Cre 1 Introduction

1.
0 ABSTRACT
In this experiment, a batch reactor was created by using a beaker that contains 1 litre of
NaOH solution. The reactor was used for kinetic studies of chemical reactions. Throughout
this experiment, students can verify that the saponification of ethyl acetate in dilute NaOH
aqueous solution is a second order reaction. Also, students are able to report the value of
the reaction rate constant and to determine the activation energy of the saponification
reaction in different temperatures, that are in room temperature, 40oC and 50oC. For this
experiment, back-titration was carried out. When the acid solution appears pink after just
one drop of NaOH is added, we immediately stop the titration and recorded the volume of
NaOH used. This is to ensure the high accuracy of our results. From the results we have
obtained, the reaction order at each temperature is different based on the analysis of
differential method. The rate constant values are decreasing with increasing temperature.
On the other hand, the rate constant values are fluctuated when using the integral method.
Thus, some precaution steps have been provided to increase the results accuracy.
2.0 INTRODUCTION
This experiment can be divided into two parts: (i) to find the reaction order and the rate
constant at constant temperature, (ii) to determine the activation energy for saponification
of ethyl acetate. Reaction rates depend on the composition and the temperature of the
reaction mixture. Every chemical reaction occurs at finite rate and, therefore, can potentially
serve as the basis for a chemical kinetic method of analysis. On the other hand, activation
energy is the energy barrier that must be overcome for a reaction to happen.
2.1 OBJECTIVE
The objectives of this experiment are to verify that the saponification of ethyl acetate
in dilute aqueous solution is a second order reaction, to report the value of the
reaction rate constant and to find the activation energy of the reaction of
saponification of ethyl acetate in dilute aqueous solution.
2.2 BACKGROUND INFORMATION
A batch reactor may be described as a vessel in which any chemicals are

placed to react. They are normally used in studying the kinetics of chemical reactions,
where the variation of a property of the reaction mixture is observed as the reaction
progresses. In a batch reactor, the reactants and the catalyst are placed in the
reactor and the reaction can proceed for a given time whereupon the mixture of
unreacted material together with the products is withdrawn. For an ideal batch
reactor, the concentration and temperature are assumed to be spatially uniform.
A typical batch reactor consists of a tank with an agitator and integral

heating/cooling system. These vessels may vary in size from less than 1 litre to more
than 15,000 litres. The batch reactors are usually fabricated in steel, stainless steel,
glass-lined steel, glass or exotic alloy. Liquids and solids are usually charged via
connections in the top cover of the reactor, as like vapours and gases. At the bottom
of reactor, liquids are usually discharged.
Figure 1: Batch Reactor
2.3 THEORIES AND EXPLANATION
A saponification is a reaction between an ester and an alkali, producing a free

alcohol and an acid salt. The saponification of ethyl acetate in dilute NaOH aqueous
solution can be written as:
CH3COOC2H5 (l) + NaOH (l)  CH3COONa (l) + C2H5OH (l)
Because the saponification of ethyl acetate is a single reaction, let A be NaOH and B
be CH3COOC2H5, then the rate equation can be defined as
-rA = k (CA)(CB)
= k f(CA)
= k CAn
where one mole of A reacts with one mole of B.
In determining the rate constant of the reaction, we can use the differential
method. By using this method, we have to test the differential rate equation,
evaluating all terms in the equation including the derivative dCi/dt, and testing the
goodness of fit of the equation with the experiment. Then, by plotting the graph
concentration CA versus time, t, we can find the slope or tangent at point for the
suitably selected concentration values by using mirror method. The slope of these
points dCA/dt is the rates of reaction at certain compositions. Then, plot the graph of
log [dCA/dt] vs log [CA].
-rA = k CAn
log [-dCA/dt] = n log [CA] +log k
The graph of log [dCA/dt] vs log [CA] is a straight line. The rate constant, k,
and the order of the reaction, n can be directly obtained by using the intercepts and
the slope from the graph of log [dCA/dt] versus log [CA].
The Arrhenius equation: k = AeE/RT
where k = Rate constant,
where A = Frequency factor
where E = Activation energy
where R = Ideal gas constant
where T = Temperature
Rearranging the Arrhenius equation, we get
𝐸 1
ln 𝑘 = (− ) ( ) − ln 𝐴
𝑅 𝑇
REFERENCE
Virtual Labs. (n.d.) Reaction kinetic studies in a batch reactor. Retrieved 19 March 2018
from http://uorepc-nitk.vlabs.ac.in/exp7/index.html.

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1.

2.2 BACKGROUND INFORMATION

A batch reactor may be described as a vessel in which any chemicals are

A typical batch reactor consists of a tank with an agitator and integral

Figure 1: Batch Reactor

2.3 THEORIES AND EXPLANATION

A saponification is a reaction between an ester and an alkali, producing a free

CH3COOC2H5 (l) + NaOH (l)  CH3COONa (l) + C2H5OH (l)

where one mole of A reacts with one mole of B.

log [-dCA/dt] = n log [CA] +log k

The Arrhenius equation: k = AeE/RT

where k = Rate constant,

where A = Frequency factor

where E = Activation energy

where R = Ideal gas constant

Rearranging the Arrhenius equation, we get

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