Polynomials

Class X Chapter 2 – Polynomials Maths
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Exercise 2.1
1.
Sol:
(i) f(x) = 𝑥𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑥 − 8
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑥 − 8 = 𝑥𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑥 − 8
= 𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥 − 4) + 2(𝑥𝑥 − 4)
= (𝑥𝑥 + 2)(𝑥𝑥 − 4)
Zeroes of the polynomials are -2 and 4
− 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑥𝑥
Sum of the zeroes = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑥𝑥
−(−2)
-2 + 4 =
1
2=2
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
Product of the zeroes = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑥𝑥 2
−8
= 24 = 1
− 8 = −8
∴ Hence the relationship verified
(ii) 9(5) = 45 − 45 + 1 = 452 − 25 − 25 + 1 = 25(25 − 1) − 1(25 − 1)
= (25 − 1)(25 − 1)
1 1
Zeroes of the polynomials are 2 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 2
− 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑖𝑖𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠
Sum of zeroes = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠2
1 1 −(−4)
2
+2=
4
1=1
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
Product of the zeroes = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠2
1 1 1 1 1
2
×2=4⇒4=4
∴ Hence the relationship verified.
2
(iii) h(t) = 𝑡𝑡 2 − 15 = (𝑡𝑡 2 ) − �√15� = �𝑡𝑡 + √15��𝑡𝑡 − √15�
zeroes of the polynomials are −√15 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 √15
sum of zeroes = 0
−√15 + √15 = 0
0=0
−15
Product of zeroes = 1
−√15 × √15 = −15
−15 = -15
∴ Hence the relationship verified.
(iv) p(x) = 𝑥𝑥 2 + 2√2𝑥𝑥 − 6 = 𝑥𝑥 2 + 3√2𝑥𝑥 + √2 × 3√2
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1
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= 𝑥𝑥�𝑥𝑥 + 3√2� − √2�2 + 3√2� = �𝑥𝑥 − √2��𝑥𝑥 + 3√2�

Zeroes of the polynomial are 3√2 and -3√2
−3√2
Sum of the zeroes = 1
√2 − 3√2 = −2√2
−2√2 = −2√2
6
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 ⇒ √2 × −3√2 = − 1
−6 = −6
𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣
(v) 2(x) = √3𝑥𝑥 2 + 10𝑥𝑥 + 7√3 = √3𝑥𝑥 2 + 7𝑥𝑥 + 3𝑥𝑥 + 7√3
= √3𝑥𝑥�𝑥𝑥 + √3� + 7�𝑥𝑥 + √3�
= �√3𝑥𝑥 + 7��𝑥𝑥 + √3�
−7
Zeroes of the polynomials are −√3,
√3
−10
Sum of zeroes =
√3
7 −10 −10 −10
⇒ −√3 − = ⇒ =
√3 √3 √3 √3
7√3 √3𝑥𝑥−7
Product of zeroes = ⇒ =7
3 √30
⇒7=7
Hence, relationship verified.
(vi) f(x) = 𝑥𝑥 2 − �√3 + 1�𝑥𝑥 + √3 = 𝑥𝑥 2 − √3𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥 + √3
= x (x − √3) – 1 (x - √3)
= (x – 1) (x − √3)
Zeroes of the polynomials are 1 and √3
−{𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑥𝑥} −�−√3−1�
Sum of zeroes = =
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑟𝑟 2 1
1 + √3 = √3 + 1
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 √3
Product of zeroes = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑥𝑥 2 = 1
1 × √3 = √3 = √3 = √3
∴ Hence, relationship verified
(vii) g(x) = 𝑎𝑎[(𝑥𝑥 2 + 1) − 𝑥𝑥(𝑎𝑎2 + 1)]2 = 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑎 − 𝑎𝑎2 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥
= 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 2 − [(𝑎𝑎2 + 1) − 𝑥𝑥] + 0 = 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑎𝑎2 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑎𝑎
= 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎(𝑥𝑥 − 𝑎𝑎) − 1(𝑥𝑥 − 𝑎𝑎) = (𝑥𝑥 − 𝑎𝑎)(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 − 1)
1
Zeroes of the polynomials = 𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎
−�−𝑎𝑎2 −1�
Sum of the zeroes = 𝑎𝑎
1 𝑎𝑎2 +1 𝑎𝑎2 +1 𝑎𝑎2 +1
⇒ 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑎𝑎 = 𝑎𝑎
⇒ 𝑎𝑎
= 𝑎𝑎
2
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𝑎𝑎
Product of zeroes = 𝑎𝑎
1 𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎2 +1 𝑎𝑎2 +1
⇒ 𝑎𝑎 × 𝑎𝑎 = 𝑎𝑎 ⇒ 𝑎𝑎
= 𝑎𝑎
𝑎𝑎
Product of zeroes = 𝑎𝑎 ⇒ 1 = 1
Hence relationship verified
(viii) 6𝑥𝑥 2 − 3 − 7𝑥𝑥 = 6𝑥𝑥 2 − 7𝑥𝑥 − 3 = (3𝑥𝑥 + 11)(2𝑥𝑥 − 3)
3 −1
Zeroes of polynomials are +2 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 3
−1 3 7 −(−7) −(𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑥𝑥)
Sum of zeroes = +2=6= =
3 6 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑥𝑥 2
−1 3 −1 −3 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
×2= 2
= 6
= 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑥𝑥 2
∴ Hence, relationship verified.
2.
Sol:
f(x) = 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐
−𝑏𝑏
𝛼𝛼 + 𝛽𝛽 = 𝒂𝒂
𝑐𝑐
𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼 = 𝑎𝑎
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝛼𝛼 + 𝛽𝛽 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 (𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜)𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
(i) 𝛼𝛼 − 𝛽𝛽
The two zeroes of the polynomials are
−𝑏𝑏+√𝑏𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 −√𝑏𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 √𝑏𝑏 2 −4𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 +𝑏𝑏+√𝑏𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 2√𝑏𝑏 2 −4𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 √𝑏𝑏 2 −4𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
− �𝑏𝑏 � = −𝑏𝑏 + = =
2𝑎𝑎 2𝑎𝑎 2𝑎𝑎 2𝑎𝑎 2𝑎𝑎
1 1 𝛽𝛽−𝛼𝛼 −(𝛼𝛼− 𝛽𝛽)
(ii) 𝛼𝛼
− 𝛽𝛽 = 𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼
= … (𝑖𝑖)
𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼
√𝑏𝑏 2 −4𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑐𝑐
From (i) we know that 𝛼𝛼 − 𝛽𝛽 = [𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 (𝑖𝑖)]𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼 =
2𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎
√𝑏𝑏 2 −4𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎×𝑎𝑎 −√𝑏𝑏 2 −4𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
Putting the values in the (a) = − � �=
𝑎𝑎×𝑐𝑐 𝑐𝑐
1 1
(iii) 𝛼𝛼
+ 𝛽𝛽 − 2𝛼𝛼 𝛽𝛽
𝛼𝛼+ 𝛽𝛽
⇒� 𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼
� − 2𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼
−𝑏𝑏 𝑎𝑎 𝑐𝑐 𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏 −𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎−2𝑐𝑐 2 𝑏𝑏 2𝑐𝑐
⇒ 𝑎𝑎
× 𝑐𝑐 − 2 𝑎𝑎 = −2 𝑎𝑎 − 𝑐𝑐 = − � 𝑐𝑐 + �
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎
(iv) 𝛼𝛼 2 𝛽𝛽 + 𝛼𝛼 𝛽𝛽 2
𝛼𝛼 𝛽𝛽(𝛼𝛼 + 𝛽𝛽)
𝑐𝑐 −𝑏𝑏
= 𝑎𝑎 � 𝑎𝑎 �
−𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
= 𝑎𝑎2
(v) 𝛼𝛼 + 𝛽𝛽 4 = (𝛼𝛼 2 + 𝛽𝛽 2 )2 − 2𝛼𝛼 2 + 𝛽𝛽 2
4
= ((𝛼𝛼 + 𝛽𝛽)2 − 2𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼)2 − 2(𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼)2
3
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2
𝑏𝑏 2 𝑐𝑐 𝑐𝑐 2
= ��− 𝑎𝑎� − 2 𝑎𝑎� − �2 �𝑎𝑎� �
2
𝑏𝑏 2 −2𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 2𝑐𝑐 2
=� 𝑎𝑎2
� − 𝑎𝑎2
2
�𝑏𝑏 2 2𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎� −2𝑎𝑎2 𝑐𝑐 2
= 𝑎𝑎4
1 1
(vi) 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎+𝑏𝑏
+
𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼+𝑏𝑏
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎+𝑏𝑏+𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎+𝑏𝑏
⇒ (3𝛼𝛼+𝑏𝑏)(𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼+𝑏𝑏)
𝑎𝑎(𝛼𝛼+ 𝛽𝛽)+2𝑏𝑏
= 𝑎𝑎2 𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼+𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝛼𝛼+𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎+𝑏𝑏2
𝑎𝑎(𝛼𝛼+𝛽𝛽)+𝑏𝑏
= 𝑎𝑎2 𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼+𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼(𝛼𝛼2 𝛽𝛽)+𝑏𝑏2
𝑎𝑎+2𝑏𝑏
𝑎𝑎× 𝑏𝑏 𝑏𝑏
= 𝑎𝑎
𝑐𝑐 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎(−𝑏𝑏)+𝑏𝑏2
= 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎−𝑏𝑏2 +𝑏𝑏2 = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
𝑎𝑎× +
𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎
𝛽𝛽 𝛼𝛼
(vii) 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎+𝑏𝑏
+
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎+𝑏𝑏
𝛽𝛽(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎+𝑏𝑏)+𝛼𝛼(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎+𝑏𝑏)
= (𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎+𝑏𝑏)(𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼+𝑏𝑏)
𝑎𝑎𝛽𝛽 2 +𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏+𝑎𝑎𝛼𝛼2 +𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
= 𝑎𝑎2 𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼+𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎+𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎+𝑏𝑏2
𝑎𝑎𝛼𝛼2 +𝑎𝑎𝛽𝛽 2 +𝑏𝑏𝛽𝛽 2 +𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
= 𝑐𝑐
𝑎𝑎× +𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎(𝛼𝛼+𝛽𝛽)+𝑏𝑏 2
𝑎𝑎
𝑎𝑎��𝛼𝛼2 +𝛽𝛽 2 �+𝑏𝑏(𝛼𝛼+𝛽𝛽)�
= −𝑏𝑏
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎+𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎+𝑥𝑥� �+𝑏𝑏2
𝑎𝑎
𝑏𝑏
𝑎𝑎�(𝛼𝛼+ 𝛽𝛽)2 −2𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼�+𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏−
= 𝑎𝑎
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
𝑏𝑏2 2𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏2 𝑏𝑏2 −2𝑐𝑐
𝑎𝑎� − �− 𝑎𝑎×� �−𝑏𝑏2 −2
𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎
= = =
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎
𝛼𝛼2 𝛽𝛽 2 𝛼𝛼 𝛽𝛽
(viii) 𝑎𝑎 � 𝛽𝛽 + � + 𝑏𝑏 �𝑎𝑎 + 𝛼𝛼�
𝛼𝛼
𝛼𝛼3 +𝛽𝛽 3 𝛼𝛼2 +𝛽𝛽 2
= 𝑎𝑎 � � + 𝑏𝑏 � �
𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼 𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼
𝛼𝛼�(𝛼𝛼+𝛽𝛽)3 −3𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼 (𝛼𝛼+𝛽𝛽)�
= 𝛼𝛼 𝛽𝛽
+ 𝑏𝑏(𝛼𝛼 + 𝛽𝛽)2 − 2𝛼𝛼 𝛽𝛽
−𝑏𝑏3 3𝑏𝑏 𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏2 2𝑐𝑐
𝛼𝛼�� 3 �+ . +𝑏𝑏� 2 − ��
𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎
= 𝑐𝑐
𝑎𝑎
𝑎𝑎2 −𝑏𝑏3 3𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑏𝑏 3 2𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
= � 𝑎𝑎3 + 𝑎𝑎2
+ 𝑎𝑎2 − �
𝑐𝑐 𝑎𝑎
−𝑎𝑎2 𝑏𝑏 3 3𝑎𝑎2 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑏𝑏 3 𝑎𝑎2 2𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑎𝑎2
= + + −
𝑐𝑐𝑎𝑎3 𝑐𝑐𝑎𝑎2 𝑎𝑎2 𝑐𝑐 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
−𝑏𝑏 3 𝑏𝑏 3
= + 3𝑏𝑏 + 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 − 2𝑏𝑏
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
=b
4
______________________________________________________________________________
3.
Sol:
f(x) = 6𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑥 − 2
Since 𝛼𝛼 and 𝛽𝛽 are the zeroes of the given polynomial
−1
∴ Sum of zeroes [𝛼𝛼 + 𝛽𝛽] = 6
−1
Product of zeroes (𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼) = 3
𝛼𝛼 𝛽𝛽 𝛼𝛼2 +𝛽𝛽 2 (𝛼𝛼+ 𝛽𝛽)2 −2𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼
= 𝛽𝛽 + 𝛼𝛼 = =
1 2 −1 1 2 1+24
� � −2×� � −
6 3
= 1 = 6 3
−1 = 36
−1
−
3 3 3
2
−25
= 36
1 = 12
3
4.
Sol:
Since 𝛼𝛼 + 𝛽𝛽 are the zeroes of the polynomial: 𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑥 − 4
Sum of the roots (𝛼𝛼 + 𝛽𝛽) = 1
Product of the roots (𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼) = −4
1 1 𝛼𝛼+𝛽𝛽
𝛼𝛼
+ 𝛽𝛽 − 𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼 = 𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼
− 𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼
1 −1 −1+16 15
= −4 + 4 = 4
+4 = 4
= 4
5.
Sol:
Since 𝛼𝛼 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝛽𝛽 are the roots of the polynomial: 4𝑥𝑥 2 − 5𝑥𝑥 − 1
5
∴ Sum of the roots 𝛼𝛼 + 𝛽𝛽 = 4
−1
Product of the roots 𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼 = 4
2 2 5 −1 −5
Hence 𝛼𝛼 𝛽𝛽 + 𝛼𝛼𝛽𝛽 = 𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼(𝛼𝛼 + 𝛽𝛽) = 4 � 4 � = 16
6.
Sol:
Since 𝛼𝛼 and 𝛽𝛽 are the roots of the polynomial x + x – 2
∴ Sum of roots 𝛼𝛼 + 𝛽𝛽 = 1
1
Product of roots 𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼 2 ⇒ − 𝛽𝛽
𝛽𝛽−𝛼𝛼 (𝛼𝛼−𝛽𝛽)
= 𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼
∙
𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼
�(𝛼𝛼+𝛽𝛽)2 −4𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼
= 𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼
5
______________________________________________________________________________
√1+8 3
= =2
+2
7.
Sol:
Since 𝛼𝛼 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝛽𝛽 are the roots of the quadratic polynomial
f(x) = 𝑥𝑥 2 − 5𝑥𝑥 + 4
Sum of roots = 𝛼𝛼 + 𝛽𝛽 = 5
Product of roots = 𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼 = 4
1 1 𝛽𝛽+𝛼𝛼 5 5 −27
𝛼𝛼
+ 𝛽𝛽 − 2𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼 = 𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼
− 2𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼 = 4 − 2 × 4 = 4 − 8 = 4
8.
Sol:
Since 𝛼𝛼 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝛽𝛽 are the zeroes of the polynomial f(t) = 𝑡𝑡 2 − 4𝑡𝑡 + 3
Since α + β = 4
Product of zeroes 𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼 = 3
𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 𝛼𝛼 4 𝛽𝛽 3 + 𝛼𝛼 3 𝛽𝛽 4 = 𝛼𝛼 3 𝛽𝛽 3 (𝛼𝛼 + 𝛽𝛽) = [3]3 [4] = 108
9.
Sol:
Since 𝛼𝛼 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝛽𝛽 are the zeroes of the polynomials
p(y) = 542 = 5y2 – 7y + 1
1
Sum of the zeroes 𝛼𝛼 𝛽𝛽 = 6
1
Product of zeroes = 𝛼𝛼 𝛽𝛽 = 6
1 1 𝛼𝛼+𝛽𝛽 7×5
𝛼𝛼
+ 𝛽𝛽 = 𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼
= 5×1 = 7
10.
Sol:
Since 𝛼𝛼 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝛽𝛽 are the zeroes of the polynomials
6
Sum of the zeroes 𝛼𝛼 + 𝛽𝛽 = 3
4
Product of the zeroes 𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼 = 3
𝛼𝛼 𝛽𝛽 1 1
𝛽𝛽
+ 𝛼𝛼 + 2 �𝛼𝛼 + 𝛽𝛽� + 3𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼
𝛼𝛼2 +𝛽𝛽 2 𝛼𝛼+𝛽𝛽
⇒ + 2� � + 3𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼
(𝛼𝛼+𝛽𝛽)2 −2𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼 𝛼𝛼+𝛽𝛽
⇒ 𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼
+ 2 � 𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼 � + 3𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼
6
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4 2×3 4
[2]2 −2× +2� �+3� �
3 4 3
= 4
3
8
4− 4 3
= 4
3
+ 7 ⇒ 3 × 4 (1 + 7) ⇒ 8
3
11.
Sol:
Since 𝛼𝛼 and 𝛽𝛽 are the roots of the polynomials
f(x) = 𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 + 2
sum of zeroes = p = 𝛼𝛼 + 𝛽𝛽
Product of zeroes = q = 𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼
α2 𝛽𝛽 2
LHS = 𝛽𝛽2 + 𝛼𝛼2
2
𝛼𝛼2 +𝛽𝛽 2 �α2 + β2 � −2(𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼)2
= =
𝛼𝛼𝛽𝛽 2 (𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼)2
2
�(𝛼𝛼+𝛽𝛽)2 −2𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼� −2(𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼)2
= (𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼)2
2
�(𝑝𝑝)2 −2𝑞𝑞� −2𝑞𝑞 2
= 𝑞𝑞
𝑝𝑝4 +4𝑞𝑞 2 −2𝑝𝑝2 .2𝑞𝑞−2𝑞𝑞 2
= 𝑞𝑞 2
𝑝𝑝4 +2𝑞𝑞 2 −4𝑝𝑝2 𝑞𝑞 𝑝𝑝4 4𝑝𝑝2
= 𝑞𝑞 2
= 𝑞𝑞2 + 2 − 𝑞𝑞
𝑝𝑝4 4𝑝𝑝2 𝑝𝑝4 4𝑝𝑝2
= 𝑞𝑞2 − = 𝑞𝑞2 + 2 −
𝑞𝑞 2 𝑞𝑞
𝑝𝑝4 4𝑝𝑝2
= 𝑞𝑞2 − +2
𝑞𝑞
12.
Sol:
Let the two zeroes of the polynomial be 𝛼𝛼 and 𝛽𝛽
f(x) = 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 + 45
sum of the zeroes = −𝑝𝑝
⇒ (α − β)2 − 4αβ = 144
⇒ 𝑝𝑝2 − 4 × 45 = 144
⇒ 𝑝𝑝2 = 144 + 180
⇒ 𝑝𝑝2 = 324
𝑝𝑝 = ±1
7
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13.
Sol:
Let the two zeroes of the f(t) = 𝑘𝑘𝑡𝑡 2 + 2𝑡𝑡 + 3𝑘𝑘 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 α and β
Sum of the zeroes (α + β)
Product of the zeroes αβ
−2 3𝑘𝑘
k
= k
−2𝑘𝑘 = 3𝑘𝑘 2
2𝑘𝑘 + 3𝑘𝑘 2 = 0
k(3k + 2) = 0
k=0
−2
k= 3
14.
Sol:
Let the two zeroes of one polynomial
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 4𝑥𝑥 2 − 5𝑘𝑘 − 9 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 α, −α
−9
α×α = 4
2 +9
tα = 4
+3
𝛼𝛼 = 2
8𝑘𝑘
Sum of zeroes = 4
=0
Hence 8k = 0
Or k = 0
15.
Sol:
f(x) = 𝑥𝑥 2 − 1
sum of zeroes 𝛼𝛼 + 𝛽𝛽 = 0
Product of zeroes α𝛽𝛽 = -1
2α 2𝛽𝛽 2α2 +2𝛽𝛽2
Sum of zeroes = 𝛽𝛽
+ α
= α𝛽𝛽
2�(α+𝛽𝛽)2 −2α𝛽𝛽�
= α𝛽𝛽
2�(0)2 −2× −1�
= −1
2(2)1
= −1
= −4
2α×2𝛽𝛽 4α𝛽𝛽
Product of zeroes = α𝛽𝛽
= α𝛽𝛽
Hence the quadratic equation is 𝑥𝑥 2 − (𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧)𝑥𝑥 + 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧
8
______________________________________________________________________________
= 𝑘𝑘(𝑥𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑥 + 14)
16.
Sol:
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑥 − 2
Sum of zeroes [α + 𝛽𝛽] = 3
Product of zeroes [α𝛽𝛽] = -2
1 1
Sum of zeroes = 2α+𝛽𝛽 + 2𝛽𝛽+α
2𝛽𝛽+α+2α+𝐴𝐴
= (2α+𝛽𝛽)(2𝛽𝛽+α)
3α+3𝛽𝛽
= 2(α2 +𝛽𝛽2 )+5α𝛽𝛽
3 ×3
= 2[2 (α+𝛽𝛽)2 −2α𝛽𝛽 +5×(−2)]
9 9
= 2[9]−10 = 16
1 1 1
Product of zeroes = α+𝛽𝛽 × 2𝛽𝛽+α = 4α𝛽𝛽+α𝛽𝛽+2α2 +2𝛽𝛽2
1
= 5×−2+2[(α+𝛽𝛽)2 −2α𝛽𝛽]
1
= −10+2[9+4]
1
= 10+26
1
= 16
Quadratic equation = 𝑥𝑥 2 − [𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧]𝑥𝑥 + 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧
9𝑥𝑥 1
= 𝑥𝑥 2 − 16 + 16
9𝑥𝑥 1
= 𝑘𝑘 �𝑥𝑥 2 − 16 + 16�
17.
Sol:
𝛼𝛼 + 𝛽𝛽 = 24
𝛼𝛼 𝛽𝛽 = 8
………….
2 𝛼𝛼 =32
𝛼𝛼 = 16
𝛽𝛽 = 8
𝛼𝛼 𝛽𝛽 = 16 × 8 = 128
Quadratic equation
⇒ 𝑥𝑥 2 − (𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧) + 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧
⇒ 𝑘𝑘[𝑥𝑥 2 − 24𝑥𝑥 + 128]
9
______________________________________________________________________________
18.
Sol:
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑝𝑝(𝑥𝑥 + 1)𝑐𝑐 = 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = −𝑝𝑝 − 𝑐𝑐
Sum of zeroes = 𝛼𝛼 + 𝛽𝛽 = p
Product of zeroes = − p – c = 𝛼𝛼 𝛽𝛽
(𝛼𝛼 + 1+ 𝛽𝛽+ ) = 𝛼𝛼 𝛽𝛽+ 𝛼𝛼 + 𝛽𝛽 + 1 = −p –c + p + 1
= 1 – c = R.H.S
∴ Hence proved
19.
Sol:
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑥 + 3
Sum of zeroes = 2 = (𝛼𝛼 + 𝛽𝛽)
Product of zeroes = 3 = (𝛼𝛼 𝛽𝛽)
(𝑖𝑖) 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 = (α + 2) + (β + 2) = α + β + 4 = 2 + 4 = 6
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 = (α + 2)(β + 2)
= α β + 2α + 2β + 4 = 3 + 2(2) + 4 = 11
𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 𝑥𝑥 2 − 6𝑥𝑥 + 11 = 𝑘𝑘[𝑥𝑥 2 − 6𝑥𝑥 + 11]
α−1 β−1
(ii) sum of zeroes = α+1 + β+1
(α−1)(β+1)+(β−1)(α+1)
= (α+1)(β+1)
α β+α−β−1+α β+β+β−α−1
= 3+2+1
3−1+3−1 2
= 3+2+1
=4=3
α−1 β−1 α 1−α−αβ+1
Product of zeroes = βα +1 × α+1 − α β+α+β+1
3−(α+β)+1 2 1
= 3+2+1
=6=3
2 +1 𝑥𝑥 2 −2𝑥𝑥 1
Quadratic equation on 𝑥𝑥 2 − 3 × 3
= 1� 3
+ 3�
20.
Sol:
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑝𝑝 + 𝑞𝑞
Sum of zeroes = p = 𝛼𝛼 + 𝛽𝛽
Product of zeroes = q = 𝛼𝛼 𝛽𝛽
Sum of the new polynomial = (α + β)2 + (α − β)2
= (−𝑝𝑝)2 + α2 + β2 − 2α β
= 𝑝𝑝2 + (α + β)2 − 2α β − 2α β
= 𝑝𝑝2 + 𝑝𝑝2 − 4𝑞𝑞
= 2𝑝𝑝2 − 4𝑞𝑞
10
______________________________________________________________________________
Product of zeroes = (α + β)2 × (α − β)2 = [−𝑝𝑝]2 × (𝑝𝑝2 − 4𝑞𝑞) = (𝑝𝑝2 − 4𝑞𝑞)𝑝𝑝2
Quadratic equation = 𝑥𝑥 2 − [2𝑝𝑝2 − 4𝑞𝑞] + 𝑝𝑝2 [−4𝑞𝑞 + 𝑝𝑝]
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑘𝑘{𝑥𝑥 2 − 2(𝑝𝑝2 − 28)𝑥𝑥 + 𝑝𝑝2 (𝑞𝑞 2 − 4𝑞𝑞)}
Exercise 2.2
1.
Sol:
(𝑖𝑖) 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 2𝑥𝑥 3 + 𝑥𝑥 2 − 5𝑥𝑥 + 2
1 1 3 1 2 1
𝑓𝑓 �2� = 2 �2� + �2� − 5 �2� + 2
2 1 5 −4
=8+4−2+2= 2
+2=0
3 (1)2
𝑓𝑓(1) = 2(1) + − 5(1) + 2 = 2 + 1 − 5 + 2 = 0
𝑓𝑓(−2) = 𝑞𝑞(−2) + (−2)2 − 5(−2) + 2
3
= −16 + 4 + 10 + 2
= −16 + 16 = 0
−𝑏𝑏
= ∝ +𝛽𝛽 + 𝛾𝛾 = 𝑎𝑎
1 −1
2
+1−2= 2
1 −1
2
−1= 2
1 −1
2
= 2
𝑐𝑐
𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼. 𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽 + 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 𝑎𝑎
1 1 −5
2
× 1 + 1 × −2 + −2 × 2 = 2
1 −5
2
−2−1= 2
−5 −5
2
= 2
(𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 3 − 4𝑥𝑥 2 + 5 × −2
𝑔𝑔(2) = (2)3 − 4(2)2 + 5(2) − 2 = 8 − 16 + 10 − 2 = 18 − 18 = 0
𝑔𝑔(1) = [1]3 − 4[1]2 + 5[1] − 2 = 1 − 4 + 5 − 2 = 6 − 6 = 0
−𝑏𝑏
𝛼𝛼 + 𝛽𝛽 + 𝛾𝛾 = (2) + 1 + 1 = −(−4) = 4 = 4
𝑎𝑎
𝑐𝑐
𝛼𝛼 𝛽𝛽 + 𝛽𝛽 𝛾𝛾 + 𝛾𝛾𝛾𝛾 = 𝑎𝑎
2 × 1 + 1 𝛼𝛼 1 + 1 × 2 = 5
2+1+2=5
11
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5=5
𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼 = −(−2)
2×1×1=2
2=2
2.
Sol:
Any cubic polynomial is of the form 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑏𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 + 𝑑𝑑 = 𝑥𝑥 3 −
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 (𝑥𝑥 2 )[product of zeroes] + sum of the products of its zeroes × - product
of zeroes
= 𝑥𝑥 3 − 2𝑥𝑥 2 + (3 − 𝑥𝑥) + 3
= k [𝑥𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑥 − 3]
k is any non-zero real numbers
3.
Sol:
Let 𝛼𝛼 = a – d , 𝛽𝛽 = a and 𝛾𝛾 = a + d be the zeroes of polynomial.
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 2𝑥𝑥 3 − 15𝑥𝑥 2 + 37𝑥𝑥 − 30
−15 15
𝛼𝛼 + 𝛽𝛽 + 𝛾𝛾 = − � 2
�= 2
−30
𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼 = − � 2
� = 15
15
a–d+a+a+d= 2
and 𝑎𝑎(𝑎𝑎 − 𝑑𝑑)(𝑎𝑎 + 𝑎𝑎) = 15
15 5
3a = 2
,a=2
𝑎𝑎(𝑎𝑎2 − 𝑑𝑑2 ) = 15
15×2 5 2 25−6
𝑎𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑎2 = 5
⇒ �2� − 𝑑𝑑2 = 6 ⇒⇒ 4
= 𝑑𝑑2
1 1
𝑑𝑑 2 = 4 ⇒ 𝑑𝑑 = 2
5 1 4
∴ 𝛼𝛼 = 2 − 2 = 2 = 2
5 5
𝛽𝛽 = 2 = 2
5 1
𝛾𝛾 = 2 + 2 = 3
4.
Sol:
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 3 + 3𝑝𝑝𝑥𝑥 2 + 3𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 + 𝑞𝑞
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝑎𝑎 − 𝑑𝑑, 𝑎𝑎, 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑑𝑑 be the zeroes of the polynomial
−𝑏𝑏
𝑇𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 = 𝑎𝑎
12
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𝑏𝑏
𝑎𝑎 + 𝑎𝑎 − 𝑑𝑑 + 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑑𝑑 = 𝑎𝑎
3𝑎𝑎 = −3𝑝𝑝
a = −𝑝𝑝
Since a is the zero of the polynomial f(x) therefore f(a) = 0 ⇒ [𝑎𝑎]2 + 3𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑎2 + 3𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 + 𝑟𝑟 = 0
∴ 𝑓𝑓(𝑎𝑎) = 0 ⇒ [𝑎𝑎]2 + 3𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑎2 + 3𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 + 𝑟𝑟 = 0
⇒ 𝑝𝑝3 + 3𝑝𝑝(−𝑝𝑝)2 + 3𝑞𝑞(−𝑝𝑝) + 𝑟𝑟 = 0
⇒ −𝑝𝑝3 + 3𝑝𝑝2 − 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 + 𝑟𝑟 = 0
⇒ 2𝑝𝑝3 − 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 + 𝑟𝑟 = 0
5.
Sol:
Let a – d, a, a + d be the zeroes of the polynomial f(x)
−3𝑏𝑏
The sum of zeroes ⇒ a – d + a + a + d = 𝑎𝑎
3𝑏𝑏 −3𝑏𝑏 −𝑏𝑏
⇒ +3a = − 𝑎𝑎
⇒ 𝑎𝑎 = 𝑎𝑎×3 𝑎𝑎 = 𝑎𝑎
f(a) = 0 ⇒ a(a) + 3b(a) + 3 c(a) + d = 0
2 2
−𝑏𝑏 3 3𝑏𝑏 2 3𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏

= a � 𝑎𝑎 � + − + 𝑑𝑑 = 0
𝑎𝑎2 𝑎𝑎
2𝑏𝑏 3 3𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
⇒ − + 𝑑𝑑 = 0
𝑎𝑎2 𝑎𝑎
2𝑏𝑏 3 −3𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎+𝑎𝑎2 𝑑𝑑
⇒ 𝑎𝑎2
=0
⇒ 2𝑏𝑏 − 3𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑎𝑎2 𝑑𝑑 = 0
3
6.
Sol:
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 3 − 12𝑥𝑥 2 + 39𝑥𝑥 − 𝑘𝑘
Let 𝑎𝑎 − 𝑑𝑑, 𝑎𝑎, 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑑𝑑 be the zeroes of the polynomial f(x)
The sum of the zeroes = 12
3a = 12
a=4
𝑓𝑓(𝑎𝑎), −𝑎𝑎(𝑥𝑥)3 − 𝑙𝑙 2 (4)2 + 39(4) + 𝑘𝑘 = 0
64 – 192 + 156 + k = 0
= −28 = 𝑘𝑘
k = −28
13
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Exercise 2.3
1.
Sol:
(i) 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 3 − 6𝑥𝑥 2 + 11𝑥𝑥 − 6
g(x) = 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑥 + 1
𝑥𝑥 − 7
𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥 + 1 𝑥𝑥 3 − 6𝑥𝑥 2 + 11𝑥𝑥 − 6
2
𝑥𝑥 3 + 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑥
−7𝑥𝑥 2 − 7𝑥𝑥 − 7
−7𝑥𝑥 2 − 7𝑥𝑥 − 7
17𝑥𝑥 − 1
(ii) 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 10𝑥𝑥 + 17𝑥𝑥 3 − 62𝑥𝑥 2 + 30𝑥𝑥 − 105(𝑥𝑥) = 2𝑥𝑥 2 + 7𝑥𝑥 + 1
4
5𝑥𝑥 2 − 9𝑥𝑥 − 2
2𝑥𝑥 2 + 7𝑥𝑥 + 1 10𝑥𝑥 4 + 17𝑥𝑥 3 − 62𝑥𝑥 2 + 30𝑥𝑥 − 3
10𝑥𝑥 4 + 35𝑥𝑥 3 + 5𝑥𝑥 2
−18𝑥𝑥 3 − 67𝑥𝑥 2 + 30𝑥𝑥
−18𝑥𝑥 3 ± 63𝑥𝑥 2 + 9𝑥𝑥
−4𝑥𝑥 2 + 39𝑥𝑥 − 3
±4𝑥𝑥 2 ± 14𝑥𝑥 ± 2
53𝑥𝑥 − 1
(iii) 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 4𝑥𝑥 + 8𝑥𝑥 + 8𝑥𝑥 + 7: 9(𝑥𝑥) = 2𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑥 + 1
3 2
2x – 5
2𝑥𝑥 − 2 + 1 4𝑥𝑥 + 8𝑥𝑥 2 + 82 + 7
2 3
4𝑥𝑥 3 ∓ 2𝑥𝑥 2 ± 2𝑥𝑥

10𝑥𝑥 2 + 6𝑥𝑥 + 7
10𝑥𝑥 2 ± 5𝑥𝑥 ± 5
11x – 2
(iv) 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 15𝑥𝑥 − 20𝑥𝑥 + 13𝑥𝑥 − 12; 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑥 + 2
3 2
15𝑥𝑥 + 10
𝑥𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑥 + 2 15𝑥𝑥 − 20𝑥𝑥 2 + 13𝑥𝑥 − 12
2 3
15𝑥𝑥 3 ∓ 30𝑥𝑥 2 ± 30𝑥𝑥

10𝑥𝑥 2 − 17𝑥𝑥 − 12
10𝑥𝑥 2 ± 20𝑥𝑥 + 20
3x – 32
14
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2.
Sol:
(i) 𝑔𝑔(𝑡𝑡) = 𝑡𝑡 2 − 3; 𝑓𝑓(𝑡𝑡) = 2𝑡𝑡 4 + 3𝑡𝑡 3 − 2𝑡𝑡 2 − 9𝑡𝑡
2𝑡𝑡 2 + 3𝑡𝑡 + 4
𝑡𝑡 2 − 3 2𝑡𝑡 4 + 3𝑡𝑡 3 − 2𝑡𝑡 2 − 9𝑡𝑡
2𝑡𝑡 2 − 6𝑡𝑡 2
3𝑡𝑡 3 + 4𝑡𝑡 − 9𝑡𝑡
3𝑡𝑡 3 + 4𝑡𝑡 − 9𝑡𝑡
4𝑡𝑡 2 − 12
4𝑡𝑡 2 ∓ 12
(ii) 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑥 + 1, 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 5 − 4𝑥𝑥 3 + 𝑥𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑥 + 1
𝑥𝑥 2 − 1
𝑥𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑥 + 1 𝑥𝑥 5 − 4𝑥𝑥 3 + 𝑥𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑥 + 1
𝑥𝑥 5 − 3𝑥𝑥 3 + 𝑥𝑥 2
−𝑥𝑥 3 + 3𝑥𝑥 + 1
−𝑥𝑥 3 + 3𝑥𝑥 − 1
2
(iii) 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = 2𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥 + 3, 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 6𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥 4 + 4𝑥𝑥 3 − 5𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑥 − 15
2 5
3𝑥𝑥 3 + 𝑥𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑥 − 5
2𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑥 + 3 6𝑥𝑥 5 − 𝑥𝑥 4 + 4𝑥𝑥 3 − 5𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑥 − 15
6𝑥𝑥 5 − 3𝑥𝑥 4 + 9𝑥𝑥 3
2𝑥𝑥 4 − 5𝑥𝑥 3 − 5𝑥𝑥 2
2𝑥𝑥 4 ∓ 𝑥𝑥 3 ± 3𝑥𝑥 2
−4𝑥𝑥 3 − 8𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑥
∓4𝑥𝑥 3 ± 2𝑥𝑥 2 − 6𝑥𝑥
−10𝑥𝑥 2 − 5𝑥𝑥 − 15
∓10𝑥𝑥 ± 15𝑥𝑥 ∓ 15
0
3.
Sol:
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 2𝑥𝑥 4 + 𝑥𝑥 3 − 14𝑥𝑥 2 − 19𝑥𝑥 − 6
If the two zeroes of the polynomial are -2 and -1, then its factors are (x + 2) and (x + 1)
(𝑥𝑥 + 2)(𝑥𝑥 + 1) = 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑥 + 2
2𝑥𝑥 2 − 5𝑥𝑥 − 3
𝑥𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑥 + 2 2𝑥𝑥 4 + 𝑥𝑥 3 − 14𝑥𝑥 2 − 19𝑥𝑥 − 6
2𝑥𝑥 4 + 6𝑥𝑥 3 + 4𝑥𝑥 2
−5𝑥𝑥 3 − 18𝑥𝑥 2 − 19𝑥𝑥
−5𝑥𝑥 3 ∓ 15𝑥𝑥 2 ∓ 10𝑥𝑥
15
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−3𝑥𝑥 2 − 9𝑥𝑥 − 6
−3𝑥𝑥 2 − 9𝑥𝑥 − 6
∴ 2𝑥𝑥 4 + 𝑥𝑥 3 − 14𝑥𝑥 2 − 19𝑥𝑥 − 6
= (2𝑥𝑥 2 − 5𝑥𝑥 − 3)[𝑥𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑥 + 2] = [2𝑥𝑥 + 1][𝑥𝑥 − 3][𝑥𝑥 + 2][𝑥𝑥 + 1]
−1
∴ zero all x = 2
, 3, −2, −1
4.
Sol:
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 3 + 13𝑥𝑥 2 + 32𝑥𝑥 + 20
𝑥𝑥 2 + 11𝑥𝑥 + 10
𝑥𝑥 + 2 𝑥𝑥 3 + 13𝑥𝑥 2 + 32𝑥𝑥 + 20
𝑥𝑥 3 ± 2𝑥𝑥 2
11𝑥𝑥 2 + 32𝑥𝑥 + 20
11𝑥𝑥 2 ± 22𝑥𝑥
10x + 20
10x + 20
0
2 2
(𝑥𝑥 + 11𝑥𝑥 + 10) = 𝑥𝑥 + 10𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥 + 20(𝑥𝑥 + 10) + 1(𝑥𝑥 + 10) = (𝑥𝑥 + 1)(𝑥𝑥 + 10)
∴ The zeroes of the polynomial are -1, -10, -2.
5.
Sol:
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = (𝑥𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑥 + 2) = �𝑥𝑥 + √3�& �𝑥𝑥 − √3� = 𝑥𝑥 2 − 3
𝑥𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑥 + 2
𝑥𝑥 2 − 3 𝑥𝑥 4 − 3𝑥𝑥 2 = 𝑥𝑥 2 + 9𝑥𝑥 − 6
𝑥𝑥 4 − 3𝑥𝑥 2
−3𝑥𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑥 2 + 9𝑥𝑥
−3𝑥𝑥 2 ± 9𝑥𝑥
2
2𝑥𝑥 − 6
2𝑥𝑥 2 − 6
(𝑥𝑥 2 − 3)(𝑥𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑥 + 2) = �𝑥𝑥 + √3��𝑥𝑥 − √3�(𝑥𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥 + 2)
= �𝑥𝑥 + √3��𝑥𝑥 − √3� (𝑥𝑥 − 2)(𝑥𝑥 − 2)
Zeroes are −√3, √3, 1, 2
16
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6.
Sol:
3 3
If the zeroes of the polynomial are −�2 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 �2
√3 3 𝑥𝑥 2 −3
Its factors are �𝑥𝑥 + � �𝑥𝑥 − �2� =
2 2
3 3
x = −1, 2, �2 , −�2
3
= [2𝑥𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑥 − 4] �𝑥𝑥 2 − 2�
3
= (2𝑥𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑥 − 4) �𝑥𝑥 + �2�
= �2[𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥 + 2) + 2(𝑥𝑥 − 2)]�

√3 3
= �𝑥𝑥 + � �𝑥𝑥 − �2�
2
3 3
= (𝑥𝑥 + 2)(𝑥𝑥 − 2) �𝑥𝑥 + �2� �𝑥𝑥 − �2�
3 3
𝑥𝑥 = −1, 2, �2 − �2
7.
Sol:
𝑥𝑥 2 − 1
𝑥𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑥 − 3 𝑥𝑥 4 + 2𝑥𝑥 3 − 2𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑥 − 1
𝑥𝑥 4 + 2𝑥𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑥 2
𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑥 − 1
𝑥𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑥 − 3
−x + 2
we must add x −2 in order to get the resulting polynomial exactly divisible by 𝑥𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑥 −
3
8.
Sol:
𝑥𝑥 2 + 6𝑥𝑥 + 8
𝑥𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑥 + 3 𝑥𝑥 4 + 2𝑥𝑥 3 − 13𝑥𝑥 2 − 12𝑥𝑥 + 21
𝑥𝑥 4 − 4𝑥𝑥 3 + 3𝑥𝑥 2
6𝑥𝑥 3 − 16𝑥𝑥 2 − 12𝑥𝑥
6𝑥𝑥 3 − 24𝑥𝑥 2 − 18𝑥𝑥
8𝑥𝑥 2 − 30𝑥𝑥 + 21
17
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8𝑥𝑥 2 − 32𝑥𝑥 + 21
2x – 2
We must subtract [2𝑥𝑥 − 2] + 10𝑚𝑚 the given polynomial so as to get the resulting
polynomial exactly divisible by 𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑥 + 3
9.
Sol:
⇒ 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 4 + 𝑥𝑥 3 − 34𝑥𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑥 + 120
⇒ x = −2 is a solution
x = −2 is a factor
x = −2 is a solution
x = +2 is a factor
here,
(𝑥𝑥 − 2)(𝑥𝑥 + 2)𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)
𝑥𝑥 2 − 4 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑥 − 30
𝑥𝑥 2 − 4 𝑥𝑥 4 + 𝑥𝑥 3 − 34𝑥𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑥 + 120
−𝑥𝑥 4 − 4𝑥𝑥 2
𝑥𝑥 3 − 30𝑥𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑥 + 120
𝑥𝑥 3 − 4𝑥𝑥
2
−30𝑥𝑥 + 120
−30x 2
+ 120
0
Hence, 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥 − 34𝑥𝑥 − 4𝑥𝑥 + 120 = (𝑥𝑥 2 − 4)(𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑥 − 30)
4 3 2
𝑥𝑥 4 + 𝑥𝑥 3 − 34𝑥𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑥 + 120 = (𝑥𝑥 2 − 4)(𝑥𝑥 2 + 6𝑥𝑥 − 5𝑥𝑥 − 30)

𝑥𝑥 4 + 𝑥𝑥 3 − 34𝑥𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑥 + 120 = (𝑥𝑥 2 − 4)��𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥 + 6) − 5(𝑥𝑥 + 6)��
𝑥𝑥 4 + 𝑥𝑥 3 − 34𝑥𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑥 + 120 = (𝑥𝑥 2 − 4)(𝑥𝑥 + 6)(𝑥𝑥 − 5)
Other zeroes are
x+6=0 ⇒x–5=0
x=−6 x=5
Set of zeroes for f(x) [2, −2, −6, 5]
10.
Sol:
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 2𝑥𝑥 4 + 7𝑥𝑥 3 − 19𝑥𝑥 2 − 14𝑥𝑥 + 30
𝑥𝑥 = √2 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑎𝑎 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝑥𝑥 − √2 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑎𝑎 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝑥𝑥 − √2 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑎𝑎 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝑥𝑥 + √2 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
18
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Here, �𝑥𝑥 + √2��𝑥𝑥 − √2�𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)

𝑥𝑥 2 − 2 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)
2𝑥𝑥 2 + 7𝑥𝑥 − 15
𝑥𝑥 2 − 2 2𝑥𝑥 4 + 7𝑥𝑥 3 − 192 − 14𝑥𝑥 + 30
2𝑥𝑥 4 − 4𝑥𝑥 2
7𝑥𝑥 3 − 15𝑥𝑥 2 − 14𝑥𝑥
7𝑥𝑥 3 − −14𝑥𝑥
2
−15𝑥𝑥 + 30
2
−15𝑥𝑥 + 30
0
Hence, 2𝑥𝑥 + 7𝑥𝑥 − 19𝑥𝑥 − 14𝑥𝑥 + 30 = (𝑥𝑥 − 2)(2𝑥𝑥 2 + 7𝑥𝑥 − 15)
4 3 2 2
= (𝑥𝑥 2 − 2) (2𝑥𝑥 2 + 10𝑥𝑥 − 3𝑥𝑥 − 15)

= (𝑥𝑥 2 − 2)�2𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥 + 5) − 3(𝑥𝑥 + 5)�
= (𝑥𝑥 2 − 2)(𝑥𝑥 + 5)(𝑥𝑥 − 3)
Other zeroes are:
x+5=0 2x – 3 = 0
x = −5 2x = 3
3
x=2
3
Hence the set of zeroes for 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) �−5, 2 , √2, −√2�
11.
Sol:
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 2𝑥𝑥 3 + 𝑥𝑥 2 − 6𝑥𝑥 − 3
x = −√3 is a solution
𝑥𝑥 + √3 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
𝑥𝑥 = √3 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑎𝑎 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝑥𝑥 − √3 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
Here, �𝑥𝑥 + √3��𝑥𝑥 − √3�𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)
𝑥𝑥 2 − 3 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)
2x + 1
𝑥𝑥 − 3 2𝑥𝑥 3 + 𝑥𝑥 2 − 6𝑥𝑥 − 3
2
2𝑥𝑥 3 − 6𝑥𝑥
2
𝑥𝑥 −3
2
𝑥𝑥 −3
0
Hence, 2𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥 − 6𝑥𝑥 − 3 = (𝑥𝑥 2 − 3)(2𝑥𝑥 + 1)
3 2
Other zeroes of f(x) is 2 × +1 = 0

1
𝑥𝑥 = − 2
19
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−1
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 �√3, −√3, 2
�
12.
Sol:
Since −√2 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 √2 are zeroes of polynomial 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 3 + 3𝑥𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑥 − 6
�𝑥𝑥 + √2��𝑥𝑥 − √2� = 𝑥𝑥 2 − 2 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)
Now we divide 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 3 + 3𝑥𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑥 − 6 by
𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 2 − 2 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑏𝑏 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)
𝑥𝑥 + 3
𝑥𝑥 − 2 𝑥𝑥 3 + 3𝑥𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑥 − 6
2
𝑥𝑥 3 − 2𝑥𝑥
2
3𝑥𝑥 −6
2
3𝑥𝑥 −6
0
By division algorithm, we have
⇒ 𝑥𝑥 3 + 3𝑥𝑥 2 − 2 − 6 = (𝑥𝑥 2 − 2)(𝑥𝑥 + 3)
⇒ 𝑥𝑥 3 + 3𝑥𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑥 − 6 = �𝑥𝑥 + √2��𝑥𝑥 − √2�(𝑥𝑥 + 3)
Here the zeroes of the given polynomials are −√2, √2 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 − 3
20

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Class X Chapter 2 – Polynomials Maths

= 𝑥𝑥�𝑥𝑥 + 3√2� − √2�2 + 3√2� = �𝑥𝑥 − √2��𝑥𝑥 + 3√2�

= ((𝛼𝛼 + 𝛽𝛽)2 − 2𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼)2 − 2(𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼)2

−𝑏𝑏 3 3𝑏𝑏 2 3𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏

4𝑥𝑥 3 ∓ 2𝑥𝑥 2 ± 2𝑥𝑥

15𝑥𝑥 3 ∓ 30𝑥𝑥 2 ± 30𝑥𝑥

= �2[𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥 + 2) + 2(𝑥𝑥 − 2)]�

𝑥𝑥 4 + 𝑥𝑥 3 − 34𝑥𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑥 + 120 = (𝑥𝑥 2 − 4)(𝑥𝑥 2 + 6𝑥𝑥 − 5𝑥𝑥 − 30)

Here, �𝑥𝑥 + √2��𝑥𝑥 − √2�𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)

= (𝑥𝑥 2 − 2) (2𝑥𝑥 2 + 10𝑥𝑥 − 3𝑥𝑥 − 15)

Other zeroes of f(x) is 2 × +1 = 0

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