GPS For Geodesy: Peter J. G. Teunissen Alfred Kleusberg (Eds.)

Peter J. G.
Teunissen
Alfred Kleusberg (Eds.)
GPS for Geodesy
Second Completely Revised and Extended Edition

with 127 Figures and 32 Tables
Springer
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction XIII
1 Reference Systems 1
Yehuda Bock
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Transformations between the Celestial and Terrestrial Frames 5
1.3 Time Systems 7
1.4 Motion of the Earth's Rotation Axis 12
1.5 Earth Deformation 19
1.6 Conventional Reference Systems 26
1.7 TheIGS 32
1.8 Summary 36
2 GPS Satellite Orbits 43

Gerhard Beutler et al.
2.1 Introduction 43
2.2 Equations of Motion for GPS 46
2.3 The Perturbing Forces Acting on GPS Satellites 86
2.4 GPS Orbit Types 99
2.5 Summary and Conclusions 106
3 Propagation of the GPS Signals Ill

Richard B. Langley
3.1 Introduction Ill

3.2 Electromagnetic Waves Ill
3.3 The GPS Signals 115
3.4 Propagation of Signals in Refractive Media 122
3.5 Atmospheric Refraction 125
3.6 Signal Multipath and Scattering 140
3.7 Summary 143
4 GPS Receivers and the Observables 151

Richard B. Langley
4.1 Introduction 151

4.2 GPS Receivers 152
4.3 GPS Observables 162
4.4 Observation Measurement Errors r 167
4.5 Summary 183
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5 GPS Observation Equations and Positioning Concepts 187

Peter J.G. Teunissen and Alfred Kleusberg

5.2 GPS Observables 188
5.3 Linear Combinations 194
5.4 Single-Receiver NonPositioning Models 203
5.5 The Linearized Observation Equations for Positioning 211
5.6 Relative Positioning Models 217
5.7 Summary 228
6 GPS Data Processing Methodology 231

Geoffrey Blewitt

6.2 Equivalence of Pseudorange and Carrier Phase 233
6.3 Equivalence of Stochastic and Functional Models 246
6.4 Frame Invariance and Estimability 254
7 Quality Control and GPS 271

Peter J.G. Teunissen
7.1 Introduction ...271

7.2 Validation of Batch Solutions 274
7.3 Validation of Recursive Solutions 289
7.4 Applications to Some GPS Models 303
8 GPS Carrier Phase Ambiguity Fixing Concepts 319

Peter J.G. Teunissen

8.2 Integer Least-Squares Adjustment and Testing 321
8.3 Search for the Integer Least-Squares Ambiguities 332
8.4 The Invertible Ambiguity Transformations 349
8.5 The LSQ Ambiguity Decorrelation Adjustment 361
8.6 Summary 383
9 Active GPS Control Stations 389

Hans van der Marel

. 9.2 Active GPS Control Station Components 390
• 9.3 Single Channel Observation Equations 396
1
9.4 Real Time Integrity Monitoring 417
IX
9.5 Active GPS Reference Systems 431

10 Single-Site GPS Models 437

Clyde C. Goad

10.2 Pseudorange Relation 437
10.3 Direct Solution of Position and Receiver Clock
Offset -Bancroft's Solution 446
10.4 Dilution of Precision 449
10.5 Combining Phase and Pseudorange for Single-Site
Determinations 451
10.6 Summary 456
11 Short Distance GPS Models 457

Clyde C. Goad

11.2 Short Distance GPS Models 457
11.3 Use of Both Pseudoranges and Phases 466
11.4 Disadvantages of Double Differences 475
11.5 Sequential Versus Batch Processing 477
11.6 Network Adjustment - the Final Step 477
11.7 Summary 479
12 Medium Distance GPS Measurements 483

Yehuda Bock

12.2 GPS Models at Medium Distances 486
12.3 Analysis Modes 496
12.4 Network Adjustment 501
12.5 Case Studies 512
1.26 Summary 529
13 Long-Distance Kinematic GPS 537

Oscar L. Colombo

13.2 Data Analysis 546
13.3 Testing the Accuracy of Long-Range Kinematic GPS 560
13.4 Conclusions 566
14 The GPS as a Tool in Global Geodynamics 569
Gerhard Beutler et al.

14.2 The Partial Derivatives of the GPS Observable with
Respect to the Parameters of Global Geodynamics 570
14.3 Geodynamical Parameters not Accessible to the GPS 573
14.4 Estimating Tropospheric Refraction 575
14.5 Miscellaneous Orbit Modelling 579
14.6 Satellite-and Receiver-Clock Estimation 583
14.7 Producing Annual Solutions 583
14.8 Results 584
14.9 Summary and Conclusions ....596
15 Atmospheric Models from GPS 599

Alfred Kleusberg

15.2 Distribution of Refractivity in the Atmosphere 599
15.3 Vertical Profiles of Refractivity from Radio Signal
Occultation 606
15.4 Models for the Ionosphere 613
16 The Role of GPS in Space Geodesy 625

Gerhard Beutler

16.2 Space Geodesy in 1997 626
16.3 Performance of the Major Space Techniques in the Recent Past. 628
16.4 Space Geodesy: the Future 631
16.5 SLR Observations to GPS Satellites 635
16.6 Summary 648

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Peter J. G.

GPS for Geodesy

Second Completely Revised and Extended Edition

2 GPS Satellite Orbits 43

3 Propagation of the GPS Signals Ill

3.1 Introduction Ill

4 GPS Receivers and the Observables 151

4.1 Introduction 151

5 GPS Observation Equations and Positioning Concepts 187

5.1 Introduction 187

6 GPS Data Processing Methodology 231

6.1 Introduction 231

7 Quality Control and GPS 271

7.1 Introduction ...271

8 GPS Carrier Phase Ambiguity Fixing Concepts 319

8.1 Introduction 319

9 Active GPS Control Stations 389

9.1 Introduction 389

9.5 Active GPS Reference Systems 431

10 Single-Site GPS Models 437

10.1 Introduction 437

11 Short Distance GPS Models 457

11.1 Introduction 457

12 Medium Distance GPS Measurements 483

12.1 Introduction 483

13 Long-Distance Kinematic GPS 537

13.1 Introduction 537

14.1 Introduction 569

15 Atmospheric Models from GPS 599

15.1 Introduction 599

16 The Role of GPS in Space Geodesy 625

16.1 Introduction 625

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