at site. Sherared et al (1963) say “ The characteristics of
the particular site have a great influence on the design of earth dams than do on many other
engineering structures “ .Detail design sometimes will be influenced heavily by the strength of
26
foundation and construction of materials , but the basic features are usually ditched by seepage
considerations (P.Novak ,2001),
2.5.3.1. Seepage controlling mechanisms in earth dams
The primary objective of any dam is to impound water behind it and will change the nature
balance of conditions at its site , as water is brought into storage , a new seepage pattern will
develop in the barrier that confine the reservoir. This water if seeps through the embankment,
abutments or through the dam foundation in excessive quantity may damage the dam partly or
fully. Therefore it is very important to control the seepage though embankment dam using
different controlling mechanisms.
Seepage control is vital to prevent excessive uplift pressures, instability of the down and
upstream slopes, piping through the embankment and /or foundation and erosion of material
by migration into open joints in the foundation and abutments (WWW.epa.gov). The need for
seepage control will be depend on the quantity and /or location and it is quite difficult and
expensive after construction is finished.
As with other engineering works, earth dams and their foundation can be protected from
seepage by two fundamental processes:
 Those which keep the water out or reduce the seepage quantities
o Cut off trenches or /and Sheet piles
o Grout curtains
o Impermeable upstream
 Those which use drainage methods to control that enters
o Embankment zoning
o Horizontal drain and blankets ( use application of filters )
o Chimney drains and Relief wells
27
2.6. Slope stability analysis of Embankment dams
2.6.1. General considerations for stability
The stability of an embankment dam depends on the characteristics of the foundation and fill
materials, on the geometry of embankment section and additional factors such as presence of
water, loading conditions. The up and downstream slopes should have to be stable in all
conditions and the slopes are adopted on the following considerations.
 Height of dam
 Type of the dam and properties of the fill material
 Nature of the foundation
According to Terzaghi, side slope for homogenous dams having dam height more than 15m
upstream slope of (H)3 : V)1 and downstream slope (H) 2.5:1(V )in general needs to be checked
for stability to result in safe and economical design.
2.6.2. Stability analysis theory, methods and limitations
Conventional approach
Conventional slope stability analyses investigate the equilibrium of a mass of soil bounded
below by an assumed potential slip surfaces and above by the surface of slope. Forces and
moments tending to cause instability of the mass are compared to those to resist instability.
Most procedures assume two dimensional (2-D) cross section and plane strain conditions for
analysis .Successive assumptions are made regarding the potential slip surface until the most
critical surface (lowest factor of safety) is found .Below figure shows a potential slide mass by a
candidate slip surface .If the shear resistance of the soil mass along the slip surface exceeds
that necessary to provide equilibrium the mass is stable .If the shear resistance is insufficient
the mass is unstable .the stability or instability of the mass depends on its weight , external
forces acting on it , the shear strengths and pore water pressures along the slip surface.
28
Figure 8 : slope and potential slip

Condition for Stability analysis
 Stability analysis of downstream slope during steady seepage.
 Stability of upstream slope during sudden draw down.
 Stability of upstream and downstream slope during and immediately after construction.
 Stability analysis under seismic loading conditions
With a full reservoir the critical region in an earth-fill dam is near the downstream face. If the
line of saturation or upper limit of free water in the dam intersects the downstream face, a
critical situation may develop. This condition can be avoided by providing a sufficiently wide
embankment so that the head loss is great enough to bring the line of saturation out beneath
the downstream toe of the dam and Stability analysis during rapid drawdown is an important
consideration in the design and evaluating of existing dam embankment dams. During rapid
drawdown, the stabilizing effect of the water on the upstream face is lost, but the pore-water
pressures within the embankment may remain high. As a result, the stability of the upstream
face of the dam can be much reduced. The dissipation of pore-water pressure in the
embankment is largely influenced by the permeability and the storage characteristic of the
embankment materials.
29
2.6.3. Factor of safety and method of analysis
Conventional analysis procedures characterize the stability of slope by calculating a factor of

safety .The factor of safety is defined with respect to the shear strength of the soil as the ratio
of the available shear strength (S) to the shear required for equilibrium (τ) and many different
method of slope stability analysis have been developed and adopted since many years. The
procedure of computation in most methods are very similar, all the methods are targeted to
compute the factor of safety. Only the simplest form of the method of slices will be described
here. This method assumes a condition of plane strain with failure along a cylindrical surface
and the factor of safety against sliding is defined as the ratio of average shear strength, as
determined by Coulomb’s equation's= c+ tan  to the average shearing stress determined by
static’s on the potential sliding surface. The location of the centre of the failure arc is assumed,
the earth mass is divided in to a number of vertical segments, and the weight W of each
segment is calculated. The forces between the slices are neglected and each slice is assumed to
act independently as a column of soil of unit thickness and width b. The weight W of each slice
is assumed to act at its centre. When the weight of each slice is resolved in normal (N) and
tangential (T) components, then the normal component will pass through the centre of
rotation, and hence does not cause any driving moment on the slice.Shear strength are usually
determined from laboratory tri axial tests performed on specimens prepared by compaction in
the laboratory samples obtained from exploratory soil borings. The laboratory test data may be
supplemented with in situ field tests and corrections between shear strength parameters and
other soil properties such as grain size, plasticity and standard penetration resistance (N)
values. Shear strengths for all of the slope stability analyses described by Mohr-Coulomb failure
envelope that relates shear strength to either total or effective normal stress on the fai lure
plane , in the case of total stresses , the shear strength is expressed as;
S=c+ ------------------------------------------Equation 13:( 2.6.3)
Where: = cohesion intercept and friction of angle for failure envelope

=total normal stress on the failure plane
For effective stresses the shear strengths is expresses as
30
S= c’+ ( --------------------------------------Equation 14:( 2.6.3)

Where: ’ and ’= cohesion intercept and friction of angle for failure envelope plotted in terms
of effective stress.
σ and =total normal stress and pore water pressure respectively on the failure plane
The shear strength parameter, ’ and ’ or C and are obtained from laboratory shear test
data.
Figure9: Strength envelopes for soils
31
2.6.4.Factors of safety and their computations
Factor of safety is defined by the following relations:
Fs= = -----------------------Equation 15:( 2.6.4)
2.6.4.1. Stability of slopes during end of construction
Factor of safety is expressed using shear strength parameters in terms of total stress, hence
factor of safety is computed using the following formula:
M r cL  tan  N 
F 
Md T -------------------------------Equation 16:( 2.6.4.1)
Where:T= sum of all tangential components
N = sum of all normal components
2r
 L  L  360 0
, Length of slip circle----------------- Equation 17:( 2.6.4.1)
2.6.4.2. Stability of slopes during steady seepage
Here the shear strength is defined in terms of effective stress and Critical condition for
downstream slope occurs when the reservoir is full and percolation is at its maximum rate. The
direction of seepage forces tends to decrease stability. In other words, the saturated line
reduces the effective stress responsible for mobilizing shearing resistance.
cL  tan  ( N  U )
F .S  -------------------------------Equation 18:( 2.6.4.1)
T
Where U = the total pore pressure on the slope surface
The pore water pressure at any point is represented by the Piezometric head, (h w) at that point
or can be computed by SEEP/W. Thus the variations of pore water pressure along a likely slip
surface is obtained by measuring at each of its intersections with an equipotential line, the
vertical height from that intersection to the level at which the equipotential line cuts the
phreatic line.
32
2.6.4.3.Seismic Considerations in stability Analysis
Seismic forces reduce the margin of safety of an embankment dam. When an embankment
dam is located in a seismic region, the stability analysis must consider earthquake forces.
During an earthquake, the ground surface oscillates randomly in different directions. This
motion can be represented by horizontal and vertical components. An earth dam should be
treated as a flexible structure for determining dynamic pressure due to earthquake. However, a
simple method to account for earthquake forces in the design of structures is based on seismic
coefficients. In this method, basic seismic coefficients or earthquake acceleration coefficients
are used as given by:
The factor of safety, therefore, is given as:
C  ( N  U   hW sin  ) tan 
F
(W sin    hW cos ) ------------------Equation 19:( 2.6.4.3)
The geotechnical properties of the available embankment materials are described and
therefore, stability analysis of the slopes of the dam will be done and obtained results should
have to be compared with the following minimum requirement factors of safety (worldwide
guide lines) proposed by USACE are used in world wide.
Table 3: Recommended Minimum factor of safety
S/no Analysis conditions Required Required Required

Minimum Minimum Minimum Slopes
factor of factor of safety factor of safety
safety (USBR ) (USACE)
(NOVAK)
1 End of construction 1.25 1.4 1.3 Upstream &

down stream
2 Long-term(steady 1.5 1.5 1.5 Upstream &

seepage) down stream
3 Rapid draw down 1.2 1.3 1.1-1.3 Up stream
33
4 Sudden draw down plus 1.1 -- 1.1 Up stream

seismic force
5 End of construction & 1.1 -- 1.1 Upstream &

Steady seepage plus down stream
seismic force
2.6.5. Methods and limitations
Some of the common methods used in computing of factor of safety are the following and they
use different assumptions to make the number of equations equal to the number of unknowns,
they also differ with regard to which equilibrium equations are satisfied, for example the
Ordinary Method of Slices, the Simplified Bishop Method and the U.S.Army Corps of Engineers’,
Modified Swedish Methods do not satisfy all conditions of static equilibrium. Methods such as
Morgenstern and price’s and Spencer’s do satisfy all static equilibrium conditions. Methods that
satisfy static equilibrium fully are referred to as “ COMPLET” equilibrium methods and complete
equilibrium methods have generally been more accurate than those procedures which do not
satisfy and therefore they are preferable and the main limitations of all the methods is that
factor of safety is assumed to be constant along the potential slip surface.
34
3. Methodology of the study
3.1. General
Due to high water demands of both twonsfear for conflicts among users are increasing from
time to time, Therefore the method was site visiting , gatheting of relevant data on water uses
,water demand and pouplations, scioal issues ,hydrologic-hydraulic structures and geotechnical
issues related to Midamr dam have been gathered and going to be analysed and interpated.
3.2. Data collection
3.2.1. Primary data:
o Site visiting and visual inspection of project area and assessing of physical
performance of the dam (surveillance and performance evaluation, if there is
instrumentation).
o Interview with one of site engineers , who had been working as site engineer and
suppervisor during construction of the dam and other elder people and guards
for the dam.
o Discussion with both water supply office managers and staffs , regional water
supply , and water resource and regulatory department staffs
o Discussion with zonal and town administrator staff as well as with Almeda Texitle
factory manger and deprtment heads .
o Arragning and orginizing list of quastionries focused on water demand concerns
and other relavant topics
Primary data as gathered oraly from the sourunding people and water supply offices , and from
the answers for the provided questionareies show that there is high and progressive water
demands and on the contrary side limited water resource as a result both towns are under
fears of what will be going on in the future, if the existing dam become non-functional , if
upgrading and rehabilation works are not consider and new water projects are not launched
timely.
35
3.2.2. Secondary data:
o Geological and geotechnical reports and Engineering design documents of

Midmar dam project data are collected from Tigray regional water resource
bureau and federal Ministry of water , Ethiopia
o Petition pepar and its temparory remedial measuses proposed for both towns
has been collected ( Officially Axum town has got right to use MidmarDam as
water supply source )
o Collection of design guide lines , manuals and standards used in designing of
earth dams
o Collection of water supply design document for Axum town
o Collection of study documents at Midamr dam project by Water works design
supervision enterprise ( Federal WWDSE)
o Collection of M.Sc. thesis document done related to the thesis work
(THE CASE OF MAYKOKOEARTH DAM BY G.B.Gebreegziabher & THE CASE OF ZANAMED,
AMHARAREGION BY Tigist Anteneh Mekonenen)
36
4. Assessment and evaluation of the baseline situation
4.1. Assessments
 During assessments in the study area, the major finding was the co-existence of high
water demands and availability of scarce water resouce and such happenings greatly
affects rate of the rapid economic development in the area,
 Eventhough regional water bureau had formed group of experts to asses and forward
remedial measures in 2004 E.C to resolve the conflict due shortage of water , the
conflict resolving committee members put temporary solution and they never
considered future water demand projections , beside this they never proposed for how
many years their temporarily solution is valid.
 There is an interest to increase dam height from water supply office managers, experts,
political leaders and communities ,however,they never think of slope stability
conditions.
 From water office managers and their staffs and communities there is questions for
increments in plant treatment capacities.
 Need for construction of additional water supply projects
 Axum town has suffered more than Adwa due to shortage of water
 Neither thesis nor paper has worked yet , the communities , community leadreds know
nothing about the existing conditions of the dam and they are too much concerned.
 Need for thesis and other research works at Midmar dam project
As per study and common understanding of the assigned committee members ( Reference
letter written WRD/24677/W-3:, at March ,21 ,2004 E.C) the following table shows clearly what
they had suggested as remedials.
37
Table 4: Water demand allocation as remedial, 2004 E.C
S/No Name of Type of Water demands Allocated water Remark

the Town Demand (m3) per
a day
 Domestic demand Adwa will fully get water

from Midmar dam project
 Institutional Demand
1 Adwa  Industrialwater Demand 3104.12

& others
 Domestic demand Axum town will go to get

933.1 m3 per a day from
2 Axum  Institutional Demand
ground water of Axum
 Industrialwater Demand 3417.15
areas
& others
 Total water Demand 6521.27
38
4.2. Salient features of Midmar dam, current and forecasted water supply and water
demands conditions
4.2.1. Salient features of Midmar dam
 Hydrology
o Catchment area =75 km2
o Mean annual Rain fall =746mm
o Mean Annual flow =11.9MCM
o Annual sediment load =65,100m3
o Dependable rain fall = 735mm
o Design routed flood =260m3/sec
 Reservoirs
o Live storage =7.5MCM
o Dead storage =2.5MCM
o Total design storage =10CMC
o Dead storage level= 1044.34m
o Normal storage level=1054m
 Dam (Zoned type Embankment dam)

o Maximum dam height=32.7m
o Crest length =310m
o Crest width =8m
o Depth of trench =8m
o Crest length of spill way =60m
 Intake and out let capacities (Designed )
o Intake capacity =380lit/sec
o Out let capacity =40m3/sec
 Treatment plant capacity
o Designed capacity = 83 lit /sec
o Current capacity =94lit/se
39
4.2.2. Current water supply and water demands conditions
Water demands for Adwa and Axum

Water demand projection is key engineering activity while designing and evaluating of water
supply project/s and helps to own technically, economically and socially sounded projects.
Hence , principles of water demand projectionin this theis work is going to show the relation
ship between summary of water demands and existing capacity of Midmar dam , to do so
Population Projections is crucial and Population figures are available from the 1994 population
and housing census of Ethiopia, published by the Central Statistical Authority (CSA), Office of
Population and Housing Census Commission. The CSA makes population projections for towns
(urban) and rural areas by region.
Population size and water demands for Adwa and Axum towns
Based on population forecasting methods and inputs data from CSA, popuations sizes are used
in water demand projections andthe annaul water demand projections for both townsis done
based on water demand guide lines produced by Ministry of water resource ( Urban Water
Supply Design Criteria ,January 31, 2006 and Water sector Development program ,Oct 2002)
Annual water demands & Capacity of Existing Midmar dam

The following table shows that annual water demand of Midmar dam project beneficiaries ,
Hence , as per project annaul water demands Capcity of Midmar dam can be evaluted .
Table 5: Summary of Annual water Demand
s/no year Adwa Axum Total annual water depmad
(G.C) project Maximum project Maximum for the project

Minimum Minimum
Minimum Maximum
1 2014 3,896,808 4,619,475 1,991,291 2,787,808 5,888,234 7,407,283
2 2015 3,967,700 4,718,536 2,069,294 2,897,012 6,036,994 7,615,548
3 2016 4,041,229 4,821,477 2,150,353 3,010,494 6,191,582 7,831,971
40
4 2017 4,117,639 4,928,451 2,234,586 3,128,421 6,352,226 8,056,872
5 2018 4,197,042 5,039,615 2,322,120 3,250,968 6,519,162 8,290,582
6 2019 4,279,555 5,155,133 2,413,082 3,378,315 6,692,637 8,533,448
7 2020 4,365,301 5,275,177 2,507,607 3,510,650 6,872,908 8,785,827
8 2021 4,454,405 5,399,922 2,605,835 3,648,169 7,060,240 9,048,092
9 2022 4,546,999 5,529,555 2,707,911 3,791,075 7,254,910 9,320,630
10 2023 4,643,221 5,664,265 2,813,985 3,939,579 7,457,206 9,603,845
11 2024 4,743,212 5,804,253 2,924,215 4,093,901 7,667,427 9,898,153
12 2025 4,847,120 5,949,723 3,038,762 4,254,267 7,885,882 10,203,991
13 2026 4,955,098 6,100,893 3,157,797 4,420,915 8,112,895 10,521,808
14 2027 5,067,306 6,257,984 3,281,494 4,594,092 8,348,800 10,852,075
15 2028 5,183,909 6,421,228 3,410,037 4,774,051 8,593,945 11,195,279
16 2029 5,305,080 6,590,867 3,543,615 4,961,061 8,848,694 11,551,928
17 2030 5,430,997 6,767,151 3,682,425 5,155,395 9,113,422 11,922,547
18 2031 5,561,846 6,950,341 3,826,673 5,357,343 9,388,520 12,307,684
19 2032 5,697,822 7,140,706 3,976,572 5,567,201 9,674,394 12,707,907
20 2033 5,839,124 7,338,529 4,132,342 5,785,279 9,971,466 13,123,808
4.3. Evaluation of water resource potential
4.3.1. Hydrological investigations
These investigations are very important in reservoir planning as the reservoir size, fixing of
height of dam, and determination of other engineering parameters which depends on the
available water resource and purpose of the project.
41
4.3.1.1. Hydrological analysis at Midmar dam axis
Though there are many activities in doing of hydrological studies, in this case, the most
important hydrological studies are just determination of water resource potential and in flow
sediments to the existing reservoir, hence, the annual Water resource potential in the study
area is going to be quantified using rational formula.
4.3.1.2. Water Resource Potential /Assessment
Screened rain fall data which was tested for both outlier values is also checked for adequacy
and the revised standard error is 2.44 % which is less than 10% therefore, 75 % dependable
rainfall of the annual precipitation of the catchment has been considered and is computed
through the principle of least square method(plotting position method) after interpolating it is
735.30mm,just using rational formula and assuming reasonable run off coefficient 0.250 as per
experiences in Tigray region , annual run off volume from the catchment is estimated
13.78MCM and during my site visiting elder people and guards of the dam confirmed that
water is spilling over the spill way during rain seasons.
4.3.1.3. Sedimentation and Distribution investigations
The average annual sediment production from a catchment is dependent on many factors such
as soil type, land use cover, topography and climate and in most cases adequate data for a
complete analysis of all factors are difficult to observe.
The Midmar dam design project prepared by water Resource Development Authority (1992,
WRDA, Adiss Ababa) has considered sedimentation rate ranging from 3733 to 434 m 3/km2/ year
with average rate of 1764 m3/km2/year but as per the study and detail design of additional
treatment plant for Midmar project, January, 2014,by Water Works Design and Supervision
Enterprise (WWDSE), the reservoir sediment deposition has been concluded and summarized
as follow.
 The reservoir in 1992 has an original total capacity of 10.15 MCM at an elevation of
1054.7 m Asl
 Total capacity of Midmar reservoir deceases from 10.15 MCM to 9.60MCM with in the
period of 1992 to 2003
42
 The total loss of reservoir storage is 0 .55 MCM and the dead storage of the reservoir
decreases from 2.5 MCM to 2.04 MCM .During 2003 the survey the sediment deposition
was 0.41 MCM.
 The result of as per 2013 survey the sediment deposition has only increased to 0.14
MCM
 From the sediment survey results , the rate of sediment deposition reduces in
consequence the transport sediment load over the watershed also decreases .the
reduction of sediment of sediment deposition could be due to intensive soil and water
conservation work undertaken over the catchments( pictures from agriculture office of
Adwa , which shows conservation practices)
 Because of effective watershed management the annual sediment yield /inflow has
reduced to 0.014MCM that is 199.43 m3/km2/year and this shows the sediment
deposition rate is decreasing progressively, further the sediment load transported to the
reservoir will be reduced by constructing of check dams to the tributaries.
 From the survey result about 74.6 % of sediment deposition for the period of 1992 to
2003, while for the period from 2003 to 2013, 25.4 % of sediment has deposited.
 Thus, as long as there is no sediment load record on the tributary rivers the prediction
of sediment deposition will be based on the survey results, so if the deposition sediment
in the future continues the prediction of sediment volume will be 0.83MCM in 20
service life of the reservoir.
4.4. Geotechnical evaluation of Midmar dam
Geotechnical evaluation is crucial concern while designing and evaluating of existing

embankment dam/s, hence, earth dam should have to be satisfy the basic requirements; slope
stability, appropriate zoning of dam body, durability, limited deformation and limitation of
damage to nearby structures or services, hence geotechnical analysis of earth dam can answer
some of the following failure criteria.
 Loss of overall stability
 Failure due to internal erosion or /and surface erosion or scour (over topping)
 Failure due to hydraulic uplift
43
 Deformation due to slope and their foundation which causes structural damage in
adjacent structures, roads or services.
 In general geotechnical analysis and evaluation of existing earth dam will help in
designing of the most economical and structurally stable earth dams. .
Geotechnical investigations were carried out to decide the appropriate dam axis location and to
locate construction material sites and among the investigation, test pits excavations, drilling of
boreholes, in situ water pressure tests, and laboratory testing of soils samples were carried out.
The available geotechnical information is obtained from detail Design Report volume -2 (WRDA,
September, 1993)
4.4.1. Dam foundation
The dam foundation, abutments and the reservoir bed were investigated for water tightness,
The investigation was carried out by drilling of total of 13 boreholes , out of which 8 were
located on the dam axis and abutments while the remaining 5 were located in the reservoir bed
,and it was done to investigate the foundation conditions at the dam site and reservoir ,the
boreholes were drilled up to a maximum depth of 31 m .The alluvial deposit along the dam axis
comprises sandy silt clay (0-2.5m) of medium to high plasticity and from 2.5-8m consists of
gravelly sandy silt with significant proportion of boulders and cobble, the permeability in this
section is high ( Source : Study and Detail Design of Additional Treatment Plant for Midmar Dam
,Geotechnical investigation Draft Report , February ,2014 By Water Works Design and
Supervision Enterprise , Addis Ababa , Ethiopia ) and during construction phase grouting was
exercised .
4.4.2. Dam construction materials used
4.4.2.1. Location of Construction materials
Location of core material

The locations of core materials for Midmar dam were located on three borrow sites, namely,
Tekejeba borrow site (6.1km far from dam site), Adi-Elbal borrow site (7km far from dam site
44
along the former Adi Abun- Asmera road ) and Mai-Shana borrow site (9.4km far from dam site
along the former Adi Abun-Asmera road).
Location of shell material
Abundant shell material within the project area was identified during the study and the borrow
sites were located about 5 km upstream of dam and 1.4km downstream of the dam.
Location of transition and filter materials
Sand used for concrete works , filter drains and transition materials were found and located on
the former Adwa –Asmera road at 38km-40km far from dam site within three dry river beds (
Weabu , GualKoarNebric and Endamariam )
4.2.2.2. Construction materials used
The following are soil engineering characteristic adopted in Midmar dam construction (Source
MidmarDam Project Final Design Report , September 1993, Study and Detail Design of
Additional Treatment plant for Midmar Project , Geotechnical investigation Draft report
February ,2014 & and hydraulic conductivity for shell material is assumed reasonably from
literatures )
Table 6 : Engineering characteristics of soil material
S/N Engineering Category of Construction materials for Midmar dam

characteristics of foundation Core Shell
soil material
1 Dry density 16KN/m3 15.696KN/m3 17.658KN/m2
2 Internal angle of 24.650 160 280

friction (Total)
3 Cohesion 26.12KN/m2 64.746KN/m2 34.335KN/m2
4 hydraulic 10-7m/sec 1.415*10-10m/sec 10-4m/sec

conductivity
45
4.5. Seismicity at Midamr dam
The Adwa region, where the dam found is situated on the boundary of zone 1 and zone 2 on
seismic risk map of the country. And during designing of Midmar dam it was found necessary to
consider the effect of seismicity, while designing of the dam it was recommended to take
account 0.11 for horizontal seismic coefficient and scaling factor of 2/3 was used for so as to
determine vertical seismic coefficient.
(Source:Midamr Dam project Detail Design Report, Draft Volume 2,Geotechnical,September,1993)
4.6. Morphology and geological aspects of the study area
The dam axis extends within the gentle valley of the stream with particular geologi cal
formations of recent alluvial and fluvial deposits, residual soils,colluvium materials, and
metamorphic rocks and some other minor geological occurrences such as quartz vein and dykes
of igneous origins
The geological formations of the spill way sites is similar to that of the right abutment of the
dam structure which is mainly phyletic rock under lain by schist, here again the geological
formations for outlet structures is similar to that of the spill way but an extensive and deeper
alluvial deposit was investigated during geotechnical investigations carried out before
construction of the dam.
4.6. Engineering evaluation of Midamr dam
Height of Midamr dam was fixes based on the storage requirements for the projected water
demands and the dead storage requirement for sediment deposition .The overall storage
requirement corresponds to 10MCM and from reservoir area capacity storage capacity curve,
the height of the dam required for this storage was found 30 m with crest length of 310m.The
head over the spill way to discharge a flood of 280 m3/sec capacity was found to be 1.7m using
crest length of 60m & free board of 1m was provided taking wave height and other factors ,
Thus , the overall height of the dam was fixed to 32.7m and upstream ( 3:1 ) and downstream
(2.5:1 ) were proposed and accordingly the dam was constructed.
46
4.6.1. Seepage analysis for existing Midamr dam
Seepage Analysis is one of the basic requirements for designing and evaluating of embankment
dams, just to ensure safety against internal erosion, piping and development of excessive pore
pressures in the dam, Hence, Seepage analyses through dam body and foundation is conducted
using the state of the art of computer program – SEEP/W and the existing dimension of the
dam is modelled using AUTO CAD and is exported to GEO-STUDIO computer program.
Figure 10 : AUTO CAD modeled for existing dam section
In the model: Depth of foundation =8m
 Top width of the dam =8m

 Top width of core material =3m
 Dam height =33m,
 Depth of foundation =8m
 Width of upstream berms=6m but width for downstream berm =3m,
upstream slopes (3:1), Downstream slopes (2.5:1)
47
Figure 11 : Model for SEEP/W for existing dam
Figure12: Seepage through dam body and foundation (q)
4.6.1.1. Results SEEP/W and Discussions
When the expected quantity of seepage (q) estimated using SEEP/W is 1.5369x10-06 m3/sec/m
length is compared with the designed seepage that is 2x10 -05 m3/sec/m/length, therefore the
48
design document has no problem of quantifying the expected quantity of seepage, Hence filter
materials of the dam had been designed safely, and also during my site visiting, I never came
across seepage through the dam body. And at maximum scenario 15024.980m3 of water will
lost be in a year as seepage from reservoir, which is not as such significant in working of water
balance.
4.6.2. Slope stability analysis for Existing Midmar dam
The stability of an embankment depends on the characteristics of the foundation and fill
materials, on the geometry of the embankment section, and additional factors such as presence
of water, loading conditions etc. The stability of existing Dam has been analyzed using state of
the art software – SLOPE/W.
4.6.2.1. Stability analysis under normal loading conditions
Figure13: Model for SLOPE/W and material properties

Stability analysis for existing Midmardam, under normal loading conations is computed under
the following scenarios being the dam already stored water.
1. Steady state condition
2. Sudden draw dawn
49
1. During steady state condition
condition)
Table 7: Optimum factor of safety for downstream slope during steady state (Normal loading
condition)
S/no Method Optimum Minimum Remark

factor of safety required
FS
1 Ordinary 1.587
2 Bishop 1.736 1.5 Downstream slope, SAFE!
3 Janbu 1.579
4 Morgenstern-price 1.731
50
Figure 15:Factor of safety for upstream slope, during steady state (Normal Loading condition)
condition)

FS
1 Ordinary 2.346
2 Bishop 2.535 1.5 Upstream slope, SAFE!
3 Janbu 2.295
51
2. ) During sudden draw down condition
Figure 16: Factor of safety for upstream slope, during sudden draw dawn (Normal Loading
condition)
Table 9 : Optimum factor of safety for upstream slope, during sudden draw down (Normal
loading condition)

FS
1 Ordinary 2.105
2 Bishop 2.249 1.1-1.3 Upstream slope, SAFE!
3 Janbu 2.048
52
4.6.2.2. Stability analysis under seismic condition
1) During steady state condition
Figure 17: Factor of safety for downstream slope, during steady state (seismic Loading
condition)
condition)

FS
1 Ordinary 1.197
3 Janbu 1.170
53
Figure 18:Factor of safety for upstream slope, during steady state (seismic Loading condition)
condition)

FS
1 Ordinary 1.650
3 Janbu 1.627
54
2) Sudden draw down condition
Figure 19:Factor of safety for upstream slope, during steady state (seismic Loading condition)
Table 12: Optimum factor of safety for upstream slope, During Sudden draw down (Seismic
loading condition)

FS
1 Ordinary 1.499
3 Janbu 1.455
55
4.7. Spill way and Free board evaluation of Existing Midmar dam
4.7.1. Evaluation of Spill way
During this evaluation the surcharge head should have to be checked whether it was designed
properly or not, hence spill way designed values are going to computed for the routed flood
and the assumed spill way crest length using the following spill way formula.
Q= C*L *(H) 3/2 ----------------------------------------------------Equation 20 :(4.7.1)
C= discharge coefficient (unit less) and dependant of shape of the spill way
H= depth of flow over crest of the spill way (m)
For the designed and existing spill way crest length (60m), Discharge coefficient (C=2.2) the
surcharge head is 1.57m and the designer had adopted surcharge head 1.7m , therefore the
existing surcharge head is more safe.
4.7.2. Freeboard evaluation ofMidmar dam
Effective fetch length for Midmar dam is 1.5km (Source, Midmar Dam project final Design
report Volume -3, September 1993), following free board computation principles and taking of
wind speed corresponding to 10years return period (6.544km/hr) , average depth of water
along the fetch line (15m ) Wind Set-up (Hs) is 0.02m , Wave height (hw) is 0.6m , wave run up
is 0.9m Thus, total free board height without camber (height of free board excluding of
settlement) and surcharge head will be = 0.002+0.9= 0.902m , still to be on the safest side
settlement should have to be computed and hence the overall free board will be the sum of
surcharge head , wind set up , total wave height and settlement.
Settlement allowance (H) and settlement calculations
Settlement of the dam lies between 1.5% and 2% of its total height is considered during its
lifetime. Therefore, for the case of Midmar dam site take 1.5% settlement,or Settlement
calculation for embankment dam is associated with particle crushing and is greatly increased by
saturation. It can be therefore accelerated during construction .The construction settlement
56
occurring at crest level is 0.186m and long term post construction settlement is 0.42m (service
life of Midmar is assumed 50years and 2years for construction elapsed)Hence, total settlement
is equal to 0.6055m and the overall free board without surcharge head is 1.51m, and design of
the dam has satisfied more or less this criteria.
4.8. Dam appurtenant structures
4.8.1. Spill way works of Existing Midmar dam
Spill way is a hydraulic structure, part of a dam and its main function is to discharge major
floods (Design routed flood) without damaging to the dam body and its appurtenant structures
and at the same time keeping the reservoirs below some predetermined maximum level and
type of the spill way adopt is an ogee shape type and is designed to pass 260m3/sec flood, and
the computed corresponding discharge head is 1.7m.
4.8.2. Intake and bottom out let structures
As per the study conducted by Water Supply and Sewerage Authority, (Adwa town preliminary
study for Textile Factory and Town Water supply November, 1991) the design maximum daily
demand for the municipal and industrial use was 192 lit/sec .To satisfy the probable peak
hourly demand, the discharge capacity of the intake at the minimum reservoir level was
adopted to meet twice as much as the design maximum daily demand, Therefore, the designed
intake capacity of the dam is 380 let/sec.
To satisfy the water demand for the prior right users located downstream and at the same time
to maintain the prevalence for maintenance of a live stream and preservation of aquatic life,
discharge of 20lit/sec was considered during designing and to pass flood discharge in
conjunction with spill way or evacuate the reservoir for inspection or maintenance, the out let
was designed to accommodate maximum discharge of 40m3/sec.
4.8.3. Water treatment plant
The present source of water supply to Adwa is surface water from Midmar dam , the design
production capacity of the treatment plant was 7200m3/day , however the treatment plant
57
currently produces 8256m3/day (Source : Study and Detail Design of Additional Treatment
Plant for Midmar Dam project , Water Works Design and Supervision Enterprise , January ,2014)
4.9. Results and Discussions for the assessments and evaluations of as is conditions
There is high water demands and Midmar Dam will not satisfy more and the results of SEEP/W
and SLOPE /W for the as is situations show that the dam is designed more safely. Though
computation of annual catchment yield, shows that the catchment can generate more run off
volume, however, to be confident 2.5MCM of water which is equivalent to the designed dead
storage volume can be harvested from the catchment, therefore options for upgrading and
maintaining of scheme rehabilitation and upgrading works are found to be unquestionable .
58
5. Upgrading and Rehabilitation of Midamr dam
5.1. Objectives of the upgrading and rehabilitation
The main objectives of upgrading and rehabilitation of Midamr dam is to harvest additional
volume of water in a hydrologic year so as to alleviate the acute shortage of water supply for
both towns as much as possible.
5.2. Specific objectives of upgrading and rehabilitation
The specific objectives of this upgrading & rehabilitation is to asses and fix appropriate dam
height increment and to estimate how much additional volume of water can be stored as a
result of dam heightening ,and also to examine this additional volume of water to what extent
can satisfy the water demands.
5.3. Factors for upgrading and rehabilitation
Factors which are considering during dam height increment are availability and suitability of
topographic reservoir area ,amount of water demand to be harvested additionally, availability
of surface water resource potential, hydraulic dam design criteria and slope stability analyses of
the dam , in case of Midamr dam , Storage capacity is found the most governing factor to
perform the remain engineering tasks that is the dam do have a room to store 2.5MCM
additional volume of water and as per capacity elevation curve of the dam the expected
additional dam height increment is only 2m.
5.4.Upgrading and rehabilitation options
So as to harvest additional volume of water on the top of existing capacity, the following
options are adopted as engineering measures.
 Widening of spill way width , reducing of designed surcharge head
 Increment of dam height
59
5.3. Analysis for the selected options
During the assessment and evaluation of Midamr dam, there is water resource potential to be
harvested, and reservoir area to accommodate 2.5MCM volume of water, the analysis options
are targeting how to harvest this amount of water logically.
5.3.1. Redesigning of Midmar dam Spill way
Hydraulic design of Spill way, is dependant of the following factors and other assumptions.
 Topography
 The nature and strength of over burdens
 The alignment of dam axis at the upstream end ;and
 The nature of river & channel alignment at the downstream end
 Hydrology (Routed flood), and the proposed and constructed type of spill way and its
Hydraulic is started with the following equation:
Q= C*L *(H) 3/2 ----------------------------------------------------Equation 21 :(5.3.1)
C= discharge coefficient (unit less) and dependant of shape of the spill way
H= depth of flow over crest of the spill way (m)
In general this option is widening of spill way crest length, that is reducing of surcharge head
(for Q=260m3/sec, Ogee shape type, C=2.2, Weir Height=1.5, maximum trial crest length
=100m, computed surcharge head=1.2m, Revised C=2.15, Revised Q=264 m3/sec, flow type is
subcritical) thus weir height of spill way can increase by 0.5m as a result Midmar dam can get a
room to harvest additional volume of water for 461,482 m3 (Read from Capacity Elevation
Curve), therefore this is not as such significant and satisfactory upgrading and rehabilitation
options.
60
5.3.2. Dam height increment
Dam height increment is a function of many factors which mentioned above, even though
Midamr dam satisfy many of the factors, dam heightening is not as simple as raising of the
height, but the dam should have to be checked for its stability.
5.3.3. Seepage and Slope stability Analysis for modified dam section
For evaluation of slope stabilities at different critical conditions, the following modified secti on
has been adopted and the analysis of the program is based on soil characteristics, and crest
width determined as per the following recommendation and this top width is generally
governed by minimum roadway width requirements.
Top width (A) of the earth dam can be also selected as per the following recommendations:
A -----------------------------------Equation 22 :( 5.3.2) for very low dams
A=0.55 --------------- ------- Equation 23 :( 5.3.2) for dams lower than 30m
A= 1.65 -------------------------Equation 24 :( 5.3.2)for dams higher than 30m
Where H is the height of the dam.

(Source: Irrigation Engineering and hydraulic structures by Santosh Kumar Garg)
From the capacity elevation curve and topographic nature of the reservoir area so as to harvest
2.5MCM volume of water the dam should have to increase its height by 2m , the topographic
map shows that it is impossible to increase dam height beyond 2m.
Therefore, top width for modified dam is 5.4m, take 6m , the modified section is modelled
using AUTO CAD and is exported to GEO-STUDIO computer program for further analysis.
61
Figure 20: AUTO CAD model for modified dam section
Figure 21: Model for modified dam section used in SEEP/W &SLOPE/W
62
5.3.3.1. Seepage analysis using SEEP/W, results &discussions
Figure 22: Seepage through dam body and foundation (q)

Results SEEP/W and Discussions
When the expected quantity of seepage (q) estimated using SEEP/W is 1.560x10 -06 m3/sec/m
length is compared with the designed seepage that is 2x10-05 m3/sec/m/length, therefore the
design document has no problem of quantifying the expected quantity of seepage, Hence filter
materials of the dam had been designed safely, And at maximum scenario 15250.80m3 of water
will lost be in a year as seepage from reservoir, which is not as such significant in working of
water balance.
5.3.3.2. Slope stability analysis under Normal loading condition
Slope stability for this modified dam is done as that of the existing situations of dam ,here the
only difference is that height of the dam has been increased as a result top width of has been
reduced, later the computed factors of safety under different loading conditions and
circumstances are going to checked with the minimum standard recommended factor of
safeties.
63
Figure 23: Model for SLOPE/W and material properties
1) During Steady state
condition)
64
Table 13: Optimum factor of safety for downstream slope, during steady state (Normal loading
condition)

FS
1 Ordinary 1.544
3 Janbu 1.512
Figure 25: Factor of safety for upstream slope, during steady state (Normal Loading condition)
65
condition)

FS
1 Ordinary 2.275
3 Janbu 2.229
2) During sudden draw down
Figure 26: Factor of safety for upstream slope, during sudden draw down Normal Loading
condition)
66
Table 15: Optimum factor of safety for upstream slope, during sudden draw down (Normal
loading condition)

FS
1 Ordinary 2.021
2 Bishop 2.168 1.3(1.2) Upstream slope, SAFE!
3 Janbu 1.973
5.3.3.3. Stability analysis under seismic loading conditions
1) During steady state
Figure 27: Factor of safety for downstream slope, during steady state (Seismic Loading
condition)
67
condition)

FS
1 Ordinary 1.175
3 Janbu 1.141
Figure 28: Factor of safety for upstream slope, during steady state (Seismic Loading condition)
68
condition)

FS
1 Ordinary 1.632
3 Janbu 1.583
2) During Sudden draw down
Figure 29: Factor of safety for upstream slope, during sudden draw down (Seismic Loading
condition)
69
Table 18: Optimum factor of safety for upstream slope, during sudden draw down (Seismic
loading condition)

FS
1 Ordinary 1.439
3 Janbu 1.407
5.4. Upgrading and rehabilitation design of appurtenant structures
During the assessment and evaluation of Midmar existing water supply scheme the
appurtenant structures are found at the most safest side design approaches. For example the
designed intake capacity is 380lit/sec and the maximum intake capacity to satisfy the water
demand after dam height increment is 340 lit/sec.
70
6. Conclusions and recommendations
6.1. Conclusions
Assessments, evaluations and results of redesign (Modification) , shows that Midmar dam can
increase its height by 2m, as a result 2.5MCM water can be harvested additionally in a
hydrologic year, and therefore the dam can serve as water supply source to satisfy water
demands of both towns safely up to 2033G.C, if dam heightening is not taken as an opportunity
the dam will satisfy all water demand for both town up to 2023 G.C beyond these years if
nothing is done finally project beneficiaries will be faced to high economic ,social and
developmental crisis.
6.2. Recommendations
 Upgrading and Rehabilitation of Midamr dam is an opportunity to harvest additional

volume of water ,Hence, before any planning and implementing of water supply
projects around Adwa and Axum area , any considered body or organization better to
refer this thesis work.
 Dam height increment for Midmar dam should have to be done under the guidance of
the thesis work, just selection of dam heightening options & construction materials, the
materials should have to fulfil the minimum requirements of soil engineering
characteristics which have considered in evaluating and upgrading of this scheme.
 Ground water potential assessment at downstream of Midmar dam should have to be
investigated as well as construction of new water supply scheme/s should have to be
facilitated soon.
 Being the designed capacity of plant treatment was restricted to 94.1 lit/sec and
currently, the treatment plant is redesign to meet maximum demand about 243lit/sec,
however, while if dam heightening is taken as remedial option upgrading for treatment
plant capacity should have to consider so as to produce 340lit/sec even beyond more.
 Due to 2m dam height increment 22.39 ha is going to be inundated by water, therefore
social ,environmental and, compensational issues should have to be thought and
handled before implementing of dam heightening activities.
71
 Water conservation practices in the catchment should have to be kept and scaled up.
 Financial and economic feasibility study for the Dam heightening option should have to
be done before implanting the option and should have to be compared with other
possible water resource development projects alternatives. Then after the most
sounded alternative will be selected.
72
References
 Applied hydrology (VenTe. Chew, David R.Maidment, Larry W.Mays) ,McGRAW-HILL

INTERNATIONAL EDITIONS, Civil Engineering Series.
 A Ramachandra Rao (2000), Flood Frequency Analysis. Boca Raton, New York
 ARORA K.R. (1996) Irrigation, water power and water resource Engineering, New Delhi
 Design documents for Midmar dam water supply projects by WSSA / WRDA,September,
1993
 Earth manual (1998) part –I, Third edition U.S Department of the interior Bureau of
Reclamation.
 Evaluation of embankment dam stability and deformation, Technical Consultant,
AshokK.Chugh, Bureau of Reclamation.
 Ethiopian Water Sector Strategy ,November 2001
 Feasibility study documents for Axum Water supply project, By WWDSE in ASSOCIATION
with INTERCONTINENTAL &TECHNOCRAFTS INDIA PVT.LTD &GG WATER WORKS
CONSULTANT, March, 2010
 Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia , Ministry of water Resource ,Water Resources
Administration Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Department ,Urban Water Supply
Design Criteria ,January 31, 2006
 Freeboard criteria and Guide lines for computing freeboard allowances for storage
Dams, U.S. Department of the interior Bureau of Reclamation
 Goka irrigation project Dam Design report, part –I (2006)
 Main Report volume II , Water Sector Development Program , Oct, 2002
 Midmar dam project detailed design report, volume -2 Geotechnical, By WRDA,
September, 1993
 IOLD, Bulletin 61 dam design criteria (1988)
 Jon Krah (2004) Seepage modeling with SEEP/W, Calgay, Albert, Canad
 Jon Krah (2004) Stability Modelling with Slope/W. An Engineering Methodology. Geo-
Slope/W International Limited, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
73
 P.Novak (1996), Hydraulic Structures (second edition). Alden Press, Oxford, Great
Britain.
 Study and detail design of additional treatment plant for Midamr dam project, Draft
Detail Design Report, By WWDSE, Addis Ababa, and January, 2014
 Study and detail design of additional treatment plant for Midamr dam project,
Geotechnical investigation By WWDSE, Addis Ababa, February, 2014
 The federal republic of Ethiopia. Ministry of water resource (2000) design guide line on
dam design,AddisAbaba, Ethiopia
 U.S.Army Corps of Engineers (1990), “Engineering and Design” SETTELEMENT ANALYSIS”
EM 1110-1-1904, 30 September 1990
 U.S. Army corps of Engineers, Engineering and Design, Slope Stability (Engineering
manual) EM1110-2-1902, 31 Oct, 2003
 U.S.Army corps of Engineers (1993) Seepage Analysis and control for dam, EM1110-2-
1901, 30 April
 United state department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation, Design of small dams
(USBR 1987)
 Water supply fifth edition, Alan C.Twort, DodD.Ratnayaka, Malcolm J. Brandt
74
Annex – (A) Rainfall Data
Annex-1 Monthly rain fall (mm)
Monthly Rain fall (mm) at Adwa rain gauge station

s/no year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual
1 1972 0 0 0 11.6 12.6 125 260.2 225.7 36 112.5 2.5 0 786.1
2 1973 0 0 0 29.7 44.6 17 237 234.5 147 34 2.5 0 746.3
3 1974 0 10 7 0 45.5 110.7 151 302.7 118 0 0 0 744.9
4 1992 0 18.4 0 36.5 63.2 76.4 3.8 0 1 0 199.3
5 1993 3.4 2.7 42 68.1 61.2 42.2 199.2 176 130.3 32 0 0 757.1
6 1994 0 6 0 17 44.4 122.8 200 369.8 132.8 0 17.8 1 911.6
7 1995 0 0 30.7 31.8 81.5 39.6 213.3 214.7 174.2 8.5 11.2 0 805.5
8 1996 13.2 0 110 62.6 97 151.9 205.1 243.2 176.1 2.4 39 1.6 1102.1
9 1997 0 0 27.3 0 79.6 88 186 152.4 0 149.3 23.9 0 706.5
10 2001 0 0 14.9 2.9 9.8 81.7 264.6 430.7 39.5 16.5 0 0 860.6
11 2002 0 1.5 17.3 10.8 0.9 51.7 132.3 236.1 80.8 5.7 0 1.1 538.2
12 2003 0 9.6 9.2 8.2 4.5 149.3 312.8 223.5 145 3.1 0.8 0 866
13 2004 20.8 8 0 24.4 0 105 222.1 272.7 24.7 24.2 1 0 702.9
14 2005 0 0 101.5 97.8 38.3 74.5 149.2 273 105.4 0.8 2.4 0 842.9
15 2006 0 0 16.9 34.6 50.8 106.1 191.1 341.9 85.2 27.7 2 6.5 862.8
16 2007 0.1 0 16.8 45.4 19.4 71 283 253.8 100.6 2.2 1.5 0 793.8
17 2008 31.8 0 0 37.7 37.5 81.5 203.1 172.7 91.4 2 14.3 0 672
monthly
mean 4.331 2.36 23.153 29.47 36.92 85.559 204.31 247.05 93.576 24.76 7.053 0.6
Mean 758.74
75
Annex – (B) Screened and adequately tested rainfall data
Monthly Rain fall (mm) at Adwa rain gauge station

s/no year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual
1 1972 0 0 0 11.6 12.6 125 260.2 225.7 36 112.5 2.5 0 786.1
2 1973 0 0 0 29.7 44.6 17 237 234.5 147 34 2.5 0 746.3
3 1974 0 10 7 0 45.5 110.7 151 302.7 118 0 0 0 744.9
4 1992 0 18.4 0 36.5 63.2 76.4 3.8 0 1 0 199.3
5 1993 3.4 2.7 42 68.1 61.2 42.2 199.2 176 130.3 32 0 0 757.1
6 1994 0 6 0 17 44.4 122.8 200 369.8 132.8 0 17.8 1 911.6
7 1995 0 0 30.7 31.8 81.5 39.6 213.3 214.7 174.2 8.5 11.2 0 805.5
8 1996 13.2 0 110 62.6 97 151.9 205.1 243.2 176.1 2.4 39 1.6 1102.1
9 1997 0 0 27.3 0 79.6 88 186 152.4 0 149.3 23.9 0 706.5
10 2001 0 0 14.9 2.9 9.8 81.7 264.6 430.7 39.5 16.5 0 0 860.6
11 2002 0 1.5 17.3 10.8 0.9 51.7 132.3 236.1 80.8 5.7 0 1.1 538.2
12 2003 0 9.6 9.2 8.2 4.5 149.3 312.8 223.5 145 3.1 0.8 0 866
13 2004 20.8 8 0 24.4 0 105 222.1 272.7 24.7 24.2 1 0 702.9
14 2005 0 0 101.5 97.8 38.3 74.5 149.2 273 105.4 0.8 2.4 0 842.9
15 2006 0 0 16.9 34.6 50.8 106.1 191.1 341.9 85.2 27.7 2 6.5 862.8
16 2007 0.1 0 16.8 45.4 19.4 71 283 253.8 100.6 2.2 1.5 0 793.8
17 2008 31.8 0 0 37.7 37.5 81.5 203.1 172.7 91.4 2 14.3 0 672
monthly
mean 4.331 2.36 23.153 29.47 36.92 85.559 204.31 247.05 93.576 24.76 7.053 0.6
Mean 758.74
Standard Devaition 187.17
Coefficient of skewness -1.4967
High outlier value 1190.927
Low outlier vaue 326.5551
Minimum value of rain fall data 199.3
Maximum value of the rain fall data 1102.1
76
Annex-(C): Monthly Dependable rain fall (mm)
77
Annex-(D):Kn values used in outlier testing
Sample Kn Sample size Kn Sample Kn Sample Kn

size(N) (N) size(N) size(N)
10 2.036 24 2.467 38 2.661 60 2.837
11 2.088 25 2.486 39 2.671 65 2.866
12 2.134 26 2.502 40 2.682 70 2.893
13 2.175 27 2.519 41 2.692 75 2.917
14 2.213 28 2.534 42 2.7 80 2.94
15 2.247 29 2.549 43 2.71 90 2.981
16 2.279 30 2.563 44 2.719 95 3
17 2.309 31 2.577 45 2.727 100 3.017
18 2.335 32 2.591 46 2.736 110 3.049
19 2.361 33 2.604 47 2.744 120 3.078
20 2.385 34 2.616 48 2.753 130 3.104
21 2.408 35 2.628 49 2.76 140 3.129
22 2.429 36 2.639 50 2.768
23 2.448 37 2.65 55 2.804
78
Annex-( E ) : Original surveying data for Midmar dam (Used in development for Capacity –
Elevation Curve)
Capacity Elevation curve developed by frustum formula
Original Capacity Area Elevation cummulative

surrvey data Incrmental volume voulume
s/no Elevation Area (ha) ( 10^6m3 ) (10^6m3) Remark
1 1024 0.00 0.00
2 1026 0.13 0.0009 0.0009
3 1028 0.6 0.0067 0.0076
4 1031.6 2.85 0.0571 0.0647
5 1032 3.54 0.0128 0.0774
6 1034 6.05 0.0948 0.1722
7 1036 10.81 0.1663 0.3385
8 1038 16.07 0.2671 0.6056
9 1040 24.1 0.3990 1.0046
10 1042 32.81 0.5669 1.5715
11 1044.4 45 0.9299 2.5013 Dead storage
12 1046 55.41 0.8018 3.3032
13 1048 70.5 1.2561 4.5593
14 1050 86.91 1.5712 6.1305
15 1052 100.3 1.8705 8.0010
Design
16 1054 113.86 2.1402 10.1412 capacity
Maximum
capacity of
17 1056.7 136.25 3.3720 13.5131 the reservior
79
Annex – (F) Scanned materials
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
Annex – (G) Water demand projection for Adwa project
91
Annex – (H) Water demand projection for Axum project
92
Annex- (I) Summary for Annual Water demand projection for both towns
93

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Addis Ababa University (AAiT)School of civil and Environmental Engineering

UPGRADING AND REHABLITATION OF AN EXISTING WATER SUPPLY SCHEM THE CASE OF

Adwa, Tigray, Ethiopia

Name: Berhanu Tesfay Gebru

UPGRADING AND REHABLITATION OF AN EXISTING WATER SUUPLY DAM

TIGRAY REGIONAL SATATE, CENTERAL ZONE, ADWA WEREDA

Name of Advisor Signature Date

_________________________________ ______________ _____________

Name of Chairman Signature Date

Internal examiner Signature Date

External examiner Signature Date

List of symbols and Abbreviations

Km /hr. kilometer per hour

m3/day meter cubed per a day

AAIT Adiss Ababa Institute of Technology

E.C Ethiopian calendar

G.C Gorgerin calendar

WSS Water Supply and Sanitation

CSA Ethiopian Central Statistical Agency

PDF peak day factor

PFH peak hour factor

PFO over all peak factor

LPCD liter per capita demand

IDF Inflow design flood

FOSmin Minimum factor of safety

WWDSE water works design supervision enterprise

Km2 kilometer square

WSSA Water Supply and Sewerage Authority

WRDA Water Resource Development Authority

SDF Spill way Design flood

MCM Million cube meter

AWTI Arba Minch Water Technology Institute

Asl Above sea level

1.1 GENERAL ................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

1.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA ............................................................................................................................................... 2

1.3. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM ................................................................................................................................................... 6

1.4. O BJECTIVE OF THE STUDY .......................................................................................................................................................... 7

2.1 UPGRADING AND REHABILITATION OF DAMS ................................................................................................................................ 8

2.2. STATE OF THE ART OF DAM DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION............................................................................................................. 9

2.3. W ATER SUPPLY SYSTEM DESIGN APPROACHES ..........................................................................................................................12

2.4. W ATER DEMAND PROJECTION.................................................................................................................................................15

2.5. DESIGN PRINCIPLES OF EMBANKMENT DAMS ...........................................................................................................................19

2.6. SLOPE STABILITY ANALYSIS OF EMBANKMENT DAMS .................................................................................................................28

3.1. GENERAL ................................................................................................................................................................................35

3.2. DATA COLLECTION ..................................................................................................................................................................35

4.1. ASSESSMENTS ........................................................................................................................................................................37

4.3. EVALUATION OF WATER RESOURCE POTENTIAL .........................................................................................................................41

4.4. GEOTECHNICAL EVALUATION OF MIDMAR DAM .......................................................................................................................43

4.5. SEISMICITY AT MIDAMR DAM ..................................................................................................................................................46

4.6. MORPHOLOGY AND GEOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE STUDY AREA .................................................................................................46

4.6. ENGINEERING EVALUATION OF MIDAMR DAM ..........................................................................................................................46

4.8. DAM APPURTENANT STRUCTURES............................................................................................................................................57

5. UPGRADING AND REHABIL ITATION OF MIDAMR DAM ...................................................................................................59

5.1. O BJECTIVES OF THE UPGRADING AND REHABILITATION..............................................................................................................59

5.2. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES OF UPGRADING AND REHABILITATION.......................................................................................................59

5.3. FACTORS FOR UPGRADING AND REHABILITATION ......................................................................................................................59

5.4.UPGRADING AND REHABILITATION OPTIONS..............................................................................................................................59

5.3. ANALYSIS FOR THE SELECTED OPTIONS .....................................................................................................................................60

___________________ _