Suggested Solutions To Test: Email Address: Ymei@math - Cuhk.edu - Hk. (Any Questions Are Welcome!)

MATH 4010 (2015-16) Functional Analysis CUHK
Suggested Solutions to Test

Yu Mei†
1. (5 points) Let X be the space of all continous real valued functions defined on [a, b]. Suppose the X is
Rb
endowed with the sup-norm, that is kf k := sup{|f (x)| : x ∈ [a, b]}. Define T : X → R by T (f ) = a f (x)dx for
f ∈ X. Show that T ∈ X ∗ and find kT k.
Proof. Since for any α, β ∈ R and f, g ∈ X
Z t Z t Z t
T (αf + βg) = αf (x) + βg(x)dx = α f (x)dx + β g(x)dx = αT f + βT g,
0 0 0
T is linear. Moreover, note that

Z b
|T f | = | f (x)dx| ≤ kf k(b − a),
a
Then T is bounded and kT k ≤ b − a.
Taking f ≡ 1, then
Z b
|T f | = | 1dx| = b − a,
a
which implies kT k ≥ b − a.
Therefore, T ∈ X ∗ and kT k = b − a.
2.Let X be a normed space. Supporse that there is a countable set D := {xn : kxn k = 1; n = 1, 2, · · · } dense in
the closed unit sphere of X.
For each f and g in BX ∗ := {f ∈ X ∗ : kf k ≤ 1}, define
∞
X 1
d(f, g) := |f (xn ) − g(xn )|.
2n
n=1
(a) (5 points) Show that d is a metric on BX ∗ .
(b) (10 points) Let f ∈ BX ∗ . Show that for any ε > 0, we can find some elements x1 , · · · , xN in D and δ > 0
such that
d(f, g) < ε
whenever g ∈ BX ∗ with |f (xi ) − g(xi )| < δ for all i = 1, · · · , N .
Proof. Note that for any f, g ∈ BX ∗ ,

∞ ∞ ∞
X 1 X 1 X 1
d(f, g) := |f (x n ) − g(x n )| ≤ (kf k + kgk)kx n k ≤ < +∞.
2n 2n 2n−1
n=1 n=1 n=1
So. d is well defined.

† Email address: ymei@math.cuhk.edu.hk. (Any questions are welcome!)
1
(a) It is easy to certify that d satisfy that d(f, g) ≥ 0, d(f, g) = d(g, f ) and d(f, g) ≤ d(f, h) + d(h, g).
Now we claim that d(f, g) = 0 if and only if f = g.
Indeed, if d(f, g) = 0, then |f (xn ) − g(xn )| = 0 i.e. f (xn ) = g(xn ). Since D is dense in the closed unit
sphere S of X, then for any x ∈ S, there exist a sequence {xnk } in D such that lim xnk = x. By the
k→∞
continuity of f and g, one has
f (x) = lim f (xnk ) = lim g(xnk ) = g(x).

k→∞ k→∞
x
Finally, for any x ∈ X − {0}, ∈ S, then it follows from the linearity of f and g that
kxk
x x
f (x) = kxkf ( ) = kxkg( ) = g(x).
kxk kxk
It is clear that f (0) = g(0). Therefore, f = g. On the other hand, it is obvious that d(f, g) = 0 when
f = g.
(b) Given any ε > 0, choosing N = 1 + [log2 ε], then

∞ ∞
X 1 X 1 1 ε
n
|f (xn ) − g(xn )| ≤ n−1
= N +1 <
2 2 2 2
n=N +1 n=N +1
ε
Let δ = , then
2
N −1 N −1
X 1 X 1 ε
n
|f (xn ) − g(xn )| ≤ n
δ<δ=
2 2 2
n=1 n=1
Therefore, d(f, g) < ε.
3. Let M be a closed subspace of a normed space X. Let Q : X → X/M be the quotient map. For each x ∈ X,
the distance between x and M is defined by d(x, M ) := inf{kx − mk : m ∈ M }.
(a) (5 points) Show that if F̄ ∈ (X/M )∗ , then kF̄ k = kF̄ ◦ Qk.

1
/ M , show that there is f ∈ X ∗ such that f (M ) ≡ 0; f (a) = 1 and kf k =
(b) (10 points) If a ∈ .
d(a, M )
Proof.
(a) Let F̄ ∈ (X/M )∗ . For any x ∈ X, set x̄ = Q(x). Then, by the definition of norm on quotient space
X/M
kx̄kX/M = inf kx − mk ≤ kx − 0k = kxk.
m∈M
Thus, kF̄ ◦ Q(x)k = kF̄ (x̄)k ≤ kF̄ kkx̄kX/M ≤ kF̄ kkxk.

Therefore, F̄ ◦ Q is bounded and kF̄ ◦ Qk ≤ kF̄ k.
On the other hand, for any x̄ ∈ X/M , there exists a m0 ∈ M such that kx − m0 k ≤ kx̄kX/M + ε.
Then,
kF̄ (x̄)k = kF̄ (Qx)k = kF̄ (Q(x−m0 ))k = kF̄ ◦Q(x−m0 )k ≤ kF̄ ◦Qkkx−m0 k ≤ kF̄ ◦Qk(kx̄kX/M +ε).
Since ε is arbitary, kF̄ k ≤ kF̄ ◦ Qk.
2
(b) Let a ∈ / M . Then kākX/M = d(a, M ) > 0. Set X0 = {αā} and define F̄0 on X0 by F̄0 (αā) = α. Then
F̄0 is linear and F̄0 (ā) = 1. Since
1 1
|F̄0 (αā)| = |α| ≤ kαāk = kαāk.
kāk d(a, M )
F0 is bounded. Then
|α| = |F̄0 (αā)| ≤ kF0 kkαāk ≤ kF0 kkāk|α|
1
which implies that kF0 k ≥ . So, F0 is a linear bounded functional on X0 . By Hahn-Banach
d(a, M )
Theorem, there exists a bounded linear functional F̄ on X/M such that
1
F̄ (ā) = F̄0 (ā) = 1, and kF̄ k = kF̄0 k = .
d(a, M )
Set f = F̄ ◦ Q, then f (a) = F̄ ◦ Q(a) = F̄ (ā) = 1, f (M ) = F̄ (Q(M )) = F̄ (0) = 0. Moreover, by (a),

1
kf k = kF̄ k = .
d(a, M )

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MATH 4010 (2015-16) Functional Analysis CUHK

Suggested Solutions to Test

T is linear. Moreover, note that

(a) (5 points) Show that d is a metric on BX ∗ .

Proof. Note that for any f, g ∈ BX ∗ ,

So. d is well defined.

f (x) = lim f (xnk ) = lim g(xnk ) = g(x).

(b) Given any ε > 0, choosing N = 1 + [log2 ε], then

Therefore, d(f, g) < ε.

(a) (5 points) Show that if F̄ ∈ (X/M )∗ , then kF̄ k = kF̄ ◦ Qk.

Thus, kF̄ ◦ Q(x)k = kF̄ (x̄)k ≤ kF̄ kkx̄kX/M ≤ kF̄ kkxk.

Since ε is arbitary, kF̄ k ≤ kF̄ ◦ Qk.

Set f = F̄ ◦ Q, then f (a) = F̄ ◦ Q(a) = F̄ (ā) = 1, f (M ) = F̄ (Q(M )) = F̄ (0) = 0. Moreover, by (a),

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