13 Combined Mathematics

C O M B I N E D M AT H E M ATICS
G.C.E. (Advanced Level)
Grade 13
Teacher’s Instructional Manual

(To be implemented from 2010)
De par
Depar tment of Ma
partment thema
Mathema tics
thematics
Faculty of Science and Technolo
echnolo gy
hnolog
National Institute of Education
Sri Lanka
Combined Maths
Teacher’s Instructional Manual
Grade 13 – 2010
First Print - 2010
 National Institute of Education
ISBN
Department of Mathematics
Faculty of Science & Technology
Website : www.nie.lk
Printer
ii
Guidance : Dr. Upali M. Sedara
Director General, National Institute of Education
Mr. Vimal Siyambalagoda
Assistant Director General
Faculty of Science and Technology
Supervision : Mr. Lal H. Wijesinghe
Director - Department of Mathematics
Faculty of Science and Technology
Co-ordination : Mr. K. Ganeshalingam
Leader of the 12-13 Mathematics, Project Team
Curriculum Committee : Grades 12-13 Combined Maths Project Team
Mr. K. Ganeshalingam - Chief Project Officer, NIE
Ms. W. I. G. Ratnayake - Project Officer, NIE
Ms. Deepthi Gunawardena - Project Officer, NIE
Mr. S. Rajendram - Project Officer, NIE
Ms. M. N. P. Pieris - Project Officer, NIE
Mr. G. P. H. J. Kumara - Project Officer, NIE
Mr. G. L. Karunaratne - Project Officer, NIE
Review Board :
Prof. U. N. B. Dissanayake - Professor, Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science
University of Peradeniya
Dr. A. A. S. Perera - Senior Lecturer, Department of Mathematics,
Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya
Dr. W. B. Daundasekera - Senior Lecturer, Department of Mathematics,
Dr. A.A.I. Perera - Senior Lecturer, Department of Mathematics,
Dr. H.M. Nasir - Senior Lecturer, Department of Mathematics,
Typesetter: Mrs. W.M. Dhammika

Mrs. S. P. Liyanage
vi
Content
Chapter Page
1. First Term 1-18

2. Second Term 19-34
2. Third Term 35-56
4. School Based Assessment 57-74
5. Competency Levels relevant to the Competency Level Numbers 75-77
6. References 78
vii
First Term
COMBINED MATHS I (1 st Ter
MATHS m)
erm)
Com. Learning Outcomes Guidelines for Subject Matter No. of

Level Period
Inequalities including Modulii

1 States the modulus (absolute 06
11.3 Let x ∈ ℝ
value) of a real number.
Define if
if
2 Defines the modulus Let be a function
functions.
is defined as follows.
Illustrate with examples.

3. Draws the graphs of modulus Graphs of the functions such as
functions.
where .
4. Solves inequalities involving Determination of solution set of inequalities
modulus. such as
(i) algebraically (ii) graphically

where .
Straight Line
27.1 1. Interprets the gradient (slope) Define the gradient m of a line joining two 05
of a line.
points and to be
provided that .
Explain that if is the angle between a straight
line and the positive direction of x axis, then
2
Level Period
2. Derives the various forms of • Straight line with gradient m and
equation of straight line. intercept c at y axis is
• Straight line with gradient m and passing

through the point is
• Straight line passing through two points

and is
provided that . If then

it is .
• Straight line with intercept on x and y
axes are a and b respectively is
.
• The perpendicular form of a straight
line , p is the
length of the perpendicular from the
origin and is the angle which that
perpendicular makes with the positive
direction of x axis.
• General form .
27.2 1. Finds the coordinates of point Solve the linear simultaneous equations to 02
of intersection of two lines. find the coordinates of point of intersection
of the corresponding straight lines.
2. Derives the equation and Derive that the equation of a straight line
applies to problems. passing through the point of intersection of
two lines and
is
where are parameters.
27.3 1. Identifies the positions of two Given a straight line and 02

points with respect to a given
straight line. two points and show that
the points lie on the same sides or opposite
sides of the given line accordingly
>
< .
3
Level Period
27.4 1. Defines the angle between State that there are two angles between two 02
two straight lines. intersecting lines. Generally one is acute and
the other is obtuse.
2. Obtains a formula to find the Derive the angle between two straight lines
angle between two straight and is
lines.
, provided .
Two lines with slopes and are

(i) parallel if and only if
(ii) perpendicular if and only if .
27.5 1. Writes the parametric Show that the parametric equation of a straight 10
equation of a straight line.
line is .
where is the angle the line makes with the
positive direction of the x axis and .
For ,
Where t is a parameter.
2. Finds the perpendicular Show that the perpendicular distance of a point

distance from a point to a from a line is
straight line.
Deduce that the distance beween two parallel

lines and is
3. Derives the image of a point Show that the image of a point on the
on a straight line.
line is
where .
4
Level Period
4. Obtains the equations of Show that the equations of bisectors of the
bisectors of the angle angles between two intersecting lines
between two intersecting and
lines.
are .
Circle
28.1 1. Defines circle as a locus. Define a circle as the locus of a point which 02
moves on a plane such that its distance from
a fixed point is always a constant. Fixed point
is the centre of the circle and the constant
distance is the radius of the circle.
2. Obtains the equation of a Equation of the circle with centre and

circle.
radius r is
If centre is the origin, the equation becomes
.
3. Interprets the general General equation of a circle is

equation of a circle. .
Show that the centre is and radius
, where
4. Finds the equation of the circle Show that the equation of the circle with the
when the end points of a
points , as the ends of a
diameter is given.
diameter is
.
28.2 Identifies the position of a point with Given a point and the circle 01
respect to a circle.
, explain
that the point P lies inside the circle or on the
circle or outside the circle accordingly as
<
>
28.3 1. Discusses the position of a Let be the straight line 03

straight line with respect to a
and be the
circle.
circle.
5
Level Period
By considering,
(i) discriminant of the quadratic equation
in x or y, obtained by solving S = 0
and U = 0.
(ii) radius of the circle and the distance

between the centre of the circle and the
straight line.
Discuss whether,
(a) the line intersects the circle
(b) the line touches the circle
(c) the line lies outside the circle; in both
situations (i) and (ii).
2. Obtains the equation of the Show that the equation of the tangent at
tangent at a point on a circle.
on
is
.
28.4 1. Finds the length of the tangent Let and 04

drawn to a circle from an
external point. be an external point. Show that
the length of the tangent is
.
2. Finds the equation of the Obtain the equations of tangents drawn to a

tangents drawn to a circle circle from an external point.
from an external point.
3. Obtains the equation of the Let

chord of contact of the
tangent.
Show that the equation of chord of contact

of tangents drawn from P is
.
28.5 Interprets the equation . Explain that represents a circle 03

that passing through the points of intersection
of the circle S = 0 and the straight line .
where is a parameter.
6
Level Period
28.6 1. States the conditions to Let C1 and C2 be centres of two circles with 10
decide the position of two radii r and r respectively.
1 2
circles.
(i) If the circles touch externally, then
C1C2 = r1 + r2
(ii) If they touch internally, then
(iii) If they intersect, then
(iv) If one lies within the other
(v) If each lies outside the other
2. Obtains the condition for two Define the angle between two intersecting
circles to intersect circles.
orthogonally.
Show that if two circles
and
intersect orthogonally, then
3. Finds the equations of Show that the common tangent at the point
common tangents. of contact of the circles S = 0 and S/ = 0 is
S - S/ = 0
Derive the equations of common tangents

of two circles.
28.7 Interprets the equation Let the equations of circles be 02

. and
(a) If they intersect and then

represents circles passing
through the points of intersection of S
= 0 and S / = 0, where is a
parameter.
If they intersect and then
represents the common
chord.
7
Level Period
(b) If they touch and , then
represents circles passing
through the point of contact of the two
circles.
If they touch and
represents the common
tangent at the point of contact of the two
circles, where is a parameter.
Conics
29.0 1. Defines conic as the locus of Definition: 03
a point. The set of points in a plane whose distances
from a fixed point bear a constant ratio to the
corresponding perpendicular distances from
fixed straight line is a conic.
M P
S
fixed line l
Let S be a fixed point and l a fixed straight

line. From any point P, the perpendicular PM
is drawn to the line l.
The locus of P such that = constant, by

definition is a conic.
Fixed point is called the focus.

Fixed line is called the directrix
Constant ratio is called the eccentricity (e)
If conic section is a parabola

If conic section is an ellipse
If conic section is a hyperbola
2. Obtains the equations of Derive the equations,
conic section. is parabola
is ellipse,
where
8
Level Period
hyperbola,
where
Discuss the coordinates and directrix of each

conic section.
Assymptotes of hyperbola.
When , the hyperbola
becomes .
The standard form of rectangular hyperbola
is , where c is a parameter.
9
COMBINED MATHS II (1 st Ter
MATHS m)
erm)

Level Period
Work, Power, Energy
3.10 1 Explains the concept of Explain the idea of work that the point of 08
work. application moves under the action of a force
is doing work.
2. Defines work done under a W ork is defined as the product of the constant
constant force and its units. force and the distance through which the point
of application moves in the direction of the
force.
FN
A B
W ork done = Fd Nm
The unit of force is newton and the unit of

distance is metre. So that the unit of work
done by a force is newton metre.Thisunitis
calleda Joule (J).
Dimensions are ML2T-2.
A B
Work done =
=
3. Explains the Energy. The energy of a body is its capacity for doing
work. The SI unit of energy is the Joule.
1 kJ = 1000 J
Note that both work and energy are scalar

quantities.
W ork and energy are interchangeable and so
the unit and dimension are same as work.
10
Level Period
4. Explains the Mechanical Explain that we deal with mechanical energy
Energy. only (except heat, light, sound and electrical
energy) and mechanical energy is of two
types; Kinetic Energy (K.E.)
PotentialEnergy (P.E.)
5. Defines Kinetic Energy. Kinetic is the capacity of a body to do work

by virtue of its motion. It is measured by the
amount of work that the body does in coming
to rest. Obtain the formula K.E. = ,

where m is the Mass and v isthe Velocity.
Explain that work done = change in Kinetic

Energy.
6. Defines the Potential Energy. The Potential Energy (P.E) of a body is the
energy it possesses by virtue of its position.
It is measured by the amount of work that
the body would do in moving from its actual
position to some standard position.
7. Explains the Gravitational Define the Gravitational potential energy as

Potential Energy. when a body of mass m is raised through a
verticaldistance h it does an amount of work
equal to mgh.
8. Explains the Elastic Potential Elastic Potential Energy is a property of

Energy. stretched strings and springs or compressed
springs. The amount of Elastic Potential
Energy (E.P.E.)storedinastringofnatural
length a and modulus of elasticity whenit
is extended by a length x isequivalenttothe
amount of work necessary to produce the
extension.
Obtain that EPE = .
EPE is always positive whether due to

extension or to compression
9. Explains conservative forces. Certain forces have the property that the
work done by the forces is independent of
the path (For an example weight) such forces
are termed as conservative forces.
11
Level Period
10. Explains conservation of The principle of conservation of the mechanical
Mechanical Energy and applies energy for a system of bodies in motion under
to solve problems. the action of a conservative system of forces,
the sum of the kinetic energy and the potential
energy of the system remains constant.
K.E. + P.E. = Constant
Application of the principle of conservation of
mechanical energy.
3.11 1. Defines Power and its units. Define that the power is the rate of doing work. 07
The power is measured in Joule per second
(JS-1) and this is called a Watt (W ).
Dimensions are .
2. Explains the tractive force. The tractive force as the producing force from
the vehicle engine (driving force).
3. Derives the formula for power. Relationship between power,drivingforceand

velocity. If a force F N moves a body with a
V in the direction of the force then P =
Fv (Unit of P in watts)
Guide the students to solve problems in work,
Power and Energy.
Impulse
3.12 1. Explains the Impulsive action. Define that impulse of a Constant Force as 08
the product of the force and time, .
Hence, obtain where m isthe

mass of the particle.
2. States the units and Dimension Units of impulse is Ns Dimension is MLT-1.

of Impulse.
As Impulse is a vector when applying the
formula the directions of forces
and the velocities must be taken in
consideration.
3. Defines the Principle of If vector sum of external forces is equal to zero
conservation of linear- or if there are no external forces acting on a
momentum. system of bodies in a particular direction, the
12
Level Period
total momentum of the system in that
direction remains constant.
4. Finds the change in Kinetic State that the change in K.E. is equal to
energy due to impulse.
Solve problems on Impulse.
Direct Impact
3.13 1. Explains direct impact. Direct impact occurs when the directions of 15
the velocities of the spheres just before the
impact are along the line of centres on impact.
2. States Newton's law of When two bodies impinge directly, the

restitution. relativevelocityofseparationaftertheimpact
bears a constant ratio to relative velocity of
approach before the impact.
3. Defines coefficient of The constant ratio is called coefficient of

restitution. restitution and denoted by e.
before impact after impact
A B A B
The constant e depends only on the material

of which the bodies are made.
If the bodies are said to be perfectly

elastic.
If thebodiesaresaidtobein-elastic.
4. Explains the direct impact of a 12
12 12
12
12
12 12
12
sphere on a fixed plane. 12 12
12
12 12
12
12
12 12
12
12
12 12
12
before impact afterimpact
13
Level Period
The velocity after impact is equal to
e (velocity before impact) and in the opposite
direction.
5. Calculates the change in kinetic During direct impact between two bodies of
energy. masses m1 and m2 the loss of kinetic energy
due to impact is
, where v
is the relative velocity at the time of impact.

If ,then
Circular Motion
P
3.14 1. Defines the angular velocity 10
and acceleration of a particle
moving in a plane.
O A
Let O be a fixed point and OA is a fixed line.
Ifaparticlemovesinthisplanethentheangular
velocity of P about O is defined to be the rate
at which the angle POA increases is denoted
by .
Its units are given by (rad/s)

Angular acceleration is defined as the rate of
increase of angular velocity.
Angular acceleration given by
Its units are given by rad/s2
2. W rites the relation between

polar coordinates and
cartesian coordinates and
manipulates vector operations.
14
Level Period
Let
Define the unit vecot l inthedirectionof .
Show that and , is

perpendicular to l.
3. Finds the velocity and

acceleration of a particle
moving in a circle.
P moves in a circle and OP = a (constant)
Show that the velocity ,
and
acceleration andinterpret
theresult.
P P
<
O O
Velocity Acceleration
along the tangent.
15
Level Period
Acceleration:
1. Component towards the centre is
and
2. along the tangent is
4. States the velocity and Explain that the velocity is along the
acceleration of a particle
tangent and the speed is uniform. is
moving with uniform speed in
acircle. constant.Itfollowsthat is constant. Hence
iszero.
Velocity
Acceleration towards the
centre.
5. Finds the magnitude and Explain that since the particle moves with
direction of the force on a uniform speed, the acceleration is towards the
particle moving in a horizontal centre and a force must be acting towards
circle with uniform speed. the centre and this force is called centrifugal
force.
6. Solves problems involving Guide students to solve problems involving

motion in a horizontal circle. the motion in a horizontal circle including
conical pendulum.
3.15 1. Explains vertical motion. When a particle moves in a vertical circle of 10

radius a, with varying velocity , the
acceleration towards the centre of the circle
is and in the direction of tangent.

)
Acceleration
16
Level Period
2. Explains the motion of a ring Motion restricted to circular path.
threaded on a fixed smooth Explain that the only external force acting on
vertical wire / particle moving the particle is Reaction. As the reaction is
in a fixed smooth circular, perpendicular to the direction of motion, it does
verticaltube. no work.
1. Law of conservation of energy can be
applied.
2. Applying intheradialdirection
R can be found. Since the ring cannot
leave the wire, the only condition
necessary for it to describe complete
circle is that its velocity is greater than
zero at the highestpoint.
Let u be the velocity at lowest point.
(a) If it describes a complete
circle.
(b) If come to instantaneous rest
before reaching highest point and
subsequently oscillates.
B
3. Finds the condition for the
motion of a particle suspended
from an inelastic light string
attached to a fixed point, in O
)
verticalcircle. T P
A
Let u be the velocity of particle m in the
horizontal direction at the lowest point.
When the string has turned through an angle
,let v be the velocity and T be the tension.
Using conservation of energy and applying
intheradialdirection,obtain
Discuss the following.
1. If , the string is always taut,

particle oscillates below the level of O.
17
Level Period
2. If ,then
t becomes zero before v becomes zero
and hence the string becomes slack.
When the string is slack .

Once the string is slack, the only force acting
on the particle is its own weight and motion
continues as that of a projectile.
If then
the particle moves in a complete circle.
Notethatmotionofaparticleinaverticalcircle
on the innersurface of a smoothsphere is also
same as above.
4. Discusses the motion of a O

particle on the outersurface of
a fixed smooth sphere in a
verticalgreatcircle. O
Let O be the centre of sphere and a be the

radius. A particle is projected with velocity u
in horizontal direction from the highest point
of a smooth sphere.
Discuss the motion and show that
(i) If , then the particle leaves the

sphere at the point of projection (highest
point)
(ii) If , thentheparticleleavesthe
sphere, when the radius through the
particle makes an angle with upward
vertical,where .
Solve problems leading to vertical circular

motion.
18
Second Term
COMBINED MATHS I (2 nd Ter
MATHS m)
erm)

Level Period
Integration
25.1 1 Defines integration the reverse
If , then is an 03
process of differentiation.
antiderivative of .
2. Explains that any two
The antiderivative of a function is not unique.
antiderivatives of a function on
an interval can differ by a It can differ by a constant.
constant.
3. Defines the indefinite integral

If , then we write
as the collection of all
antiderivatives.
,
where c is an arbitrary constant.
4. Identifies the standard forms of

1.(a)
indefinite integrals.
(b)
(c)
2.(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
3.(a)
(b)
20
Level Period
5. Explains the integrals when If then
px + q stands for x in
standard forms of indefinite
integrals.
where
25.2 States and explains basic rules of If and g are functions of x, and k is a 03
integration. constant then
1.
2.
25.3 1. Defines the definite integral If is an antiderivative of 02

(using second version of the
fundamental theorem of then
calculus) and states its uses to
evaluate definite integrals.
2. States the basic properties of (i)

the definite integrals.
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
when
(v)
(Proof of (v) is required)
25.4 1. Integrates rational functions 05

when the numerator is the
derivative of the denominator.
where is the derivative of .
2. Integrates rational functions where is a polynomial of

using partial fractions.
degree and factorisable.
21
Level Period
25.5 Integrates trigonometric functions. Using trigonometric identities to obtain the 03
standard integrals.
25.6 Integrates by substitution. Use suitable substitution. 04

(i) (m is an odd positive
integer)
substitution
(ii) (m is odd)
substitution
(iii)
Where m, n are positive integers.
If m is odd put
If n is odd put
(iv)
substitution
substitution
(v)
substitution
(vi)
substitution
(vii)
substitution
22
Level Period
(viii)
substitution
(ix)
substitution
and other substitutions
25.7 Integrates by using the method of If and are differentiable then show 05
integration by parts.
that
Problems using integration by parts.
25.8 1. Finds the area under a curve. Defines the area under a curve as a definite
integral.
Let be a curve.
O
The area of the region bounded by the curve
, the x axis and the lines and
is
This is referred to as the area under the curve
from to .
2. Finds the area between two Suppose and are two
curves.
curves such that in the interval
. The area bounded by the two curves
and the lines and is
23
Level Period
Permutation and Combination
8.1 1. Defines factorial. Definition of factorial n 02
Normal form : 0! = 1
n! = 1.2. 3...n
Recursive form : F(0) = 1
where n is a positive integer.
2. Explains the fundamental Fundamental principle of counting:

principle of counting. If one operation can be performed in m
different ways and a second operation can be
performed in n different ways, then there will
be different ways performing the two
operations in succession.
8.2 1. Defines nPn and obtain the Define that the number of permutations of n 06
formulae for nPn. different objects taken all at a time is nPn and
n
Pn = n!.
2. Defines nPr and finds formulae Define that the number of permutations of n
for nPr .
different objects taken r at a time
is nPr and show that nPr = .
3. Finds the permutations in Show that the number of permutations of n

which the quantities may be different objects taken r at a time when each
repeated. object may occur any number of time is .
4. Finds the permutations of n Show that the number of permutations of n

objects not all different. objects p of which are one kind and the
remaining all are different is .
5. Explains the circular Show that the number of permutations in which

permutations. n different objects can be arranged round a
circle is
8.3 1. Defines combination. Define that the number of combinations of n 07

different objects taken r at a time is and
show that
24
Level Period
Show that (i)

(ii)
2. Explains the distinction Explain (with examples) that in permutation,

between permutations and the order is important, but in combination order
combinations. is immaterial.
Show that the total number of combinations of
n different objects taken any number at a time
is .
Guide students to solve problems on
permutations and combinations.
Series
21.1 1. Defines a sequence. Definition of a sequence as a set of terms in a 04
specific order with rule for obtaining terms.
If is the term of a sequence, the

sequence is denoted by .
is said to be convergent, if
exists (finite number).
Otherwise the sequence is said to be divergent.
2. Defines an infinite series using Connection between a sequence and a series.
the sequence of partial sum.
Let be a sequence.
Define
This is called the nth partial sum.
3. Finds the sum of an arithmetic Definition of an arithmetic series.

series. A series, which after the first term, the
difference between each term and the preceding
is constant is called an arithmetic series or
arithmetic progression.
Show the general term ,

, where a is the first term and
d is the common difference and the sum of n
terms
25
Level Period
where l is the last term of the series.
4. Finds the sum of a geometric Definition of a geometric series.

series. A series, which after the first term, the ratio
between each term and the preceeding term is
constant is called geometric series.
(i) Show that the general term
where a is the first term and r is the
common ratio.
(ii) Show that the sum of n terms ,
21.2 Finds the sum of arithmetico- Give examples to arithmetico geometric series 02
geometric series. and discuss how to find the sum of n terms of
an arithmetico geometric series.
21.3 1. States fundamental theorems Show that 03

on summation.
(i)
(ii)
where k is a constant.
In general,
2. Finds the sum of the series. Determination of and
the use of above results and theorem
Examples (i)
(ii)
26
Level Period
21.4 1. Uses various methods to find Find summation of series using 10

the sum of series.
(i) method of difference
(ii) partial fractions
(iii) mathematical induction
2. Discusses the sum of terms to Let be a series and

infinity.
If (finite), then the series is
said to be convergent and the sum to infinity is

l.
i.e.
If does not tend to a limit, then is
said to be divergent.
Discuss the convergence of an infinite geometric
series. In a geometric series with first term a
and common ratio r, the series is convergent if
and the sum to infinity is
27
COMBINED MATHS II (2 nd Ter
MATHS m)
erm)

Level Period
Centre of Mass (Gravity)
2.11 1. Defines the centre of mass of Let the mass of the particle at 10
a system of particles in a plane. with respect to rectangular cartesian coordinate
system chosen in the plane of a coplanar system
of particles, be where .
There exists a point in the plane of
the system of particles such that,
and
G is called the centre of mass of the system of

particles.
2. Defines the centre of gravity of The weight of a body is equal to the weights of
the system of particles in a its constituent particles and acts vertically
plane. downward through a fixed point in the body.
mr point is called the centre of gravity
The fixed
where the fixed point is independent of the
orientation of the body.
3. Defines the centre of mass of Let a tiny mass at the point with
a lamina. respect to a cartesian system of coordinates
chosen in the lamina be .
The point is such that
and
4. Finds the centre of gravity of Bodies in which the masses are distributed with
uniform bodies about a the same constant density are known as uniform
symmetrical line. bodies.
1. Centre of gravity of a thin uniform rod.
A G B
28
Level Period
2. Centre of gravity of a uniform rectangular
lamina.
3. Centre of gravity of a uniform circular ring.
4. Centre of gravity of a uniform circular

disc.
5. Finds the centre of gravity of a 1. Centre of gravity of a uniform triangular

uniform lamina. lamina.
Show that the centre of gravity of a triangle
lies at the point of intersection of the
medians
- that is two thirds of the distance from
each vertex to the midpoint of the
opposite side.
2. Centre of gravity of a uniform
parallelogram.
Show that the centre of gravity of a
parallelogram is the point of the
intersection of its diagonals.
6. Finds the centre of gravity of Discuss the centre of gravity of the following
bodies symmetrical about a uniform bodies.
plane. (i) hollow cylinder
(ii) solid cylinder
(iii) hollow sphere
(iv) solid sphere
29
Level Period
2.12 1. Finds the centre of gravity of When a body cannot be divided into a finite 08
symmetrical bodies using number of parts with known centres of gravity
integration. it may be divided into infinite number of parts
with known centres of gravity.
Summing the moments of the parts is done by
integration.
Show by integration that

1. the centre of gravityof a uniform circular
arc of radius a subtending an angle at
the centre lies at a distance from
the centre along the axis of symmetry.

2. The centre of gravityof a uniform circular
sector of radius a subtending an angle
at the centre lics at a distance
from the centre along the axis of symmetry.
3. Show that the centre of gravity of a solid

hemisphere with radius a lies at a distance
from the centre along the axis of

symmetry.
4. Show that the centre of gravity of a hollow

hemisphere with radius a lies at a distance
from plane face along the axis of

symmetry.
5. Show that the centre of gravity of a uniform
solid right circular cone of height h lies at
a distance from base along the axis of

symmetry.
6. Show that the centre of gravity of a uniform

hollow cone of height h lies at a distance
from base along the axis of symmetry .
30
Level Period
2. Finds the centre of gravity of Discuss the position of centre of gravity of a
bodies obtained by revolving. uniform solid formed by revolving the section
of a curve.
Example:
revolving about x axis between
and .
2.13 Finds the centre of gravity of When a body is made up from two or more 04
composite bodies and remainders. parts, each of which has a known weight and
centre of gravity, then as the weight of the
complete body is the resultant of the weights of
its parts. We can use the principle of moments
to find the centre of gravity of the body.
Discuss problems on composite bodies.

Similarly for remainders.
2.14 Explains the stability of bodies in 1. Hanging bodies: 04

equilibrium. Since there are only two forces acting on
the body they must be equal and opposite.
i.e. T = W and
AG is vertical
T
.
A
G
2. Bodies resting on an inclined plane.
RB
G
RA > FB
B
FA
>
A
W
31
Level Period
The forces acting on the body are
(i) Weight
(ii) Normal reactions RA, RB at the
points of contact A & B respectively.
(iii) Frictions at A & B.
For equilibrium:
The vertical through the centre of gravity must
fall between A and B.
If the vertical through G falls outside AB there

is a turning effect and the body will topple.
Probability
4.1 1. Explains random experiment. Discuss what is random experiment. 04
2. Defines sample space. The collection of all possible outcomes for an

experiment is called sample space.
3. Defines an event. An event is a subset of a sample space. i.e. An

event is a collection of one or more of the
outcomes of an experiment.
4. Explains evnt space. Set of all events of a random experiment is said
to be an event space.
5. Explains simple events and An event that includes one and only one of the
compound events. outcomes for an experiment is called a simple
event.
A compound event is a collection of more than
one outcome for an experiment.
Explain
(i) Union of two events
(ii) Intersection of two events
(iii) Mutually exclusive events
(iv) Exhaustive events
4.2 1. States classical definition of The probability of an event 'A' related to a 04

probability and its limitations. random experiment consisting of N equally
probable event is defined as .
Where is the number of simple events

in the event A.
32
Level Period
Limitations :
(i) The above formulae cannot be used when
the results of the random experiment are
not equally probable.
(ii) When the sample space is infinite the above
formulae is not valid.
2. States the aximotic definition. Let be the event space corresponding to a

sample space of a random experiment.
A function
Satisfying the following conditions.

(i) for any
(ii)
(iii) If A1, A2 are two mutually exclusive events
is said to be a probability function.
3. Proves the theorems on Prove that

probability using axiomatic (i)
definition and solves problems
using the above theorems. (ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v) If , then 08
4.3 1. Defines conditional probability. Let be the sample space of a random

experiment and A and B be two events where
P(A)>0, then the conditional probability of the
event B given that the event A has occured,
denoted by P(B/A), is defined as
2. Proves the theorems on Prove that,

conditional probability. (i) If P(A) > 0, then
(ii) If and P(A) > 0 then
33
Level Period
(iii) If , then
3. States multiplication rule.

State multiplication rule for three events.
06
4.4 1. Defines independent events. Let A1, A2 be two events on and if A1 and
A2 are independent then
.
Explain independence for three events. 06
4.5 1. Defines partition of a sample Let B1, B2,..., Bn be events in the event space
space. related to sample space of a random
experiment.
{B1, B2,B3,..., Bn } is said to be a partition
of if
(i)
(ii) ε
2. States the theorem on total Let {B1, B2,..., Bn } be a partition of the event
probability. space corresponding to the sample space
. If P(Bi) > 0 and if A is any event in the
event space , then
3. Sates Baye's theorem and Let {B1, B2,..., Bn } be a partition of the event
applies for problems. space . If A is any event in then
34
T hird Term
COMBINED MATHS I (3 r d Ter
MATHS m)
erm)

Level Period
Binomial Expansion
10.1 1. Explain Pascal triangle. 06
1
1 2 1
1 3 3 1
1 4 6 4 1
• • • • • •
This array of numbers, which is such that each

number, except those at the ends, is the sum
of the two numbers on either side of it in the
line above known as Pascal Triangle.
2. States and proves Binomial Statement of the theorem for positive integral
Theorem. index,
where for
Proof of the theorem,

(i) Using Mathematical induction
(ii) Using combinations
3. Explains the difference In the expansion,

between coefficients and
binomial coefficients of
expansion. ,
are called binomial
coefficients.
are the coefficients of
the expansion.
(i) The number of terms in the expansion is
(ii) General term of the expansion is

.
36
Level Period
4. Finds the properties of Using the above expansion obtain the
Binomial coefficients. properties of binomial coefficients.
10.2 Finds the greatest term and greatest Discuss how to find the greatest term and the 06
coefficient in the Binomial greatest coefficient in the Binomial expansion.
expansion.
Complex Numbers
14.1 1. Identifies imaginary unit and Introduce the imaginary unit i such that . 02
pure imaginary numbers.
The numbers of the form ai, where a ℝ , are
called pure imaginary numbers.
Discuss ,
2. Defines a complex number. A complex number is defined as ,
where and .
a is called the real part of the complex number
z and denoted by and b is called the
imaginary part of the complex number z and
denoted by .
3. States the conditions for If and are two

equality of two complex
complex numbers, then
numbers.
and .
4. Defines conjugate of a If , then the complex conjugate of

complex number. z (denoted ) is defined as .
14.2 Defines algebraic operations on Let , and 02

complex numbers. Then
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
for
37
Level Period
The set of complex numbers is closed under
the above operations. Show that and
are real numbers.
14.3 1. Represents a complex number Introduce Argand diagram (complex plane) 03

in Argand diagram. Represents a complex number as a point in
Argand diagram.
Let Then the point
represents z in the Argand diagram.
imaginary
axis
O
Real axis
2. Defines modulus of a complex Modulus of the complex number z is denoted

number. by
ℂ
3. Expresses a non zero complex Let be a non-zero complex number.

number in Then
form.
where
and
4. Defines argument of a complex Let z be a non-zero complex number. An angle

number. satisfying is called
an argument of z.
38
Level Period
5. Defines arg z. Let z be a non-zero complex number. The set of
all values of for which
is denoted by arg z.
6. Defines Arg z. Let z be a non-zero complex number. The value

of for which , where
is denoted by Arg z.
Arg z is called the principal value of the argument.
7. Construct points in the Argand Given z, construct the points representing.

Diagram. (i) (ii) ;
Given two complex numbers , construct
the points representing.
P
(i) (ii)
(iii) where in the Argand

Diagram.
Obtain the triangle inequality
for
Deduce that for
14.4 1. Finds the modulus and If 05

argument of product of two
complex numbers.
Show that
39
Level Period
2. Constructs points representing Show the construction of and in
and in the Argand,
Argand diagram.
Given z, find the point represented by
diagram.
14.5 1. Finds the loci on the complex Let the complex numbers and be 04
plane.
represented by the points
respectively.
Show that
(i) the locus of z given by is a
circle with centre and radius r.
Obtain the cartesian equation of the
locus.
(ii) The locus of z given by the equation
is the half line
which make an angle with positive
direction of x-axis.
(iii) The locus of z given by the equation
is the line which is
perpendicular bisector of and
obtain the cartesian equation of the line.
Matrices
12.1 1. Defines a matrix. Matrix is a rectangular array of numbers. 02
Matrices are denoted by capital letters A, B,
C.. etc.
If A has m rows and n columns the order of

the matrix A is . A is also written as
Element of a matrix : is the element of ith

row and jth column.
Row matrix :
A matrix which has only one row is called a
row matrix or a row vector.
40
Level Period
Column matrix:
A matrix which has only one column is called a
column matrix or column vector.
Null matrix:
If every element of a matrix is zero, it is called
a null matrix.
2. Defines the equality of matrices. If two matrices and
are of the same order and if for

and
then A = B
3. Defines the addition of State the conditions.

matrices. (i) Matrices are of the same order,
(ii) Corresponding element are added.
Addition is Commutative and Associative
4. Defines the multiplication of a If ,

matrix by a scalar.
then for and
When
is denoted by .
5. Defines the transpose of a Transpose of a matrix A is denoted by AT.

matrix.
Let
Then , where
for and
41
Level Period
12.2 1. Explains special cases of Define a square matrix. 01
matrices. If in a matrix A of order , then A
is called a square matrix of order n.
is the leading (Principal)

diagonal.
• A square matrix A is said to be an identity
and denoted by In
• A square matrix A is said to be diagonal
if for all .
• A square matrix A is said to be symmetric
if .
• A square matrix A is said to be skew
symmetric
if
• A square matrix A is said to be upper
triangular matrix if when .
• A square matrix A is said to be lower
triangular matrix if when .
12.3 1. Defines the multiplication of Let and be two matrices. 04

matrices. Multiplication AB is compatible when .
If and
under compatibility,
is of order
Discuss that even when AB is defined, BA is

not necessarily defined.
In general .
42
Level Period
2. Uses theorems in solving For square matrices A, B and C of same order
problems. n.
(i)
(ii) (associative)
(iii) (distributive)
(iv) (distributive)
(v) (O is the zero matrix)
(vi) AIn = A = InA
(vii)
(viii) AB = O does not necessarily follow that
A = O or B = O
Let and A be a square matrix
of order n then is given by
where
3. Finds the inverse of Find the value of a determinant.

matrix.
Given a matrix determinant of A
denoted by det A or is defined as

det A = .
State that, given a square matrix A, if there
exists a matrix B such that AB = I2 = BA, then
B is said to be the inverse of A and denoted by
A-1.
Therefore,
Show that (i)
(ii)
(iii)
Given that and , show
43
Level Period
that
Discuss the inverses for diagonal matrices,

upper triangular matrices and lower triangular
matrices of order 3.
12.4 Solves simultaneous equations using Given that 06

matrices.
write the above equations in the form

AX = C,
where and
If exists
Discuss solutions of simultaneous equations to

illustrate the following situations.
(i) Unique solution
(ii) Infinite number of solutions
(iii) No solution.
Determinants
13.1 1. Defines the value of a (i) State the forms of and 08
determinant. determinants.
(ii) Value of determinant
If , then
(iii) Value of a determinant
44
Level Period
2. Defines the minor of an

element in a determinant. If and the minor of the
element in ith row and jth column, denoted by

Mij is the determinant obtained by
deleting i row and jth column of .
th
3. Defines the cofactor of an

element in a If , then
determinant.
cofactor of the element aij denoted as Aij is given
by , where i, j = 1, 2, 3
4. States the properties of Discuss and verify the following properties.

determinants.
(i) Let A be a square matrix of order 3.
Then det A = det AT
(ii) If3all3the elements in a row (columns) are
zero, the value of determinant is zero.
(iii) If any two rows (column) are interchanged,
the determinant changes its sign.
(iv) The value of a determinant is unaltered if a
multiple of any row (column) is added to
any other row (column).
(v) If one row (column) of a determinant

is multiplied by a scalar , the resulting
determinant is equal to .
(vi) If
then
45
Level Period
5. Uses determinants to find the Discuss the solutions of simultaneous equations
solutions of simultaneous in two variables.
equations.
Let
Using Cramer's rule:
and ,
provided
Discuss the solutions for three unknowns.
Let
Using Cramer's rule:
and , provided
46
COMBINED MATHS II (3r d Ter
MATHS m)
erm)

Level Period
Simple Harmonic Motion
3.16 1. Defines Simple Harmonic State that Simple Harmonic Motion is a 06
Motion (SHM). particular type of oscillatory motion.
• It is defined as a motion of a particle
moving in a straight line with a linear
acceleration proportional to the linear
displacement from a fixed point and is
always directed towards that fixed point.
• The fixed point is known as the centre of
oscillation.
O ← >
2. Obtains the differential
equation of Simple Harmonic
Motion and verifies its general
solutions.
The above is the differential equation for linear
SHM, where is a constant.
• x that
←
Verify is
the general solution of the above
differential equation, where A, B are
arbitrary constants and t isthetime.
3. Obtains the velocity as a Discuss

function of displacement. impliesthat
,where
For the displacement, the following formulae
can also be used.
4. Defines amplitude and period Statethat

of SHM.
(i) The length is the
amplitude of the SHM.
(ii) The time is the period of the

SHM.
47
Level Period
5. Describes SHM associated
Discuss
with uniform circular motion.
)
O Q
Let a particle P moves in a circular motion with

uniform angular velocity .
Let Q be the foot of the perpendicular from P
on a diameter.When P describes the circular
motion, Q describes a SHM given by the
equation .
6. Finds time duration between

two position.
)
)
O
Discuss the time duration between two

positionsoftheparticle.
The above time interval can also be derived

from the equations of the motion.
3.17 Describes the nature of Simple State Hookes law for tension or thrust.
06
Harmonic Motion on a horizontal
line. , where
modulus of elasticity
extension or compression
naturallength
Prove by integration that the elastic potential
energy is .
48
Level Period
Discuss the Simple Harmonic Motion of a
particle under the action of elastic forces along
ahorizontalline.
3.18 Explains Simple Harmonic Motion • Simple Harmonic Motion of a particle in 06

ofaparticleinaverticalline. a vertical line under the action of elastic
forces and its own weight.
• Combination of SHM and a free motion
under gravity.
Statistics
5.1 1. Explainswhatisstatistics. State that statistics is the science of obtaining 01
and analyzing quantitative data with a view to
make inferences and decisions.
• A statistic refers to a summary figure
computed from a data set.
2. Explainsthenatureofstatistics. Statistics can be divided into two areas.

(i) Descriptive statistics
(ii) Inferential statistics
Descriptive statistics consists of methods for

organizing displaying and describing data by
using tables, graphs and summary measures.
Inferential statistics consists of methods that

use sample results to help make decisions or
predictions about a population.
5.2 1. Explains to obtain information Statethatdataisacollectionoffactsorfigures 01

from data. relatedtoavariate.
State that information as the manipulated and
processed form of data.
Data is used as input for processing and
information the output of this processing.
2. Explains what is experiment. Discuss experiment as an activity to obtain data.

Discuss the types of experiment.
3. Explains the types of data. • State that discrete data is a variable whose
values are countable. A discrete data can
assume only certain values with no
intermediate values.
49
Level Period
• Continuous data is a variable that can take
any numerical value over a certain interval.
5.3 Classifies data and Information. Discuss about the classification of data such 01
as an array frequency distribution and stem-
leaf.
5.4 Tabulates data and information.

Discuss the tabulation techniques for 01
(i) Ungrouped frequency distribution
(ii) Grouped frequency distribution
(iii) Cumulative frequency distribution
5.5 Denotes data and information Discuss the following graphical methods to 04
graphically. denote.
(i) Bar Chart
A graph made of bars whose heights
represents the frequencies of respective
categories is called bar chart.
(ii) Pie chart
A circle divided into sectors that
represents the relative frequencies or
percentages of the categories they
represent.
(iii) Histogram
Histogram is a bar chart without gaps in
which the area of the bar is proportional
to the frequency of the particular class.
(iv) Line graph
Line graphs consists of vertical lines, the
height of a line represents the frequency
of an ungrouped discrete data.
(v) Box plot
A box that shows three quartiles and
whiskers extends from the box to the
minimum and maximum values.
The box represents the central 50% of
thedata.
(Minimum Q1 Q2 Q3 (Maximum
value) value)
50
Level Period
5.6 Describes the mean, median and State mean, median and mode are the 01
mode as measures of central measures of central tendency for a set of data.
tendency. The mean ofasetofdata is
defined by .
Let be a set of data with

frequencies respectively. Mean
(Arithmetic mean) of a grouped data is defined
as
The mean .
(for grouped data denotes the mid point of

the classinterval)
Discuss coding method.

Discuss weighted mean:
, where is the weight
of .
Mode:
State mode as a value of a variable which has
the greatest frequency in a set of data.
Mode may have more than one value.
For a grouped frequency distribution, mode

is given by
Mode = , where
is the lower boundary of the modal class,

c isthesizeoftheclassinterval,
,
51
Level Period
and
is the frequency of the modal class.
5.7 Interprets frequency distribution Median is the middle value of an ordered set 04
usingrelativepositions. ofdata.
1. Let be the ordered set of n
data.
Median is the value of the
ordered set.
Discuss the cases
(i) When n is odd,
(ii) When n is even.
2. Discuss for ungrouped frequency

distributionalso.
3. For a grouped frequency distribution
fc
Median , where
b is the lower class boundary of the

median class
c isthesizeoftheclassinterval
f is the sum of all frequencies below b
and
is the frequency of the median class.
Quartiles:
First Quartile (Q1):
Q 1 is the value of the data arranged
in the ascending order.
Second Quartile (Q2):
52
Level Period
Third Quartile (Q3):

Note that Q2 (median) is the 2nd Quartile.
Note: Discuss ungrouped frequency

distributions and grouped frequency
distributions with examples
Percentile :
percentile of the data is given by
value of the data arranged in the
ascending order.
Discuss the integer as well as the non-integer
cases.
5.8 Uses suitable measure of central Discuss the uses of the measures of central 04
tendency to make decisions on tendency in frequency distributions. Explain with
frequency distribution. suitable examples.
5.9 Explains the measures of dispersion. Dispersion indicates the spread of data. 08
Measures of dispersion are used to represent
the spread within data.
Define the following types of measures of

dispersion.
1. Range : Range is the difference between
the largest value and the smallest value.
2. Interquartile Range:
Interquartile Range =
3. Semi interquartile Range =

4. Mean Deviation:
For a set of data ,
Mean deviation = .
For a frequency distribution,
53
Level Period
Mean deviation = .
(for a grouped frequency distribution is

the mid value of the ith class)
5. Variance:
For a set of data ,
Variance = .
Show that variance =
For a frequency distribution,
Variance =
(for grouped freqency distribution, is the mid

value of the class).
Show that variance = .
6. Standard Deviation:
Standard Deviation =
Let be the mean and be the standard
deviation for a set of data.
Consider the linear transformation
, where a and b are constants.
Show that
and
54
Level Period
7. Z - score
Let be the mean and be the standard
deviation for a set of data .
For each is defined as
is called z-score of .
For the set of data show that
the mean is zero and the standard deviation
isone.
8. Pooled mean (Combined mean)

Let and be the means of sets of data
with sizes and respectively.
Show that the pooled mean
Let and be the variances of sets of

data with sizes and respectively.
Show that the pooled variance
5.10 Determines the shapes of the Explain the three types of frequency curves. 02
distribution.
MM M Mean
o e e = Median
d d a = Mode
e i n
a
n
(Positively skewed) (Symmetric)
55
Level Period
M M M
e e o
a d d
n i e
a
n
(Negatively skewed)
Pearson's coefficient of skewness is defined by
or by
56
School Based Assessment
57
Introduction- School Based Assessment
Learning -Teaching and Evaluation are three major components of the process of Education.
It is a fact that teachers should know that evaluation is used to assess the progress of learning-
teaching process. Moreover, teachers should know that these components influence mutually and
develop each other.According to formative assessment (continuous assessment) fundamentals; it
should be done while teaching or it is an ongoing process. Formative assessment can be done at
the beginning, in the middle, at the end and at any instance of the learning teaching process.
Teachers who expect to assess the progress of learning of the students should use an organized
plan. School based assessment (SBA) process is not a mere examination method or a testing
method. This programme is known as the method of intervening to develop learning in students
and teaching of teachers. Furthermore, this process can be used to maximize the student’scapacities
by identifying their strengths and weaknesses closely.
When implementing SBA programmes, students are directed to exploratory process through
Learning Teaching activities and it is expected that teachers should be with the students facilitating,
directing and observing the task they are engaged in.
At this juncture students should be assessed continuously and the teacher should confirm
whether the skills of the students get developed up to expected level by assessing continuously.
Learning teaching process should not only provide proper experiences to the students but also
check whether the students have acquired them properly. For this, to happen proper guiding
should be given.
Teachers who are engaged in evaluation (assessment) would be able to supply guidance in
two ways. They are commonly known as feed-back and feed- forward. Teacher’s role should be
providing Feedback to avoid learning difficulties when the students’ weaknesses and inabilities are
revealed and provide feed-forward when the abilities and the strengths are identified, to develop
such strong skills of the students.
Student should be able to identify what objectives have achieved to which level, leads to
Success of the Learning Teaching process. Teachers are expected to judge the competency levels
students have reached through evaluation and they should communicate information about student
progress to parents and other relevant sectors. The best method that can be used to assess is the
SBA that provides the opportunity to assess student continuously.
Teachers who have got the above objective in mind will use effective learning, Teaching,
evaluation methods to make the Teaching process and learning process effective. Following are
the types of evaluation tools student and, teachers can use. These types were introduced to teachers
by the Department of Examination and National Institute of Education with the new reforms.
Therefore, we expect that the teachers in the system know about them well
58
Types of assessment tools:
1. Assignments 2. Projects
3. Survey 4. Exploration
5. Observation 6. Exhibitions
7. Fieldtrips 8. Short written
9. Structured essays 10. Open book test
11. Creativeactivities 12. Listening Tests
13. Practical work 14. Speech
15. Selfcreation 16 Group work
17. Concept maps 18. Double entry journal
19. W allpapers 20. Quizzes
21. Question and answer book 22. Debates
23. Panel discussions 24. Seminars
25. Impromptus speeches 26. Role-plays
Teachers are not expected to use above mentioned activities for all the units and for all the
subjects. Teachers should be able to pick and choose the suitable type for the relevant units and
for the relevant subjects to assess the progress of the students appropriately.The types of assessment
tools are mentioned in Teacher’s Instructional Manuals.
If the teachers try to avoid administering the relevant assessment tools in their classes there
will be lapses in exhibiting the growth of academic abilities, affective factors and psycho- motor
skillsinthestudents
59
Term 1
Group Assignment 1
01.1 Competency 29 : Interprets equations of Conics.
01.2 Nature of Group Assignment : An Assignment leading to the identification of conics as
conic sections.
01.3 Instructions for the teacher
1. Present the assignment to the students 3 weeks before beginning the lesson on conics.
2. Instruct them to finish the assignment one week before beginning the lesson.
3. Evalute the finished assignment. Begin the lesson on conics on the scheduled date from their
level of knowledge about conics.
Conics
Introduction:
l l1
The solid of revolution generated in space by a straight line l passing through a fixed point v onafixed
/
straightline l and rotating at a constant acute anllg/le with it is known as a cone.
v is known as the vertex of the cone, as the semi-vertical angle and as the generating line.
Each part of the cone separated through its vertex is called a nappe. Each such part is infinite (In
practice a cone is known as a finite part of a nappe.)
Assignment
(1) Prepare 5 models as shown in the figure using a soft variety of timber or
any other such material. Let them be named as A, B, C, D and E.
Axis
Vertex
60
(2) (i) Separate the model A into two halves by means of a plane through its axis.
(ii) Separate one nappe of B by means of a plane perpendicular to its axis.
(iii) Separate one nappe of C by means of a plane which is neither parallel nor perpendicular to its
axis and not parallel to a generating line.
(iv) Separate one nappe of D by means of a plane parallel to a generating line.
(v) Separate both nappes of E through the same plane.
(3) For each of the above cases trace the shape of edge / edges of the cutting section on a sheet of
paper.
Name the curves obtained in (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv) above.
The curve consisting of two parts obtained in (v) above is known as a hyperbola.
(4) W rite down the occasions where you have come across the curves mentioned above.
(5) (i) What is the conic section when the cone is cut by a plane passing through the centre only ?
(ii) What is the curve common to the plane through a generating line and the cone ?
Criteria for Evaluation

1. Finish of the given instrument.
2. Correctly obtained cutting sections.
3. Identifying the curves obtained from cutting sections.
4. Revealing practical situations.
5. Engaging in the activity as a group.
61
Term 1
Assignment 2
02.1 Competency 03.12 : Interprets the result of an impulsive action.
02.2 Nature of Group
Assignment : A group activity for the use of the principles of conservation of Linear
Momentum and Conservation of Mechanical Energy.
1. Give this assignment to students to test whether the relevant concepts have been instilled in
them after the lessons on impulse and simple momentum.
2. Give the necessary feed-back after evaluating the assignment.
Assignment
1. (i) A gun of mass M rests on a smooth horizontal plane and its barrel is inclined of an angle to
the horizontal. It fires a bullet of mass m.
(ii) A small sphere of mass M is suspended by a light inextensible string and is at rest. Another
small sphere of mass m and falling vertically downwards with a velocity u fallsonM. At the
moment of impact the line joining the centres of the spheres is inclined at an angle tothe
vertical.
62
Fig (a) shows the instant just before the impact.
Fig (b) denotes the impulse created in the system.
In fig.(c) mark the velocities of M and m just after the application of the impulse.
To solve this problem in which direction should the principle of conservation of momentum be
applied to the system ?
W rite an equation by applying the principle of conservation of momentum in that direction.
2. A wedge of mass M rests on a smooth horizontal table. A particle of mass m is placed at the lower
end of its face inclined at an angle to the horizontal and is projected with a velocity u up the face
of the wedge so that it just reaches the vertex of the wedge.
Figure(a)denotestheinitialsituation.
In figure (b) mark the forces acting on m and M.
Figure (c) denotes the situation when m reaches the vertex of M.
Explain why the principles of conservation of momentum and the conservation of energy can be
applied in order to interpret this motion.
Derive two equations by applying those principles and by solving them show that
3. One end of a light elastic string with natural length l and modulus of elasticity mg isattachedtoa
fixed point O and a particle of mass m is attached to its other end. The particle m is projected
vertically upwards with a velocity u from the point O. Answer the following questions to find the
maximum length of the string in the subsequent motion.
(i) Draw a diagram for the initial position and mark the velocity of the particle.
(ii) Draw a diagram for a position when the string is unstretched in its motion above O and mark
the forces acting on the particle.
(iii) Draw a diagram for a position when the string is stretched in its motion above O and mark
(iv) Draw a diagram for a position when the string is unstretched in its motion below O and mark
(v) Draw a diagram for a position when the string is stretched in its motion below O and mark
63
(vi) Draw a diagram for the position when the string has reached its maximum length and mark
thevelocityoftheparticle.
(vii) What can you say about the forces acting on the particle for the entire motion?
(viii) Explain why the principle of conservation of energy can be applied for the above motion?
(ix) W riteanexpressionfortheelasticpotentialenergy(storedin)astringofmodulusofelasticity
and natural length l when it is stretched by a length x.
(x) For positions (i) and (vi) above write equations using the principle of conservation of energy.
(xi) Deduce the maximum length of the string.

1. Understanding the principle of conservation of momentum.
2. Understanding the principle of conservation of energy.
3. Free expression of ideas.
4. Use of correct principles suitably.
5. Getting engaged in a task as instructed.
Straight Line
1.(a) The points P(2,a) and Q(b+1, 3b-2) both lie on the line y =5x + 1. Find
(i) the values of a and b.
(ii) the distance between the points P and Q.
(b) The points A, B and C have co ordinates (6, -9) (-1, 15) and (-10, 3) respectively. Show that
and hence calculate the cosine of
2.(a) The vertices of triangle ABC are A (2,5), B(2, -1) and C (-2,3).
(i) Prove that for all values of t, the points with co-ordinates (t-1, t) are equidistance from B and
C.
(ii) Given that the point D is equidistant from A, B and C, calculate the co-ordinates of D.
(b) The line thorugh (2, 5) with gradient 3 cuts the x axis at A and y axis at B. Calculate the area of the
triangle AOB, where O is the origin.
3.(a) Find the co-ordinates of the point where the line through (-3, 13) and (6, 10) cuts the line through
(1, 5) with gradient 3.
(b) The centre of a square is at (3, 4) and one of its vertices at (7, 1). Find the co-ordinates of the other
vertices of the square.
4.(a) Two vertices of a triangle are (5, -1) and (-2, 3). If the orthocentre of the triangle is the origin, find
the co-ordinates of the third vertex.
(b) Find the equation of the bisector of the acute angle between the lines 3x -4y + 7 = 0 and 12x +5y
-2=0
64
5.(a) Two adjacent sides of a parallelogram are 2x - y = 0 and x -2y = 0 . If the equation of one
diagonal is x + y = 6. Find the equation of the other diagonal.
(b) Find all the points on the line x + y = 4 that lie at a unit distance from the line 4x +3y =10.
Circle
1.(a) W rite down the co-ordinates of the centre and radius of the circle with equation.
(i) x2 + y2 + 6x + 4y - 36 = 0 (ii) 2x2 + 2y2 - 2x -2y - 1 = 0
(b) Show that the circle with equation x2 + y2 - 2ax -2ay + a2 = 0 touches both the x axis and the y
axis. Hence show that there are two circles pass through the point (2, 4) and touch both the x axis
and the y axis. Find the equation of the tangent to each circle at the point (2, 4).
2.(a) Given that O (0,0), A (3, 2) and B (2, 1), find the equation for
(i) the circle that passes through O, A and B.
(ii) thecircleon AB as a diameter.
(b) Let x2 + y2 - 6x + 8y = 0 be a circle and P be the point (4, 3).

(i) Show that the point P lies outside the circle.
(ii) Find the length of the tangents from P to S.
(iii) Find the equations of the tangents from P to S.
(iv) Find the equation of the chord of contact of the tangents from P to S.
3.(a) Show that the line with equation 2x -3y + 26 = 0 is a tangent to the circle with the equation x2
+ y2 - 4x + 6y - 104 = 0
(b) Show that the circle with equation x2 + y2 - 4x + 2y - 4 = 0 and the line with equation x -2y
+ 1 = 0 interesect. Find the equation of the circle passing through the points of intersection of the
above circle and line, and origin.
4.(a) Given that the circles x2 + y2 - 6x + 4y + 9 = 0 and x2 + y2 - 4y + C = 0

(i) touch, find the values of C and verify your answer.
(ii) cutorthogonally,findthevalueofC.
(b) Prove that two circles can be drawn through the origin to cut the circle x2 +y2-x +3y -1 =0
orthogonally and touch the line and find their equations.
65
Work, Power, Energy
1.(a) A block of mass 500 kg is raised a height of 10 m by a crane. Find the work done by the crane
against the gravity.
(b) A train travels 6 km between two stations. If the resistance to motion averages 500 N, find the
work done against the resistance.
(c) A cyclist pushes his bicycle 100 m upahillinclinedatsin-1 to the horizontal. If the cyclist and
the cycle weigh 800 N, find the work done by the cyclist against gravity. If the road resistance to
motion is 50 N, find the total work done by the cyclist.
2. A train of mass 150 tonnes (1 tonne = 1000 kg) is ascending a hill of gradient 1 in 15. The engine
is working at a constant rate of 300 kw and the road resistance to motion is 40 N per tonne.Find
the maximum speed of the train. Now the train moves on a horizontal track and engine works at the
same rate. If the resistance to motion is unchanged. Find the initial accleration of the train.
3. A car of mass 200 kg pulls a caravan of mass 400 kg along a level road. The resistance to motion
of the car is 1000 N and the resistance to motion of the caravan is 100 N. Find the acceleration of
the car and the caravan at the instant when their speed is 40 kmh-1 with the power output of the
engine equal to 100 kW. Find also the tension in the coupling between the car and the caravan at
this instant.
Impulse and Momentum

1. A sphere of mass 1 kg, moving at 8 ms-1 strikes directly a similar sphere of mass 2 kg which is at
rest. If the coefficient of restitution (e) find
(i) The velocities of the spheres after impact.

(ii) The Impulse between the spheres.
(iii) The loss in kinetic energy due to collision.
2. A sphere of mass m, moving along a smooth horizontal table with speed V,collidesdirectlywitha
stationary sphere of same radius and of mass 2m.
(i) Obtain expressions for the speeds of the two spheres after the impact in terms of V.
(ii) Find the coefficient of restitution e.
(iii) If half of the kinetic energy is lost due to collision find the value of e.
3. Two small smooth spheres A and B of equal radius but of masses 3m and 2 m respectively are
moving to wards each other 30 that they collides directly. Immediately before the collision, sphere
A has speed 4u and sphere B has speed u. The collision is such that sphere B experiences an
impulse of magnitude 6 mcu , where c is a constant. Find
(i) In terms of u and c,thespeedsof A and B immediately after the collision.
66
(ii) The coefficient of restitution in terms of c.
(iii) The range of values of c for which such collision would be possible.
(iv) The values of c suchthat of the total kinetic energy would be destroyed by the
collision.
4. Two small spheres of masses m and 2m are connected by a light inextensible string of length 2a.
When the string is taut and horizontal, its mid point is fixed and the spheres are released from rest.
The coefficient of restitution between the spheres is .
(i) Show that the first impact brings the heavier sphere to rest.
(ii) Show that the second impact brings the lighter sphere to rest.
(iii) Find the velocity of each sphere immediately after the third impact.
67
Term 2
Group Assignment 1
03.1 Competency Level: 8.1` Uses various methods for counting.
03.2 Nature : Group Assignment.
1. Direct the students to get engaged in this investigation about a week before beginning the
lesson on permutations and combinations.
2. Instruct students to present the results of the investigation two days before the date scheduled
forthelesson.
3. Evaluate the results of the investigation.
4. Begin the lesson on permutation and combination on the scheduled date from the level of their
knowledge on permutations.
Note: The terms Principle of counting, permutation, combination and factorial notation should
be introduced only after the teacher began the lesson.
03.4 Work sheet
Consider the following phenomenon.
This is an incident that has occured about hundred years ago.
A group of 10 students of a certain school were used to patronise the same canteen daily to have
their tea during the school interval. They were in the habit of sitting on the same ten chairs which
were in a row. One day the owner of the canteen made the following proposal to them.
“Today your group is seated in this order.When you come here tomorrow you sit in a different
order and likewise change your sitting order daily.You have exhausted all the different orders or
sitting I will give you all your refreshments free of charge.”
Do the following activity in order to inquire into the canteen owner’s proposal mathematically.
(i) Take 5 pieces of equal square card boards and mark them as A, B, C, D and E as shown
below:
A B C D E
(ii) Draw two squares a little bigger than the above squares on a sheet of paper in a row.
68
In how many different ways can the two squares marked A and B can be placed inside the
two squares on the sheet of paper.
(iii)(a) Drawing three square in a row and using the cards A, B and C.
(b) Drawing four squares in a row and using the cards A, B, C and D.
(c) Drawing five squares in a row and using the cards A, B, C, D and E.
Find the number of different ways in which the cards can be placed with one card inside a
square.
Note down the results of each of the cases above on a sheet of paper.
2. The network of a system of roads connecting the 5 cities A, B, C, D and E to a city O is as

follows:
E
O A
B C D
(a) In how many different ways can (i) A (ii) B (iii) C (iv) D (v) E canbereachedfrom
O?
(b) Describe a convenient way of obtaining the above results.
(c) Is there a relationship between these results and the results obtained in the activity (1) above.
Ifthereisarelationshipexplainwhyitisso.
3. (a) W rite an expression as a product of integers which gives the number of different ways in
which 10 different objects (living, non-living or symbolic) can be placed in a row.
Simplify this expression. Hence write down your judgement with regard to the proposal
made by the canteen owner mentioned earlier.
W rite an expression in the form of a product for the number of different ways in which n
different objects can be arranged in a row.

1. Engaging in the task as instructed.
2. Revealing mathematical relationships.
3. Construction of mathematical models.
4. Reaching conclusions.
5. Expressing ideas logically.
69
Group Assignment 2
Nature of the student based activity: Open text assignment.
04.1 Competency Level:
04.1.1 Interprets the events of a random experiment.
04.1.2 Applies probability models for solving problems on random events.
04.2 Nature of the assignment : Open text assignment of revising the knowledge about sets and
probability.
1. About 2 weeks before beginning the lesson probability instruct the students to study the lessons
on sets and probability in the text books from grades 6 to 11. Distribute the given assignment
to the students.
2. Instruct them to submit answers about one week before the beginning of the lesson.
3. After evaluation of the answers begin the lesson providing the necessary feedback.
Assignment
(1) (i) W riteallsubsetsof A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }. How many subsets are there ?
(ii) Select the subsets of B = from the following sets.
P = { 1, 4, 9, 16} Q = { 2, 3, 5, 7 }
R = { Prime numbers less than 10 } S = {Counting numbers less than 10}
T = { 2, 4, 6, 8 } U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 }
Out of the subsets you have selected write down the proper subsets of A, if any.
(2) f
I A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5 } , B = { 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 } and = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}, write
the elements of
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)
(vi) (vii) (viii) (ix) (x)
(3) State the following laws about set algebra and varify them by means of Venn diagrams.
(i) Commutative Law (ii) DistributiveLaw
(iii) Associative Law (iv) De Morgans Law
(4) Underline the correct results out of the folowing.

(i) (ii) (iii)
(iv) (v)
70
(5) (i) Define a random experiment.
(ii) Select random experiments from the following:
(a) Sun will rise tommorrow.
(b) Testing the top side when a coin is tossed.
(c) Testing the top side when a dice marked from 1 to 6 is tossed.
(d) Testing the number of sick students sent home during school hours.
(e) Measuring the life span of an electric bulb.
(f) Drawing a ball at random from a bag containing 3 red balls and 1 blue ball which
areidenticallyequal.
(iii) W rite the sample space of random experiments you have selected above.
(6) In the random experiment of observing the top sides when two coins are tossed simultaneously.
(i) W rite the sample space.
(ii) W ritetwosimpleeventsinit.
(iii) W rite two composite events in it.
(7) What are mutually exclusive events. Explain with an example.

(8) Toss a coin 25 times and complete the following table.
Number of Times Side obtained (Head or Tail)
1
2
3
.
.
.
25
(i) Find the success fraction of obtaining a head when the coin is tossed 25, times.
(ii) Repeat the experiment 50 times, 100 times and find the success fraction of obtaining a
head.
(iii) If success fraction is to be taken as a measure of probability how should be the number of times
the experiment is to be repeated?
(9) What is an equally probable event? Select equally probable events from the following random
experiments.
(i) Observing the side obtained when a coin is tossed.
(ii) Observing the side obtained when an unbiased dice marked 1-6 is tossed.
(iii) Observing the colour of a ball taken randomly from a bag containing 2 blue balls and 3 red
balls.
71
(iv) Observing the number of a card taken randomly from a set of identical cards numbered
from 1-9.
(10)(i) W rite the sample space for the random experiment (ii) above.
If A = { Obtaining an even number}
B = { Obtaining a prime number }
C = { Obtaining a square number }
D = { Obtaining an odd number }
(ii) Find
(a) P(A) (b) P(B) (c) P(C) (d) P(D) (e) P(A B)
(f) P(A C) (g) P(C A) (h) P(A B) (i) P(A B C) (j) P(A B C)
(iii)Provethat
(a) P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A B)
(b) P(A B C) = P(A) + P(B) + P(C) - P(A B) - P(B C)
- P(C A) + P(A B C)
(iv) (a) Select two mutually exclusive events.
(b) Find P(A D)

1. Use of text books for obtaining the necessary knowledge.
2. Knowledge of set Algebra.
3. Knowledge of basic concepts in probability.
4. Following the given instructions correctly.
5. Expressing ideas freely.
For the written test teacher can choose questions from the following or he / she can prepare questions
on his/ her own.
Integration
1. (a) Express as the sum of partial fractions.
Hence show that
(b) By using the substitution x-1=u2 or otherwise, find
72
(c) Use integration by parts to evaluate
(d) Show that . Evaluate
2.(a) Express inpartialfraction.
Use the substitution t =tanx to show that
Hence show that
(b) Use integration by parts to find
(c) Find the area enclosed by the curve and
3(a) By using the substitution , or otherwise evaluate
(b) Let
Find the values of constants A, B and C such that and show that
(c) Use integration by parts to find
(d) Show that
Show that and evaluate
73
Circular Motion
1. A light in-extensible string of length 14a has its ends attached to two fixed prints A andB. The point A
is vertically above B and AB = 10a.A particleofmass m isattachedtothepointP of the string, where
AP = 8a. The particle moves in a horizontal circle with angular speed w with the string taut
(i) Show that the tension in APis
(ii) Find the tenam in BP
(iii) Deduce that
2. A smooth wire is bent in the form of a circle of radius r and centre O and is fixed in a vertical plane. A
bead B of mass m threaded on the wire is projected from the lowest point P with speed u.
(i) Find the value of u if the bead first comes to rest when OP is horizontal.
(ii) Find the least value of u with which the bead must be projected in order that the bead will move in
complete circles.
(iii) If show that the reaction between the bead and wire is zero when OP makes an anble
cos-1 with upward vertical and find the angle OP makes with the vertical when the bead first
becomes to rest.
3. A particle is slightly displaced from its position of rest on the top of a fixed smooth sphere of radius a.
(i) Prove that it will leave the surface of the sphere when the angle between the radius through the
particle and the vertical is cos-1
(ii) If the particle strikes a fixed horizontal plane below the sphere at a point distant from the
vertical through the centre, show that the depth of the plane below the lowest point of the sphere
is .
4. A smooth narrow tube is in the form of a circle of centre O and redius a, which in fixed in a vertical.
The tube contains two particles. A of mass 4m and B of mass m which are connected by a light
inextensiblestring. Initially A and B are on the same horizontal level as O and the system is released
fromrest. If,aftertime t,theline AOB has turned through an angle .
(i) Show that
(ii) Find the reaction between B and the tube in terms of m, g and .
(iii) Find a in terms of g and .
(iv) Hence find the tension in the string.
74
Competency Levels relevant to the Competency Level Numbers
Competency levels relevant to the competency level numbers in the Teacher’s Instructional Manual.
Term 1
Combined Maths I
11.3 Solves inequalities including modulus functions.

27.1 Derives the equation of a straight line.
27.2 Derives the equation of a straight line passing through the point of intersection of two given straight
lines.
27.3 Positions of two points relative to a given straight line.
27.4 Finds the angle between two straight lines.
27.5 Derives results related to a straight line in terms of the distance of the perpendicular drawn to it
from a given point.
28.1 Finds the cartesian equation of a circle.
28.2 Describes the position of a point relative to a circle.
28.3 Describes the position of a straight line relative to a circle.
28.4 Interprets the tangents drawn to a circle from an external point and the chord of contact.
28.5 Interprets the equation S + U = 0.
28.6 Interprets the position of two circles.
28.7 Interprets the equation S + =0.

29 Interprets the conic section.
Combines Maths II
3.10 Interprets mechanical energy.

3.11 Solves problems interpreting the applicability of power appropriately.
3.12 Interprets the effect of an impulsive action.
3.13 Uses Newton’s law of restitution to interpret direct elastic impact.
3.14 Investigates the relevant principles to apply them effectively to the motion on a horizontal circle.
3.15 Considers initial velocity as a factor affecting the behaviour of vertical circular motion.
75
Term 2
Combined Maths I
25.1 Deduces integration results in terms of the ideas about the anti-derivative of a function.
25.2 Uses the theorems on integration to solve problems.
25.3 Reviews the basic properties of a definite integral using the fundamental theorem of calculus.
25.4 Integrates rational functions using appropriate methods.
25.5 Integrates trigonometric expressions on reducing them to standard forms using trigonometric
identities.
25.6 Uses the method of changing the variable for integration.
25.7 Solves problems using integration by parts.
25.8 Determines the area of a region bounded by curves using integration.
8.1 Uses various methods for counting.
8.2 Uses of permutations as a technique of solving mathematical problems.
8.3 Uses of combinations as a technique of solving mathematical problems.
21.1 Describes basic series.
21.2 Interprets arithmetico-geometric series.
21.3 Sums series with positive integral powers product terms.
21.4 Sums series using various methods.
Combined Maths II
2.11 Applies various techniques to determine the centre of mass of symmetrical uniform bodies using
definition.
2.12 Finds the centre of mass of simple geometrical bodies using definition and integration.
2.13 Finds the centre of mass (centre of gravity) of composite bodies and remaining bodies assuming
that the centre of mass and centre of gravity coincide.
2.14 Determines the stability of bodies in equilibrium.
4.1 Interprets the events of a random experiment.
4.2 Applies probability models to solve problems on random events.
4.3 Applies the concept of conditional probability to determine the probability of a random event
under given conditions.
4.4 Uses the probability model to determine the independence of two or more events.
4.5 Applies Bayes’ Theorem.
76
Term 3
CombinedMaths I
10.1 Explores the basic properties of the Binomial Expansion.

10.2 Reviews the relation between the terms and coefficients in the Binomial Expansion.
14.1 Extends the number system.
14.2 Interprets complex numbers algebraically.
14.3 Interprets addition geometrically using the Argand diagram.
14.4 Interprets product and quotient geometrically using the Argand diagram.
14.5 Interprets the complex equation of the locus of a variable point.
12.1 Describes basic theories related to matrices.
12.2 Explains special cases of square matrices.
12.3 Describes the transpose and the inverse of a matrix.
12.4 Uses matrices to solve simultaneous equations.
13.1 Interprets the properties of a determinant.
Combines Maths II
3.16 Analyses Simple Harmonic Motion.

3.17 Describes the Nature of a simple Harmonic Motion taking place on a horizontal plane.
3.18 Explains the nature of a Simple Harmonic Motion taking place on a verticle line.
5.1 Introduces the nature of statistics.
5.2 Manipulates data to obtain information.
5.3 Classifies data and information.
5.4 Tabulates data and information.
5.5 Denotes data and information graphically.
5.6 Describes the mean as a measure of central tendency.
5.7 Interprets a frequency distribution using measures of relative positions.
5.8 Uses suitable measures of central tendency to make decisions on frequency distributions.
5.9 Interprets the dispersion of a distribution using measures of dispersion.
5.10 Determines the shape of a distribution by using measures of skewness.
77
Refferences
• Bstock, L. and Chandler, J. Pure Mathematics I

Stanley Thrones (Publishers) Ltd.- 1993
• Bstock, L. and Chandler, J. Pure Mathematics II

• Bostock, L. and Chandler,J. Applied Mathematics I

• Bostock, L. and Chandler,J. Applied Mathematics II

• Resource Books published by National Institute of Education.

Permutation and Combination
Equilibrium of a Particle
Quadratic Function and Quadratic Equations
Polynomial Function and Rational Numbers
Real Numbers and Functions
Inequalities
Statistics
Circle
Probability
Applications of Derivatives
Complex Numbers
Newton's Law
Jointed Rods and Frame W ark
W ork, Energy and Power
Centre of Gravity
Circular Motion
Simple Harmonic Motion
Vector Algebra
Straight Line
Derivatives
78

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C O M B I N E D M AT H E M ATICS

G.C.E. (Advanced Level)

Teacher’s Instructional Manual

Teacher’s Instructional Manual

First Print - 2010

 National Institute of Education

Typesetter: Mrs. W.M. Dhammika

1. First Term 1-18

Com. Learning Outcomes Guidelines for Subject Matter No. of

Inequalities including Modulii

Illustrate with examples.

(i) algebraically (ii) graphically

• Straight line with gradient m and passing

• Straight line passing through two points

provided that . If then

where are parameters.

27.3 1. Identifies the positions of two Given a straight line and 02

Two lines with slopes and are

2. Finds the perpendicular Show that the perpendicular distance of a point

Deduce that the distance beween two parallel

2. Obtains the equation of a Equation of the circle with centre and

3. Interprets the general General equation of a circle is

28.3 1. Discusses the position of a Let be the straight line 03

(ii) radius of the circle and the distance

28.4 1. Finds the length of the tangent Let and 04

2. Finds the equation of the Obtain the equations of tangents drawn to a

3. Obtains the equation of the Let

Show that the equation of chord of contact

28.5 Interprets the equation . Explain that represents a circle 03

(iii) If they intersect, then

(iv) If one lies within the other

(v) If each lies outside the other

intersect orthogonally, then

Derive the equations of common tangents

28.7 Interprets the equation Let the equations of circles be 02

(a) If they intersect and then

Let S be a fixed point and l a fixed straight

The locus of P such that = constant, by

Fixed point is called the focus.

If conic section is a parabola

Discuss the coordinates and directrix of each

When , the hyperbola

Com. Learning Outcomes Guidelines for Subject Matter No. of

The unit of force is newton and the unit of

Dimensions are ML2T-2.

Note that both work and energy are scalar

5. Defines Kinetic Energy. Kinetic is the capacity of a body to do work

to rest. Obtain the formula K.E. = ,

Explain that work done = change in Kinetic

7. Explains the Gravitational Define the Gravitational potential energy as

8. Explains the Elastic Potential Elastic Potential Energy is a property of

Obtain that EPE = .

EPE is always positive whether due to

3. Derives the formula for power. Relationship between power,drivingforceand

Hence, obtain where m isthe

2. States the units and Dimension Units of impulse is Ns Dimension is MLT-1.

Solve problems on Impulse.

2. States Newton's law of When two bodies impinge directly, the

3. Defines coefficient of The constant ratio is called coefficient of