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    Structural Behaviour

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    Dr Rajeev
    This document discusses the behavior of different structural materials when subjected to earthquake loading. It examines the nonlinear response and failure modes of reinforced concrete frames, walls, columns, and connections. It also analyzes the hysteretic behavior and ductile capacity of steel beams, columns, braced frames, and connections. Additionally, it explores the seismic performance of timber walls, masonry structures, and precast construction. The document utilizes diagrams and images from experimental data to illustrate key behaviors.

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    Structural Behaviour

    Uploaded by

    Dr Rajeev
    118 views43 pages
    This document discusses the behavior of different structural materials when subjected to earthquake loading. It examines the nonlinear response and failure modes of reinforced concrete frames, walls, columns, and connections. It also analyzes the hysteretic behavior and ductile capacity of steel beams, columns, braced frames, and connections. Additionally, it explores the seismic performance of timber walls, masonry structures, and precast construction. The document utilizes diagrams and images from experimental data to illustrate key behaviors.

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    Earthquake engineering

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    This document discusses the behavior of different structural materials when subjected to earthquake loading. It examines the nonlinear response and failure modes of reinforced concrete frames, walls, columns, and connections. It also analyzes the hysteretic behavior and ductile capacity of steel beams, columns, braced frames, and connections. Additionally, it explores the seismic performance of timber walls, masonry structures, and precast construction. The document utilizes diagrams and images from experimental data to illustrate key behaviors.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    118 views43 pages

    Structural Behaviour

    Uploaded by

    Dr Rajeev
    This document discusses the behavior of different structural materials when subjected to earthquake loading. It examines the nonlinear response and failure modes of reinforced concrete frames, walls, columns, and connections. It also analyzes the hysteretic behavior and ductile capacity of steel beams, columns, braced frames, and connections. Additionally, it explores the seismic performance of timber walls, masonry structures, and precast construction. The document utilizes diagrams and images from experimental data to illustrate key behaviors.

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    Introduction to

    Earthquake Engineering

    Behaviour of structures
    under earthquakes

    Prof. Dr.-Ing. Uwe E. Dorka

    Stand: September 2013


    Conventional rc-frame structure under Kobe earthquake

    Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Behaviour of structures under earthquakes 2


    Non-linear cyclic behaviour of frames
    Plastic hinge

    From Petersen (9)

    Failure in soft storey

    From Müller, Keintzel (2)

    Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Behaviour of structures under earthquakes 3


    Non-linear cyclic behaviour of walls

    flexural failure shear failure sliding failure rotation of foundation

    Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Behaviour of structures under earthquakes 4


    Behaviour of reinforced concrete structures

    Flexural cyclic behaviour in plastic hinges

    From Earthquake Spectra (10)


    From Wakabayashi (1)

    Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Behaviour of structures under earthquakes 5


    Concrete columns

    Buckling of longitudinal reinforcement

    From Wakabayashi (1)


    From Earthquake Spectra (10)

    Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Behaviour of structures under earthquakes 6


    Concrete columns
    Behaviour under combined bending and axial load:

    From Wakabayashi (1)

    From Wakabayashi (1)

    From Petersen (9)

    Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Behaviour of structures under earthquakes 7


    Short columns

    Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Behaviour of structures under earthquakes 8


    Short columns
    Extreme pinching of hysteresis loop and failure in shear

    From Wakabayashi (1)

    From Wakabayashi (1)

    Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Behaviour of structures under earthquakes 9


    Rc frame corners
    pinching effect and deterioration due to large shear

    From Wakabayashi (1)

    Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Behaviour of structures under earthquakes 10


    Complicated details in rc-frames:

    From Müller, Keintzel (2)

    Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Behaviour of structures under earthquakes 11


    Shear walls

    Brittle behaviour, but large capacity!

    From Wakabayashi (1)

    From Wakabayashi (1)

    Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Behaviour of structures under earthquakes 12


    Coupled shear walls

    Brittle failure in shear!

    From Wakabayashi (1)


    From Earthquake Spectra (10)

    Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Behaviour of structures under earthquakes 13


    Coupled shear walls

    Large shear in connecting


    beam leads to “Impossible”
    detailing requirements for
    an rc-solution!
    Better: steel beam, but
    special attention must be
    paid to the connection!

    From Müller, Keintzel (2)

    From Müller, Keintzel (2)

    Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Behaviour of structures under earthquakes 14


    Pre-cast structures

    “Domino effect” due to


    sudden connection failure
    often leads to total collapse!

    From Wakabayashi (1)

    From Earthquake Spectra (10)

    Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Behaviour of structures under earthquakes 15


    Behaviour of steel structures
    Conventional steel structure under Kobe earthquake: soft storey

    Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Behaviour of structures under earthquakes 16


    Steel beams

    Plastic hinges

    From DGEB (8)

    Local buckling under cyclic loading

    Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Behaviour of structures under earthquakes 17


    Steel beams
    Moment-rotation hysteresis loop of a steel beam

    From Wakabayashi (1)

    Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Behaviour of structures under earthquakes 18


    Steel columns
    Hysteresis of column with P-D effect Instable load bearing due to negative
    post-yield stiffness can lead to total
    collapse of structure
    Rapid deterioration due to local
    buckling
    Columns should not yield, only beams!

    From Wakabayashi (1)

    Strong column – weak beam concept!


    From Petersen (9)

    Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Behaviour of structures under earthquakes 19


    Steel struts
    Cyclic buckling of struts

    From Earthquake Spectra (10)

    From Wakabayashi (1)


    From Wakabayashi (1)

    Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Behaviour of structures under earthquakes 20


    Braced steel frames
    Braced full-scale portal frame under constant vertical
    load and cyclic horizontal load.
    Combined action of beam plastic hinges and cyclic
    strut behaviour: stiff but ductile!

    P= 0,5* Npl P= 0,5* Npl


    H H

    From Wakabayashi (1)

    Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Behaviour of structures under earthquakes 21


    Steel connections

    Brittle fracture in welds

    Both Pictures from earthquake Spectra (10)

    Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Behaviour of structures under earthquakes 22


    Steel connections

    Brittle fracture in welds


    and rupture of bolts

    Both Pictures from earthquake Spectra (10)

    Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Behaviour of structures under earthquakes 23


    Steel connections

    Seismically sound connections in


    frame corners

    From Wakabayashi (1)

    Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Behaviour of structures under earthquakes 24


    Behaviour of timber structures
    Modern Japanese residential structure under Kobe earthquake:

    Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Behaviour of structures under earthquakes 25


    Behaviour of timber structures
    Insufficient connections can lead to brittle failure

    From Wakabayashi (1)

    Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Behaviour of structures under earthquakes 26


    Timber wall with cladding

    From Wakabayashi (1)

    Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Behaviour of structures under earthquakes 27


    Timber wall with cladding
    Load-deflection relationship for a timber wall with cladding under cyclic shear

    From Wakabayashi (1)

    Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Behaviour of structures under earthquakes 28


    Behaviour of masonry structures
    Typical crack pattern between openings and at corners

    From Wakabayashi (1)

    Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Behaviour of structures under earthquakes 29


    Behaviour of masonry structures
    Typical crack pattern between openings and at corners

    Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Behaviour of structures under earthquakes 30


    Behaviour of masonry structures

    From Earthquake Spectra (10)

    Collapse of chimneys and


    out-of-plane failure of roof
    gable walls due to insufficient
    lateral support

    Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Behaviour of structures under earthquakes 31


    Masonry walls
    Horizontal load-deflection relationship for a wall subjected to cyclic shear and
    constant vertical load showing rapid deterioration of hysteresis loop

    From Wakabayashi (1)

    Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Behaviour of structures under earthquakes 32


    Masonry in-filled rc-frames

    Non-linear mechanism with compression strut developing in masonry wall


    causing shear failure in rc-columns

    From Wakabayashi (1)

    Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Behaviour of structures under earthquakes 33


    Behaviour of historic structures
    Many old historic structures
    behave well having sustained
    several earthquakes during their
    history
    “Intact” historical structural systems
    are usually quite safe, sometimes
    with surprising effects

    From Earthquake Spectra (10)

    Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Behaviour of structures under earthquakes 34


    Behaviour of historic structures

    Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Behaviour of structures under earthquakes 35


    Behaviour of historic structures
    “New” (18th – 20th century) historic
    structures are often derived from
    “non-seismic” countries like Britain
    or Germany with modern structural
    systems not capable of resisting
    large earthquakes

    Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Behaviour of structures under earthquakes 36


    Behaviour of historic structures
    Modern alterations often lead to a change in behaviour and collapse

     Car parking or shops


    create soft storeys
     Rc- additions change
    historic load paths
     etc.

    Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Behaviour of structures under earthquakes 37


    Behaviour of bridges

    Horizontal shear failure in deck due


    to differences in deformations of
    supporting frames (short frame vs.
    long frame)

    Both Pictures from Earthquake Spectra (10)

    Relative motion of single-


    span deck caused drop-off

    Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Behaviour of structures under earthquakes 38


    Behaviour of bridges

    Brittle shear failure in columns


    (short column effect) and
    frame corners

    Both Pictures from Earthquake Spectra (10)

    Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Behaviour of structures under earthquakes 39


    Behaviour of bridges
    Toppling due to P-D effect

    From Petersen (9)


    Both Pictures from Earthquake Spectra (10)

    Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Behaviour of structures under earthquakes 40


    Behaviour of bridges

    Both Pictures from Earthquake Spectra (10)

    Bearing failure due to large


    mass effect

    Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Behaviour of structures under earthquakes 41


    Behaviour of bridges

    Both Pictures from Earthquake Spectra (10)

    Insufficient retrofit due to neglect


    of differential motion between
    large masses:
    “band-aid” solution!

    Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Behaviour of structures under earthquakes 42


    References
    (1) Wakabayashi –
    Design of Earthquake-Resistant Buildings
    McGraw-Hill Book Company
    (2) Müller, Keintzel –
    Erdbebensicherung von Hochbauten
    Verlag Ernst & Sohn
    (3) Deutsche Gesellschaft für
    Erdbebeningenieurwesen - DGEB
    Schriftenreihe der DGEB, Heft 2
    Elsevier
    (4) Petersen
    Statik und Stabilität der Baukonstruktionen
    Vieweg
    (5) Jack P. Moehle
    Earthquake Spectra – April 1995

    Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Behaviour of structures under earthquakes 43

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