For utmost Accuracy & Productivity, MIDAS

provides the best solutions in Structural

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Structural
Analysis II
Advanced Analysis with Midas Software
 Structural Analysis II 1. Introduction
(Advanced)

1-2
Structural Analysis II
Advanced Analysis using MIDAS Software

MIDAS Technical Support, Korea

MIDAS Global Technical Support, India
Pinakin Gore
Nandeep Gohil
Sindhu Bharathi
Suman Dhara
Pratap Jadhav

MIDAS R&D Centre India Pvt., Ltd.

Mumbai, India
MIDAS Offices
New York, London, Moscow, Dubai, Singapore
Manila, Shanghai, Beijing, Seoul, Tokyo
Copyright © 2017, by MIDAS Research & Development Centre India.
All rights reserved.

Second reprint 2017

No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means,
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MIDAS Research & Development Centre India.

Published by the MIDAS Research & Development Centre India Pvt., Ltd.
1001 Cyberone, Sector 30A, Vashi, Navi Mumbai 400705 India
india@MidasUser.com
www.MidasUser.com

Modeling, Integrated Design & Analysis Software

PROGRAM VERIFICATION AND PRECAUTIONS

MIDAS Family Programs produce accurate analysis results based on up-to-date theories and
numerical techniques published in recognized journals. The program has been verified by
thousands of examples and comparative analyses with other software during the development.
Since the initial development in 1989, MIDAS Family Programs have been accurately and
effectively applied to over 10,000 International projects.

A strict verification process of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Various

Countries has scrutinized MIDAS Family Programs.
Due to the complexity of structural analysis and design programs which are based on extensive
theories and design knowledge, the sponsors, developers and participating verification agencies do
not assume any rights or responsibilities concerning benefits or losses that may result from using
MIDAS Family Programs. The users must understand the bases of the program and the User’s
Guide before using the program. The users must also independently verify the results produced by
the program.

DISCLAIMER

The developers and sponsors assume no responsibilities for the accuracy or validity of any results
obtained from MIDAS Family Programs (MIDAS/Gen, MIDAS/Civil, MIDAS/FEA, GTS NX,
Soilworks, MIDAS/Design+ also referred to as "MIDAS Package" hereinafter).
The developers and sponsors shall not be liable for loss of profit, loss of business, or any other
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deficiency therein.

PREFACE

Welcome to the MIDAS/Gen programs.

MIDAS/Gen is a program for structural analysis and optimal design in the civil engineering and
architecture domains. The program has been developed so that structural analysis and design can
be accurately completed within the shortest possible time. The name MIDAS/Gen stands for
General structure design.
 Structural Analysis II 1. Introduction
(Advanced)

1-2
II
Advanced
Analysis
Index

1. Introduction
2. P-delta Analysis
3. Geometric Non-linear Analysis
4. Buckling Analysis
5. Eigenvalue Analysis
6. Time History Analysis
7. Response Analysis
8. Prestress Analysis
9. Thermal Stress Analysis
10. Plate analysis on Out-of-plane Analysis
 Structural Analysis II 1. Introduction
(Advanced)

1-2
Structural Analysis II 1. Introduction
(Advanced)

1. Introduction

Contents
1 Introduction

1.1 About MIDAS/Gen 1-3

1.2 Installation 1-7

1-1
 Structural Analysis II 1. Introduction
(Advanced)

1-2
Structural Analysis II 1. Introduction
(Advanced)

1. Introduction 1.1 About MIDAS/Gen

MIDAS/Gen stands for “General structure design system.”, i.e., a Windows based
integrated system for structural analysis and optimal design.

MIDAS/Gen, developed in the object-oriented programming language Visual C++, fully

exploits the advantages and the characteristics of the 32bit/64bit Windows environment
for the technical computations.

The user-oriented input/output functions are based on sophisticated and intuitive User
Interface and up-to-date Computer Graphics techniques. They offer excellent facilities
and productivity for the modeling and analysis of complex, large-scale structures.
The technical aspects of structural analysis functions necessary in a practical design
process are substantially strengthened. Nonlinear elements such as Cable, Hook, Gap,
Visco-elastic Damper, Hysteretic System, Lead Rubber Bearing Isolator and Friction
Pendulum System Isolator are now included in the Finite Element Library, which will
surely improve the accuracy and the quality of results. Construction stages, time
1-3
 Structural Analysis II 1. Introduction
(Advanced)

dependent material properties and geometric/boundary nonlinear analyses are some of

the new inclusions.

Surface View and Wire-frame View

Analysis model of a spiral staircase

1-4
Structural Analysis II 1. Introduction
(Advanced)

MIDAS IT’s in-house researchers have developed an efficient CAD modeling technique,
which is a totally new concept. Powerful automatic modeling functions such as Auto Mesh
Generation (available as a separate module) and Structure Wizard are introduced. Also, a
new Multi-Frontal Sparse Gaussian Solver has been added lately, which has accelerated
the analysis speed dramatically.

Latest design standards are adopted in the design module. To list a few, they are ACI,
AISC (ASD & LRFD), BS, Eurocodes, IS, IRC, etc.

The Optimal Design function considers various design constraints and leads to weight
optimization in the design of steel frame structures. It offers practical, convenient and
accurate results.

Result of strength verification according to AISC

1-5
 Structural Analysis II 1. Introduction
(Advanced)

The domains of applications for MIDAS/Gen are as follows:

 Civil engineering structures

Bridges, underground structures, water tanks, dams, etc.

 Architectural structures
Office buildings, residential buildings, commercial buildings, complex multi-use
buildings, plants, maritime/offshore structures, etc.

 Special structures
Stadiums, hangars, power plants, etc.

 Other structures
Ships, airplanes, power line towers, cranes, pressurized vessels, etc.

1-6
Structural Analysis II 1. Introduction
(Advanced)

1.2 Installation

System Requirement

MIDAS/Gen operates on Personal Computer (PC) in Windows OS environment.

In addition, MIDAS/Gen requires the following minimum configuration:

 i3 CPU or better performing PC processor

 Minimum of 2GB RAM

 1GB of free space on HDD (MIDAS/Gen requires a minimum of 1 GB hard disk

space for Construction Stage analysis)

 Microsoft Windows 7 or higher version or Windows NT Operating System

 Nvidia Graphics card, Monitor with a minimum of 1024768 resolution and a

minimum of 16bit High Color display

 Windows compatible Printer or Plotter

1-7
 Structural Analysis II 2. P-delta Analysis
(Advanced)

2-2
Structural Analysis II 2. P-delta Analysis
(Advanced)

2. P-delta Analysis
Contents
1 Introduction

1.1 Concept of P-delta Analysis 2-3

2 Tutorial

2.1 Model Overview 2-8

2.2 Work Environment 2-9
2.3 Material & Section Properties 2-11
2.4 Generate Node & Element 2-12
2.5 Define Boundary Conditions 2-14
2.6 Define Loads 2-15
2.7 Perform Analysis 2-17
2.8 Check Analysis Result 2-19

3 Exercise 2-27

2-1
 Structural Analysis II 2. P-delta Analysis
(Advanced)

2-2
 Structural Analysis II 2. P-delta Analysis
(Advanced)

1. Introduction 1.1 Concept of P-delta Analysis

P-Delta effect is the secondary moment generated, when a slender member is subjected
to axial and lateral loads simultaneously. In another terms, it is a nonlinear geometric
effect of a large direct stress acted upon transverse bending and shear behavior.
Compressive stress on structure makes it more flexible in transverse bending and shear,
whereas tensile stress tends to stiffen member against transverse deformation. The
analysis is called “P-Delta” because the magnitude of the secondary moment is equal to
“P”, the axial force in the member, times “Delta”, the offset distance one end of the
member from other end.
As shown in Fig.2.1(a), if equilibrium is examined in the original configuration (using
undeformed geometry) the moment at the base is M=VL , and decreases linearly to zero
at the loaded end. If equilibrium is considered for deformed configuration, the additional
moment caused by axial force P acting on the transverse tip displacement ∆. The
moment does not vary linearly along the length; the variation depends on the deflected
shape. The moment at the base is now M=Vy - Px

P P P

x

▶Fig 2.1 V V V
P-delta effect
Column P-Delta effect y ignored
(a) Tensile & Lateral
Forces Px

M  Vy  Px Vy

Free body diagram

P-delta effect
ignored

Before deflection After deflection P

M V

2-3
 Structural Analysis II 2. P-delta Analysis
(Advanced)

P P P
 x

V V V
P-delta effect
y considered

Px Vy
M  Vy  Px
Free body diagram
P-delta effect
ignored

Before deflection After deflection P

M V

If the member is in tension as shown in Fig.2.1(a), the moment at the base and
throughout the member is reduced. Hence transverse bending deflection ∆ is also
reduced. Thus the member is effectively stiffer against the transverse load V.
Conversely if the member is in compression as shown in Fig.2.1(b), the moment at the
base and throughout the member is increased. Hence transverse bending deflection ∆ is
also increased. The member is effectively more flexible against the transverse load V.
If the compressive force is too large, transverse stiffness goes to zero and hence the
deflection tends to infinity; at that point the structure is said to have buckled.

P-Delta effect is sub divided into two, as shown in the following figure. The P-δ effect
refers to the effect of the local geometry change whereas P-Δ refers to the effect due to
relative displacement between member ends.

2-4
 Structural Analysis II 2. P-delta Analysis
(Advanced)

P


V P - P-delta effect
ignored
▶Fig. 2.2
P-delta Effect P   effect

P   effect

V P

The P-Delta analysis is particularly useful when effects of gravity loads on lateral
stiffness of the structure is required to be checked. Certain codes (ACI318, AISC-
LRFD) require analysis with P-Delta effect to prevent collapse of the structure due to
secondary effects. This section describes analysis of Truss and target beam elements
reflecting P-Delta effect.

For reflecting P-Delta effect, a truss element is considered in transformed state and
force equilibrium conditions are assumed.

▶Eq.2.1
Fi 
EA
l
 ui  u j   P , Vi   wi  w j 
P
l

Fj 
EA
l
 ui  u j    P , V j  Pl   wi  w j 

2-5
 Structural Analysis II 2. P-delta Analysis
(Advanced)

z
V
j

▶Fig. 2.3 Vi Fj P
P-Delta effect for Truss
Element
P Fi
wj
wi
ui uj
x

Eq 2.2 Matrix is represented as follows

f = ku
▶Eq. 2.2 T T
f   Fi Vi Fj V j  , v  ui wi uj w j 

k = k0 + k σ
1 0 1 0  0 0 0 0
 0 0 0   0 1
EA  0 P 0 1
ko  , kσ  
l  1 0 1 0 l 0 0 0 0
   
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1

Where k0 represents a linear stiffness, k σ represents geometric stiffness reflecting P-

delta effect. The axial force P, if in compression has the negative sign. By applying
principle of virtual work, strain can be derived same as Eq. 2.2.
The concept of P-Delta analysis for beam element is same as that for the truss element,
only the point of difference being deformation of element is considered additionally for
beam. The load “q” being in x-z plane has the equation as described in finite element
analysis according to section 1.1.5 and the effect of the load can be given by Eq 2.3.

▶Eq. 2.3 EIw '''' Pw ''  q

2-6
Structural Analysis II 2. P-delta Analysis
(Advanced)

In order to analyze induced bending deformation of beam element, strain equation can
be used to obtain Eq.2.4 using principle of virtual work.

f = ku
▶Eq.2.4 T T
f  Vi Mi Vj M j  , u   wi i wj  j 

k = k0 + k σ
12 EI 6 EI 12 EI 6 EI 
 l3 
l2 l3 l2   36

36 
   l 3 3
 4 EI 6 EI 2 EI  l
 2  
 l l l  P  4l 3 l 
k0    kσ 
 12 EI 6 EI  30  36 
 2  3 
 l3 l   l 
 4 EI   sym 4l 
 sym 
 l 

Eq.2.4 has added geometric stiffness as compared to Eq.1.28. Also Eq.2.4 can be used
for P-Delta buckling analysis

2-7
 Structural Analysis II 2. P-delta Analysis
(Advanced)

2. Tutorial 2.1 Model Overview

Perform P-Delta effect analyses for 3 different columns loading cases, and check the
maximum deformation, shear forces and moments for each case.

z
P1  5.0kN P3  10.0kN P4  1.0kN


P2  0.5kN 6 M  10.0kN  mm 9 M  10.0kN  mm

▶Fig. 2.4 3
Analytical model
2500mm

2 5 8

1 4 7
x
Model 1 Model 2 Model 3

 Material
Modulus of elasticity: 2.0  105 N / mm2
 Sections
Section size : 50  50  5 mm
Area : 900 ㎟
Moment of inertia (Iyy) : 300,000 mm4
 Load
1. Model 1 : A lateral load and axial force (Pure Sway)
2. Model 2 : End bending moment and axial force (No Sway)
3. Model 3 : End bending moment and eccentric axial force (No shear)

2-8
 Structural Analysis II 2. P-delta Analysis
(Advanced)

2.2 Work Environment

Open a new file and save the file name as 'Pdelta.mcb'.

Main Menu > > New Project...

Main Menu > > Save

1. Enter a name : ‘Pdelta’, Click [SAVE]

Set the unit system to use.

Main Menu > Tools > Unit System...

2. Select Length > mm, Force(Mass) > N
3. Click [OK]

▶Fig. 2.5
Define unit system 2

2-9
 Structural Analysis II 2. P-delta Analysis
(Advanced)

midas Gen is 3-D software, since the beam exist in a 2-D plane, X-Z plane in Global
Coordinate System(GCS) is set as the work plane, which restrains unnecessary degree
of freedom, Dy, Rx, and Rz.

Main Menu > Structure > Structure Type

1. Select Structure Type > X-Z Plane
2. Click [OK]

▶Fig. 2.6 1
Set Work Plane

2 - 10
 Structural Analysis II 2. P-delta Analysis
(Advanced)

2.3 Material & Section Properties

Define material and section for the structural members.

Main Menu > Properties > Material Properties

1. Click [Add...], Name : ‘Mat’
2. Select Elasticity Data > Type of Design > User Defined
3. User Defined > Modulus of Elasticity : ‘2.0e5’
4. Click [OK]
5. Click Section Tab and [Add...] and Value Tab
6. Click Section Shape lists > Box, Name : ‘Sec’
7. H : ‘50’, B : ‘50’, tw : ‘5’, tf1 : ‘5’, Area : ‘900’, Iyy : ‘300,000’
8. Click [OK] and [Close]

5
1 6
▶ Fig 2.7
Define Material & 2
Section
7

If you set the Type of 3

Design to User Defined
when using any material,
you can directly input the
property value.

The OK button closes

the Material dialog box,
so the Apply button is
useful for defining
4 8
multiple materials.

2 - 11
 Structural Analysis II 2. P-delta Analysis
(Advanced)

2.4 Generate Nodes & Elements

Change the units to m, kN. Create a node in order to generate beam elements.

Main Menu > Tools > Unit System Change unit of force to kN

Main Menu > Node/Element > Create Nodes

1. Display Node Numbers, Auto Fitting, Front View (on)
2. Coordinates (x, y, z) : ‘0, 0, 0’
3. Copy > Number of Times : ‘2’, Distance(dx, dy, dz) : ‘0, 0, 1250’, Cliick [Apply]

Main Menu > Node/Element > Create Elements

4. Select Element Type > General beam/Tapered beam
5. Select Material > 1:Mat and Section > 1:Sec
6. Click Nodal Connectivity green box, and Click node number 1 and 3 in Model view

1
▶ Fig. 2.8
Create a Column 4
6

2 1
5

3
1

2 - 12
 Structural Analysis II 2. P-delta Analysis
(Advanced)

Copy the created columns using the copy function of Translate Elements.

Main Menu > Node/Element > Translate Elements

1. Select Mode > Copy
2. Translation > Equal Distance > dx, dy, dz : ‘1270, 0, 0’, Number of Times : ‘2’
3. Select All (on)
4. Click [Apply]

▶ Fig. 2.9
Translate Elements

1270mm 1270mm
4

2 - 13
 Structural Analysis II 2. P-delta Analysis
(Advanced)

2.5 Define Boundary Conditions

Define boundary conditions at each of the columns.

Main Menu > Boundary > Define Supports

1. Click Select Single (on), Select node number 1 and 4 and 7
2. Support Type > Dx, Dz, Ry (on), Click [Apply]
3. Click Select Single (on), Select node number 3
4. Support Type > Dx, Dz (off), Ry(on), Click [Apply]
5. Click Select Single (on), Select node number 6
6. Support Type > Dx (on), Ry (off), Click [Apply]

▶Fig. 2.10
Input support conditions

3 5

2 4 6

1 1 1

2 - 14
 Structural Analysis II 2. P-delta Analysis
(Advanced)

2.6 Define Loads

Define the load cases first to which the loading will belong.

Main Menu > Load > Static Loads > Static Load Cases
1. Name : ‘Load’
Select Type > User Defined Load (USER)
2. Click [Add] and [Close]

▶Fig. 2.11 1 2
Define load cases

2 - 15
 Structural Analysis II 2. P-delta Analysis
(Advanced)

Input a nodal load for each model.

Main Menu > View > Display...

1. Load Tab > Load Case > Load Value (on), Click [...], Place : ‘4’, Click [OK]
2. Nodal Load (on), Click [OK]

Main Menu > Load > Static Loads > Nodal Loads
3. Click Select Single (on), Select node number 3
4. Nodal Loads > FX : ‘0.5’, FZ : ‘-5’, Click [Apply]
5. Click Select Single (on), Select node number 6
6. Nodal Loads > FX : ‘0’, FZ : ‘-10’, MY : ‘10’, Click [Apply]
7. Click Select Single (on), Select node number 9
8. Nodal Loads > FZ : ‘-1’, MY : ‘10’, Click [Apply]

▶Fig. 2.12
Input nodal load

3 5 7

4 6 8

2 - 16
 Structural Analysis II 2. P-delta Analysis
(Advanced)

2.7 Perform Analysis

Define the analysis conditions of P-delta analysis

Main Menu > Analysis > P-Delta (Analysis Control…)

1. Control Parameters > Number of Iteration : ‘5’
Convergence Tolerance : ‘0.001’
2. P-Delta Combinations > Load, Scale Factor : ‘1’
3. Click [Add] and [OK]

▶Fig. 2.13
P-Delta Analysis Control 1

2 - 17
 Structural Analysis II 2. P-delta Analysis
(Advanced)

Analyze all three models

1. Check for successful completion in Message Window

Main Menu > View > Display...

2. Load Tab > Nodal Load (off), Click [OK]
3. Hidden (off), Display Node Numbers (off)

3 3

▶ Fig. 2.14
Message for a
successful run

The shortcut icon for

Perform Analysis is
located at the top of
Model View (①). The
shortcut key is executed
by pressing the function
1
key F5.

2 - 18
 Structural Analysis II 2. P-delta Analysis
(Advanced)

2.8 Check Analysis Result

Check Deformed Shape by load cases).

Main Menu > Results > Deformations > Deformed Shape...

1. Select Load Cases / Combinations > ST : Load
2. Select Components > DXYZ
3. Type of Display > Undeformed, Values, Legend (on)
4. Click [...] in Deform
Deformation Scale Factor : ‘1.5’
Select Deformation Type > Real Deform
Apply upon OK (on), Click [OK]

▶ Fig. 2.15
Deformation Results

2
3

2 - 19
 Structural Analysis II 2. P-delta Analysis
(Advanced)

Next, we use Result Tables to check the displacement caused by P-delta analysis.

Main Menu > Results > Result Tables > Displacements...

1. Select Load cases / Combination > Load (ST) (on)
2. Click [OK]
▶ Fig. 2.16
(a) Table output
setting
▶ Fig. 2.16
1
Set Result Table Data

(b) Displacement
Result Table

2 - 20
 Structural Analysis II 2. P-delta Analysis
(Advanced)

Check the column axial force by the load cases.

1. Click Model View Tab

Main Menu > Results > Forces > Beam Diagrams...

2. Select Load Cases / Combinations > ST : Load
3. Select Components > FX
4. Display Options > Exact, Scale : ‘2’
5. Type of Display > Contour, Deform, Legend (off), Value (on)
6. Click [...] in Values, Number Options > Decimal Points : ‘3’, Click [OK]

▶ Fig. 2.17
Axial Force Result

2 Load

5
6
6

2 - 21
 Structural Analysis II 2. P-delta Analysis
(Advanced)

Save 'Pdelta.mgb' as 'GNL.mgb' with P-delta analysis.

Main Menu > > SaveAs...

1. File name : ‘GNL’, Click [SAVE]

Deletes the existing P-delta analysis condition to perform geometric nonlinear analysis.

Main Menu > Analysis > P-Delta (Analysis Control…)

2. Click [Remove P-Delta Analysis Data]

▶ Fig. 2.18
Remove P-delta
Analysis Data

2 - 22
 Structural Analysis II 2. P-delta Analysis
(Advanced)

Input data to perform the geometric nonlinear analysis.

Main Menu > Analysis > Nonlinear (Analysis Control...)

1. Select Nonlinear Type > Geometry Nonlinear (on)
2. Select Iteration Method > Newton-Raphson
Number of Load Step : ‘1’
Maximum Number of Iteration/Load Step : ‘30’
3. Convergence Criteria > Displacement Norm: ‘0.001’
4. Click [Add]
5. Add Load Case Specific Nonlinear Analysis Control Data Dialogue box, Click [OK]
6. Nonlinear Analysis Control Dialogue box, Click [OK]

▶ Fig. 2.19
(a) Nonlinear Analysis 1 Load
Control
(b) Nonlinear Analysis
2
Load Case

4
5

2 - 23
 Structural Analysis II 2. P-delta Analysis
(Advanced)

Perform geometric nonlinear analysis and compare to P-delta analysis results.

Main Menu > Analysis > Perform Analysis

1. Check for successful completion in Message Window

▶ Fig 2.20
Message for a
successful run

2 - 24
 Structural Analysis II 2. P-delta Analysis
(Advanced)

Check Deformed Shape by load cases.

Main Menu > Results > Deformations > Deformed Shape...

1. Select Load Cases / Combinations > ST : Load and Step : NL Step : 1
2. Select Components > DXYZ
3. Type of Display > Undeformed, Values (on)
4. Click [...] in Deform
5. Deformation Scale Factor : ‘1.5’
6. Click [OK]

▶ Fig. 2.21
Deformation Results

Load
1

2
4
3

2 - 25
 Structural Analysis II 2. P-delta Analysis
(Advanced)

Check the column axial force by the load cases.

Main Menu > Results > Forces > Beam Diagrams...

1. Select Load Cases/Combinations > ST : Load, Step : NL Step : 1
2. Select Components > FX
3. Display Options > Scale : ‘2’
4. Type of Display > Contour, Deform (off), Value (on)
5. Click [...] in Values, Number Options > Decimal Points : ‘3’, Click [OK]

▶ Fig. 2.22
Axial Force Result

Load 1

3
4
5
5

2 - 26
Structural Analysis II 2. P-delta Analysis
(Advanced)

3. Exercise

Shown below is a 2-D, one story, one bay, portal frame supported at the base
subjected to a symmetric load. Compare the displacements, shear forces and bending
moments between the results based on a P-Delta effect analysis and a conventional
frame analysis.

4.5kN

1.25m 1.25m

2 2 4
2.5m

1 3

1 3
X

Origin of the global coordinates

 Material
Concrete modulus of elasticity: 2.0 x 105 N/mm2
 Section
Area: 650 mm2
Moment of inertia (Iyy): 3.5 x 104 mm4
 Load
Concentrated loads 4.5 kN at Node 2

2 - 27
Structural Analysis II 3. Geometry Nonlinear Analysis
(Advanced)

3-2
Structural Analysis II 3. Geometric Nonlinear Analysis
(Advanced)

3. Geometric Nonlinear
Analysis
Contents
1 Introduction

1.1 Concept of P-delta Analysis 3-3

2 Tutorial

2.1 Model Overview 3-8

2.2 Work Environment 3-9
2.3 Material & Section Properties 3-11
2.4 Generate Nodes & Elements 3-12
2.5 Define Boundary Conditions 3-15
2.6 Define Loads 3-16
2.7 Perform Analysis 3-18
2.8 Check Analysis Result 3-20

3 Exercise 3-29

3-1
Structural Analysis II 3. Geometry Nonlinear Analysis
(Advanced)

3-2
 Structural Analysis II 3. Geometric Nonlinear Analysis
(Advanced)

1. Introduction 1.1 Geometric Nonlinear Analysis

The assumption of linear behavior is valid in most structures. However, nonlinear analysis is
necessary when stresses are excessive (Material Non-linearity) or large displacements
(Geometric Non-linearity) exist in the structure. Construction stage analyses for suspension
and cable stayed bridges are some of the examples of large displacement structure.

A geometric nonlinear analysis is carried out when a structure undergoes large

displacements (displacements larger than the original dimensions of the element cross
section) and the change of its geometric shape renders a nonlinear displacement-strain
relationship. The geometric nonlinearity may exist even in the state of linear material
behaviors. Cable structures such as suspension bridges are analyzed for geometric
nonlinearity. A geometric nonlinear analysis must be carried out if a structure exhibits
significant change of its shape under applied loads such that the resulting large displacements
change the coordinates of the structure or additional loads like moments are induced (See
Figure 3.1)

V V

▶ Fig 3.1
Geometric nonlinear H
analyses

(a) Change in structural

stiffness due to large
displacement
(b) Additional load
induced due to
displacement

(a) (b)

Also in Geometric non- linearity, the direction of the load remains unchanged or changes in
accordance with the shape of the deformed structure. Figure 3.2(a) shows a fixed load
direction and Figure 3.2(b) shows that the load follows geometry of the deformed structure.
Generally loads applied on nodes maintain their original direction whereas those applied on
elements may change in direction in accordance with the element deformation.

3-3
 Structural Analysis II 3. Geometry Nonlinear Analysis
(Advanced)

▶ Fig 3.2
Geometric Non-linear
Analysis

(a) Direction of load fixed

(b) Direction of Load
follows geometry

(a) (b)

Geometric nonlinear analysis, P-delta analysis, and buckling analysis all depends on the
same method. Linear static analysis is performed first for a given loading condition and then
a new geometric stiffness matrix is formulated based on the member forces or stresses
obtained from the first analysis. The geometric stiffness matrix is thus repeatedly modified and
used to perform subsequent static analyses until the given convergence conditions are
satisfied.
The difference lies in the axial length change and whether or not the member rotations are
taken in consideration. The difference between the P-delta analysis and the buckling analysis
lies in the kind of value obtained by the analysis. The P-delta analysis is a method to obtain
the displacement due to the load and the buckling analysis differs in that the critical load at
which the structure reaches the limit state due to secondary effects. Differences between
geometric nonlinear analysis, P-delta analysis and buckling analysis can be explained using
governing equations for truss elements. Figure 3.3 shows a Truss tilted by a force to an angle
 o . The truss member has an inclined length l o in the Global coordinate system (X-Z
coordinate system). Let the deformation it undergoes in the element coordinate system (x-z
coordinate system), be in u and w.

Z
)
z ,w u, x
(1 
 0
x ,u
w, x
▶ Fig 3.3 
Deformation State of 0
Truss Element
0

3-4
 Structural Analysis II 3. Geometric Nonlinear Analysis
(Advanced)

The element coordinate system axis x, is at an angle  o with respect to the global coordinate
▶ Expression 3.2
system axis X, and is represented using the global coordinate system as follows

Eq 3.1 KU  P
U  ui wj
T
wi uj

P   Fi Vj
T
Vi Fj
Where K, U and P are the Stiffness, Displacement and Force matrix respectively.

The Capitalized letters represent the global coordinate system. The Truss is considered to
have 4 degrees of freedom in X-Z plane and hence 4x4 matrix is adopted, as represented by
Equation 3.1. The Stiffness matrix in Global system converted to element coordinate system
using the Transformation matrix T,
▶ Expression 3.3
Eq 3.2 K = TkT T = T  ko + kσ  T T

c s 0 0
s c 0 0 
T  where c  cos o , s  sin  o
0 0 c s 
 
0 0 s c

Equation 3.2 shows Transformation matrix T. Equation 3.3 represents the resulting matrix
after multiplication with the coordinate transformation matrix T
▶ Expression 3.4  c2 sc c 2  sc   s 2  sc s 2 sc 
   
Eq 3.3 EA  sc s 2
 sc  s 
2
N   sc c 2
sc c 2 
TkoT T  , Tk T T

l o  c 2  sc c 2 sc  l o  s2 s 2  sc 
σ
sc
   2 
  sc  s s 2   sc c  sc c 
2 2
sc

In Equations 3.2 and 3.3, it can be seen that the angle  o between the member with length
01.1.2 Interpretation
Concept l o and the global coordinate system is unchanged. As described above, member length and
angle do not change is the assumption used in ordinary P-delta analysis or buckling analysis.
However, in the geometric nonlinear analysis, the member length and the inclination angle
change as follows.

Eq 3.4 l  l o 1  u, x  ,    o  w, x

3-5
Structural Analysis II 3. Geometry Nonlinear Analysis
(Advanced)

Since the values of Eq. (3.2) and Eq. (3.3) must be continuously updated in the analysis
process using the changed values, the answers are obtained through iterative calculations.

Since the concept of geometric nonlinear analysis can be difficult to understand due to
complicated equations, a simple truss member is used. The truss member shown in the
following Figure 3.4 shows a state in which the member is deformed by a force, P. This force
has not only changed the length but also the geometric shape. So computing the force
equilibrium between the load P and the member axial force N, post-deformation is stated as
follows.

▶ Fig 3.4
Non-linear Truss N w
Structure

N0 h
0
0

Force equilibrium conditions before and after deformation of the structure in Fig. 3.4 are as
follows.

Eq 3.5 Before deformation: h

No P 0
lo
Eq 3.6 After deformation: wh
N P 0
l

In the geometric nonlinear analysis, to account for deformation of the higher-order, Green-
Lagrange Strain is used, instead of the nominal strain (Engineering strain) as in the case of
the linear analysis.

l 2  l 2o
Eq 3.7 G 
2l 2o
3-6
 Structural Analysis II 3. Geometric Nonlinear Analysis
(Advanced)

Assuming that the material behaves linearly, using the strain definitions described above, the
axial force of the member is obtained as follows.

l 2  l 2o EA  1 
Eq 3.8 N  N o  EA G  EA  2  hw  w2 
2l o
2
lo  2 
Assuming small deformation ( l l o  1 ), from the equilibrium condition Equation 3.6, the
relationship between the load P and the displacement w can be estimated.

hw h  w EA  1  N
Eq 3.9 PN N  3  hw  w2   h  w   o  h  w 
l lo lo  2  lo

From the load-displacement relation of Equations. (3.5) and (3.6), the stiffness in the vertical
direction can be expressed as follows.
dP EA 
 h  w  h  w   (hw  w2 )   o  ko  k L  k
1 N
k 
dw l 3o 
Eq 3.10
2  lo
3EA  w  w    h 
2 2
EA  h 
2
N
ko    , kL   2      , k 
lo lo  2l o  h  h    l o  lo
In Equation 3.10, the stiffness ko is the same as that of the linear analysis, k L and k the
stiffness reflects the geometric nonlinearity. k L , allows to consider the effect of the geometric
shape change of the structure on the stiffness. It can be seen that there is a new axial force
term, k . If the axial force is compressive, the length of the member is reduced, and thus the
value becomes negative. If the axial force is tensile force, it becomes positive.
In order to show the difference from the linear analysis, the stiffness ko of the linear analysis
can also be calculated by the following method.
l l o 1  h 
E   w 
Eq 3.11 lo lo  lo 
2 2
h h EA  h  h EA  h  EA  h 
P  N   AE E   w     u , where ko   
lo lo lo  lo lo lo lo  lo lo 

From the above procedure, it can be seen that the geometric nonlinear analysis considers
changes in the member length and the inclination angle unlike the P-delta and Buckling
analyzes. As a result, geometric nonlinear analysis adds k L , to the stiffness for P-delta
analysis
3-7
 Structural Analysis II 3. Geometry Nonlinear Analysis
(Advanced)

2. Tutorial 2.1 Model Overview

Perform the geometry nonlinear analysis of a simple truss structure as shown in Fig 3.5, and
compare the analysis result between linear analysis result and the P-delta analysis result.

Fig. 3.5
P  1.0kN 1.0m
Structural geometry &
analysis model

2.0m

 Material
Modulus of Elasticitty : 1.0 N / mm2
 Section
Section (Area) : 1.0 × 106 mm2
 Load
Concentrated load on roller support : 1kN

3-8
 Structural Analysis II 3. Geometric Nonlinear Analysis
(Advanced)

2.2 Work Environment

Open a new file and save the file name as 'Nonlinear.mcb'.

Main Menu > > New Project...

Main Menu > > Save

1. File name : ‘Nonlinear’, Click [SAVE]

Set the unit system to use

Main Menu > Tools > Unit System...

2. Select Length > mm, Force(Mass) > N
3. Click [OK]

▶ Fig 3.6
2
Define unit system

3-9
 Structural Analysis II 3. Geometry Nonlinear Analysis
(Advanced)

The example models exist in the 2-D, X-Z plane.

Main Menu > Structure > Structure Type

1. Select Structure Type > X-Z Plane
2. Click [OK]

1
▶ Fig 3.7
Set a work plane

3 - 10
 Structural Analysis II 3. Geometric Nonlinear Analysis
(Advanced)

2.3 Material & Section Properties

Define material and section for the structural members.

Main Menu > Properties > Material Properties

1. Click [Add...], Name : ‘Mat’
2. Select Elasticity Data > Type of Design > User Defined
3. User Defined > Modulus of Elasticity : ‘1.0’, Click [OK]
4. Click Section Tab and [Add...] and Value Tab
5. Select Section Shape Lists > Solid Round, Section ID : ‘1’, Name : ‘Sect’
6. Size > D : ‘100’, Section Properties > Area : ‘1e6’
7. Consider Shear Deformation (off)
8. Click [OK] and [Close]

4
1
▶ Fig 3.8 5
2
Define material & section
properties
6

3
8

3 - 11
 Structural Analysis II 3. Geometry Nonlinear Analysis
(Advanced)

2.4 Generate Node & Element

Create a node in order to generate beam elements.

Main Menu > Node/Element > Create Nodes

1. Coordinates (x, y, z) : ‘0, 0, 0’
2. Copy > Number of Times: ‘1’
3. Distances (dx, dy, dz) : ‘2000, 0, 1000’
4. Click [Apply]
5. Display Node Numbers, Auto Fitting, Front View (on)

▶Fig 3.9
Create a node

5
1

When Auto Fitting is 4 5

toggled on, the model fits
into the full screen, which
automatically controls
Zoom Size in real time.

3 - 12
 Structural Analysis II 3. Geometric Nonlinear Analysis
(Advanced)

Connect the nodes to generate the element.

Main Menu > Node/Element > Create Elements

1. Select Element Type > Truss
2. Select Material > 1:Mat and Section > 1:Sect
3. Click Nodal Connectivity green box, and Click node number 1 and 2 in Model view
4. Hidden, Display Element Numbers (on)

▶ Fig 3.10
Create a beam

4 4
1

3 - 13
 Structural Analysis II 3. Geometry Nonlinear Analysis
(Advanced)

Divide elements to see detailed results.

Main Menu > Node/Element > Elements > Divide

1. Shrink (on)
2. Select Single (on)
3. Select element no. 1 in model view
4. Select Divide > Element Type > Frame
Select Divide > Equal Distance
Number of Division x : ‘10’
5. Click [Apply]

▶Fig 3.11
Divide element
2 1

By modeling one member by

dividing it into several
elements, you can see the 4
detailed results of the
member.

Shrink is useful for confirming

member connection status
based on the nodal point.
When a member is
connected to a node, it is 5
divided as shown in the figure.

3 - 14
 Structural Analysis II 3. Geometric Nonlinear Analysis
(Advanced)

2.5 Define boundary conditions

Define boundary conditions at pin support of left end, roller support of right end.

Main Menu > Boundary > Supports > Define Supports

1. Shrink, Hidden, Display Element Numbers (off)
2. Click Select Single (on), Select node number 1
3. Support Type > Dx, Dz (on), Click [Apply]
4. Click Select Single (on), Select node number 2
5. Support Type > Dx (on), Dz (off), Click [Apply]

▶ Fig 3.12
Define boundary
conditions
2 1 1

3 5

3 5

3 - 15
 Structural Analysis II 3. Geometry Nonlinear Analysis
(Advanced)

2.6 Define loads

Define load conditions (Load Type) first to which the loading will belong.

Main Menu > Load > Static Loads > Static Load Cases
1. Name : ‘GNL’
Select Type > User Defined Load (USER)
2. Click [Add] and [Close]

▶Fig 3.13
1 2
Define load case

3 - 16
 Structural Analysis II 3. Geometric Nonlinear Analysis
(Advanced)

Input a concentrated load, 1000 N at node 2.

Main Menu > View > Display

1. Select Load Tab > Load Case > Load Value (on)
2. Nodal Load (on), Click [OK]

Main Menu > Load > Static Loads > Nodal Loads
3. Click Select Single (on), Select node number 2
4. Select Load Case Name > GNL
5. Nodal Loads > FZ > ‘1000’
6. Click [Apply]

▶ Fig 3.14
Input Nodal load

4
3

6 1

3 - 17
 Structural Analysis II 3. Geometry Nonlinear Analysis
(Advanced)

2.7 Perform Analysis

Define analysis conditions of geometric nonlinear analysis.

Main Menu > Analysis > Analysis Control > Nonlinear

1. Select Nonlinear Type > Geometry Nonlinear
2. Select Iteration Method > Arc Length
Number of Increment Step : ‘100’
Maximum Number of Iterations/Increment Step : ‘10’
Initial Force Ratio for Unit Arc-Length (%) : ‘5’
Maximum Displacement Boundary : ‘0’
3. Convergence Criteria > Energy Norm : ‘0.001’, Displacement Norm : ‘0.001’,
Force Norm : ‘0.001’, Click [OK]

▶Fig 3.15 1
Nonlinear Analysis Control
2

3 - 18
 Structural Analysis II 3. Geometric Nonlinear Analysis
(Advanced)

Since it is a simple nonlinear analysis model, skyline of equation solver is useful as general
purpose analysis

Main Menu > Analysis > Perform > Analysis Options

1. Equation Solver > Skyline, Click [OK]

Main Menu > Analysis > Perform Analysis

2. Check for successful completion in Message Window

For the convenience of reviewing the analysis result, the text displayed on the screen is
organized.
Main Menu > View > Display
3. Select Load Tab > Nodal Load (off), Click [OK]
4. Display Node Numbers (off)

▶ Fig 3.16
Analysis options

1
3

3 - 19
 Structural Analysis II 3. Geometry Nonlinear Analysis
(Advanced)

2.8 Check Analysis Result

Check the transformation using the animation function.

Main Menu > Results > Deformations > Deformed Shape...

1. Select Load Cases / Combinations > ST : GNL
2. Select Components > DXZ
3. Type of Display > Undeformed, Values, Legend, Animate (on)
4. Click [Apply]
5 Click the Record button at the bottom of the model view (see the following figure)
After checking the deformed shape, click the Exit button (see the following figure)

▶Figure 3.17
Deformation results

1 Roller support

4
5

3 - 20
 Structural Analysis II 3. Geometric Nonlinear Analysis
(Advanced)

Check the axial force among the load cases and combination.

Main Menu > Tools > Unit System...

1. Select Length > mm, Force(Mass) > kN, Click[OK]

Main Menu > Results > Forces > Truss Forces...

2. Select Load Cases/Combinations > ST : GNL and Step : NL Step : 20
3. Select Force Filter > All
4. Type of Display > Contour, Deform (off), Value, Legend (on)
5. Select Output Section Location > Max
6. Click [...] in Values, Number Options > Decimal Points : ‘3’, Click [OK]

▶Fig 3.18
Axial force results

3
4

3 - 21
 Structural Analysis II 3. Geometry Nonlinear Analysis
(Advanced)

Save as 'Nonlinear-PDelta.mgb' to compare to geometric nonlinear analysis.

Main Menu > Files > SaveAs...

1. Enter a name : ‘Nonlinear-PDelta’, Click [SAVE]

The geometric nonlinear analysis condition is deleted to perform the P-delta analysis.

Main Menu > Analysis > Nonlinear Analysis Control...

2. Click [Remove Nonlinear Analysis Control Data]

▶Fig 3.19
Remove Nonlinear
Analysis Condition

3 - 22
 Structural Analysis II 3. Geometric Nonlinear Analysis
(Advanced)

Input data to perform P-delta analysis.

Main Menu > Analysis > P-Delta Analysis Control...

1. Control Parameters > Number of Iteration : ‘20’
Convergence Tolerance : ‘1e-005’
2. P-Delta Combinations > Load Case : GNL, Scale Factor : ‘1’
3. Click [Add] and [OK]

▶Fig 3.20
P-delta Analysis Control

Perform P-delta analysis

Main Menu > Analysis > Perform Analysis

1. Check the message for successful run

3 - 23
 Structural Analysis II 3. Geometry Nonlinear Analysis
(Advanced)

Check the deformed shape and animation function.

Main Menu > Results > Deformations > Deformed Shape...

1. Select Load Cases / Combinations > ST : GNL
2. Select Components > DXZ
3. Type of Display > Undeformed, Values, Legend, Animate (on)
4. Click [Apply]
5. Click the Record button at the bottom of the model view (see the following figure). After
checking the deformed shape, click the Exit button (see the following figure)

▶Fig 3.21
Deformation results

1 Roller Support

4
5

3 - 24
 Structural Analysis II 3. Geometric Nonlinear Analysis
(Advanced)

Check the axial force.

Main Menu > Results > Forces > Truss Forces...

1. Select Load Cases/Combinations > ST : GNL
2. Select Force Filter > All
3. Type of Display > Contour, Deform (off), Value, Legend (on)
4. Select Output Section Location > Max
5. Click [...] in Values , Number Options > Decimal Points : ‘3’, Click [OK]

▶Fig 3.22
Member force

2
3

3 - 25
 Structural Analysis II 3. Geometry Nonlinear Analysis
(Advanced)

Save as 'Nonlinear-linear.mgb' to compare with linear analysis.

Main Menu > Files > SaveAs...

1. Enter a name : ‘Nonlinear-linear’, Click [SAVE]

Remove the P-delta analysis condition to perform the linear analysis.

Main Menu > Analysis > P-Delta Analysis Control...

2. Click [Remove P-Delta Analysis Data]

▶Figure 3.23
Remove P-delta analysis

Perform linear analysis.

Main Menu > Analysis > Perform Analysis

1. Check the message for successful run

3 - 26
 Structural Analysis II 3. Geometric Nonlinear Analysis
(Advanced)

Check the deformed shape and animation function.

Main Menu > Results > Deformations > Deformed Shape...

1. Select Load Cases / Combinations > ST : GNL
2. Select Components > DXZ
3. Type of Display > Undeformed, Values, Legend, Animate (on)
4. Click [Apply]
5. Click the Record button at the bottom of the model view (see the following figure).
After checking the deformed shape, click the Exit button (see the following figure)

▶ Figure 3.24
Deformation shape

Roller Support
1

4
5

3 - 27
 Structural Analysis II 3. Geometry Nonlinear Analysis
(Advanced)

Check the axial force acting on the member.

Main Menu > Results > Forces > Truss Forces...

1. Select Load Cases/Combinations > ST : GNL
2. Select Force Filter > All
3. Type of Display > Contour, Deform (off), Value, Legend (on)
4. Select Output Section Location > Max
5. Click [...] in Values, Number Options > Decimal Points : ‘3’, Click [OK]

▶ Figure 3.25
Truss forces

1
2
3

3 - 28
 Structural Analysis II 3. Geometric Nonlinear Analysis
(Advanced)

3. Exercise

Compare the member force, displacement and reaction among two structure of different
shape geometry below.

1 11

P  1,000kN P  1,000kN
2 10
3 9
4 8
5 6 7

12 P  1,000kN

13 P  1,000kN
14
15
16 22
17 18 19 20 21

 Material
Modulus of elasticity: 2.05 × 105 N / mm2
 Section
Sectional Shape: Cylinder
Size : 100 mm
 Load
Concentrated Load in the (-)1000 kN

3 - 29
Structural Analysis II 3. Geometry Nonlinear Analysis
(Advanced)

3 - 30
Structural Analysis II 4. Buckling Analysis
(Advanced)

4. Buckling Analysis
Contents
1 Introduction

1.1 Concept of Buckling Analysis 4-3

2 Tutorial

2.1 Model Overview 4-8

2.2 Work Environment 4-9
2.3 Material & Section Properties 4-11
2.4 Generate Node & Element 4-12
2.5 Define Boundary Conditions 4-14
2.6 Define Loads 4-15
2.7 Perform Analysis 4-17
2.8 Check Analysis Result 4-19

3 Exercise 4-25

4-1
 Structural Analysis II 4. Buckling Analysis
(Advanced)

4-2
 Structural Analysis II 4. Buckling Analysis
(Advanced)

1. Introduction 1.1 Concept of Buckling Analysis

If an incremental compressive force acts on a slender column or a thin plate is

incrementally loaded in the in-plane direction, there comes an increment of load
when sudden lateral bending is observed. This is defined as buckling behavior.
Buckling in simple terms is structural instability wherein the geometric stiffness
governs the failure.

Until the buckling occurs, the element remains in stable equilibrium, once
buckling occurs, the lateral deformation is no longer linear to the applied load.
The buckling is not only limited to the flexural buckling of slender columns or thin
plates. Local buckling occurs for a local area of an element, like when shear acts
upon the web plates of a plate girder, it also tends to buckle causing local shear
buckling; similarly torsional buckling can occur in members weak in torsion
leading to rotation of element about the force axis. Also flexural-torsional
buckling is the combination of bending and twisting response of a member in
compression which mostly occurs in open cross sections. Lateral torsional
buckling occurs for a beam stiff in bending plane but weak in transverse plane
particularly happens for laterally unsupported compression flanges of an I cross
sections.

P P
P

▶Fig 4.1
Buckling Types

P
Flexural Buckling Torsional buckling Local Buckling

4-3
 Structural Analysis II 4. Buckling Analysis
(Advanced)

Buckling causes imperfections of the shape and the loading axis is modified for the
buckled elements.

k sin
k P 
▶Fig 4.2

cos 
( 1  cos  )

Before transformation (1) After transformation (2)

Applying Moment Equilibrium at point 2, we get following equation

▶Eq 4.1 k  Pl sin   0

If small strain is assumed, then sin    ,

▶Eq 4.2
 k  P l    0

If  is a finite value then values in the parenthesis should be equal to 0.

▶Eq 4.3 k
Pcr 
l

So, instead of buckling deformation, the above equation is used to obtain buckling shape
under critical loading conditions.
For the buckling of columns with stiffness, differential equation Eq.1.4 and Eq.1.5 from chapter
1 can be used. Buckling of hinged ends of the columns is ( EIw '''' Pw ''  0 )
So it can be expressed as

▶Eq 4.4
w  x   A sin kx  B cos kx  Cx  D

P
Where , k
EI

4-4
Structural Analysis II 4. Buckling Analysis
(Advanced)

Substituting for boundary conditions.

w  0  B  D  0

▶Eq 4.5 w  l   A sin k l  B cos k l  C l  D  0

w "  0    Bk 2  0
w "  l    Ak 2 sin k l  Bk 2 cos k l  0

Which can be represented by following form,

 0 1 0 1   A  0 
 sin k l cos k l l 1   B  0 
▶Eq 4.6    
 0 k 2
0 0   C  0 
 2 
 k sin k l k cos k l 0 0   D  0 
2

From Eq. 4.5, B  D  0 it can inferred that,.

▶Eq 4.7
 sin k l l   A  0 
  k 2 sin k l   
 0  C  0 

As A & C are non-zero entities, the determinant should be equal to zero. Hence,

▶Eq 4.8 sin k l  0 Where, k l  n

Here, n is natural subset of (1 ~  ).

Therefore, the critical buckling load at the ends of hinged column is,.

 n 
2

▶Eq 4.9 Pcr    EI

 l 

By using Eq. 1.5one can get the same results. For other support conditions, the critical
buckling load results are as shown in table 4.1

4-5
 Structural Analysis II 4. Buckling Analysis
(Advanced)

▶Table 4.1 Support Condition Pcr lk

Buckling Analysis
 n 
2
based on support
condition at both end
Both Ends Hinged   EI 1.0l
 1.0l 
 n 
2

Both Ends Fixed   EI 0.5l

 0.5l 
 n 
2
One end Hinged,
  EI 0.7l
other end fixed  0.7l 
 n 
2
One end fixed,
  EI 2.0l
other end free  2.0l 

P P P P

▶Fig 4.3
Buckling Analysis
k
k

based on support
k

k
condition at both end

P P P P
(a) k  (b) k  0 .5 (c) k  0 .7 (d) k 2

The calculation of buckling analysis is same as P-delta analysis. The main difference is P-
analysis directly obtains displacement value, whereas buckling in the determinant format
obtains shape, size and variation of critical load using boundary condition as zero. At the
surface, using determinant format and boundary condition as 0, the expression is same as
buckling eigenvalue analysis. The critical buckling load in a mathematical representation is
same as eigenvalue of the eigenvalue analysis, and buckling shape is Eigen vector.

4-6
Structural Analysis II 4. Buckling Analysis
(Advanced)

Therefore, the buckling analysis problem can be narrowed to an eigenvalue analysis problem.
From the eigenvalue analysis, eigenvalues and mode shapes are obtained, which
correspond to critical load factors and buckling shapes respectively. A critical load is obtained
by multiplying the initial load by the critical load factor. The significance of the critical load and
buckling mode shape is that the structure buckles in the shape of the buckling mode when
the critical load exerts on the structure. For instance, if the critical load factor of 5 is obtained
from the buckling analysis of a structure subjected to an initial load in the magnitude of 10,
this structure would buckle under the load in the magnitude of 50. Note that the buckling
analysis has a practical limit since buckling by and large occurs in the state of geometric or
material nonlinearity with large displacements.

4-7
 Structural Analysis II 4. Buckling Analysis
(Advanced)

2. Tutorial 2.1 Model Overview

Find the buckling mode and critical load of the following structures using buckling analysis.

▶Fig 4.4
Analytical model
15m

(a) (b)

 Material
Modulus of elasticity:100 N / mm2
 Section
Sectional area (Area) : 2.5 × 105 mm2(1000 × 250)
Moment of inertia (Iyy): 1.30208 × 109 mm4
 Load
Nodal node load 10 kN at roller support

4-8
 Structural Analysis II 4. Buckling Analysis
(Advanced)

2.2 Work Environment

Open a new file and save the file name.

Main Menu > > New Project...

Main Menu > > Save

1. File name: ‘Buckling-a’, Click [SAVE]

Set the unit to mm, N.

Main Menu > Tools > Unit System...

2. Select Length > mm, Force(Mass) > N
3. Click [OK]

▶ Fig 4.5 2
(a) Save the file
(b) Unit system setting

The unit system setting

can be easily set at the
status bar at the bottom
of the screen.
3

4-9
 Structural Analysis II 4. Buckling Analysis
(Advanced)

midas Gen is 3-D software, since beam exsit in a 2-D plane, X-Z plane in Global Coordinate
is set as the work plane, which restrains unnecessary degrees of freedom, Dy, Rx, Rz.

Main Menu > Structure > Structure Type...

1. Select Structure Type > X-Z Plane
2. Click [OK]

1
▶Fig 4.6
Set work plane

4 - 10
 Structural Analysis II 4. Buckling Analysis
(Advanced)

2.3 Material & Section Properties

Define material and section for the structure.

Main Menu > Properties > Material Properties

1. Click [Add...], Name : ‘Mat’
2. Select Elasticity Data > Type of Design > User Defined
3. User Defined > Modulus of Elasticity : ‘100’, Click [OK]
4. Click Section Tab and [Add...] and Value Tab
5. Select Section Shape Lists > Solid Rectangle, Name : ‘Sect’
6. Size > H : ‘250’, B : ‘1000’, Section Properties > Click [Calc. Section Properties]
7. Consider Shear Deformation (off)
8. Click [OK] and [Close]

▶ Fig 4.7 4
(a) Material definition 1
(b) Section definition 5
2

3
After entering the size of
the section,
[Calc. Section Properties]
button to calculate the
section performance
automatically. If you
double click the item, you
can see the number of
decimal places in detail.
7

3 8

4 - 11
 Structural Analysis II 4. Buckling Analysis
(Advanced)

2.4 Generate Nodes & Elements

Create nodes where elements will be created.

Main Menu > Node/Element > Nodes > Create Nodes...

1. Modify unit to kN, m
2. Coordinates (x, y, z) : ‘0, 0, 0’
Copy Number of Times: ‘60’
Distances (dx, dy, dz) : ‘0,0,0.25’
3. Click [Apply]
4. Display Node Numbers, Auto Fitting, Front View (on)

▶Fig 4.8
Create nodes

2 4

When Auto Fitting is

toggled on, the model fits 3 4
into the full screen, which
automatically controls
Zoom Size in real time

4 - 12
 Structural Analysis II 4. Buckling Analysis
(Advanced)

Connect the nodes to create the element.

Main Menu > Node/Element > Elements > Create Elements...

1. Select Element Type > General beam/Tapered beam
2. Select Material > 1:Mat and Section > 1:Sect
3. Click Nodal Connectivity green box, and Click node number 1 and 61 in Model view

▶ Figure 4.9
Create element

3
By modeling one element
by dividing it into several 1
elements, you can see the
detailed deformation
results of the element.

3
3

4 - 13
 Structural Analysis II 4. Buckling Analysis
(Advanced)

2.5 Define Boundary Conditions

Pin support is assigned to the bottom of the column, and roller support is assigned to the top
of column.

Main Menu > Boundary > Supports > Define Supports

1. Hidden (off)
2. Click Select Single (on), Select node number 1
3. Support Type > Dx, Dz (on), Click [Apply]
4. Click Select Single (on), Select node number 61
5. Support Type > Dx (on), Dz (off), Click [Apply]

▶ Fig 4.10
Define boundary
conditions
2 1

3 5

3 5

4 - 14
 Structural Analysis II 4. Buckling Analysis
(Advanced)

2.6 Define Loads

Define load case (load type) first to which the loading will belong.

Main Menu > Load > Static Loads > Static Load Cases
1. Name : ‘Case1’
Select Type > User Defined Load (USER)
2. Click [Add] and [Close]

▶ Fig 4.11
Define load case
1 2
.

4 - 15
 Structural Analysis II 4. Buckling Analysis
(Advanced)

Input nodal load (10 kN) in the (-) Z direction at the top of the column.

Main Menu > View > Display...

1. Load Tab > Load Case > Load Value (on)
2. Nodal Load (on), Click [OK]

Main Menu > Load /Nodal Loads...

3. Click Select Single (on), Select node number 61
4. Select Load Case Name > Case1
5. Nodal Loads > FZ > ‘-10’
6. Click [Apply]

▶Figure 4.12
Input nodal load

1
6

4 - 16
 Structural Analysis II 4. Buckling Analysis
(Advanced)

2.7 Perform Analysis

Define the basic conditions of buckling analysis.

Main Menu > Analysis > Analysis Control > Buckling

1. Number of Modes : ‘5’
2. Load Factor Range > Search > From : ‘0’, To : ‘0’
Buckling Combinations > Load Case > Select Case1 , Scale Factor : ‘1’
3. Click [Add]
4. Click [OK]

1
▶Fig 4.13
Buckling Analysis
Control
2

4 - 17
 Structural Analysis II 4. Buckling Analysis
(Advanced)

Analyze the model.

Main Menu > Analysis > Perform Analysis

1. Check for successful completion in Message Window

Main Menu > View > Display...

2. Load Tab > Nodal Load (off), Click [OK]
3. Display Node Numbers (off)

▶Fig 4.14
Message for a
3
successful run

4 - 18
 Structural Analysis II 4. Buckling Analysis
(Advanced)

2.8 Check Analysis Result

Check deformed shape of the buckling mode.

Main Menu > Results > Mode Shapes > Buckling Mode Shapes...
1. Select Load Cases(Mode Numbers) > Mode 1
2. Select Components > Md-XYZ
3. Type of Display > Undeformed, Legend (on)
4. Click [Apply]
5. Confirm CRITICAL LOAD FACTOR = 5.712E-001

▶ Fig 4.15
Buckling mode shape

5
1

4 - 19
 Structural Analysis II 4. Buckling Analysis
(Advanced)

Check eigenvalue results to calculate critical load.

Main Menu > Results > Results Tables > Buckling Mode Shape...
1. Records Activation Dialog > Buckling Mode > Mode 1,2,3,4,5 (on)
2. Click [OK]
3. Confirm the value of Eigenvalue mode in a table

▶Fig 4.16
Eigenvalue analysis
result 3

4 - 20
 Structural Analysis II 4. Buckling Analysis
(Advanced)

Compare to the results according to different boundary conditions.

Main Menu > Files > Save As...

1. Enter a name : ‘Buckling-b’, Click [SAVE]
2. Tree Menu > Works Tab
3. Works>Boundaries>Supports : 2 > Right clicking at Type 1, Select Properties
Support Type > Dx, Dz, Ry (on), Click [Apply] and [Close]
4. Works>Boundaries>Supports : 2 > Right clicking at Type 2, Select Properties
Support Type > Dx, Dy, Dz, Rx, Ry, Rz (off), Click [Apply] and [Close]

▶Fig 4.17
Modify boundary
conditions

3 4

3 4

4 - 21
 Structural Analysis II 4. Buckling Analysis
(Advanced)

Analyze the model modified.

Main Menu > Analysis > Perform Analysis

1. Check for successful completion in Message Window

▶ Fig 4.18
Message for a
successful run

4 - 22
 Structural Analysis II 4. Buckling Analysis
(Advanced)

Check deformed shape of the buckling mode

Main Menu > Results > Buckling Mode Shapes...

1. Select Load Cases(Mode Numbers) > Mode 1
2. Select Components > Md-XYZ
3. Type of Display > Undeformed, Legend (on)
4. Click [Apply]
5. Confirm CRITICAL LOAD FACTOR = 1.428E-001

▶Fig 4.19
Buckling mode shape

5
1

2
3

4 - 23
 Structural Analysis II 4. Buckling Analysis
(Advanced)

To calculate the critical load, check the eigenvalues in the buckling analysis result table.

Main Menu > Results > Results Tables > Buckling Mode Shape...
1. Records Activation Dialog > Buckling Mode > Mode1,2,3,4,5 (on)
2. Click [OK]
3. Confirm the value of Eigenvalue mode in a table

▶ Fig4.20
3
Eigenvalue analysis
result

4 - 24
Structural Analysis II 4. Buckling Analysis
(Advanced)

3. Exercise

Determine the buckling modes and the corresponding critical loads of a column subjected to
a vertical load with various boundary conditions

(a) (b)

 Material
Modulus of elasticity:100 N / mm2
 Section
Beam element: Solid rectangular 1000mm x 250mm
Moment of inertia (Iyy): 1.30208 × 109 mm4
 Boundary condition
(a) Lateral displacement and rotational displacement of the top end are
constrained and the bottom is a fixed support.
(b) The top end is a roller and the bottom is a fixed support
 Load
Nodal node load 10 kN at roller support

4 - 25
 Structural Analysis II 5. Eigenvalue Analysis
(Advanced)

5-2
Structural Analysis II 5. Eigenvalue Analysis
(Advanced)

5. Eigenvalue Analysis
Contents
1 Introduction

1.1 Concept of Eigenvalue Analysis 5-3

2 Tutorial

2.1 Model Overview 5-5

2.2 Work Environment 5-6
2.3 Material & Section Properties 5-8
2.4 Generate Node & Element 5-9
2.5 Define Boundary Conditions 5-11
2.6 Define Loads 5-12
2.7 Perform Analysis 5-13
2.8 Check Analysis Result 5-14

3 Exercise 5-22

5-1
 Structural Analysis II 5. Eigenvalue Analysis
(Advanced)

5-2
 Structural Analysis II 5. Eigenvalue Analysis
(Advanced)

1. General 1.1 Concept of Eigenvalue Analysis

Eigenvalues is also referred as free vibration analysis as it is Interpretation of the structure’s

unique dynamic characteristics analysis. What does the dynamic attributes mean?
Frequency and mode shapes are calculated using Ritz Vector analysis or Eigen value
analysis in midas Gen. For Eigen Value analysis, characteristic equation is formed, solution
of which is Natural modes (Mode Shapes), Natural Periods (Frequencies), Modal
Participation Factors and Effective modal mass. The mode shapes and frequencies
generated by Eigen Value Analysis are important for Response Spectrum or Time History
analysis,

During Free vibration of structure, the energy reduces sequentially from 1st Mode
(Fundamental Mode of Vibration) to 2nd and subsequent modes of vibration. Figure 5.1
shows the different modes shapes for a Cantilever arrangement.

▶Fig 5.1
Mode shape of
Cantilever

Mode 1 Mode 2 Mode 3

Majority of Standard Design code require more than 90% of the modal mass excitation to
include major modes affecting the analysis results.

Force equilibrium conditional can be applied and because there is no external load being
applied, the RHS of the equation is 0.

▶Eq. 5.1 𝐸𝐼𝑤"" + 𝑚𝑤̈ = 0

5-3
 Structural Analysis II 5. Eigenvalue Analysis
(Advanced)

Since there is no external load, mathematically it is same as buckling analysis. Separating

deflection term 𝑤(𝑥, 𝑡) in terms of distance and time 𝑤(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝜙(𝑥)𝑌(𝑡). The differential
equation becomes

▶Eq. 5.2
𝜙""(𝑥) 𝑚 𝑌̈(𝑡)
+ =0
𝜙(𝑥) 𝐸𝐼 𝑌(𝑡)

Here, 𝜙(𝑥) is the shape of Eigen Mode and 𝑌(𝑡) as function of time, enables to estimate
natural period of vibration. To satisfy Eq.5.2, each term must be constant and can be
assumed as follows,

𝜙""(𝑥) 𝑚 𝑌̈(𝑡)
▶Eq. 5.3 ≡ 𝑎4 , − ≡ 𝑎4
𝜙(𝑥) 𝐸𝐼 𝑌(𝑡)

So the equation becomes,

▶Eq. 5.4 𝜙""(𝑥) − 𝑎4 𝜙(𝑥) = 0

𝐸𝐼 𝑚
▶Eq. 5.5 𝑌̈(𝑡) + 𝜔 2 𝑌(𝑡) = 0 where, ω ≡ 𝑎2 √ , and 𝑎2 ≡ ω√
𝑚 𝐸𝐼

The general solution to Eq. (5.4) above can be expressed as follows, where the coefficients
are obtained according to the boundary conditions.

▶Eq. 5.6 𝜙(𝑥) = 𝐴1 cos𝑎𝑥 + 𝐴2 sin𝑎𝑥 + 𝐴3 cosh𝑎𝑥 + 𝐴4 sinh𝑎𝑥 +

If 𝑎 is obtained from Eq. (5.5), the shape of the Eigen mode can be known, and the
eigenvalue can be estimated.

5-4

▶Eq. 5.1
 Structural Analysis II 5. Eigenvalue Analysis
(Advanced)

2. Tutorial 2.1 Model Overview

Perform the eigenvalue analysis on a simply supported shaft as shown in the following figure.

Density (γ) = 0.0001 sec 2 2 / mm

N∙sec 4
밀도 (γ)=0.0001N / mm 4
1 2 3 4 18 19 20 21
x

2,540mm
▶Figure 5.2 (a)
(a) Simply support shaft
(b) Analytical model

r=26mm

t=1.25mm
(b)

 Material
Modulus of elasticity: 2.0 × 105 N / mm2
 Section
Cross-sectional area (Area) : 200 mm2
Moment of inertia (Iyy): 65,000 mm4
Radius: 26 mm
Thickness: 1.25 mm
Gravitational acceleration (g): 9,806 mm/sec2

5-5
 Structural Analysis II 5. Eigenvalue Analysis
(Advanced)

2.2 Work Environment

Open a new file and save.

Main Menu > File > New Project...

Main Menu > File > Save

1. File name : ‘Eigenvalue 1’, Click [SAVE]

Set the unit system to use.

Main Menu > Tools > Unit System...

2. Select Length > mm, Force(Mass) > N
3. Click [OK]

▶ Fig 5.3
(a) Save the file 2
(b) Unit system setting

The unit system setting

can be easily set at the
status bar at the bottom
of the screen.

5-6
 Structural Analysis II 5. Eigenvalue Analysis
(Advanced)

The example models exist in the 2-D X-Z plane, and the self-weight is automatically replaced
with the nodal mass.

Main Menu > Structure > Structure Type...

1. Select Structure Type > X-Z Plane
2. Select Convert Self-weight into Masses (on) > Convert to Z
3. Click [OK]

▶ Fig 5.4 1

Set work plane

2
2

5-7
 Structural Analysis II 5. Eigenvalue Analysis
(Advanced)

2.3 Material & Section Properties

Define material and section for the structural members.

Main Menu > Properties > Material Properties

1. Click [Add...], Name : ‘Mat’
2. Select Elasticity Data > Type of Design > User Defined,
3. User Defined > Modulus of Elasticity : ‘2.0e5’, Weight Density : ‘0.0001’, Click [OK]
4. Click Section Tab and [Add...] and Value Tab
5. Section Shape Lists > Select Pipe, Name : ‘Sect’
6. Size > D : ‘52’, tw : ‘1.25’, Section Properties > Area : ‘2.0e2’, Iyy : ‘6.5e4’
7. Consider Shear Deformation (off)
8. Click [OK] and [Close]

4
1

2 5
▶ Fig 5.5
Define material & section
properties 6

3 8

5-8
 Structural Analysis II 5. Eigenvalue Analysis
(Advanced)

2.4 Generate Nodes & Elements

Create a node in order to generate beam elements.

Main Menu > Node/Element > Nodes > Create Nodes...

1. Coordinates (x, y, z) : ‘0, 0, 0’
2. Number of Times: ‘20’
Distances (dx, dy, dz) : ‘127,0,0’
3. Click [Apply]
4. Display Node Numbers, Auto Fitting, Front View (on)

4
▶ Fig 5.6
Create nodes

4
1

2
When Auto Fitting is
toggled on, the model fits
into the full screen, which
automatically controls
Zoom Size in real time. 3 4

5-9
 Structural Analysis II 5. Eigenvalue Analysis
(Advanced)

Connect the nodes to create the elements.

Main Menu > Node/Element > Elements > Create Elements...

1. Select Element Type > General beam/Tapered beam
2. Select Material > 1:Mat and Section > 1:Sect
3. Click Nodal Connectivity green box, and Click node number 1 and 21 in Model view

▶ Fig 5.7
Create elements

3 3

5 - 10
 Structural Analysis II 5. Eigenvalue Analysis
(Advanced)

2.5 Define Boundary Conditions

The both end support of model is assigned a pin support with Dx & Dz degree of freedom
restrained.

Main Menu > Boundary > Supports > Define Supports

1. Hidden (off)
2. Select Single (on) Select both end points 1 and 21 in mode
3. Support Type > Dx, Dz(on)
4. Click [Apply]

▶ Fig 5.8
Defined boundary
conditions
2 1

3 2

5 - 11
 Structural Analysis II 5. Eigenvalue Analysis
(Advanced)

2.6 Define Loads

Define analytical data for eigenvalue analysis.

Main Menu > Analysis > Analysis Control > Eigenvalue

1. Select Type of Analysis > Eigen Vectors > Subspace Iteration
2. Eigen Vectors > Number of Frequencies : ‘6’
3. Eigenvalue Control Parameters > Number of Iteration : ‘20’
Subspace Dimension : ‘0’ , Convergence Tolerance : ‘1e-006’
4. Click [OK]

▶Fig 5.9
Input eigenvalue analysis
data 1

2
3

5 - 12
 Structural Analysis II 5. Eigenvalue Analysis
(Advanced)

2.7 Perform Analysis

Analyze the model.

Main Menu > Analysis > Perform Analysis

1. Check for successful completion in Message Window
2. Display Node Numbers (off)

▶Fig 5.10
Message for a
successful run

5 - 13
 Structural Analysis II 5. Eigenvalue Analysis
(Advanced)

2.8 Check Analysis Result

Check the result in tables of the eigenvalue analysis

Main Menu > Results > Result Tables > Vibration Mode Shape...
1. Records Activation Dialog box, Click [OK]
2. Check eigenvalue results such as cycle by mode in table

▶Fig 5.11
Eigenvalue analysis
result table

5 - 14
 Structural Analysis II 5. Eigenvalue Analysis
(Advanced)

Check the mode shape and natural frequency of frist mode.

Click Model View Tab

Main Menu > Results > Mode Shapes > Vibration Mode Shapes...
1. Select Load Cases(Mode Numbers) > Mode 1
2. Select Components > Md-XZ
3. Type of Display > Legend (on)
4.. Click [...] in Md.Shp
Mode Shape Scale Factor : ‘1.5’
5. Click [OK]

▶Fig 5.12
Frist mode shape
.

4
3

5 - 15
 Structural Analysis II 5. Eigenvalue Analysis
(Advanced)

. Simultaneously check the mode shapes of the various modes

Main Menu > Results > Mode Shapes > Vibration Mode Shapes...
1. Type of Display > Legend (off)
2. Click [Multi-Modes]
3. Select Mode 1~Mode 6 by dragging the mouse cursor from Mode Numbers
4. Select Tile Vertically
5. Click [OK]

▶Figure 5.13
Mode shapes

1st Mode 3rd Mode 5th Mode

Frequency=19.4381(Hz) Frequency=174.9371(Hz) Frequency=485.8056(Hz)
2

2nd Mode 4th Mode 6th Mode

Frequency=77.7521(Hz) Frequency=310.9736(Hz) Frequency=699.3029(Hz)

5 - 16
 Structural Analysis II 5. Eigenvalue Analysis
(Advanced)

Save new file “Eigenvalue2.mgb”.

Main Menu > File > Save As...

1. Enter a name : ‘Eigenvalue2’, Click [SAVE]
2. Close all elements except for Model View, Click and Zoom Fit

▶ Fig 5.14
Save new file

5 - 17
 Structural Analysis II 5. Eigenvalue Analysis
(Advanced)

Modifed Change the density of the previously input material to 0.0002.

Main Menu > Properties > Material > Material Properties

1. Click Mat on lists double
2. Weight Density : ‘0.0002’
3. Click [OK]
4. Click [Close]

▶ Fig 5.15
Modify material property

5 - 18
 Structural Analysis II 5. Eigenvalue Analysis
(Advanced)

Analyze the model modified.

Main Menu > Analysis > Perform Analysis

1. Check for successful completion in Message Window

▶ Fig 5.16
Message for a
successful run

5 - 19
 Structural Analysis II 5. Eigenvalue Analysis
(Advanced)

Check the eigenvalue results for each mode using a table.

Main Menu > Results > Result Tables > Vibration Mode Shape...
1. Records Activation Dialog box, Click [OK]
2. Identify eigenvalue results such as cycles per mode in the table

▶ Fig 5.17
Eigenvalue analysis
result table

5 - 20
 Structural Analysis II 5. Eigenvalue Analysis
(Advanced)

Simultaneously check the mode shapes of the various modes.

Click Model View Tab

Main Menu > Results > Mode Shapes > Vibration Mode Shapes...
1. Click [Multi-Modes]
2. Select Mode 1~Mode 6 by dragging the mouse cursor from Mode Numbers
3. Select Tile Vertically
4. Click [OK]

▶ Fig 5.18
1st to 6th mode shapes

1st Mode 3rd Mode 5th Mode

1 Frequency=13.7448(Hz) Frequency=123.6992(Hz) Frequency=343.5165(Hz)

2nd Mode 4th Mode 6th Mode

Frequency=54.9790(Hz) Frequency=219.8915(Hz) Frequency=494.4818(Hz)

5 - 21
 Structural Analysis II 5. Eigenvalue Analysis
(Advanced)

3. Exercise

Compare the eigenvalue analysis results of Model 1 and Model 2 by changing only the
modulus of elasticity in the same condition as shown in the following figure (Model 1 is the
same as the main model).

Density (γ) = 0.0001 sec

밀도(γ)=0.0001N N∙sec/ mm
2 2 4 4
/ mm
1 2 3 4 18 19 20 21
x

2450m
(a)

r=26mm

t=1.25mm
(b)

 Material
Modulus of elasticity:
Model 1: 2.0 × 105 N / mm2
Model 2: 4.0 × 105 N / mm2
 Section
Cross-sectional area (Area) : 200 mm2
Moment of inertia (Iyy) : 65,000 mm4
Radius: 26 mm
Thickness: 1.25 mm
g: 9,806 mm/sec2

5 - 22
Structural Analysis II 6. Time History Analysis
(Advanced)

6. Time History Analysis

Contents
1 Introduction

1.1 Concept of Time History Analysis 6-3

2 Tutorial

2.1 Model Overview 6-8

2.2 Work Environment 6-9
2.3 Material & Section Properties 6-11
2.4 Generate Node & Element 6-12
2.5 Define Boundary Conditions 6-14
2.6 Define Loads 6-15
2.7 Perform Analysis 6-20
2.8 Check Analysis Result 6-21

3 Exercise 6-33

6-1
 Structural Analysis II 6. Time History Analysis
(Advanced)

6-2
 Structural Analysis II 6. Time History Analysis
(Advanced)

1. Introduction 1.1 Concept of Time History Analysis

The shape of an object that receives external force and moves with time varies from periodic
to very irregular. The periodic response of the structure is response generated by any one
frequency, whereas the highly irregular behavior can be thought of as a combination of infinite
periodic responses. In any case, the dominant frequency response is dependent on the
frequency, magnitude and characteristics of the external dynamic load.
The dynamic behavior of an object can be analyzed in terms of time and frequency. The
former is called time history analysis and the latter is called frequency response analysis. In
case of time history analysis, parameters like time at maximum response and behavioral
changes with time are studied. However, in case of frequency response analysis, study of
frequencies to which object is sensitive and resonance are done. Because of this distinct
nature, in most cases, both the methods are being used.

Time history load Time history response

Displacement
Force u
▶Fig 6.1 F(t)
Time history analysis

t
Time
u
F( t )
Time
t

The equation of motion (differential equation) of the 1-degree-of-freedom system for ground
motions is as follows.
▶Eq 6.1
𝑚(𝑢̈ 𝑔 + 𝑢̈ ) + 𝑐𝑢̇ + 𝑘𝑢 = 0 or 𝑚𝑢̈ + 𝑐𝑢̇ + 𝑘𝑢 = 𝑓 = −𝑢̈ 𝑔

6-3
 Structural Analysis II 6. Time History Analysis
(Advanced)

The relative displacement, velocity and acceleration are function of time. These are
expressed as u, 𝑢̇ , 𝑢̈ in the above equation respectively.

utotal

u
u,u
m m

▶Fig 6.2
Model analysis k
c

ug ( t )

The differential equation can be solved by direct integration method or by mode

superimposition method by using numerical integration to obtain the displacement, velocity
and acceleration. The numerical integration method divides ground acceleration into several
time intervals ℎ(= ∆𝑡) and accumulates values for each such interval. There are several
methods for numerical integration, but the concept of all these remain the same. Here, the
central difference method, the Newmark-beta method and the linear acceleration method
have been introduced.

The central difference method uses the following Taylor series expansion formula.
ℎ2
▶Eq 6.2 𝑢𝑖+1 = 𝑢𝑖 + ℎ𝑢̇ 𝑖 + 𝑢̈ 𝑖 + ⋯
2
ℎ2
▶Eq 6.3 𝑢𝑖−1 = 𝑢𝑖 − ℎ𝑢̇ 𝑖 + 𝑢̈ 𝑖 + ⋯
2

6-4
 Structural Analysis II 6. Time History Analysis
(Advanced)

The following results are obtained by the sum and difference of the two equations.
1
▶Eq 6.4 𝑢̇ 𝑖 ≈ (𝑢 − 𝑢𝑖−1 )
2ℎ 𝑖+1
1
▶Eq 6.5 𝑢̈ 𝑖 ≈ 2 (𝑢𝑖+1 − 2𝑢𝑖 + 𝑢𝑖−1 )
ℎ

In the central difference method, first, the Eq 6.4 and 6.5 in the i-th step are substituted into
the equation 6.1, and the i + 1th displacement value is calculated.

m c   2m  m c 
 2  ui 1  fi   k  2  ui   2 
▶Eq 6.6
 ui 1
h 2h   h  h 2h 

Then, velocity and acceleration are calculated using Eq 6.4 and Eq 6.5 of the i-th equation.
The value of 𝑢𝑖+1 can be generated by eliminating 𝑢𝑖+1 from Eq 6.4 and Eq 6.5.

𝑢𝑖−1 = 𝑢𝑖 − ℎ𝑢̇ 𝑖 + 0.5ℎ2 𝑢̈ 𝑖

▶Eq 6.7
In the central difference method, if the time interval h (or time increment) is too large, a stable
solution cannot be obtained, so h is restricted as follows.

h  Tmin 
▶Eq 6.8
Where Tmin is the minimum of the natural period of the structure.

The Newmark-beta method uses the following approximate relationship.

𝑢̇ 𝑖+1 ≈ 𝑢̇ 𝑖 + [(1 − 𝛼)𝑢̈ 𝑖 + 𝛼𝑢̈ 𝑖+1 ]ℎ

▶Eq 6.9 1
𝑢𝑖+1 ≈ 𝑢𝑖 + 𝑢̇ 𝑖 ℎ + [( −𝛽)𝑢̈ 𝑖 + 𝛽𝑢̈ 𝑖+1 ] ℎ
2
▶Eq 6.10

Here, if 𝛼 = 0.5, 𝛽 = 0.25, then the result it;

ℎ
𝑢̇ 𝑖+1 = 𝑢̇ 𝑖 + (𝑢̈ 𝑖 + 𝑢̈ 𝑖+1 )
2
▶Eq 6.11 ℎ2
𝑢𝑖+1 = 𝑢𝑖 + ℎ𝑢̇ 𝑖 + (𝑢̈ 𝑖 + 𝑢̈ 𝑖+1 )
2
▶Eq 6.12

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 Structural Analysis II 6. Time History Analysis
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Using the Newmark-Beta method, a stable solution is obtained irrespective of the time
interval h (or time increment), and the appropriate time interval is:

▶Eq 6.13 h  Tmin 10

The case of 𝛼 = 0.5, 𝛽 = 1/6 in the Newmark-Beta method is called the linear acceleration
method. The numerical integrations above are examples for a 1-DOF system, but not for a
multi-DOF system.

The mode superposition method can be used if it is possible to know the exact number of
eigenvalues in the equation of motion, or if it is possible to reflect only the eigenvalues up to a
certain limit. Let us explain the mode superposition method as an example of the following
two degrees of freedom system.

▶Eq 6.14 𝑀𝑢̈ + C𝑢̇ + 𝐾𝑢 = −𝑀𝑢̈ 𝑔

𝑚11 𝑚12 𝑢̈ 1 𝑐11 𝑐12 𝑢̇ 1 𝑘11 𝑘12 𝑢1 𝑚11 𝑚12 1
[𝑚 𝑚 ] { } + [𝑐 𝑐22 ] {𝑢̇ 2 } + [𝑘21 ] { } = − [𝑚 𝑚22 ] {1} 𝑢̈ 𝑔
21 22 𝑢̈ 2 21 𝑘22 𝑢2 21

Since there are two eigenvalues in the above equation, the solution of the equation of motion
can be expressed as.

      y 
u  1 y1  2 y2   11  y1   12  y2 or u  y   11 12   1 
21  22  21 22   y2 
▶Eq 6.15

Where 𝜙𝑖 is the eigenvector representing the deformed shape of the ith mode and 𝑦𝑖 is the
magnitude of the displacement over time.

Using the orthogonality property of the eigenvectors and non-dimensioning the eigenvectors
with respect to mass, the following relationship is obtained.

0  i  j  0  i  j  0 i  j 

▶Eq 6.16 iT M  j   iT K j   * iT C j  
 mi  i  j   ki  i  j  i  j 
* *
 ci

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 Structural Analysis II 6. Time History Analysis
(Advanced)

There are many ways to consider the damping matrix C.

- Mass and stiffness proportional damping: C   M   K
- Strain energy proportional
- Element mass and stiffness proportional

Equation 6.16 implies that if the eigenvector of the i-th mode is multiplied by Eq. 6.14, the
contribution of the non-i-th mode is zero. Thus, the multi-degree-of-freedom system of Eq.
6.14 can be divided into as many 1 degree-of-freedom systems with each mode not
overlapping. In the case of a two-degree-of-freedom system as in the example here, it is
divided into two independent 1-degree-of-freedom systems.

▶Eq 6.17 𝑚∗ 0 𝑦̈1 𝑐1∗ 0 𝑦̇1 𝑘1∗ 0 𝑦1 𝜑1𝑇 𝑚11 𝑚12 1

[ 1 ∗] { } + [ ∗] { } + [ ∗ ] {𝑦 } = − [ 𝑇 ] [ 𝑚 𝑚22 ] {1} 𝑢̈ 𝑔
0 𝑚1 𝑦̈ 2 0 𝑐1 𝑦̇ 2 0 𝑘1 2 𝜑2 21

▶Eq 6.18
𝑚1∗ 𝑦̈1 + 𝑐1∗ 𝑦̇1 + 𝑘1∗ 𝑦1 = −Γ1 𝑢̈ 𝑔
𝑚2∗ 𝑦̈ 2 + 𝑐2∗ 𝑦̇ 2 + 𝑘2∗ 𝑦2 = −Γ2 𝑢̈ 𝑔

Here, Γ𝑖 is called the mode participation coefficient and is expressed by the following equation.

▶Eq 6.19 iT M 1 , 1

i  1  
iT M i 1

Each 1-DOF system calculates 𝑦1 and 𝑦2 through numerical integration, and 𝑢 can be
obtained from Eq. 6.15. Since the mode superposition method divides the equation of motion
with respect to the calculated mode, the number of eigenvalues calculated should be
sufficient to obtain an accurate solution.

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 Structural Analysis II 6. Time History Analysis
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2. Tutorial 2.1 Model Overview

The following simply supported beam is subjected to a moving load 15,000mm/sec. Check
the resonance effect using various period of load.

▶ Figure 6.3
(a) Simply supported
beam
(b) Force function

 Material
Modulus of elasticity : 4.0 × 106 N/mm2
Density() : 2.7 × 10-5 N/mm3
 Section
Cross-sectional area (Area) : 645 mm2
Moment of inertia (Iyy) : 36,000 mm4
Diameter : 250 mm
Thickness : 50 mm
g: 9,806 mm/sec2

6-8
 Structural Analysis II 6. Time History Analysis
(Advanced)

2.2 Work Environment

Open a new file and save.

Main Menu > > New Project...

Main Menu > > Save

1. Enter a name : ‘TH 1’, Click [SAVE]

Set the unit system to use.

Main Menu > Tools > Unit System...

2. Select Length > mm, Force(Mass) > N
3. Click [OK]

2
▶ Fig 6.4
(a) Save the file
(b) Unit system setting

The unit system setting

can be easily set at the
status bar at the bottom
of the screen. 3

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 Structural Analysis II 6. Time History Analysis
(Advanced)

midas Gen is 3-D software, since beam exsit in a 2-D plane, X-Z plane in Global Coordinate
is set as the work plane, which restrains unnecessary degrees of freedom, Dy, Rx, Rz. In
addition self-weight convert to nodal mass automatically.

Main Menu > Structure > Type > Structure Type...

1. Select Structure Type > X-Z Plane
2. Select Convert Self-weight into Masses > Convert to X, Y, Z
3. Gravity Acceleration : ‘9806’
4. Click [OK]

1
▶ Fig 6.5
Set work plane

2
3

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 Structural Analysis II 6. Time History Analysis
(Advanced)

2.3 Material & Section Properties

Define material and section for the structural members.

Main Menu > Properties > Material > Material Properties...

1. Click [Add...], Name : ‘Mat’
2. Select Elasticity Data > Type of Design > User Defined
3. User Defined > Modulus of Elasticity : ‘4.0e6’, Weight Density : ‘2.7e-5’, Click [OK]
4. Click Section Tab and [Add...] and Click Value Tab
5. Section Shape Lists > Select Pipe, Name : ‘Sect’
6. Size > D : ‘250’, tw : ‘50’, Section Properties > Area : ‘645’, Iyy : ‘36000’
7. Consider Shear Deformation (off)
8. Click [OK] and [Close]

▶ Fig 6.6 4
1
Define material & section
5
2

3 8

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 Structural Analysis II 6. Time History Analysis
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2.4 Generate Node & Element

Create nodes where elements will be created.

Main Menu > Node/Element > Nodes > Create Nodes...

1. Coordinates (x, y, z) : ‘0, 0, 0’
2. Number of Times: ‘20’
3. Distances (dx, dy, dz) : ‘600,0,0’
4. Click [Apply]
5. Display Node Numbers, Auto Fitting, Front View (on)

▶Fig 6.7
Create nodes

5
1

When Auto Fitting is 2

toggled on, the model fits
into the full screen, which 3
automatically controls
Zoom Size in real time 4 5

6 - 12
 Structural Analysis II 6. Time History Analysis
(Advanced)

Connect nodes to create elements.

Main Menu > Node/Element > Elements > Create Elements...

1. Select Element Type > General beam/Tapered beam
2. Select Material > 1:Mat and Section > 1:Sect
3. Click Nodal Connectivity green box, and Click node number 1 and 21 in Model view

▶ Figure 6.8
Create element

3
By modeling a single
member by dividing it into
several elements, the
result of detailed 2
3
deformation of the
member can be
confirmed.

6 - 13
 Structural Analysis II 6. Time History Analysis
(Advanced)

2.5 Define Boundary Conditions

In 3-D, each node restrains 6 degrees of freedom (Dx,Dy,Dz,Rx,Ry,Rz). But with the work
plane being on X-Z plane, only 3 degrees of freedom (Dx, Dz, Ry) exist, among which the
Dx, Dz degrees of freedom are restrained for the pin support, and the Dz degrees of
freedom is restrained for the roller support.

Main Menu > Boundary > Supports > Define Supports

1. Hidden (off)
2. Click Select Single (on), Select node number 1
3. Support Type > Dx, Dz (on), Click [Apply]
4. Click Select Single (on), Select node number 21
5. Support Type > Dx (off), Dz (on), Click [Apply]

▶ Fig 6.9
Define boundary
condition 2 1

3 5
2

3 5

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 Structural Analysis II 6. Time History Analysis
(Advanced)

2.6 Define Loads

Define analytical data of eigenvalue analysis for time history.

Main Menu > Analysis > Analysis Control >/ Eigenvalue

1. Select Type of Analysis > Eigen Vectors > Subspace Iteration
2. Eigen Vectors > Number of Frequencies : ‘1’
3. Eigenvalue Control Parameters > Number of Iteration : ‘20’
Subspace Dimension : ‘1’, Convergence Tolerance : ‘1e-010’
4. Click [OK]

▶Fig 6.10
Eigenvalue analysis
conditions 1

2
3

6 - 15
 Structural Analysis II 6. Time History Analysis
(Advanced)

Defines the time history load to be applied to the time history analysis.

t = 600 / 15000 = 0.04 sec

Main Menu > Load > Seismic > Time History Functions
1. Click [Add Time Function]
2. Function Name : ‘FUNC’
3. Select Time Function Data Type > Force, Scale Factor : ‘1’
4. in Table
Time(sec) : ‘0.00’, Function(N) : ‘0.0’
Time(sec) : ‘0.04’, Function(N) : ‘1.0’
Time(sec) : ‘0.08’, Function(N) : ‘0.0’ , Click under line, Confirm Right of Graph
5. Click [OK] and [Close]

▶Fig 6.11 1
Time history load function

2 3

6 - 16
 Structural Analysis II 6. Time History Analysis
(Advanced)

Define load case for time history.

Main Menu > Load > Seismic > (Time History) Load Cases
1. Click [Add]
2. General > Name : ‘Time’
3. End Time : ‘2.0’, Time Increment : ‘0.001’
Step Number Increment for Output : ‘1.0’
4. Click [OK] and [Close]

▶Fig 6.12 2
Time history Load cases

6 - 17
 Structural Analysis II 6. Time History Analysis
(Advanced)

Define dynamic nodal load using time history function.

Main Menu > Load > Seismic > Dynamic Nodal Loads
1. Select Load Case Name > Time
2. Select Function and Direction > Function Name > FUNC and Direction > Z
Scale Factor : ‘-4.0’
3. Click Select Single (on), Select node number 2 in Model View
Arrival Time : ‘0’, Click [Apply]
4. Click Select Single (on), Select node number 3
Arrival Time : ‘0.04*1’, Click [Apply]
5. Click Select Single (on), Select node number 4
Arrival Time : ‘0.04*2’, Click [Apply]
6. Click Select Single (on), Select node number 5
Arrival Time : ‘0.04*3’, Click [Apply]
7. Click Select Single (on), Select node number 6
Arrival Time : ‘0.04*4’, Click [Apply]
Enter the Arrival Time incrementally at nodes 7, ... 19 in the same way
8. Click Select Single (on), Select node number 20
Arrival Time : ‘0.04*18’, Click [Apply]

6 - 18
 Structural Analysis II 6. Time History Analysis
(Advanced)

The scale factor -4.0 is the magnitude of the concentrated load that occur a maximum
displacement of 1 mm when loaded at the center of a simply supported beam. Following is
equatation for scale factor.
PL3
 max  1
48EI
 P  4.0

▶ Fig 6.13
Dynamic nodal load

3 3 8

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 Structural Analysis II 6. Time History Analysis
(Advanced)

2.7 Perform Analysis

Perform a time history analysis.

Main Menu > Analysis > Perform Analysis

1. Check for successful completion in Message Window

The screen is organized for the convenience of the analysis result.

2. Display Node Numbers (off)

▶ Fig 6.14
Message for a 2
successful run

6 - 20
 Structural Analysis II 6. Time History Analysis
(Advanced)

2.8 Check Analysis Result

Calculate the natural frequencies.

Main Menu > Results > Result Tables > Vibration Mode Shape...
1. Records Activation Dialog box, Click [OK]
2. Natural frequency of primary mode 19.5165 rad/sec, 3.1062 cycle/sec, Cycle 0.3219
Confirm

▶Fig 6.15
Eigen value analysis
result table
2

6 - 21
 Structural Analysis II 6. Time History Analysis
(Advanced)

Define the time history graph.

Click Model View Tab

Main Menu > Results > Time History Graph/Text > Time History Graph...
1. Click [Define/Modify Function]
2. Select Define Function > Displ/Vel/Accel
3. Click [Add New Function]
4. Displ/Vel/Accel > Name : ‘Node 11 Z-Displ’, Node Number : ‘11’
5. Select Type of Result > Displ.
6. Select Components > DZ and Time History Load Case > Time
7. Click [Apply]
8. Displ/Vel/Accel > Name : ‘Node 11 Z-Accel’, Node Number : ‘11’
9. Select Type of Result > Accel
10. Select Components > DZ and Time History Load Case > Time
11. Click [OK]

▶Fig 6.16
Time History Graph

1
4
2 8
3 9
5

6
10

11 7

6 - 22
 Structural Analysis II 6. Time History Analysis
(Advanced)

Check the maximum displacement and corresponding time.

Main Menu > Results > Time History Results > Time History Graph...
1. Functions List > Node 11 Z-Displ (on)
2. Vertical Axis > [Add from List]
3. Type of Display > Graph Title : ‘Displacement’
Type of Display > X Axis Decimal Pt. : ‘1’, Y Axis Decimal Pt. : ‘1’
4. Select Type > Time History Graph
5. Click [Graph]
6. Check Max Displacement : 1.07mm at 0.266sec

▶ Fig 6.17
Displacement of
time history graph

6
Max : 1.812e-002
2 at 1.119

Min : -1.070e-000
at 0.266
3

Unit : N, mm, sec

4
5

6 - 23
 Structural Analysis II 6. Time History Analysis
(Advanced)

Check the maximum acceleration on the structure under dynamic loads.

1. Select Vertical Axis > Node 11 Z-Displ, Click [Delete]

2. Functions List > Node 11 Z-Accel (on), Vertical Axis > [Add from List]
3. Graph Title : ‘Acceleration’
4. Click [Graph]
5. Check acceleration 91.69 mm/sec2 at 0.244sec

▶ Fig 6.18
Acceleration of
time history graph

5
Max : 9.169e+001
2 1 at 0.244

Min : -7.600e+001
at 0.078
3

Unit : N, mm, sec

6 - 24
 Structural Analysis II 6. Time History Analysis
(Advanced)

Calculate the frequencies domain using the time history of the acceleration.

▶ Fig 6.19
Frequency graph

Right-click ‘Define Graph Orign/Resolution/Range...’

Axis Format
X Decimal Pt. : 1
Y Decimal Pt. : 1

Define Axis Origin~: Check on

X Range
Min : 0
Max : 20
Y Range
Min : 0
Max : 50

6 - 25
 Structural Analysis II 6. Time History Analysis
(Advanced)

Check the natural frequecncy 2.93 Hz as below garaph, and modify load in model 2.

▶ Fig 6.20
Acceleration frequency
history graph

Node 11 z-Accel has

max : 32.287 at 2.930 Hz

6 - 26
 Structural Analysis II 6. Time History Analysis
(Advanced)

Save the analytical model under a different name.

Main Menu > File > Save As...

1. File name : ‘TH 2’, Click [SAVE]

Add repeated time history loads of the structure frequency period (0.3219).

Main Menu > Load > Seismic > Time History Functions
2. Click [Add Time Function]
3. Function Name : ‘FUNC 2’
4. Select Time Function Data Type > Force, Scale Factor : ‘1.0’
5. In Table
Time(sec) : ‘0.0000’, Function(N) : ‘1.0’ / Time(sec) : ‘0.3219’, Function(N) : ‘0.0’
Time(sec) : ‘0.3220’, Function(N) : ‘1.0’ / Time(sec) : ‘0.6438’, Function(N) : ‘0.0’
Time(sec) : ‘0.6439’, Function(N) : ‘1.0’ / Time(sec) : ‘0.9657’, Function(N) : ‘0.0’
Time(sec) : ‘0.9658’, Function(N) : ‘1.0’ / Time(sec) : ‘1.2876’, Function(N) : ‘0.0’
Time(sec) : ‘1.2877’, Function(N) : ‘1.0’ / Time(sec) : ‘1.6095’, Function(N) : ‘0.0’
Time(sec) : ‘1.6096’, Function(N) : ‘1.0’ / Time(sec) : ‘1.9314’, Function(N) : ‘0.0’
Click under line, Confirm Right of Graph.
6. Click [OK] and [Close]

▶Fig 6.21 4
Modify time history load 3

6 - 27
 Structural Analysis II 6. Time History Analysis
(Advanced)

Add load condition of time history case.

Main Menu > Load > Seismic > (Time History) Load Cases
1. Click [Add]
2. General > Name : ‘Time 2’
3. End Time : ‘2.0’, Time Increment : ‘0.001’
Step Number Increment for Output : ‘1.0’
4. Click [OK] and [Close]

▶Fig 6.22 2
Modify time history load
condition

6 - 28
 Structural Analysis II 6. Time History Analysis
(Advanced)

Modify location and arrival time of a concentrated load using dynamic nodal load table.

Main Menu > Load > Load Tables > Time History Analysis > Dynamic Nodal Loads...
1. Delete all elements except for node number 11
2. LoadCase Click the item Time 2 Edit as
Function Click the item FUNC 2 Edit as
Arrival Time(sec) : ‘0’ input
After clicking the row below, confirm the final input value

▶Fig 6.23
Modify dynamic node load

6 - 29
 Structural Analysis II 6. Time History Analysis
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Analyze the model modified.

Main Menu > Analysis > Perform Analysis

1. Check for successful completion in Message Window
2. Click Model View Tab

▶ Fig 6.24
Message for a
successful run

6 - 30
 Structural Analysis II 6. Time History Analysis
(Advanced)

Define output of the time history graph in order to compare structure’s frequency and load
which has similar frequency

Main Menu > Results > Time History Graph/Text > Time History Graph...
1. Select Vertical Axis > Node 11 Z-Accel, Click [Delete]
2. Click [Define/Modify Function]
3. Select Define Function > Displ/ Vel /Accel, Click [Add New Function]
4. Displ/Vel/Accel > Name : ‘Node 11_1.0Tn’, Node Number : ‘11’
5. Select Type of Result > Displ.
6. Select Components > DZ and Time History Load Case > Time 2
7. Click [OK]

▶Fig 6.25
Time history graph

3 5

6 - 31
 Structural Analysis II 6. Time History Analysis
(Advanced)

Check displacement graph when Dynamic Nodal Load is applied to node 11.

Main Menu > Results > Time History Results > Time History Graph...
1. Functions List > Node 11_1.0Tn (on)
2. Click Vertical Axis > [Add from List]
3. Select Horizontal Axis > Time
4. Type of Display > Graph Title : ‘Displacement’
Type of Display > X Axis Decimal Pt. : ‘1’, Y Axis Decimal Pt. : ‘1’
5. Select Type > Time History Graph
6. Click [Graph]

▶Figure 6.26
Displacement of
time history graph

2
3
Max : 5.915e+000
4
at 1.931

Min : -6.417e+000
at 1.768
5
6 Unit : N, mm, sec

6 - 32
 Structural Analysis II 6. Time History Analysis
(Advanced)

3. Exercise

The following simply supported beam is subjected to a moving load 30m/sec. Check the
resonance effect using various period of load (TH 1.mgb).
.

 Material
Modulus of elasticity: 4.0 × 106 N / mm2
Density() : 2.7 × 10-5 N/mm3
 Section
Cross-sectional area (Area) : 645 mm2
Moment of inertia (Ivy): 36,000 mm4
Diameter: 250 mm
Thickness: 50 mm
g: 9,806 mm/sec2

6 - 33
 Structural Analysis II 7. Response Spectrum Analysis
(Advanced)

7-2
Structural Analysis II 7. Response Spectrum Analysis
(Advanced)

7. Response Spectrum
Analysis
Contents
1 Introduction

1.1 Concept of Response Spectrum

Analysis 7-3

2 Tutorial

2.1 Model Overview 7-7

2.2 Work Environment 7-9
2.3 Material & Section Properties 7-11
2.4 Generate Node & Element 7-13
2.5 Define Boundary Conditions 7-17
2.6 Define Loads 7-19
2.7 Perform Analysis 7-23
2.8 Check Analysis Result 7-24

7-1
 Structural Analysis II 7. Response Spectrum Analysis
(Advanced)

7-2
 Structural Analysis II 7. Response Spectrum Analysis
(Advanced)

1. Introduction 1.1 Concept of Response Spectrum Analysis

In the time history analysis method, the history of the structure’s response such as
acceleration, velocity, and displacement is calculated. On the other hand, in the response
spectral analysis, the maximum response value is determined for each mode, and then the
total response value is predicted by combining these response using appropriate combination
method. Figure 7.1 shows the process of finding the maximum response value for structures
with different time period and showing the maximum displacement value corresponding to
these period on the graph.

T = 3.0s
0.3 max 0.255m

0
-0.3
0.3 T = 2.5s Spectrum Displacement
EL CENTRO RECORD
0 Damping ratio 5%

-0.3 max 0.274m

0.3 T = 2.0s max 0.176m
▶ Fig 7.1 0
How to calculate the
-0.3
Response spectrum 0.3
Displacement 0.3 T = 1.5s
Relative displacement (m)

max 0.106m
0
0.2
-0.3
0.3 T = 1.0s
max 0.128m
0 0.1

-0.3
0.3 T = 0.5s
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
0
max 0.051m Period(s)
-0.3

To the left in Figure 7.1, the process of finding the maximum displacement after performing
the time history analysis for structures with Period (0.5s to 3.0s) is shown. The figure on the

7-3
 Structural Analysis II 7. Response Spectrum Analysis
(Advanced)

right is a graph showing the maximum displacement value of each structure with
corresponding period. Because the figure shows the maximum displacement for each period
of the structure, the term "response spectrum" is used. A similar picture can be drawn for
acceleration and velocity.

In the structural analysis programs, the response spectrum per time period is calculated in
the program, and the maximum response corresponding to the specific period is computed.
Figure 7.2 shows the spectral displacements vs period determined by varying damping ratio.

0.6

0.5 Damping Ratio 0%

Relative displacement(m)

▶ Fig 7.2
Response spectrum 0.4
Displacement based on
Damping ratio 2%
0.3

5%
0.2
10%
0.1 20%

0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.8 3.0

Period T (sec)

As the structure becomes complicated, the number of Eigen modes (or frequencies)
contributing to the deformation of the structure increases, resulting in a state reflecting the
contribution of each mode. Therefore, when the response spectrum for each period is
obtained, the contribution of the response spectrum for each period should be calculated. In
the eigenvalue analysis, the mode participation coefficient  i (i represents the mode) for
each mode is calculated as explained in Chapter 5.

The Story Shear and displacement are calculated as follows by multiplying the maximum
response value corresponding to a time period of the mode

7-4
 Structural Analysis II 7. Response Spectrum Analysis
(Advanced)

▶ Eq 7.1 Vi  i m  Sai g  i
▶Eq 7.2 Di  i Sdii

where in the equations above, m is the total mass of the structure. Sai and Sdi (i is the mode ),
represents ratio of spectral acceleration of the i-th mode to the gravitational acceleration and
spectral displacement respectively. g , the gravitational acceleration and φi , the unique
eigenvector corresponding to the i-th mode. The relationship between spectral acceleration,
velocity, and displacement is as follows

▶Eq 7.3 S a   Sv   2 S d , where  , is the natural frequency.

From equation 7.1, it can be seen that the Story shear of the corresponding mode is obtained
by multiplying the mass by the spectral acceleration, calculating the layer distribution by
reflecting the mode shape, and then multiplying the mode participation coefficient. In the case
of the Story displacement, the mode distribution is calculated by reflecting the mode shape to
the spectral displacement, and then the mode participation coefficient is multiplied as shown
in equation 7.2.

Once each mode-specific response is obtained, it must be combined using appropriate

combination methods. As can be seen in Figure 7.1, since the time at which the maximum
value is obtained is different, the response cannot be obtained by a simple sum of the
maximum values. Therefore, the appropriate method among the following methods is
selected and the responses for each mode are combined accordingly.

12
▶Eq 7.4 - SRSS (Square Root of the Sum of the Squares): Rmax   R12  R2 2    Rn 2 

▶Eq 7.5 - ABS (Absolute Sum): Rmax  R1  R2    Rn

12
N N 
▶Eq 7.6 - CQC (Complete Quadratic Combination): Rmax    Ri ij R j 
 i 1 j 1 
where, Rmax = Maximum Response Value
Ri = the peak value of the particular response for the i-th mode

8 2 (1  r )r 3 2 , r
j
ij 
(1  r 2 ) 2  4 2 r (1  r ) 2 i

7-5
 Structural Analysis II 7. Response Spectrum Analysis
(Advanced)

r = the ratio of the natural frequency at the i-th mode to the natural frequency at the j-th mode
 = Damping ratio

Applying the response spectrum analysis method to the first mode only results in an
equivalent static analysis method. Figure 7.3 below shows the design spectrum for the
acceleration used in the AASHTO LRFD 6.
Spectral Response Acceleration Sa (g)

※Conditions
Site Class : A
PGA : 0.1
▶Fig 7.3 Ss : 0.25
Design Spectrum S1 : 0.1
Acceleration
R : 1.0

Period T (sec)

7-6
 Structural Analysis II 7. Response Spectrum Analysis
(Advanced)

2. Tutorial 2.1 Model Overview

The response spectrum analyses are generally carried out for seismic designs using the
design spectra defined in designed standards.

8 Mass =70kN  sec 2 /m 7

9
4m

6 5
▶Fig 7.4 6 8 5
Analytical model
4m

4 3
4 7 3
4m

2 1
2 1
Y
10m

- Rigid diaphragm at each floor

- Master nodes : 3, 5 and 7

7-7
 Structural Analysis II 7. Response Spectrum Analysis
(Advanced)

 Material
Modulus of elasticity : 2.0 × 105 N / mm2
 Section
Column: Area : 6.0 × 1012 mm2
Moment of inertia (Iyy) : 4.0 × 108 mm4
Beam: moment of inertia (Iyy) : 4.0 × 1014 mm4
The floor mass (M): 70.0 kNsec2/m
Damping ratio ( ξ) : 0.05 (5%)
Gravitational acceleration (g) : 9,806 mm/sec2
Response Spectrum Data: El Centro N-S

7-8
 Structural Analysis II 7. Response Spectrum Analysis
(Advanced)

2.2 Work Environment

Open a new file and save.

Main Menu > > New Project...

Main Menu > > Save

1. Enter a name : ‘Response’, Click [SAVE]

Set the unit system to use.

Main Menu > Tools > Unit System...

2. Select Length > mm, Force(Mass) > N
3. Click [OK]

▶Fig 7.5
(a) File save 2
(b) Unit system setting

1
The unit system setting
can be easily set at the
status bar at the bottom
of the screen.

7-9
 Structural Analysis II 7. Response Spectrum Analysis
(Advanced)

The example models exist in the 2-D, X-Z plane

Main Menu > Structure > Type > Structure Type...

1. Select Structure Type > Y-Z Plane
2. Gravity Acceleration : ‘9806’
3. Align Top of Beam Section with Floor~ (on)
4. Click [OK]

▶Fig 7.6
Set work plane

7 - 10
Structural Analysis II 7. Response Spectrum Analysis
(Advanced)

2.3 Material & Section Properties

Define material and section for the structural members.

Main Menu > Model > Properties > Material...

1. Click [Add...], Name : ‘Mat’
2. Select Elasticity Data > Type of Design > User Defined
3. User Defined > Modulus of Elasticity : ‘2.0e5’, Click [OK]
4. Click Section Tab and [Add...] and Value Tab
5. Select Section Shape Lists > Solid Rectangle, Name : ‘Column’
6. Size > H : ‘1’, B : ‘1’, Section Properties > Area : ‘6.0e12’, Izz : ‘4.0e8’
7. Consider Shear Deformation (off)
8. Click [Apply]
9. Name : ‘Beam’
10. Size > H : ‘500’, B : ‘1’, Section Properties > Iyy : ‘4.0e14’, Izz : ‘0’
11. Consider Shear Deformation (off)
12. Click [OK] and [Close]

7 - 11
 Structural Analysis II 7. Response Spectrum Analysis
(Advanced)

4
▶Figure 7.7 1
(a) Material definition 5
(b) Section definition 2 9

6
10

7 11

8
3 12

7 - 12
 Structural Analysis II 7. Response Spectrum Analysis
(Advanced)

2.4 Generate Nodes & Elements

Create nodes where elements will be created

Main Menu > Node/Element > Nodes > Create Nodes

1. Select Length > m, kN at bottom of model view.
2. Coordinates (x, y, z) : ‘0, 0, 0’
Copy > Number of Times: ‘1’, Distances (dx, dy, dz) : ‘0,-10,0’
Click [Apply]
3. Select Translate Nodes
4. Click Select All, Translation > Equal Distance > dx, dy, dz : ‘0,0,4’
5. Click [Apply]
6. Display Node Numbers, Auto Fitting, Right View (on)

▶Fig 7.8
Create Nodes
4 6

3
6

4 2

7 - 13
 Structural Analysis II 7. Response Spectrum Analysis
(Advanced)

Connect nodes to create elements.

Main Menu > Node/Element > Elements > Create Elements

1. Select Element Type > General beam/Tapered beam
2. Select Material > 1:Mat and Section > 1:Column
3. Click Nodal Connectivity green box, and Click node number (1, 3), (2, 4) in Model view
4. Select Material > 1:Mat and Section > 2:Beam
5. Click Nodal Connectivity green box, and Click node number (3, 4) in Model view

▶Fig 7.9
Create elements

2
4

3
5

7 - 14
 Structural Analysis II 7. Response Spectrum Analysis
(Advanced)

Input floor mass data for eigenvalue analysis.

Main Menu > Load > Static Loads > Nodal Masses
Main Menu > View > Display..., > Misc Tab > Nodal Mass (on), Click [OK]
1. Hidden (off)
2. Click Select Single (on), Select node number 3
3. Nodal Mass > mY : ‘70’
4. Click [Apply]

▶Fig 7.10 2 1
Floor mass input

7 - 15
 Structural Analysis II 7. Response Spectrum Analysis
(Advanced)

Copy the beam to create 2nd floor.

Main Menu > Node/Element > Elements > Translate

1. Click Select All
2. Select Mode > Copy
3 Translation > Equal Distance > dx, dy, dz : 0, 0, 4 , Number of Times : ‘2’
4. ‘Copy Node Attribute’, ‘Copy Element Attributes’ (on)
5. Click [Apply]

▶Fig 7.11
Three-story framing
1

7 - 16
 Structural Analysis II 7. Response Spectrum Analysis
(Advanced)

2.5 Define Boundary Conditions

Connect node no.4 and node no. 3 to create which is master node of right link.

Main Menu > Boundary > Link > Rigid Link...

1. Click Select Single (on), Select node number 4
2. Master Node Number : ‘3’
3. DOF of Rigid Link > DY (on), DX, DZ, RX, RY, RZ (off)
4. Copy Rigid Link (on)
Select Axis > z, Distance : ‘2@4’
5. Click [Apply]

1
▶Fig 7.12
Support condition input

1
3

7 - 17
 Structural Analysis II 7. Response Spectrum Analysis
(Advanced)

Fixed support are assigned to the bottom of the columns.

Main Menu > Boundary > Supports > Define Supports

Main Menu > View > Display..., > Misc Tab > Nodal Mass (off), Click [OK]
1. Click Select Single (on), Select node number 1 and 2
2. Support Type > Dy, Dz, Rx (on)
3. Click [Apply]

▶ Fig 7.13
Input support conditions

1 1

7 - 18
 Structural Analysis II 7. Response Spectrum Analysis
(Advanced)

2.6 Define Loads

Perform the response spectrum analysis using exact data of El Centro N-S seismic 1940.
Input real seismic data using text command shell in midas Gen.

Main Menu > Tools > Command Shell > MGT Command Shell
1. modify Length unit to mm at bottom of model view.
2. Select Command or Data > *SFUNCTION
3. Click [Insert Command]
4. Please note that the data input Spacing, comma(,), full stop(.)
5. Click [Run] and [Close]

2 3

▶Fig 7.14
El Centro Seismic
Spectrum Data
4

5 5

7 - 19
 Structural Analysis II 7. Response Spectrum Analysis
(Advanced)

Define the response spectrum load case.

Main Menu > Load > Seismic > RS (Response Spectrum) Functions
1. Double Click Spectrum Name > Elcen
2. Function Name : ‘Elcen’, Spectral Data Type> Normalized Accel.
Scale Factor: ‘1’, Gravity : ‘9806’
3. Click [OK] and [Close]

Main Menu > Load > Seismic > RS (Response Spectrum) Load Cases
4. Spectrum Load Case > Load Case Name : ‘RY’
Select Direction > X-Y, Excitation Angle : ‘90’
5. Spectrum Functions > Elcen (0.05) (on)
6. Click Operation > [Add]
7. Click [Close]

▶Fig 7.15
Response Spectrum 2 4
2
Functions

3
6

7 - 20
 Structural Analysis II 7. Response Spectrum Analysis
(Advanced)

Define eigenvalue analysis parameters for response spectrum analysis.

Main Menu > Analysis > Analysis Control > Eigenvalue

1. Select Type of Analysis > Eigen Vectors > Subspace Iteration
2. Eigen Vectors > Number of Frequencies : ‘3’
3. Eigenvalue Control Parameters > Number of Iteration : ‘20’
Subspace Dimension : ‘0’, Convergence Tolerance : ‘1e-010’
4. Click [OK]

▶Fig 7.16
Eigenvalue Analysis 1
Condition

2
3

7 - 21
 Structural Analysis II 7. Response Spectrum Analysis
(Advanced)

Determine modal combination type for each modes.

Main Menu > Load > Seismic > RS (Response Spectrum) Load Cases
1. Select Load Case ‘RY’
2. Click [...] in Modal Combination Control
3. Select Modal Combination Type > CQC, Click [OK]
4. Apply Damping Method (on) > Click [Damping Method...]
5. Damping Ratio for All Modes : ‘0.05’, Click [OK]
6. Select Interpolation of Spectral Data > Linear
7. Click [Modify]

▶Fig 7.17
Response Spectrum
Analysis Condition

6 5

7
5

7 - 22
 Structural Analysis II 7. Response Spectrum Analysis
(Advanced)

2.7 Perform Analysis

Analyze the response spectrum modeled.

Main Menu > Analysis > Perform Analysis

1. Check for successful completion in Message Window
2. Display Node Numbers (off)

▶Fig 7.18
Message for a
successful run
2

7 - 23
 Structural Analysis II 7. Response Spectrum Analysis
(Advanced)

2.8 Check Analysis Result

First, the natural frequency of the analytical model is confirmed from the eigenvalue analysis
result.

Main Menu > Results > Result Tables > Vibration Mode Shape
1. Records Activation Dialog box, Click [OK]
2. Check period of each modes (0.6820, 0.2434, 0.1684)
3. Check modal mass participation rate
4. Check modal participation coefficient (TRAN-Y)

▶Fig 7.19
Eigenvalue Analysis
Result Table

4
As a result of eigenvalue
analysis, the mass
participation rate should
be more than 90% of
structure.

The sum of the modal participation masses was 100% upto the third mode, which reflected
the dynamic characteristics of the structure.

7 - 24
 Structural Analysis II 7. Response Spectrum Analysis
(Advanced)

Check the displacements in each floors.

Main Menu > Results > Deformations > Deformed Shape...

1. Click Model View Tab
2. Select Load Cases/Combinations > RS : RY
3. Select Components > DY
4. Type of Display > Undeformed(Check on), Value(Check on)
5. Click [...] in Values, Number Options > Decimal Points : ‘4’
6. Click [OK]

▶Fig 7.20
Displacement results

3
5
4

The displacements of the 2nd, 3rd and roof floor are 39.4323mm, 70.6556mm and
88.0962mm.

7 - 25
 Structural Analysis II 7. Response Spectrum Analysis
(Advanced)

Check the floor shear force in the lateral direction generated by the response spectrum
analysis.

Main Menu > Results > Mode shape > Nodal Results of RS
1. Select Nodal Result Load Cases > RS:RY
2. Select Output > Inertia Force and Mode > Mode 1
3. Select Components > FXY
4. Type of Display > Undeformed (on), Value (on)
5. Click [Apply]

▶Fig 7.21
Shear force results

The floor shear forces of the 2nd, 3rd and roof floor are 232.86747 kN, 419.6131 kN and
523.2492 kN.

7 - 26
Structural Analysis II 8. Prestress Analysis
(Advanced)

8. Prestress Analysis
Contents
1 Introduction

1.1 Concept of Prestress Analysis 8-3

2 Tutorial

2.1 Model Overview 8-6

2.2 Work Environment 8-7
2.3 Material & Section Properties 8-9
2.4 Generate Node & Element 8-10
2.5 Define Boundary Conditions 8-13
2.6 Define Loads 8-15
2.7 Perform Analysis 8-16
2.8 Check Analysis Result 8-18

8-1
 Structural Analysis II 8. Prestress Analysis
(Advanced)

8-2
Structural Analysis II 8. Prestress Analysis
(Advanced)

1. Introduction 1.1 Concept of Prestress Analysis

Prestressing is a technique wherein the prestressing strands (tendon) are induced with tensile
force which is transmitted as a compressive force to the concrete structure. The force transfer
between concrete and steel can be through the bond strength mechanism or through
anchorage plates held at the ends of prestressed concrete block or both. Based on whether
tensioning is done prior to hardening of concrete or post-hardening, prestressing techniques
can be categorized as pre-tensioning and post-tensioning techniques respectively.
The prestressing force reduces in intensity due to various factors and the losses in prestress
are classified as immediate losses and time dependent losses as mentioned below:
I. Immediate Losses
i. Elastic Shortening Loss: Due to axial shortening of concrete as per the prestress
application, the cable length too shortens leading to loss of prestressing force. This
occurs in both pre tensioning and post tensioning (when cables are stressed
sequentially) of concrete.
ii. Anchorage Slip Loss: In post tensioning technique, the prestressing force is
transferred through the end anchorage plates held up against concrete block,
wherein the end wedges slip over a distance before getting completely locked,
thereby resulting in reduction in length of tendon and loss in prestress. This loss
does not occur in pre-tensioning systems.
iii. Friction loss: The prestress losses due to wobbling of tendons and friction between
the duct and tendons during the stressing process are summed up under the head
frictional loss. It is also prevailing in post tensioning system only.
II. Time Dependent Losses
i. Relaxation Loss: The loss depicts the loss in stress in prestressing strands with time
under constant strain. The relaxation loss is dependent on the type of steel, initial
prestress and temperature.
ii. Creep Loss: As the deformation in concrete increases with time under sustained
loading, this results in loss of prestressing force. The creep of concrete with time is
quantified in terms of creep coefficient based on ratio of ultimate creep strain to
elastic strain. The creep coefficient is further used to calculate prestress loss due to
creep of concrete with time.
iii. Shrinkage Loss: As concrete contracts due to loss of moisture with time, this results
in loss of prestress. The shrinkage of concrete is also divided in two parts namely

8-3
 Structural Analysis II 8. Prestress Analysis
(Advanced)

initial shrinkage or autogenous shrinkage which occurs immediately after casting of

concrete and drying shrinkage which occurs with the passage of time as water
moves through the hardened concrete. Considering both autogenous and drying
shrinkage, final shrinkage coefficient is derived which is used to calculate prestress
loss due to shrinkage.

Let’s take an example of prestressing force application on a continuous beam.

MP
e
+
▶Figure 8.1 R MS
Prestressing Effect

=
M R =M P +MS

Let us consider the tendon profile as shown in the fig.8.2 for the continuous beam.

F a F F a F

qb
▶Figure 8.2 Pb
Effect of Tendon Profile P P qb qb
2 4 Fa 2 2 8 Fa 2
Pb  qb  2

Prestressing effect of a continuous beam can be explained with the help of deflection pattern
of the beam. If we remove the intermediate support of the beam, the central portion will hog
up due to the prestressing force. In practice, however because the support exists, the
deflection of the central portion will not occur, but instead there will be development of a
reaction force preventing the occurrence of deflection. The moment due to this reaction force
is called secondary moment due to prestressing. Primary prestressing moment is just the
8-4
Structural Analysis II 8. Prestress Analysis
(Advanced)

product of prestressing force and eccentricity of the tendon and C.G of the beam section.
Hence the total moment generated due to prestressing is the sum of primary and secondary
prestressing moments.
MR  MP  Ms
The secondary prestressing moment is null for determinate structures and thus in
determinate structures only primary moment prevails.

The resultant moment is the sum of the moments due to the eccentric distance effect and the
moments due to the reaction force of the support point. In the case of a determinate structure,
since the support point does not constrain the deformation, M s does not occur, so
MR  MP
. As a result, the magnitude of the second moment can be calculated by
subtracting the first moment from the resultant moment ( M s  M R  M P ).

8-5
 Structural Analysis II 8. Prestress Analysis
(Advanced)

2. Tutorial 2.1 Model Overview

2-span continuous beam is subjected to the action of a tensile force. Determine the maximum
bending moment with the stress stiffening effect.

▶Fig. 8.3
Analytical Model

 Material
Modulus of elasticity: 30,000 N/mm2

 Section
Square Section: 300 × 550mm2

 Load
900 kN by prestress on parabolic tendon.

8-6
 Structural Analysis II 8. Prestress Analysis
(Advanced)

2.2 Work Environment

Open a new file and save.

Main Menu > > New Project...

Main Menu > > Save

1. Enter a name : ‘Prestress’, Click [SAVE]

Set the unit system to use.

Main Menu > Tools > Unit System...

2. Select Length > mm, Force (Mass) > N
3. Click [OK]

▶ Fig 8.4
(a) Save the file
2
(b) Unit system setting

8-7
 Structural Analysis II 8. Prestress Analysis
(Advanced)

midas Gen is 3-D software, since beam exsit in a 2-D plane, X-Z plane in Global Coordinate
is set as the work plane, which restrains unnecessary degrees of freedom, Dy, Rx, Rz.

Main Menu > Structure > Type > Structure Type

1. Select Structure Type > X-Z Plane
2. Gravity Acceleration: ‘9806’
3. Click [OK]

▶ Fig 8.5 1
Set work plane

8-8
 Structural Analysis II 8. Prestress Analysis
(Advanced)

2.3 Material & Section Properties

Define material and section for the structure.

Main Menu > Properties > Material > Material Properties...

1. Click [Add...], Name : ‘Mat’
2. Select Elasticity Data > Type of Design > User Defined
3. User Defined > Modulus of Elasticity : ‘30,000’, Click [OK]
4. Click Section Tab and [Add...]
5. Select Section Shape Lists > Solid Rectangle, Name : ‘Sect’, Select User
6. H : ‘550’, B : ‘300’
7. Consider Shear Deformation (off)
8. Click [OK] and [Close]

▶ Fig 8.6 1
(a) Material definition 5
2
(b) Section definition

3 8

8-9
 Structural Analysis II 8. Prestress Analysis
(Advanced)

2.4 Generate Nodes & Elements

Create nodes where elements will be created.

Main Menu > Node/Element > Nodes > Create Nodes

1. Modify the unit at lower of the screen to kN, m
2. Coordinates (x, y, z) : ‘0, 0, 0’
Copy > Number of Times: ‘2’, Distances (dx, dy, dz) : ‘9,0,0’
3. Click [Apply]
4. Display Node Numbers, Auto Fitting, Front View (on)

▶Fig 8.7
Create nodes 4

2 4

3 4

8 - 10
 Structural Analysis II 8. Prestress Analysis
(Advanced)

Connect the nodes to create the element.

Main Menu > Model > Elements > Create Elements...

1. Select Element Type > General beam/Tapered beam
2. Select Material > 1:Mat and Section > 1:Sect
3. Click Nodal Connectivity green box, and Click node number (1, 3) in Model view

▶Fig 8.8
Create elements

2
3

8 - 11
 Structural Analysis II 8. Prestress Analysis
(Advanced)

2.5 Define Boundary Conditions

Define support conditions, pin support at each nodes.

Main Menu > Boundary > Supports > Define Supports

1. Hidden (off)
2. Click Select Single (on), Select node number 1 and 2 and 3
3. Support Type > Dx, Dz (on)
4. Click [Apply]

▶Fig 8.9
Define support condition

2 1

2 2 2
3

8 - 12
 Structural Analysis II 8. Prestress Analysis
(Advanced)

2.6 Define Loads

Define a load case to input the prestress.

Main Menu > Load > Static Loads > Static Load Cases
1. Name : ‘PrestressLoad’
Select Type > User Defined Load (USER)
2. Click [Add] and [Close]

▶Fig 8.10
Definition of load condition 1 2

8 - 13
 Structural Analysis II 8. Prestress Analysis
(Advanced)

Input the prestress load and eccentric distance considering tendon arrangement

Main Menu > Load > Temp./Prestress > Prestress Beam Loads
View / Display, Load Tab > Load Case > Click [...] in Load Value, Place : ‘4’, Click [OK]
1. Display Element Numbers (on)
2. Click Select Single (on),
3. Load Case Name > PrestressLoad
4. Loads > Tension : ‘900’, Di : ‘0’, Dm : ‘-0.15’ Dj : ‘0.15’
5. Click [Apply]
6. Click Select Single (on)
7. Loads > Tension : ‘900’, Di : ‘0.15’, Dm : ‘-0.15’ Dj : ‘0’
8. Click [Apply]

▶Fig 8.11
Prestress load input
2 1

4 2 6
7

5 8

8 - 14
 Structural Analysis II 8. Prestress Analysis
(Advanced)

2.7 Perform Analysis

Analyze the model.

Main Menu > Analysis > Perform Analysis

1. Check for successful completion in Message Window

Main Menu > View > Display...

2. Load Tab > Nodal Load (off), Click [OK]
3. Display Node and Element Numbers (off)

▶Fig 8.12
Message for a
2
successful run

8 - 15
 Structural Analysis II 8. Prestress Analysis
(Advanced)

2.8 Check Analysis Result

Check the reaction force at each support nodes.

Main Menu > Results > Reactions > Reaction Forces/Moments...

1. Select Load Cases/Combinations > ST : PrestressLoad
2. Select Components > FZ
3. Type of Display > Values, Legend (on)
Click [...] in Value, Number Option > Decimal Point : ‘3’
4. Click [Ok]

▶ Fig 8.13
Reaction force

1
2

8 - 16
Structural Analysis II 8. Prestress Analysis
(Advanced)

Check the bending moment.

Main Menu > Results > Forces > Beam Diagrams...

1. Select Load Cases/Combinations > ST : PrestressLoad
2. Select Components > My
3. Select Display Options > Exact
4. Type of Display > Contour, Value (on)
5. Output Section Location > All (on)
6. Click [Apply]

▶Fig 8.14
Bending moment

8 - 17
 Structural Analysis II 8. Prestress Analysis
(Advanced)

3. Exercise

Introduction Check bending moment of two span continuous beams with tendon prestressing.
Z

15cm 15cm 15cm

X
Tendon
9m 9m

 Material
Modulus of elasticity: 30,000 N/mm2

 Section
Square section : 300 × 550

 Load
Load of 900 kN by prestress on parabolic tensions
Equilibrium load of 20 kN/m across the whole area

8 - 18
Structural Analysis II 9. Thermal Stress Analysis
(Advanced)

9. Thermal Stress Analysis

Contents
1 Introduction

1.1 Concept of Thermal Stress Analysis 9-3

2 Tutorial

2.1 Model Overview 9-8

2.2 Work Environment 9-9
2.3 Material & Section Properties 9-11
2.4 Generate Node & Element 9-12
2.5 Define Boundary Conditions 9-14
2.6 Define Loads 9-15
2.7 Perform Analysis 9-17
2.8 Check Analysis Result 9-19

9-1
Structural Analysis II 9. Thermal Stress Analysis
(Advanced)

9-2
Structural Analysis II 9. Thermal Stress Analysis
(Advanced)

1. Introduction 1.1 Concept of Thermal Stress Analysis

In general, when object are exposed to temperature variation, they either elongate or shrink
depending on temperature rise or fall. At higher temperature the molecules within the
structure starts to vibrate rapidly and push away from one another. This increased separation
causes the solid to expand, increasing its volume. The volumetric expansion could give rise
to greater levels of thermal stress. Thermal Stresses can have significant effects on structure’s
strength, stability inducing cracks and breaking of components. It is necessary that the overall
design of the structure is accounted for thermal stresses as well, else might lead to
unexpected weakening and deformation of the structure.

But these stress that built up due to the temperature variation, gets released, when the objects
are free to deform. For instance, the expansion joints that are often implemented into design
of buildings, bridges and railways help to release the internal stresses caused by the increase
in temperature. However, if the object is constrained and not free to deform, stress starts
building up. To determine the effects of these built up stresses on structures, Thermal Stress
Analysis is performed. The thermal stress that occur on an object depends on its unique
material property called the thermal expansion coefficient (σ).

Strain ≠ 0; Stress = 0
σ=0
▶Fig 9.1
Thermal Stress
Strain = 0; Stress ≠ 0 𝐹
F σ= = -EαΔT
𝐴

9-3
 Structural Analysis II 9. Thermal Stress Analysis
(Advanced)

Let us consider a worked out example. The two structures (a) and (b)

E = 2x104 N/mm2, I = 1x1010mm4, σ = Thermal expansion coefficient = 1x10-5/ ˚C

ΔT=100 C ΔT=100 C
A B A B

▶Fig 9.2
Example of thermal 2m 2m
change

C C
2m 2m

(a) (b)

Let us just consider Temperature change on element AB. Due to this Temperature change,
deformation  on the element AB in both the cases (a) , (b) would be same i.e.,

  1105 oC 100oC  2,000mm  2mm

From Figure 9.2 (a) the element AB at Point A is free for transverse displacement, and hence
expands to left by 2 mm. On the other hand from Figure 9.2(b), the element at Point A is
restrained from transverse displacement. Hence it expand to the right by 2mm at point B.
Therefore, this would induce a Horizontal reaction force at point C i.e., at the bottom of the
element BC, which would be equal and opposite of the Horizontal reaction at point A.

Figure 9.3 (a) & (b) depicts the deformation in the structure after the increase in temperature.

9-4
 Structural Analysis II 9. Thermal Stress Analysis
(Advanced)

2mm 2mm
H

▶Fig 9.3
Effect of thermal change

C
H
M
(a) (b)

Considering the force and moment equilibrium, the reaction forces are computed ature
change considered.

3EI 3  2  104  1 1010

M    2  106  300kN  m
l 2
20002
300
H   150kN
2

9-5
 Structural Analysis II 9. Thermal Stress Analysis
(Advanced)

2. Tutorial 2.1 Model Overview

Examine the resultant stress of a structure comprised of truss members. The structure is
subjected to a concentrated load and a uniform temperature change over the entire structures.

Global coordinate system origin

1 2 3
X

Truss 1 Truss 2 Truss 3

▶Fig 9.4
500mm

Structural geometry &

analysis model
250mm 250mm

4 4 5 5 6 ΔT=10 C
  
Rigid Beam
 C =92  10-7 mm/mm  C
 S =70  10-7 mm/mm  C
P=20kN

 Model 1
A model with rigid beam element hanging on truss

 Model 2
A model with a rigid link element hanging on truss

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Structural Analysis II 9. Thermal Stress Analysis
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 Material
Truss 1, Truss 3
Modulus of elasticity (Ec): 1.1 × 105 N/mm
Coefficient of thermal expansion (αc): 9.2 × 10-6 mm/mm℃

Truss 2
Modulus of elasticity (Es) : 2.05 × 105 N/mm2
Coefficient of thermal expansion (αs) : 7.0 × 10-6 mm/mm℃

Rigid Beam
Modulus of elasticity (EB) : 7.0 × 1012 N/mm2

 Section
Truss element (vertical) area A : 65mm2
Beam element (rigid body) Iyy : 400,000mm4

 Load
A concentrated load 20kN is applied to the node 5 in the –Z direction.
Temperature change over the entire structure
Initial temperature: 15 ℃
Final temperature: 25 ℃

9-7
 Structural Analysis II 9. Thermal Stress Analysis
(Advanced)

2.2 Work Environment

Open a new file and save.

Main Menu > > New Project...

Main Menu > > Save

1. Enter a name : ‘Thermal 1’, Click [SAVE]

Set the unit system to.

Main Menu > Tools > Unit System...

2. Select Length > mm, Force (Mass) > N
3. Click [OK]

▶Fig 9.5 2
(a) Save the file
(b) Set unit system

The unit system setting

can be easily set at the
status bar at the bottom
3
of the screen.

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 Structural Analysis II 9. Thermal Stress Analysis
(Advanced)

midas Gen is 3-D software, since beam exsit in a 2-D plane, X-Z plane in Global Coordinate
is set as the work plane, which restrains unnecessary degrees of freedom, Dy, Rx, Rz.

Main Menu > Structure > Type > Structure Type...

1. Select Structure Type > X-Z Plane
2. Gravity Acceleration: ‘9806’, Initial Temperature: ‘15’
3. Click [OK]

▶Fig 9.6 1
Set work plane

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 Structural Analysis II 9. Thermal Stress Analysis
(Advanced)

2.3 Material & Section Properties

Define material and section for the structure.

Main Menu > Properties > Material > Material Properties

1. Click [Add...], Name : ‘Truss 2’
2. Select Elasticity Data > Type of Design > User Defined
3. User Defined > Modulus of Elasticity : ‘2.05e5’
Thermal Coefficient : ‘7.0e-6’, Click [Apply]
4. Material ID : ‘2’, Name : ‘Truss 1,3’
5. Select Elasticity Data > Type of Design > User Defined,
6. User Defined > Modulus of Elasticity : ‘1.1e5’
Thermal Coefficient : ‘9.2e-6’, Click [Apply]
7. Material ID : ‘3’, Name : ‘Rigid Beam’
8. Select Elasticity Data > Type of Design > User Defined
9. User Defined > Modulus of Elasticity : ‘7.0e12’
Thermal Coefficient : ‘0’
10. Click [OK]
11. Click Section Tab and [Add...] and Value Tab
12. Select Section Shape Lists > Box, Name : ‘Truss’
13. Size > H : ‘15’, B : ‘15’, tw : ‘2.5’, tf1 : ‘2.5’, Section Properties > Area : ‘65’
14. Consider Shear Deformation (off), Click [Apply]
15. ID : ‘2’, Name : ‘Beam’
16. Size > H : ‘25’, B : ‘25’, tw : ‘2.5’, tf1 : ‘2.5’, Section Properties > Iyy : ‘400,000’
17. Click [OK] and [Close]

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 Structural Analysis II 9. Thermal Stress Analysis
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1
▶Fig 9.7
(a), (b), (c) Material 2
definition 4
(d), (e) section definition
5
7

3 8

11
10
12
15
13

16

14

17
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 Structural Analysis II 9. Thermal Stress Analysis
(Advanced)

2.4 Generate Nodes & Elements

Creates nodes at the support.

Main Menu > Node/Element > Nodes > Create Nodes

1. Modify unit to kN, mn
2. Coordinates (x, y, z) : ‘0, 0, 0’
3. Copy > Number of Times: ‘2’, Distances (dx, dy, dz) : ‘250,0,0’
4. Click [Apply]
5. Display Node Numbers, Auto Fitting, Front View (on)

▶Fig 9.8
Create nodes 5

5
2

4 5

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 Structural Analysis II 9. Thermal Stress Analysis
(Advanced)

Create truss elements by extruding node to line element using Extrude Element.

Main Menu > Node/Element > Elements > Extrude

1. Display Element Numbers (on), Click Select All
2. Select Extrude Type > Node  Line Element
3. Select Element Attribute > Element Type > Truss
Select Material > 2: Truss 1,3, Section > 1: Truss
4. dx,dy,dz : ‘0,0,-500’, Number of Times : ‘1’
5. Click [Apply]
▶Fig 9.9
Create Truss Element

1 1

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 Structural Analysis II 9. Thermal Stress Analysis
(Advanced)

Create the beam element between node 4 and node 6 using Extrude Element.

Main Menu > Node/Element > Elements > Extrude

1. Click Select Single (on)
2. Select node number 4 and 5
3. Select Extrude Type > Node  Line Element
4. Select Element Attribute > Element Type > Beam
Select Material > 3: Rigid Beam, Section > 2: Beam
5. Translation > dx,dy,dz : ‘250,0,0’, Number of Times : ‘1’
6. Click [Apply]

▶Fig 9.10
Create beam element
1

2 2
5

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 Structural Analysis II 9. Thermal Stress Analysis
(Advanced)

Modify the material property of element 2 using Drag & Drop.

Extrude Element Dialogue box, Click [Close] ,

1. Select Tree Menu > Works Tab
2. Select Single (on)
3. Selection of center No. 2
4. Works > Properties > Material > 1: Truss 2 (Drag & Drop)

▶Fig 9.11
Modify material

1
Drag & Drop: Drag from
the left-click state of the
mouse and drop it into the
Model View

4 Drag & Drop

3

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 Structural Analysis II 9. Thermal Stress Analysis
(Advanced)

2.5 Define Boundary Conditions

Define fixed condition at upper support and lower node is assigned Dx degree of freedom
restrained.

Main Menu > Boundary > Supports > Define Supports

1. Hidden (off)
2. Click Select Single (on), Select node number 1 and 2 and 3
3. Support Type > D-ALL (on), Click [Apply]
4. Click Select Single (on), Select node number 4 and 5 and 6
5. Support Type > Dx (on), Dy, Dz (off), Click [Apply]

▶Fig 9.12
Define support condition
2 2 2 1 2

3
5

3 5

4 4 4

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 Structural Analysis II 9. Thermal Stress Analysis
(Advanced)

2.6 Define Loads

Define load conditions for nodal node and temperature loads.

Main Menu > Load > Static Loads > Static Load Cases
1. Name : ‘Nodal’
Select Type > User Defined Load (USER), Click [Add]
2. Name : ‘Temp’
Select Type > User Defined Load (USER), Click [Add]
3. Click [Close]

▶Fig 9.13
Define load condition
1
1
2
2

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 Structural Analysis II 9. Thermal Stress Analysis
(Advanced)

Input a concentrated load 20 kN on node 5.

Main Menu > Load > Static Loads > Nodal Loads
View / Display... > Load Tab > Load Value (on) > [...] > Place : ‘2’, Click [OK]
1. Click Select Single (on), Select node number 5
2. Select Load Case Name > Nodal
3. Nodal Loads > FZ : ‘-20’
4. Click [Apply]

▶ Fig 9.14
Input nodal load

4
1

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 Structural Analysis II 9. Thermal Stress Analysis
(Advanced)

Input 25°C for entire structure temperature in order to reflect a load by 10°C temperature
difference (25-15 = 10 ° C).

Main Menu > Load > Temp./Prestress > System Temperature

1. Select Load Case Name > Temp
2. Temperature > Final Temperature : ‘25’
3. Click [Add]
▶Fig 9.15
Input temperature load

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 Structural Analysis II 9. Thermal Stress Analysis
(Advanced)

2.7 Perform Analysis

Analyze the model.

Main Menu > Analysis > Perform Analysis

1. Check for successful completion in Message Window
2. Display Node Numbers, Display Element Numbers (off)

▶Fig 9.16
Message for a
successful run

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 Structural Analysis II 9. Thermal Stress Analysis
(Advanced)

2.8 Check Analysis Result

Create a load combination for checking result combined nodal load & temperature load.
Load combination condition 1 (LCB 1): 1.0 Nodal + 1.0 Temp

Main Menu > Results > Combination > Load Combination

1. Confirm General Tab
2. Load Combination List > Name : LCB1
3. Load Cases and Factors > LoadCase : Nodal(ST), Factor : ‘1’
LoadCase : Temp(ST), Factor : ‘1’
4. Click [Close]

▶ Fig 9.17
2 3
Create load combination

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 Structural Analysis II 9. Thermal Stress Analysis
(Advanced)

Check the reaction force on upper support.

Main Menu > Results > Reaction > Reaction Forces/Moments…

1. Select Load Cases/Combinations > ST : Nodal
2. Select Components > FZ
3. Type of Display > Value, Legend (on)
4. Click [...] in Values
5. Number Options > Decimal Points : ‘5’
6. Click [OK]
▶Fig 9.18
Check reaction force

3
4
5

Check reaction force 9.64706 kN at Truss 2 and 5.17647 kN at Truss 1 and 3.

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 Structural Analysis II 9. Thermal Stress Analysis
(Advanced)

Check the deformation due to nodal load.

Main Menu > Results > Deformations > Deformed Shape...

1. Select Load Cases/Combinations > ST : Nodal
2. Select Components > DZ
3. Type of Display > Undeformed, Values, Legend (on)
4. Click [...] in Values
5. Number Options > Decimal Points : ‘5’
6. Click [OK]

▶Fig 9.19
Check deformation

5
2

4 6

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 Structural Analysis II 9. Thermal Stress Analysis
(Advanced)

Check the axial force due to nodal load.

Main Menu > Results > Forces > Truss Forces...

1. Select Load Cases/Combinations > ST : Nodal
2. Type of Display > Contour, Deform, Values, Legend (on)
3. Click [Apply]

▶Fig 9.20
Check deformation

Check 9.64706 kN in the Truss 2 and 5.17647 kN in the Truss 1 and 3.

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 Structural Analysis II 9. Thermal Stress Analysis
(Advanced)

Check the truss stress due to nodal load.

Main Menu > Results > Stresses > Truss Stresses...

1. Modify kN, mm unit system at the bottom of the screen to N, mm system
2. Select Load Cases/Combinations > ST : Nodal
3. Type of Display > Contour, Deform, Values, Legend (on)
4. Click [...] in Values
5. Number Options > Decimal Points : ‘5’, Click [OK]

▶Fig 9.21
Truss stress

5
3

Check stress 41629 N/mm2 in Truss 2 member and 79.63801 N/mm2 in Truss 1 and 3.

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 Structural Analysis II 9. Thermal Stress Analysis
(Advanced)

Save as different file name for Rigid Link model.

Main Menu > File > Save As...

1. Enter a name : ‘Thermal 2’, Click [SAVE]

▶Fig 9.22
Save new name

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Structural Analysis II 9. Thermal Stress Analysis
(Advanced)

Modify the modulus of elasticity of the existing rigid beam in order to convert Rigid Link from
Rigid Body.

Main Menu > Properties > Material > Material Properties

1. Double Click Rigid Beam on Lists
2. Elasticity Data > User Defined > Modulus of Elasticity : ‘7.0e-3’
3. Click [OK] and [Close]

▶Fig 9.23
Modify material property

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 Structural Analysis II 9. Thermal Stress Analysis
(Advanced)

Connect node 4 & 6 to node 5 which is mater node of Rigid Link.

Change the unit to kN, mm

Main Menu > Boundary > Link > Rigid Link

1. Display Node Numbers (on)
2. Click Select Single (on), Select node number 4 and 6
3. Master Node > Master Node Number : ‘5’
4. DOF of Rigid Link > DZ (on), DX, DY, RX, RY, RZ (off)
5. Click [Apply]

▶Fig 9.24
Rigid link connection 2 1

2 2

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 Structural Analysis II 9. Thermal Stress Analysis
(Advanced)

Check a model modification and perform analysis

Main Menu > Analysis > Perform Analysis

1. 1. Check for successful completion in Message Window
2. Display Node Numbers (off)

▶Fig 9.25
Message for a
successful run 2

9 - 29
 Structural Analysis II 9. Thermal Stress Analysis
(Advanced)

Check the reaction force of the upper end of the truss by the temperature load.

Main Menu > Results > Reaction > Reaction Forces/Moments

1. Select Load Cases/Combinations > ST : Temp
2. Select Components > FZ
3. Type of Display > Value, Legend (on)
4. Click [...] in Values
5. Number Options > Decimal Points : ‘5’
6. Click [OK]
▶Fig 9.26
Reaction force

4
5

Check the reaction force 0.15175 kN at Truss 2, -0.07587 kN at Truss 1 & 3 due to the
temperature load.
Truss 1, 2, 3 members are connected by rigid link for to the vertical direction of freedom.
Therefore, Truss 2 which has a small thermal expansion coefficient has +Z Direction
reaction force due to tensile stress. Truss 1, 3 has a reaction force in the -Z Direction
generated.

9 - 30
Structural Analysis II 9. Thermal Stress Analysis
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Check the deformation due to temperature load

Main Menu > Results > Deformations > Deformed Shape...

1. Select Load Cases/Combinations > ST : Temp
2. Select Components > DZ
3. Type of Display > Undeformed, Values, Legend (on)
4. Click [...] in Values
5. Number Options > Decimal Points : ‘5’
6. Click [OK]

▶Fig 9.27
Deformation

1
5

3
6

Check deformation 0.04069mm at node 4, 5, which connected by the rigid link.

9 - 31
 Structural Analysis II 9. Thermal Stress Analysis
(Advanced)

Check the axial force due to temperature load

Main Menu > Results > Forces > Truss Forces...

1. Select Load Cases/Combinations > ST : Temp
2. Click [...] in Values
3. Number Options > Decimal Points : ‘5’
4. Click [OK]

▶Fig 9.28
Deformation

Check a tensile force of 0.15175 kN on Truss 2 member, and compressive force of 0.07587
kN on Truss 1 and 3 member.

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 Structural Analysis II 9. Thermal Stress Analysis
(Advanced)

Confirm the truss stress due to temperature load.

Main Menu > Results > Stresses > Truss Stresses...

Change unit system to kN, mm
1. Select Load Cases/Combinations > ST : Temp
2. Type of Display > Contour, Deform, Values, Legend (on)
3. Click [...] in Values
4. Number Options > Decimal Points : ‘5’
5. Click [OK]

▶Fig 9.29
Truss stress

2 4

Confirm the stress 2.33459 N/mm2 on Truss 2 member, and -1.16729 N/mm2 on Truss 1 &
3 members.
Check the stress 150.75 N/mm2 on Truss 2 member, and 78.47 N/mm2 in Truss 1 and 3
members due to the load combination condition (LCB1)

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 Structural Analysis II 10. Plate Analysis on the Out of Plane Load
(Advanced)

10 - 2
Structural Analysis II 10. Plate Analysis on Out-of-plane Load
(Advanced)

10. Plate Analysis on

Out-of-plane Load
Contents
1 Introduction

1.1 Concept of P-delta Analysis 10-3

2 Tutorial

2.1 Model Overview 10-9

2.2 Work Environment 10-11
2.3 Material & Section Properties 10-13
2.4 Generate Node & Element 10-15
2.5 Define Boundary Conditions 10-18
2.6 Define Loads 10-19
2.7 Perform Analysis 10-29
2.8 Check Analysis Result 10-30

3 Exercise 10-39

10 - 1
 Structural Analysis II 10. Plate Analysis on the Out of Plane Load
(Advanced)

10 - 2
 Structural Analysis II 10. Plate Analysis on Out-of-plane Load
(Advanced)

1. Introduction 1.1 Concept of Plate Analysis on

the Out-of-plane Load

Typically, plate elements are required for analysis of structures which would bear out-of-plane
loads like bridge slab, foundation slab, retaining walls, etc. The pressure loads are borne by
the plates and are transferred to the foundation/ground via adjacent elements like beams,
columns and walls.

Plate element has 6 degrees of freedom at each node. But the in-plane torsional stiffness
corresponding to 𝜃𝑧 is provided just to a level such that it prevents the analysis errors.
Elements with appropriate assumptions can be used for structural analysis. Plate elements
solutions are based on approximations and hence the division of elements is essential. The
degree of finer divisions for appropriate interpretation should be determined from the
convergence obtained from the analysis results.

z
y

1
x 4

▶Fig 10.1
Nodal degrees of freedom
 z3
of plate elements
Neutral Plane
w3

2 3
v3 y 3

u3

x3

10 - 3
 Structural Analysis II 10. Plate Analysis on the Out of Plane Load
(Advanced)

Plate elements can be triangular or rectangular in shape. In case of rectangular plate

elements, the x-axis is aligned such that it is equidistant from nodes 1-4 and nodes 2-3. For
triangular elements, the x-axis is parallel to the line formed by connecting nodes 1 & 2 as
shown in the image below.

ECS z-axis

Node numbering order for

creating the element

(N1N2N3N4)
ECS y-axis (perpendicular to
the ECS x-axis in the element plane

▶Fig 10.2
Element coordinate Center of Element
system of plate element

ECS x-axis

(N1 N2 direction)

ECS z-axis (normal to the element surface, out of the paper)

Node numbering order for
creating the element

ECS y-axis (perpendicular to

ECS x-axis in the element plane)

ECS x-axis

Center of Element

In case of the out-of-plane loads acting on the plates, since bending deformations occur, the
concept of one dimensional beam elements could be extended to the two dimensional plate
elements. Since the effects of shear deformations can’t be ignored in case of thick beams
(Timoshenko beam) same as in case of thin beam (Euler-Bernoulli beam), similarly, the
plates are divided into thin plates (Kirchhoff-Love plate) and thick plate (Mindlin-Reissner
plate). However, the geometric concept introduced here is same as that of beam. The
deformations occurring due to bending moment or shear force in beam or plate are defined
as below.

10 - 4
 Structural Analysis II 10. Plate Analysis on Out-of-plane Load
(Advanced)

z w,x 혹은 w,
W,x or W,y
y
▶Fig 10.3
Thin and thick plates  

Assumed Thick
두꺼운판 가정 Plate

얇은 판 가정
Assumed Thin Plate

Xxor혹은
Y y

As it could be noted from the figure, the effects of shear deformation is also taken into account
for thick plate elements. However 𝜃𝑥 , 𝜃𝑦 , w,x and w,y have different definition of positive
direction. 𝜃𝑥 and 𝜃𝑦 are signed in accordance to the right hand rule, while w,x and w,y are
based on differentiation and hence the sign is determined in accordance to angle of tilt. As a
result, the positive direction of 𝜃𝑦 and w,x are opposite to each other and that of 𝜃𝑥 and w,y are
the same.

z,w z,w

▶Fig 10.4
Direction of 𝜃𝑥 , 𝜃𝑦 , w,x
and w,y
w, x () w, y ()
y,v

 y ()
x,u y,v
 x ()
x,u

10 - 5
 Structural Analysis II 10. Plate Analysis on the Out of Plane Load
(Advanced)

From Fig. 10.4, the relation between the slope of deflection curve and the rotation angle is as
follows.
▶ 식 10.1
w, x   y   zx or  y   w, x  zx
▶Eq 10.1
w, y   x   yz or  x  w, y  yz

The deformation angles of thin beam (or plate) and thick beam (or plate) can be summarized
as:

▶Eq 10.2 Thin Beam:  y   w, x Thin plate:  y   w, x ,  x  w, y

▶ 식 10.2
▶Eq 10.3 Thick Beam:  y   w, x  xz Thick plate:  y   w, x  xz ,  x  w, y  yz
▶ 식 10.3
The displacement u in the x direction and the displacement v in the y direction are as follows
(Fig. 10.4).
▶Eq 10.4 u  z y , v   z x

▶ 식 10.4
There are 𝜀𝑥 , 𝜀𝑦 , 𝛾𝑥𝑦 when using thin plate assumption and 𝜀𝑥 , 𝜀𝑦 , 𝛾𝑥𝑦 , 𝛾𝑥𝑧 , 𝛾𝑦𝑧 when using
thick plate assumption. Therefore, the strain for each of the thin plate and the thick plate can
be expressed as follows, assuming that the section of the plate element maintains the plane
after deformation.

Thin Plate:
▶Eq 10.5
 x  u, x  z y , x   zw, xx
 y  v, y   z x , y   zw, yy
 xy  u, y v, x  z y , y  z x , x  2 zw, xy
 xz   yz  0
▶ 식 10.5

10 - 6
 Structural Analysis II 10. Plate Analysis on Out-of-plane Load
(Advanced)

Thick Plate:
▶Eq 10.6  x  u , x  z y , x  z   w, xx  xz , x 
▶ 식 10.6
 y  v, y   z x , y  z   w, yy  yz , y 
 xy  u , y  v, x  z y , y  z x , x  z  2 w, xy  xz , y  yz , x 
 yz  w, y  x
 zx  w, x  y

Except for the values in the y-z plane in the above equation, the result is the same as the
beam element. The relationship of the stress-strain to the plane stress in the thin plate
assumption is as follows.

▶ 식 10.7  x 
▶Eq 10.7 1 v 0  x 
  E   
 y   v 1 0   y 
  1  v2
 
xy
 0 0 1  v  2   xy 

The moments and shear forces in the plate elements are obtained by integrating the stresses
as follows.
▶ 식 10.8
▶Eq 10.8 M xx    x zdz , M yy    y zdz , M xy    xy zdz , Vxx    zx dz  0, Vyy    yz dz  0
t t t t t

▶ 식 10.9
Applying Equation 10.5 to the thin plate gives the following relation.
▶Eq 10.9  M xx  1 v 0    w, xx 
    
 yy 
M  D v 1 0    w, yy 
M   0 0 1  v  2  2 w, xy 
 xy 

▶ 식 10.10
In the case of a thick plate, the relationship between force and deformation can be obtained
in the same way.
▶Eq 10.10  M xx  1 v 0 0 0   w, xx  xz , x 
M  v 1    w ,   , 
 yy   0 0 0   yy yz y 
 M xy   D  0 0 1  v  2 0 0   2 w, xy  xz , y  yz , x 
V   
0 0 0 kGt D 0  w, y  x 
 xx   
 Vyy   0 0 0 0 kGt D   w, x  y 

10 - 7
 Structural Analysis II 10. Plate Analysis on the Out of Plane Load
(Advanced)

Where 𝑘 is a constant that occurs in the process of integrating the shear stress on the section
and is 5/6 for a plate of uniform thickness. For the formulation for the finite element analysis,
we can derive the relation of force-node deformation assuming the deformation 𝑤, 𝛾, 𝜃.

10 - 8
 Structural Analysis II 10. Plate Analysis on Out-of-plane Load
(Advanced)

2. Tutorial 2.1 Model Overview

Examine direction of principal stress when out-of-plane loads are applied to plate.

Z
Y
X
▶ Figure 10.5 ω=10.0kN/m 2 ω=10.0kN/m 2
Analytical model (load) 0m 0m
t=0.02m 1. 1.
1.0m 1.0m

Model 1 Model 2

ω=10.0kN/m 2
0m
1.

4.0m

Model 3

10 - 9
 Structural Analysis II 10. Plate Analysis on the Out of Plane Load
(Advanced)

1.0m

1.0m
▶Fig 10.6
Structural geometry &
analysis model X
1.0m 1.0m
Model 1 (Two fixed) Model 2 (Four fixed)

1.0m
4.0m
Model 3 (Four fixed)

 Material
Modulus of elasticity (Steel SM490) : 2.05 × 105 N/mm2
Poisson’s ratio : 0.3

 Section
Thickness : 20 mm

 Load
A pressure load : 10 kN/m2 is applied in the -Z direction

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 Structural Analysis II 10. Plate Analysis on Out-of-plane Load
(Advanced)

2.2 Work Environment

Open a new file and save the file name

Main Menu > > New Project...

Main Menu > > Save

1. Enter a name : ‘Plate-Thick’, Click [SAVE]

Set the unit system to use.

Main Menu > Tools > Unit System...

2. Select Length > m, Force(Mass) > kN
3. Click [OK]

2
▶Fig 10.7
(a) Save the file
(b) Set unit system

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 Structural Analysis II 10. Plate Analysis on the Out of Plane Load
(Advanced)

midas Gen is 3-D software, since beam exsit in a 2-D plane, X-Z plane in Global Coordinate
is set as the work plane, which restrains unnecessary degrees of freedom, Dy, Rx, Rz.

Main Menu > Structure > Type > Structure Type...

1. Select Structure Type > 3-D
2. Gravity Acceleration : ‘9.806’
3. Click [OK]
▶Fig 10.8
Set work plane

▶Fig 10.8 1
Set work plane

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 Structural Analysis II 10. Plate Analysis on Out-of-plane Load
(Advanced)

2.3 Material & Section Properties

Define the plate material as name SM490.

Main Menu > Properties > Material > Material Properties

1.Click [Add...]
2. Name : ‘SM490’
3. Select Type of Design > Steel and Standard > IS(S) and DB > Fe490
4. Click [OK] and [Close]

▶Fig 10.9 2
material 1
Define Material

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 Structural Analysis II 10. Plate Analysis on the Out of Plane Load
(Advanced)

Define the thickness of plate (20 mm).

Main Menu > Properties > Section > Thickness

1. Click [Add...]
2. In-plane & Out-of plane : ‘0.02’
3. Click [OK]
4. Click [Close]

Fig 10.10 1
Define Thickness
2

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 Structural Analysis II 10. Plate Analysis on Out-of-plane Load
(Advanced)

2.4 Generate Nodes & Elements

Create nodes where elements will be created.

Main Menu > Node/Element > Nodes > Create Nodes...

1. Coordinates (x, y, z) : ‘0, 0, 0’
2. Copy > Number of Times : ‘10’
3. Distance (dx, dy, dz) : ‘0.1, 0, 0’
4. Click [Apply]
5. Display Node Numbers, Auto Fitting, Top View (on)

▶Fig 10.11
Create Nodes
5

5
2

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 Structural Analysis II 10. Plate Analysis on the Out of Plane Load
(Advanced)

Translate nodes to create a square plate element.

Main Menu > Node/Element > Nodes > Translate...

1. Select Mode > Copy
2. Select Translation > Equal Distance
dx, dy, dz : ‘0, 0.1, 0’, Number of Times : ‘10’
3. Click Select All (on) Select all members
4. Click [Apply]

▶Fig 10.12
Translate nodes
3

1
2

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Structural Analysis II 10. Plate Analysis on Out-of-plane Load
(Advanced)

Connect the nodes to create the plate.

Main Menu > Node/Element > Elements > Create Elements...

1. Select Element Type > Plate
Select Type > Thick, With Drilling DOF ( off)
2. Select Material > 1 : SM490 and Thickness > 1 : 0.0200
3. Click Nodal Connectivity and select node number 1, 11, 121, 111

▶Fig 10.13
Create plate elements

3 3

What is Thick and Thin

when creating Plate? 2
Thick: Consider shear
deformation
Thin: Consideration of
shear deformation
(Thick by default) 3 3
3

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 Structural Analysis II 10. Plate Analysis on the Out of Plane Load
(Advanced)

2.5 Define Boundary Conditions

Restrain all degrees of freedom (Dx, Dy, Dz, Rx, Ry, Rz) among two sides.

Main Menu > Boundary > Supports > Define Supports

1. Hidden, Display Node Numbers (off)
2. In the Select by Window (on) mode
3. Select the nodes
4. Support Type (Local Direction > D-ALL (on), R-ALL (on)
5. Click [Apply]

▶Fig 10.14
2 1 1
Define boundary
condition
3

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 Structural Analysis II 10. Plate Analysis on Out-of-plane Load
(Advanced)

2.6 Define Loads

Define load case (load type) first to which the loading will belong.

Main Menu > Load > Static Loads > Static Load Cases...
1. Name : ‘Pressure’
2. Select Type > User Defined Load (USER)
3. Click [Add]
4. Click [Close]

▶Fig 10.15
1 3
Definition load cases

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 Structural Analysis II 10. Plate Analysis on the Out of Plane Load
(Advanced)

Input a pressure load of 10 kN/m2 on the plate element

Main Menu > Load > Static Loads > Pressure Loads...
Main Menu > View / Display... > Load Tab > Load Value (on), Click [OK]
1. Click Select All
2. Select Load Case Name > Pressure
3. Select Element Types > Plate/Plane Stress(Face)
4. Select Pressure on Plate > Direction > Global Z
5. Loads > P1 : ‘-10’
6. Click [Apply]
7. Click Iso View

▶Fig 10.16
Inpute pressure load
1

3
7

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 Structural Analysis II 10. Plate Analysis on Out-of-plane Load
(Advanced)

Model 2 is created by replicating pressure loads and boundary conditions entered in Model
1.

Main Menu > Node/El;ement > Elements > Translate...

1. Select Select All
2. Translation > Equal Distance > dx,dy,dz : ‘2,0,0’, Number of Times : ‘1’
3. Copy Node Attributes (on), Copy Element Attributes (on)
4. Click [Apply]

▶ Fig 10.17
Create Model 2
1

10 - 21
 Structural Analysis II 10. Plate Analysis on the Out of Plane Load
(Advanced)

Modify boundary conditions in Model 2

Main Menu > Boundary > Supports > Define Supports

Main Menu > View / Display..., Boundary Tab > Support (on), Click [OK]
1. Click Top View
2. Click Select by Window (on) to select the left / right border of Model 2 (see the following
figure)
3. Support Type (Local Direction) > D-ALL (on), R-ALL (on)
4. Click [Apply]

▶Fig 10.18
Modify boundary condition
2
in model 2

3
2

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 Structural Analysis II 10. Plate Analysis on Out-of-plane Load
(Advanced)

Generate model 3.

Main Menu > Node/Element > Elements > Translate...

1. Click Select by Window (on), Select all Model 2
2. Translation > Equal Distance > dx,dy,dz : ‘-2,-1.5,0’, Number of Times : ‘1’
3. Copy Node Attributes (on), Copy Element Attributes (on)
4. Click [Apply]

▶Fig 10.19
Create Model 3
1

10 - 23
 Structural Analysis II 10. Plate Analysis on the Out of Plane Load
(Advanced)

Scale up model 3 using Scale Nodes the X direction.

Main Menu > Node/Element > Nodes > Scale...

1. Click Select by Window (on), Select all Model 3
2. Scale Factors > sfx : ‘4.0’, sfy : ‘1.0’, sfz : ‘1.0’,
3. Scale About > User : ‘0,-0.5,0’
4. Select Selection Type > By Selection
5. Click [Apply]

▶ Figure 10.20
Scale up Model 3
1

4
5

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 Structural Analysis II 10. Plate Analysis on Out-of-plane Load
(Advanced)

Divide plate element (Model 3) in the x-axis direction.

Main Menu > Node/Element > Element > Divide...

1. Click Select by Window (on), Select all Model 3
2. Select Divide > Element Type > Planar
3. Select Equal Distance
4. Number of Division x : ‘4’, Number of Division y : ‘1’
5. Click [Apply]

▶ Fig 10.21
Divide Model 3 elements 1

2
3 1

10 - 25
 Structural Analysis II 10. Plate Analysis on the Out of Plane Load
(Advanced)

Redefine boundary condition in Model

Main Menu > Boundary > Supports > Define Supports

1. Click Select by Window (on)
2. Select nodes in Model 3 (top/bottom nodes)
3. Support Type (Local Direction) > D-ALL (on), R-ALL (on)
4. Click [Apply]

▶Fig 10.22
Redefined boundary
condition
1

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 Structural Analysis II 10. Plate Analysis on Out-of-plane Load
(Advanced)

Create model 4 using Translate elements. The model 4 which is only a quarter model may
be analyzed due to symmetry.

Main Menu > Node/Element > Elements > Translate...

1. Click Select by Window (on) Select 1/4 area element of Model 3 (20 cells in X direction,
5 cells in Y direction)
2. Translation > Equal Distance > dx,dy,dz : ‘0,-1.5,0’, Number of Times : ‘1’
3. Copy Node Attributes (on), Copy Element Attributes (on)
4. Click [Apply]

▶Figure 10.23
Creation Model 4
1

1
2

10 - 27
 Structural Analysis II 10. Plate Analysis on the Out of Plane Load
(Advanced)

Define boundary condition in Model 4.

Main Menu > Boundary > Supports > Define Supports

1. Click Select by Window (on) and select bottom nodes in Model 4
2. Support Type (Local Direction) > Dy (on), Rx (on)
3. Click [Apply]
4. Click Select by Window (on) and select right modes in Model 4
5. Support Type (Local Direction) > Dx (on), Ry (on)
6. Click [Apply]

▶Fig 10.24
Define boundary condition 1

Model 1 Model 2

Model 3

2 5
Model 4

4
3 6 5
1
2

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 Structural Analysis II 10. Plate Analysis on Out-of-plane Load
(Advanced)

2.7 Perform Analysis

Perform structural analysis of models

Main Menu > Analysis > Perform Analysis

1. Check for successful completion in Message Window
2. Main Menu > View / Display..., Boundary Tab > Support (off), Click [OK]

▶Fig 10.25
Message for a
successful run

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 Structural Analysis II 10. Plate Analysis on the Out of Plane Load
(Advanced)

2.8 Check Analysis Result

Check deflection of plate element Model 1.

Main Menu > Results > Deformations > Displacement Contour...

1. Select Load Cases/Combinations > ST : Pressure
2. Select Components > DZ
3. Type of Display > Contour, Deform, Values, Legend (on)
4. Click [...] in Values, Number Options > Decimal Point : ‘5’, Click [OK]
5. Click Select by Window (on), Select all Model 1, enter shortcut 'F2'
6. In the status bar at the bottom of the screen, change the length unit to mm
Confirmation of deflection at center -0.17119mm

▶Fig 10.26
Displacement results 5
(Model 1)

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Structural Analysis II 10. Plate Analysis on Out-of-plane Load
(Advanced)

Check deflection of plate element Model 2, Model 4 (symmetrical model of Model 3).

Main Menu > View /Activities /Active All ( shortcut ‘Ctrl+A’)

1. Click Select by Window (on), Select all Model 2, enter shortcut 'F2'
Check for deflection in the center -0.08718mm (or -8.71774e-002 in Legend)

2. Shortcuts 'Ctrl + A', Click Select by Window (on), Select Model 4 selection,
Enter shortcut 'F2'. Confirmation of deflection at center -0.17450mm

▶Fig 10.27
Displacement result
(a) Model 2
(b) Model 4
1

10 - 31
 Structural Analysis II 10. Plate Analysis on the Out of Plane Load
(Advanced)

Check end and center moments of plate element Model 1 by surface load.

Main Menu > View > Activities > Active All (shortcut ‘Ctrl+A’)
Main Menu > Results > Forces > Plate Forces/Moments...
1. Select Load Cases/Combinations > ST : Pressure
2. Select Components > Myy
3. Type of Display > Contour, Deform, Values, Legend (on)
4. Click [...] in Values, Number Options > Decimal Point : ‘2’, Click [OK]
5. Click Select by Window (on), Select all Model 1, enter shortcut 'F2'
6. In the status bar at the bottom of the screen, change the length unit to m. Central
maximum moment 0.41 kN  m (maximum 0.45 kN  m), end parent moment 0.81 kN  m
(maximum -0.89 kN m)

▶Fig 10.28
Plate moment
5

Confirm end moments and central moments of the models 2, 3 and 4 in the same way.

10 - 32
 Structural Analysis II 10. Plate Analysis on Out-of-plane Load
(Advanced)

02.8.3 응력
Check the stresses in the plate element model with different shape and boundary conditions.

Main Menu > Results > Stresses > Plane-Stress/Plate-Stresses...

1. Select Load Cases/Combinations > ST : Pressure
2. Select Stress Options > UCS, Avg.Nodal, Top
3. Select Components > Sig-yy
4. Type of Display > Contour, Legend (on)
5. Click [Apply]
6. Shortcut ‘Ctrl+A’

▶Fig 10.29
Plate stresses
▶그림 10.29
응력 1

10 - 33
 Structural Analysis II 10. Plate Analysis on the Out of Plane Load
(Advanced)

Compare the principal stress vectors of different plate element models which have different
shape and boundary conditions.
The direction of principal stress of Model 1 is perpendicular to surface, and direction of
principal stress of Model 2 which is fixed at four sides, is 45 ° to surface.

Main Menu > Results / Stresses / Plane-Stress/Plate-Stresses...

1. Select Load Cases/Combinations > ST : Pressure
2. Select Stress Options > Local, Element, Top
3. Select Components > Vector
4. Type of Display > Contour (on)
5. Click [Apply]

▶Fig 10.30
Principal stress vector

3 ①
②

10 - 34
 Structural Analysis II 10. Plate Analysis on Out-of-plane Load
(Advanced)

Save the models under a different name

Main Menu > File > Save As...

1. Enter a name : ‘Plate-Thin’, Click [SAVE]

Modify the plate element to Thin (Considering shear deformation) Type

Main Menu > Node/Element > Elements > Elements Tables...

1. Sub Type in Element 1 Shift to ‘Thin(w/o Drill)’
2. Copy Thin(w/o Drill) to the Sub Type cell of the remaining 2 ~ 700 elements
(Select copy source cell, click Ctrl + C, select copy target cell as Drag, then click Ctrl + V)

▶Fig 10.31
Modify property of
please elements

1
2

10 - 35
 Structural Analysis II 10. Plate Analysis on the Out of Plane Load
(Advanced)

Analyze modified model which is not to consider the shear deformation.

Main Menu > Analysis > Perform Analysis

1. Check for successful completion in Message Window
2. Click Model View

▶Fig 10.32
Message for a
successful run

2
1

10 - 36
 Structural Analysis II 10. Plate Analysis on Out-of-plane Load
(Advanced)

Check deflection of plate element in Model 1.

Main Menu > Results > Deformations > Displacement Contour...

1. Select Load Cases/Combinations > ST : Pressure
2. Select Components > DZ
3. Type of Display > Contour, Deform, Values, Legend (on)
4. Click [...] in Values, Number Options > Decimal Point : ‘5’, Click [OK]
5. Click Select by Window (on), Select all Model 1, shortcut ‘F2’
6. Change the unit to mm at Status Bar
Check the displacement at the centre -0.17023mm

▶Fig 10.33
Deformation result
5

6
4

10 - 37
 Structural Analysis II 10. Plate Analysis on the Out of Plane Load
(Advanced)

Check deflection of plate element in Mode 2 and model 3.

1. Shortcut ‘Ctrl+A’, Click Select by Window (on), Select Model 2, Shortcut ‘F2’
Check the displacement at the centre -0.08658mm
2. Shortcut ‘Ctrl+A’ , Click Select by Window (on), Select Model 4, shortcut ‘F2’
Check the displacement at the centre -0.17355mm

▶Fig 10.34
Deformation result

10 - 38
Structural Analysis II 10. Plate Analysis on Out-of-plane Load
(Advanced)

3. Exercise

Determine the direction of the principal stresses with two different boundary conditions
models.

Uniform pressure load

60 q  10.0kN/m 2
0m
t=0.02m 1.

4.0m

Y
Boundary Condition

60 60 X

Model A Model B

 Material
Modulus of elasticity (Steel SM490) : 2.05 × 105 N/mm2
Poisson’s Ratio: 0.3

 Section
Thickness: 20 mm

 Load
Uniformly distributed pressure load : 10 kN/mm2

10 - 39
 Structural Analysis II
Structural Analysis II
Advanced Analysis with Midas Software

Advanced Analysis with Midas Software

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