Review and evaluation of lightning return stroke

models including some aspects of their application

Abstract:
Four classes of models of the lightning return stroke are reviewed. These four classes
are: (1) the gas dynamic models; (2) the electromagnetic models; (3) the distributed-
circuit models; and (4) the "engineering" models. Validation of the reviewed models is
discussed. For the gas dynamic models, validation is based on observations of the
optical power and spectral output from natural lightning. The electromagnetic,
distributed-circuit, and "engineering" models are most conveniently validated using
measured electric and magnetic fields from natural and triggered lightning. Based on
the entirety of the validation results and on mathematical simplicity, we rank the
"engineering" models in the following descending order: MTLL, DU, MTLE, BG, and
TL. When only the initial peak values of the channel-base current and remote electric
or magnetic field are concerned, the TL model is preferred. Additionally discussed are
several issues in lightning return-stroke modeling that either have been ignored to
keep the modeling straightforward or have not been recognized, such as the treatment
of the upper, in-cloud portion of the lightning channel, the boundary conditions at the
ground, including the presence of a vertically extended strike object, the return-stroke
speed at early times, the initial bi-directional extension of the return stroke channel,
and the relation between leader and return stroke models. Various aspects of the
calculation of lightning electric and magnetic fields in which return stroke models are
used to specify the source are considered, including equations for fields and channel-
base current, as well as a discussion of channel tortuosity and branches.

AUTHORS

V.A. Rakov
Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Florida Univ., Gainesville, FL, USA
M.A. Uman

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