EXCRETION: PÁGINA 132-142 NOTA 2

2 MEDIO

WHAT IS EXCRETION

- Process of eliminating the waste products of metabolism and other substances in excess
- Excretion eliminates materials that have already been digested

EGESTION

- Expelling (getting rid of) any undigested food

- Eliminates undigested materials.

WHY IS EXCRETION NECESSARY

- Urea is toxic ( contains ammonia) so it must be quickly filtered from the blood by the kidneys
and excreted in the urine.

- Excess of CO2 , can cause the blood to become to acidic, oxygen can´t bind properly to
haemoglobin.

WASTE PRODUCTS

1.Salts
2.CO2
3.Urea

- Urea is an organic, waste compound produced by the body after metabolizing protein.

- The liver breaks the proteins down in a process that produces urea.

- Process called deamination ( takes place on the liver)

- In situations of excess protein intake, deamination is used to break down amino acids for
energy by removing the nitrogen-containing end from the amino acid and converting it to
ammonia (NH3).

- Ammonia is toxic to the human system, and enzymes convert it to urea by addition of CO2
molecules

FUNCTION OF THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM

- To remove waste products from body fluids, and return useful substances (eg.water) to body
fluids as a way to maintain homeostasis (internal equilibrium in the body).
IMPORTANCE OF EXCRETION IN HOMEOSTASIS

- regulation of electrolytes
- regulation of ph : For optimum cellular function
- mantining osmolarity: balance of water and salts
- controlling blood preassure

THE ROLE OF THE KIDNEY

- Remove the toxic waste product urea from the circulating blood

- carry out excretion

- regulate water content of blood

- carry out osmoregulation

-The kidney receives blood at high pressure from the renal artery

- Contains tubes : nephrons

- Exit tube: ureter ( carry away the urine )

VOLUME AND CONCENTRATION OF URINE

- Volume Depends on our water uptake, exercise and temperature.

- Pituitary gland monitor the concentration of blood plasma

- Releases ADH ( antidiuretic hormone ) travels to the kidney

- ADH helps to control the permeability of the kidneys tubules

- When the plasma is more concentrated, more ADH is released into the blood. This causes the kidney
to reabsorb more water. ???

- This keeps more water in the body ( producing more concentrated urine).

- When plasma is more diluted, less ADH is released into the blood. This allows more water to leave the
kidneys, producing a more dilute urine.

CONNECTION TO CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

- Kidneys receive blood from the renal arteries, which branch from the abdominal aorta

- Renal arteries contains the dirtiest blood ( full of waste products )

 - Renal veins drain the kidney and connect this blood to the main circulatory system via the inferior
vena cava ( cleanest blood ) filtered

FUNCTIONS

- Ureter: Muscular tube that transports urine through peristaltic contractions from the kidney to the
bladder

- Bladder: Organ that stores urine

- Urethra: Narrow tube that transports urine from the bladder to the outside of the body

-The urethra in men is much longer than IN FEMALES

INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF KIDNEY

Capsule: The covering of the kidney

Cortex: Blood filtration occurs there
Medulla: Arranged like pyramid like structure, consists of the bulk of the nephron tubules
Renal pelvis: point where renal artery enters and renal vein and ureter exit the kidney

NEPHRONS
- Each nephron is a tubule that handles the filtering of waste substances from the blood while
simultaneosly retaining useful substances that the body doesn´t want to lose.

- The final part of each nephron is called collecting duct, removes water from the filtered solution
passing down inside the tubule and returns it to the blood.
- The body can control the amount of water.
 - called osmoregulation
- antidiuretic hormones control it.

Bowman´s Capsule: Blood is filtered under high pressure ( ultrafiltration )

First coiled tubule: Useful molecules + water are selectively reabsorbed into the blood

Loop of Henlé : Alters salt concentrations in the medulla to help reabsorption of water from the
collecting gut

Collecting gut: Kidney can reabsorbed water and return it to the blood according to the body´´
demand, ( influence Of ADH )

urine dissolves in a small volume of water in the collecting gut

URINE FORMATION
-The main functions of the kidneys in the excretory system are filtration and reabsorption.
--Urine formation consists of three parts:
●Glomerular filtration ●Tubular reabsorption ●Tubular secretion
STEP 1:
Glomerular Filtration
-Occurs in the glomerulus

-Blood is received via the afferent arteriole, and leaves via the efferent arteriole.

Blood flow in the glomerulus is under high pressure because the efferent arteriole is narrower than
the afferent arteriole, thus blood flow slows down and pressure increases (large inlet, small outlet).
The filtered liquid is now called the filtrate, and contains water, nutrients

STEP 2:
Tubular Reabsorption

-Occurs in the Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT).

-Most of the water and nutrients are reabsorbed into the blood capillaries surrounding the PCT
(water by osmosis, and nutrients by active transport).

-Wastes and toxic substances remain in the nephron tubule.

-The Loop of Henle concentrates the filtrate by removing even more water; this now moves into the
DCT.

STEP 3:
Tubular Secretion

-Occurs in the Distal convoluted tubule (DCT).

-Wastes that did not initially move out of the blood during ultrafiltration in the glomerulus are now
actively secreted into the tubule from the blood, eg. ammonia (NH3) and many drugs.

-After these 3 steps, the concentrated filtrate now enters the collecting duct and is called urine.
-It is collected in the renal pelvis, then enters the ureter, moves to the bladder to be stored
temporarily, then leaves the body via the
urethra.
-Meanwhile, the blood capillaries around the
nephron join back to the renal vein and leave the
kidney to rejoin the main circulatory system.
 DIALYSIS
Kidney´s failure

-The body can no longer control the composition or amount of urine formed, so the content of blood
plasma and tiddue fluid is not kept as its optimum.

-Dialysis is a process where a machine is used to artificially “clean” a patient’s blood because the
person has lost the proper functioning of their kidneys due to injury or illness.

-During this process, unwanted waste substances (eg. urea and excess salts) are removed from the
person’s blood in order to keep the water and minerals in balance and maintain homeostasis.

-Useful substances that the body does not want to lose (eg. glucose and amino acids) are not
removed and remain in the blood.

HOW DIALYSIS WORK

-A dialyzer is part of the dialysis machine which contains a special membrane (fibres) that allows
blood to flow through it.

-In the machine, blood flows in one direction, while on the other side of the membrane, dialysate (a
fluid containing a mixture of different chemicals) flows in the opposite direction.

-Due to its concentration, the dialysate creates a gradient that allows useful substances to remain
behind in the blood, while unwanted substances diffuse into this fluid and are removed as the
impure dialysate liquid flows out of the dialyzer.
 - External environment : continuously changing
- internal environment: conditions around the cell remain constant

-What is homeostasis?

- State of equilibrium, in which all body systems are working and interacting in an appropriate
way to fulfill all the needs of the person and/or the body.

- When homeostasis is interrupted, the body tries to restore it by adjusting one or more
physiological processes.

- -This is achieved by the action of two systems:

- (1)ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - chemical messages (hormones) travel in the blood.
- (2)NERVOUS SYSTEM - electrical impulses travel through nerve cells.

POSITIVE vs NEGATIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEMS IN THE HUMAN BODY

- Negative feedback loops

- tend to dampen or buffer changes.
- This tends to hold a system to some equilibrium state making it more stable (ie. the body
senses a change, and activates mechanisms to reverse that change).

-Receptors (or sensors) pick up information about a parameter being measured (eg. body temp).
This is called the input.

-This results in a series of actions in the effector. This is called the output.
-Continuous monitoring leads to continual adjustments. Parameter moves around a particular
“ideal” or “optimal” point
.
- Positive feedback loops
- Enhance or amplify changes.
- This tends to move a system away from its equilibrium state (ideal set point) and make it
more unstable.

-
What is Type 1 Diabetes?

-Type 1 diabetes can occur at any age, but it is most often diagnosed in children,
adolescents, or young adults.
-Insulin is a hormone produced in the pancreas by special cells called beta cells.
-Insulin is needed to move blood sugar (glucose) into cells, where it is stored and later
used for energy.
-With type 1 diabetes, beta cells produce little or no insulin.
-Without enough insulin, glucose builds up in the bloodstream instead of going into the cells.
-This buildup of glucose in the blood is called hyperglycemia. The body is unable to use the
glucose for energy.
Symptoms & Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes

The following symptoms may be the first signs of type 1 diabetes (or they may occur when
blood sugar is high):
Being very thirsty
Feeling hungry
Feeling tired all the time
Having blurry eyesight
Feeling numbness or tingling in your feet
Losing weight without trying
Urinating more often

Insulin lowers blood sugar by allowing it to leave the bloodstream and enter cells. Everyone
with type 1 diabetes must take insulin every day.
Insulin must be injected under the skin using a syringe, insulin pen, or insulin pump. It
cannot be taken by mouth because the acid in the stomach destroys insulin
 NEGATIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEM
eg. 2 = Control of internal body temperature