5 PDF

Overview of Smart Materials
Bishakh Bhattacharya
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur
LECTURE 7:
7
Smart Muscles based on Shape

Memory Alloys and Electro
Electro-
active Polymer
Organization
• What is Shape Memory Effect?
• Metallic alloys that show Shape
Memory Effect
• The
Th CConstitutive
tit ti Relationship
R l ti hi
• Actuators
ctuato s Developed
e e oped us
using
gSSMA
• Sensors Developed using SMA
• Future of SMA
What is Shape Memory Effect?
• There are two common shape memory
effects - One Way y and Two Wayy effects.
• In the case of One Way effect, the material
always remembers the shape at Parent
State (Austenite Phase)
• In the case of Two Way effect, the material
is trained to remember two shapes, one at
the Parent Austenite phase and the other
at the Martensite Phase
Hysteresis Curve of SMA
Ms: Martensite start temperature, Mf: Martensite finish temperature, As:

Austenite start temperature and Af: Austenite finish temperature
Crystal Structure Depicting SME
One Way SME
One-Way
Pseudo elasticity
Pseudo-elasticity
Metallic Alloys that show SME
• SME was first observed in 1932 in Silver
Cadmium Alloyy
• Three types of SMA are currently popular
– Cu
C ZnZ Al
– Cu Al Ni and
– Ni Ti
• The last one is commercially available as
NiTiNOL (NOL – Naval Ordinance Laboratory)
Space Application of SMA:
Control of aerodynamic surfaces
Micro-coils for vibration isolation
Grasping by robotic fingers
S
Space exploration:
l ti rock
k splitting
litti byb ESA
Nitinol filter
Deployment of Solar Array Hinges (EMC)

Reconfigurable Systems:
Reconfigurable systems composed of modular units have been

investigated intensively for their versatility, flexibility, and fault-
tolerance.
Conventional electric motors used in these studies impose a

limitation on miniaturization of the size of the system,
y , due to their
poor power/weight ratio
Vibration generation using SMA wires
SMA based Tuned Mass Damper
SMA Constitutive Relationship
p
• Phenomenological Model
• Based on experimentally observed phase kinetics of SMA
• First model developed

p byy Tanaka,, later modified by
y Rogers
g et al. and finally
y
by Brinson (1993)
• Constitutive relation
   0  D   D 0  0    s   0  s 0  T  T0 
D   DM  1   DA  Elastic Modulus

    L D   Transformation Modulus
  Elastic Thermal Coefficient
Brinson Model
• Phase Kinetics
• Reverse Transformation: Conversion of Martensite to Austenite
for T  As and Ca T  Af     Ca T  As 
 0       
  
cos 
 T  A   
2   Af  As  Ca  
s
s0
s  s0  0   
0
• Forward Transformation: Conversion of Austenite to Martensite
for T  M s and  scr  Cm (T  M s )     crf  Cm (T  M s )
 
1  
coss0
  1   s 0 
    Cm T  M s  
cr
s
2 
 s
cr
  cr
f
f
 2
t 0
t  t 0   s   s 0 
1  s0
Beam and SMA Specifications
p
SMA: Flexinol 125µm from Dynalloy Inc.
Moduli Transformation Transformation Maximum

Temperature Constants residual strain
M s  44.99oC cm  20MPa / oC
Da  75 GPa
M f  25.08o C ca  28MPa / oC  L  0.06
Dm  28 GPa
As  65.73 C
o   70 MPa
cr
  0.55MPa / oC
s
Af  83.50oC  crf  170MPa
Beam Properties
No. Beam Elastic Beam Beam Flexural

Material Modulus Thickness Width g y
Rigidity
1 Acrylic 1.78 1.1 15.5 3.06

2 Acrylic 2.38 1.8 10 1.16
3 A li
Acrylic 2 38
2.38 18
1.8 18 2 08
2.08
4 Acrylic 2.38 2.8 11 4.78
Experimental
p Setup
p
The effect of change of offset distance on
deflection by an SMA wire
20
Experimental
Theoretical
mm)
End deflection (m 15
10
5
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Offset from the neutral plane (mm)
V i ti off end
Variation dddeflection
fl ti with
ith offset 2 : EI  1.16e 4
ff t ffor Beam-2
B
Ref:
R f AA. Banerjee,
B j J Badothiya,
J. B d thi B Bhattacharya
B. Bh tt h andd A.
A KK. Mallik,
M llik “Optimum
“O ti discrete
di t location
l ti
of Shape memory alloy wire for enhanced actuation of slender fixed-free beam”, ASME
Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems, 2008.
SMA σ1
2
σ2
1
i i M
Engineering
E Model
d l off SMA (E
(Equivalent
i l tC Coefficient
ffi i t off
Thermal Expansion / ECTE) is recently developed by
Turner based upon Nonlinear Thermo-Elasticity
Thermo Elasticity.
The most fundamental feature of ECTE model of SMA

is the axial constitutive relation for SMA in which non-
mechanical strain is represented by effective thermal
strain.
t i
The fundamental
Th f d t l equation
ti developed
d l d ffor th
the SMA
element in the longitudinal direction is:

Here, σ1 is the stress induced in SMA, E1 is the Young’s

modulus, ε1 is total axial strain in SMA and α1 is the
effective coefficient of thermal expansion (ECTE)
(ECTE).
actuators developed::1
natural length of SMA spring

60mm
bias spring length 45 mm
displacement achieved 12mm
Actuator in action
Amplified SMA Actuator
mechamatronics model developed:
Ready to take a SMArt

turn
An SMA based Rotational Sensor
An SMA based Trajectory Tracking
System
References
• A. Banerjee,
A B j J Badothiya,
J. B d thi B Bhattacharya
B. Bh tt h and
d A.
A KK. Mallik,
M llik “Optimum
“O ti discrete
di t
location of Shape memory alloy wire for enhanced actuation of slender fixed-
free beam”, ASME Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and
Intelligent Systems, 2008.
END OF LECTURE 7

5 PDF

Uploaded by

Document Informationclick to expand document information

Copyright:

Available Formats

5 PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

5 PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Overview of Smart Materials

Smart Muscles based on Shape

Ms: Martensite start temperature, Mf: Martensite finish temperature, As:

Control of aerodynamic surfaces

Micro-coils for vibration isolation

Grasping by robotic fingers

Deployment of Solar Array Hinges (EMC)

Reconfigurable systems composed of modular units have been

Conventional electric motors used in these studies impose a

• First model developed

   0  D   D 0  0    s   0  s 0  T  T0 

D   DM  1   DA  Elastic Modulus

SMA: Flexinol 125µm from Dynalloy Inc.

Moduli Transformation Transformation Maximum

Af  83.50oC  crf  170MPa

No. Beam Elastic Beam Beam Flexural

1 Acrylic 1.78 1.1 15.5 3.06

The most fundamental feature of ECTE model of SMA

Here, σ1 is the stress induced in SMA, E1 is the Young’s

natural length of SMA spring

bias spring length 45 mm

displacement achieved 12mm

Ready to take a SMArt

You might also like

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.