Slab Design

Live load on slab = 3.5kN/m

Dead load on slab=2.5kN/m

Yield Strength of steel=500MPa

Concrete Strength=32MPa

Pier Dimensions: Width=300mm, Depth=500mm

Concrete Cover=65mm from AS3600 table 4.10.3.2

All referenced tables and sections are from AS3600

Slab A: (slab on the far right)

Trial Depth of slab

𝐿𝑛𝑥 = 7200 − 300 = 6900𝑚

𝐿𝑦 7600 − 450
= = 1.036
𝐿𝑥 7200 − 300
From the trial depth charts for two-way slabs and using a deflection limit of 1/250 (Table 2.4.2) the
minimum depth was interpolated from the trial depth chart.
𝐿𝑛𝑥
𝐷𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 183.49𝑚𝑚
37.604
Then calculating parameters for the equation to determine whether this is acceptable,

𝑘4 = 2.46 (Table 9.3.4.2)

𝑘3 = 0.95 (for 2-way slabs without drop panels)

𝑘𝑐𝑠 = 2 (Section 8.5.3.3 for slabs (Asc/Ast)=0)

𝐷 300
𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑝 = = = 150𝑚𝑚
2 2
Live load factors ψs=1.0 and ψl=0.6, from AS 1170.0 Table 4.1.

𝐹𝑑.𝑒𝑓 = (1.0 + 𝑘𝑐𝑠 )𝑞𝐺 + (𝜓𝑠 + 𝑘𝑐𝑠 𝜓𝑙 )𝑞𝑄

Total dead load including the self-weight of the slab as below with 2400 kg/m3 as the concrete
density,
0.18349 × 2400 × 9.81
𝐺= + 2.5 = 6.82𝑘𝑃𝑎
1000
𝐹𝑑.𝑒𝑓 = (1 + 2)6.82 + (1 + 2 × 0.6)3.5 = 28.16

Using this calculate the effective depth from the below equation
1
∆ 3
𝐿𝑒𝑓 𝐿𝑒𝑓 × 𝐸𝑐
= 𝑘3 𝑘4 [ ]
𝑑 𝐹𝑑.𝑒𝑓
Where Ec is assumed as 30100 MPa and Lef is the lesser of (Ln+D) and L where: Ln is the clear span, L is
the centre-to centre distance and D is the depth of the slab. Therefore Lef=6783mm.
1
1 3
6783 × 30100 × 1000
= 0.95 × 2.46 [ 250 ]
𝑑 28.16

𝑑 = 178.829𝑚𝑚
Assume N16 reinforcement bars.
16
𝐷𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 178.829 + + 65 = 251.829𝑚𝑚
2
As this does not meet previous assumption, choose new Dmin to trial. New Dmin to be 265mm. New
total dead load to be calculated as well as Fd.ef and d to be checked. New Lef to be used
(660+265=6865mm).
0.265 × 2400 × 9.81
𝐺= + 2.5 = 8.739𝑘𝑃𝑎
1000
𝐹𝑑.𝑒𝑓 = (1 + 2)8.739 + (1 + 2 × 0.6)3.5 = 33.917
6865
= 35.65
𝑑
𝑑 = 192.566𝑚𝑚
16
𝐷𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 190.266 + + 65 = 265.566𝑚𝑚
2
Retry with a Dmin value of 275mm.
0.275 × 2400 × 9.81
𝐺= + 2.5 = 8.975𝑘𝑃𝑎
1000
𝐹𝑑.𝑒𝑓 = (1 + 2)8.975 + (1 + 2 × 0.6)3.5 = 34.625

6875
= 35.402
𝑑
𝑑 = 194.198𝑚𝑚
16
𝐷𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 194.198 + + 65 = 267.198𝑚𝑚
2

This meets the minimum requirements so will be used for calculations following this. Load to be
used for calculations as below.

𝑃∗ = 1.2𝐺 + 1.5𝑄 = 1.2 × 8.975 + 1.5 × 3.5 = 16.02𝑘𝑃𝑎

Calculating the reinforcement in primary x-direction (short span)

Lefx= 6875mm (as calculated above) and Lefy=6975mm (7600-(450x2) +275).

𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑦 6975
= = 1.015
𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑥 6875
Which is then used in table 7.3.2A to interpolate values for bending moment coefficients, βx=0.0446
and βy=0.043.
16
𝑑𝑥 = 275 − 65 − = 202𝑚𝑚
2

Bending Moments are then being calculated as the following using guidance from section 7.3.2.

At Mid-span

+𝑀𝑥∗ = 𝛽𝑥 𝐹𝑑 𝐿2𝑥 = 0.0446 × 16.02 × 6.8752 = 33.77𝑘𝑁𝑚

2.7𝑀∗
𝑝=( ) = 0.0022
𝑑𝑥2

At the discontinuous edge

−𝑀𝑥∗ = 0.5 × +𝑀𝑥∗ = 16.885𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑝 = 0.0011
Reinforcement ratio at all sections should not be less than pmin (Taken from (Warner, 2007))
′
𝑓𝑐𝑡.𝑓 = 0.6√32 = 3.4
′
𝐷𝑠 2 𝑓𝑐𝑡.𝑓 275 2 3.4
𝑝𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.19 × ( ) ( ) = 0.19 × ( ) ( ) = 0.0024
𝑑 𝑓𝑠𝑦 202 500

Also not less than 75% of reinforcement in the secondary direction (0.00175(bDs)).
275
𝑝 > 0.75 × 0.00175 × = 0.00178
202
Therefore the area of steel required at mid-span and edge

𝐴𝑠−𝑚𝑖𝑑 = 0.0022 ∗ 1000 ∗ 202 = 444.4𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑠−𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒 = 0.0011 ∗ 1000 ∗ 202 = 222.2𝑚𝑚2

Since the nominal area for N16 bars is 200mm2 and the limiting bar spacing of the lesser of 2Ds or
300mm (section 9.4.1) this requires N16 bars at 300mm centres (670mm2/m width) for both edge
and mid-span (Warner, 2007).

Checking deflection by simplified calculation

Average effective second moment of area for a one meter wide strip is determined using the short
term serviceability load (Warner, 2007).

𝑤𝑠 = 𝑤𝐺 + 𝜓𝑠 𝑤𝑄 = 8.739 + 1 × 3.5 = 12.239𝑘𝑁/𝑚

Since both of the edges in the x-direction are discontinuous, the maximum moment will be at the
mid-span giving the equation wL2/8.

For a 1 metre strip in the x-direction is given by (Warner, 2007), where α=2.5 from Table 9.3.3.

𝐿4𝑦 69754
= = 0.298
(𝛼𝐿4𝑥 + 𝐿4𝑦 ) (2.5 × 68754 + 69754 )
 𝑤𝑥.𝑠 = 0.298 × 𝑤𝑠 = 3.647 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
The design moment is then given as

𝑤𝑥.𝑠 × 𝐿2𝑒𝑓𝑥 3.647 × 6.8752

𝑀= = = 21.547 𝑘𝑁𝑚
8 8
The gross second moment are of the section is given as

1000 × 2753
𝐼𝑔 = = 1733.07 × 106 𝑚𝑚4
12
The section cracking moment Mcr at mid-span, assume Es=200e3 MPa and s=700e-6
2.5𝑝 − 0.8𝑝𝑐𝑤 2.5 × 0.0024 − 0.8 × 0
𝜎𝑐𝑟 = 𝐸𝑠 𝜀𝑠 = × 200 × 103 × 700 × 10−6 = 0.75
1 + 50𝑝 1 + 50 × 0.0024
2752 (3.4 − 0.75)
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = 1000 × × = 33.401𝑘𝑁𝑚
6 106
Second moment of area for the fully cracked section Icr at mid-span,

200 × 103
𝑛= = 6.6, 𝑛𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 6.6 × 667 = 4402.2𝑚𝑚2 , 𝑑𝑛 = 38.20𝑚𝑚
30100
1
𝐼𝑐𝑟 = × 1000 × 38.23 + 4402.2 × (202 − 38.2)2 = 136.69 × 106 𝑚𝑚4
3
𝐿2𝑜𝑥 68752
∆𝑠 = (𝑀) = (21.547) × 106 = 2.58𝑚𝑚
96𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑐𝑟 96 × 30100 × 136.69 × 106

(𝑤𝐺 + 𝜓𝑙 𝑤𝑄 ) = (8.739 + 0.6 × 3.5) = 10.839𝑘𝑁/𝑚

𝑤𝑥.𝑙 = 0.298 × (𝑤𝐺 + 𝜓𝑙 𝑤𝑄 ) = 3.23𝑘𝑁/𝑚

𝑤𝑥.𝑙 3.23
∆𝑠.𝑠𝑢𝑠 = ∆𝑠 = × 2.58 = 2.29𝑚𝑚
𝑤𝑥.𝑠 3.647
with kcs=2.0 the long term (total) deflection is:

∆𝑠 + 𝑘𝑐𝑠 ∆𝑠.𝑠𝑢𝑠 = 2.58 + 2.0 × 2.29 = 7.16𝑚𝑚

Limiting deflection is calculated below
𝐿 6875
= = 27.50𝑚𝑚
250 250
Therefore, the total deflection is much less than the limiting deflection and the slab depth of 275mm
with reinforcements N16@300mm at centre and edges.

Reinforcement in the y-direction (long span)

𝑑𝑦 = 202 − 16 = 186𝑚𝑚

Bending moments

+𝑀𝑦∗ = 𝛽𝑦 𝐹𝑑 𝐿2𝑦 = 0.043 × 16.02 × 6.9752 = 33.51𝑘𝑁𝑚

 2.7𝑀∗
𝑝= = 0.0026
𝑑𝑦2
′
𝐷𝑠 2 𝑓𝑐𝑡.𝑓 275 2 3.4
𝑝𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.19 × ( ) ( ) = 0.19 × ( ) ( ) = 0.0028
𝑑 𝑓𝑠𝑦 186 500
275
𝑝 > 0.75 × 0.00175 × = 0.00194
186
At the discontinuous edge:

−𝑀𝑦∗ = 0.5 × 𝑀∗ = 16.755𝑘𝑁𝑚

𝑝 = 0.0013
At the continuous edge:

−𝑀𝑦∗ = 1.33 × 𝑀∗ = 44.57𝑘𝑁𝑚

𝑝 = 0.0035

Area of steel required,

𝐴𝑠−𝑚𝑖𝑑 = 0.0028 × 1000 × 186 = 520.8𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑠−𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡 = 0.0035 × 1000 × 186 = 651𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑠−𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡 = 0.0028 × 1000 × 186 = 520.8𝑚𝑚2

Number of bars required for mid-span and discontinuous is N16@300mm spacing giving 670 mm2/m
with the same being used for the continuous span at the continuous edge.

Slab B: (slab in the centre)

Trial Depth of slab

𝐿𝑛𝑥 = 7200 − 300 = 6900𝑚

𝐿𝑦 7600 − 450
= = 1.036
𝐿𝑥 7200 − 300
From the trial depth charts for two-way slabs and using a deflection limit of 1/250 (Table 2.4.2) the
minimum depth was interpolated from trial depth table.
𝐿𝑛𝑥
𝐷𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 183.49𝑚𝑚
37.604
Then calculating parameters for the equation to determine whether this is acceptable,

𝑘4 = 3.44 (Table 9.3.4.2)

𝑘3 = 0.95 (for 2-way slabs without drop panels)

𝑘𝑐𝑠 = 2 (Section 8.5.3.3 for slabs (Asc/Ast)=0)

 𝐷 300
𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑝 = = = 150𝑚𝑚
2 2
Live load factors ψs=1.0 and ψl=0.6, from AS 1170.0 Table 4.1.

𝐹𝑑.𝑒𝑓 = (1.0 + 𝑘𝑐𝑠 )𝑞𝐺 + (𝜓𝑠 + 𝑘𝑐𝑠 𝜓𝑙 )𝑞𝑄

Total dead load including the self-weight of the slab as below with 2400 kg/m^3 as the concrete
density,
0.18349 × 2400 × 9.81
𝐺= + 2.5 = 6.82𝑘𝑃𝑎
1000
𝐹𝑑.𝑒𝑓 = (1 + 2)6.82 + (1 + 2 × 0.6)3.5 = 28.16

Using this calculate the effective depth from the below equation
1
∆ 3
𝐿𝑒𝑓 𝐿𝑒𝑓 × 𝐸𝑐
= 𝑘3 𝑘4 [ ]
𝑑 𝐹𝑑.𝑒𝑓

Where Ec is assumed as 30100 MPa and Lef is the lesser of (Ln+D) and L where: Ln is the clear span, L is
the centre-to centre distance and D is the depth of the slab. Therefore, Lef=6783mm.
1
1 3
6783 × 30100 × 1000
= 0.95 × 3.44 [ 250 ]
𝑑 28.16

𝑑 = 127.881𝑚𝑚
Assume N16 reinforcement bars.
16
𝐷𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 127.881 + + 65 = 200.881𝑚𝑚
2
As this does not meet previous assumption, choose new Dmin to trial. New Dmin to be 220mm. New
total dead load to be calculated as well as Fd.ef and d to be checked. New Lef to be used
(6600+220=6820mm).
0.22 × 2400 × 9.81
𝐺= + 2.5 = 7.679𝑘𝑃𝑎
1000
𝐹𝑑.𝑒𝑓 = (1 + 2)7.679 + (1 + 2 × 0.6)3.5 = 33.917
6820
= 49.852
𝑑
𝑑 = 136.804𝑚𝑚
16
𝐷𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 136.804 + + 65 = 209.805𝑚𝑚
2

This meets the minimum requirements so will be used for calculations following this. Load to be
used for calculations as below.
 𝑃∗ = 1.2𝐺 + 1.5𝑄 = 1.2 × 7.679 + 1.5 × 3.5 = 14.46𝑘𝑃𝑎
Calculating the reinforcement in primary x-direction (short span)

Lefx= 6820mm (as calculated above) and Lefy=6975mm (7600-(450x2) +220).

𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑦 6920
= = 1.015
𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑥 6820

Which is then used in table 7.3.2A to interpolate values for bending moment coefficients, βx=0.0346
and βy=0.034.
16
𝑑𝑥 = 220 − 65 − = 147𝑚𝑚
2

Bending moments are then being calculated as the following using guidance from section 7.3.2.

At Mid-span

+𝑀𝑥∗ = 𝛽𝑥 𝐹𝑑 𝐿2𝑥 = 0.0346 × 14.46 × 6.822 = 23.27𝑘𝑁𝑚

2.7𝑀∗
𝑝=( ) = 0.0029
𝑑𝑥2

At the discontinuous edge

−𝑀𝑥∗ = 0.5 × +𝑀𝑥∗ = 11.64𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑝 = 0.0015
Reinforcement ratio at all sections should not be less than pmin.
′
𝑓𝑐𝑡.𝑓 = 0.6√32 = 3.4
′
𝐷𝑠 2 𝑓𝑐𝑡.𝑓 220 2 3.4
𝑝𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.19 × ( ) ( ) = 0.19 × ( ) ( ) = 0.0027
𝑑 𝑓𝑠𝑦 147 500

Also not less than 75% of reinforcement in the secondary direction (0.00175(bDs)).
220
𝑝 > 0.75 × 0.00175 × = 0.00196
147
Therefore the area of steel required at mid-span and edge

𝐴𝑠−𝑚𝑖𝑑 = 0.0029 × 1000 × 147 = 426.3𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑠−𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒 = 0.0027 × 1000 × 147 = 396.9𝑚𝑚2

Since the nominal area for N16 bars is 200mm2 and the limiting bar spacing of the lesser of 2Ds or
300mm (Section 9.4.1), this requires N16 bars at 300mm centres (670mm2/m width) for both edge
and mid-span.

Checking deflection by simplified calculation

The average effective second moment of area for a one meter wide strip is determined using the
short term serviceability load.
 𝑤𝑠 = 𝑤𝐺 + 𝜓𝑠 𝑤𝑄 = 7.675 + 1 × 3.5 = 11.175𝑘𝑁/𝑚

Since both of the edges in the x-direction are discontinuous, the maximum moment will be at the
mid-span giving the equation from wL2/8.

For a 1 metre strip in the x-direction is given by the below, where α=5.0 from Table 9.3.3.

𝐿4𝑦 69204
= = 0.174
(𝛼𝐿4𝑥 + 𝐿4𝑦 ) (5.0 × 68204 + 69204 )

𝑤𝑥.𝑠 = 0.174 × 𝑤𝑠 = 1.944 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

The design moment is then given as

𝑤𝑥.𝑠 × 𝐿2𝑒𝑓𝑥 1.944 × 6.8202

𝑀= = = 11.30 𝑘𝑁𝑚
8 8
The gross second moment are of the section is given as

1000 × 2203
𝐼𝑔 = = 887.33 × 106 𝑚𝑚4
12
The section cracking moment Mcr at mid-span, assume Es=200e3 MPa and s=700e-6
2.5𝑝 − 0.8𝑝𝑐𝑤 2.5 × 0.0037 − 0.8 × 0
𝜎𝑐𝑟 = 𝐸𝑠 𝜀𝑠 = × 200 × 103 × 700 × 10−6 = 1.09
1 + 50𝑝 1 + 50 × 0.0037
2202 (3.4 − 1.09)
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = 1000 × × = 18.634𝑘𝑁𝑚
6 106
Second moment of area for the fully cracked section Icr at mid-span,

200 × 103
𝑛= = 6.6, 𝑛𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 6.6 × 667 = 4402.2𝑚𝑚2 , 𝑑𝑛 = 32.01𝑚𝑚
30100
1
𝐼𝑐𝑟 = × 1000 × 32.013 + 4402.2 × (147 − 32.01)2 = 69.14 × 106 𝑚𝑚4
3
𝐿2𝑜𝑥 68202
∆𝑠 = (𝑀) = (11.30) × 106 = 2.63𝑚𝑚
96𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑐𝑟 96 × 30100 × 69.14 × 106

(𝑤𝐺 + 𝜓𝑙 𝑤𝑄 ) = (7.675 + 0.6 × 3.5) = 9.775𝑘𝑁/𝑚

𝑤𝑥.𝑙 = 0.174 × (𝑤𝐺 + 𝜓𝑙 𝑤𝑄 ) = 1.70𝑘𝑁/𝑚

𝑤𝑥.𝑙 1.70
∆𝑠.𝑠𝑢𝑠 = ∆𝑠 = × 2.63 = 2.30𝑚𝑚
𝑤𝑥.𝑠 1.94
with kcs=2.0 the long term (total) deflection is:

∆𝑠 + 𝑘𝑐𝑠 ∆𝑠.𝑠𝑢𝑠 = 2.63 + 2.0 × 2.30 = 7.23𝑚𝑚

Limiting deflection is calculated below
𝐿 6820
= = 27.28𝑚𝑚
250 250
Therefore, the total deflection is much less than the limiting deflection and the slab depth of 220mm
with reinforcements N16@300mm at centre and edges.

Reinforcement in the y-direction (long span)

𝑑𝑦 = 147 − 16 = 131𝑚𝑚

Bending moments

+𝑀𝑦∗ = 𝛽𝑦 𝐹𝑑 𝐿2𝑦 = 0.034 × 14.46 × 6.9202 = 23.54𝑘𝑁𝑚

2.7𝑀∗
𝑝= = 0.0037
𝑑𝑦2
′
𝐷𝑠 2 𝑓𝑐𝑡.𝑓 220 2 3.4
𝑝𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.19 × ( ) ( ) = 0.19 × ( ) ( ) = 0.0029
𝑑 𝑓𝑠𝑦 147 500
220
𝑝 > 0.75 × 0.00175 × = 0.00196
147
At the continuous edge:

−𝑀𝑦∗ = 1.33 × 𝑀∗ = 31.31𝑘𝑁𝑚

𝑝 = 0.0049

Area of steel required,

𝐴𝑠−𝑚𝑖𝑑 = 0.0029 × 1000 × 147 = 426.3𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑠−𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡 = 0.0049 × 1000 × 147 = 720.3𝑚𝑚2

Number of bars required for mid-span is N16@300mm spacing giving 670 mm2/m and N16@260mm
giving an area of 770mm2/m.

Slab C: (slab on the far left)

Assume the slab is square using the largest dimensions.

Trial Depth of slab

𝐿𝑛𝑥 = 7200 − 300 = 6900𝑚

𝐿𝑦 7900 − 450
= = 1.080
𝐿𝑥 7200 − 300
From the trial depth charts for two-way slabs and using a deflection limit of 1/250 (Table 2.4.2) the
minimum depth was interpolated from trial depth tables
𝐿𝑛𝑥
𝐷𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 185.88𝑚𝑚
37.12
Then calculating parameters for the equation to determine whether this is acceptable,

𝑘4 = 2.792 (Table 9.3.4.2)

𝑘3 = 0.95 (for 2-way slabs without drop panels)

𝑘𝑐𝑠 = 2 (Section 8.5.3.3 for slabs (Asc/Ast)=0)

𝐷 300
𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑝 = = = 150𝑚𝑚
2 2
Live load factors ψs=1.0 and ψl=0.6, from AS 1170.0 Table 4.1.

𝐹𝑑.𝑒𝑓 = (1.0 + 𝑘𝑐𝑠 )𝑞𝐺 + (𝜓𝑠 + 𝑘𝑐𝑠 𝜓𝑙 )𝑞𝑄

Total dead load including the self-weight of the slab as below with 2400 kg/m^3 as the concrete
density,
0.18588 × 2400 × 9.81
𝐺= + 2.5 = 6.87𝑘𝑃𝑎
1000
𝐹𝑑.𝑒𝑓 = (1 + 2)6.87 + (1 + 2 × 0.6)3.5 = 28.31

Using this calculate the effective depth from the below equation
1
∆ 3
× 𝐸𝑐
𝐿𝑒𝑓 𝐿𝑒𝑓
= 𝑘3 𝑘4 [ ]
𝑑 𝐹𝑑.𝑒𝑓

Where Ec is assumed as 30100 MPa and Lef is the lesser of (Ln+D) and L where: Ln is the clear span, L is
the centre-to centre distance and D is the depth of the slab. Therefore, Lef=6783mm.
1
1 3
6783 × 30100 × 1000
= 0.95 × 2.792 [250 ]
𝑑 28.31

𝑑 = 157.84𝑚𝑚
Assume N16 reinforcement bars.
16
𝐷𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 157.84 + + 65 = 230.841𝑚𝑚
2
As this does not meet previous assumption, choose new Dmin to trial. New Dmin to be 245mm. New
total dead load to be calculated as well as Fd.ef and d to be checked. New Lef to be used
(6600+245=6845mm).
0.245 × 2400 × 9.81
𝐺= + 2.5 = 8.268𝑘𝑃𝑎
1000
𝐹𝑑.𝑒𝑓 = (1 + 2)8.268 + (1 + 2 × 0.6)3.5 = 32.504
6845
= 41.04
𝑑
𝑑 = 166.79𝑚𝑚
16
𝐷𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 166.79 + + 65 = 239.79𝑚𝑚
2
This meets the minimum requirements so will be used for calculations following this. Load to be
used for calculations as below.

𝑃∗ = 1.2𝐺 + 1.5𝑄 = 1.2 × 8.268 + 1.5 × 3.5 = 15.17𝑘𝑃𝑎

Calculating the reinforcement in primary x-direction (short span)

Lefx= 6845mm (as calculated above) and Lefy=6975mm (7900-(450x2) +245).

𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑦 7245
= = 1.058
𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑥 6845

Which is then used in table 7.3.2A to interpolate values for bending moment coefficients, βx=0.049
and βy=0.043.
16
𝑑𝑥 = 245 − 65 − = 172𝑚𝑚
2

Bending Moments are then being calculated as the following using guidance from section 7.3.2.

At Mid-span

+𝑀𝑥∗ = 𝛽𝑥 𝐹𝑑 𝐿2𝑥 = 0.049 × 15.17 × 6.8452 = 34.83𝑘𝑁𝑚

2.7𝑀∗
𝑝=( ) = 0.0032
𝑑𝑥2

At the discontinuous edge

−𝑀𝑥∗ = 0.5 × +𝑀𝑥∗ = 17.415𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑝 = 0.0016
Reinforcement ratio at all sections should not be less than pmin where (taken from Reinforced
concrete Basics page 223)
′
𝑓𝑐𝑡.𝑓 = 0.6√32 = 3.4
′
𝐷𝑠 2 𝑓𝑐𝑡.𝑓 245 2 3.4
𝑝𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.19 × ( ) ( ) = 0.19 × ( ) ( ) = 0.0026
𝑑 𝑓𝑠𝑦 172 500

Also not less than 75% of reinforcement in the secondary direction (0.00175(bDs)). (Taken from
Reinforced concrete Basics page 223)
245
𝑝 > 0.75 × 0.00175 × = 0.00187
172
Therefore the area of steel required at mid-span and edge

𝐴𝑠−𝑚𝑖𝑑 = 0.0032 × 1000 × 172 = 550.4𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑠−𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒 = 0.0026 × 1000 × 172 = 447.2𝑚𝑚2

Since the nominal area for N16 bars is 200mm2 and the limiting bar spacing of the lesser of 2Ds or
300mm (section 9.4.1) this requires N16 bars at 300mm centres (670mm2/m width) for both edge
and mid-span.
Checking deflection by simplified calculation

The average effective second moment of area for a one meter wide strip is determined using the
short term serviceability load.

𝑤𝑠 = 𝑤𝐺 + 𝜓𝑠 𝑤𝑄 = 8.268 + 1 × 3.5 = 11.768𝑘𝑁/𝑚

Since both of the edges in the x-direction are discontinuous, the maximum moment will be at the
mid-span giving the equation from wL2/8.

For a 1 metre strip in the x-direction is given below, where α=2.5 from Table 9.3.3.

𝐿4𝑦 72454
= = 0.334
(𝛼𝐿4𝑥 + 𝐿4𝑦 ) (2.5 × 68454 + 72454 )

𝑤𝑥.𝑠 = 0.334 × 𝑤𝑠 = 3.93 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

The design moment is then given as

𝑤𝑥.𝑠 × 𝐿2𝑒𝑓𝑥 3.93 × 6.8452

𝑀= = = 23.02 𝑘𝑁𝑚
8 8
The gross second moment are of the section is given as

1000 × 2453
𝐼𝑔 = = 1225.51 × 106 𝑚𝑚4
12
The section cracking moment Mcr at mid-span, assume Es=200e3 MPa and s=700e-6
2.5𝑝 − 0.8𝑝𝑐𝑤 2.5 × 0.0032 − 0.8 × 0
𝜎𝑐𝑟 = 𝐸𝑠 𝜀𝑠 = × 200 × 103 × 700 × 10−6 = 0.966
1 + 50𝑝 1 + 50 × 0.0032
2452 (3.4 − 0.966)
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = 1000 × × = 32.858𝑘𝑁𝑚
6 106
Second moment of area for the fully cracked section Icr at mid-span,

200 × 103
𝑛= = 6.6, 𝑛𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 6.6 × 667 = 4402.2𝑚𝑚2 , 𝑑𝑛 = 34.95𝑚𝑚
30100
1
𝐼𝑐𝑟 = × 1000 × 34.953 + 4402.2 × (172 − 34.95)2 = 96.92 × 106 𝑚𝑚4
3
𝐿2𝑜𝑥 68202
∆𝑠 = (𝑀) = (23.02) × 106 = 3.82𝑚𝑚
96𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑐𝑟 96 × 30100 × 96.92 × 106

(𝑤𝐺 + 𝜓𝑙 𝑤𝑄 ) = (8.268 + 0.6 × 3.5) = 10.368𝑘𝑁/𝑚

𝑤𝑥.𝑙 = 0.334 × (𝑤𝐺 + 𝜓𝑙 𝑤𝑄 ) = 3.46𝑘𝑁/𝑚

𝑤𝑥.𝑙 3.46
∆𝑠.𝑠𝑢𝑠 = ∆𝑠 = × 3.82 = 3.36𝑚𝑚
𝑤𝑥.𝑠 3.93
with kcs=2.0 the long term (total) deflection is:

∆𝑠 + 𝑘𝑐𝑠 ∆𝑠.𝑠𝑢𝑠 = 3.82 + 2.0 × 3.36 = 10.54𝑚𝑚

Limiting deflection is calculated below
 𝐿 6845
= = 27.38𝑚𝑚
250 250
Therefore, the total deflection is much less than the limiting deflection and the slab depth of 245mm
with reinforcements N16@300mm at centre and edges.

Reinforcement in the y-direction (long span)

𝑑𝑦 = 172 − 16 = 156𝑚𝑚

Bending moments

+𝑀𝑦∗ = 𝛽𝑦 𝐹𝑑 𝐿2𝑦 = 0.043 × 15.17 × 7.2452 = 34.24𝑘𝑁𝑚

2.7𝑀∗
𝑝= = 0.0038
𝑑𝑦2
′
𝐷𝑠 2 𝑓𝑐𝑡.𝑓 245 2 3.4
𝑝𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.19 × ( ) ( ) = 0.19 × ( ) ( ) = 0.0032
𝑑 𝑓𝑠𝑦 156 500
245
𝑝 > 0.75 × 0.00175 × = 0.00206
156
At the continuous edge:

−𝑀𝑦∗ = 1.33 × 𝑀∗ = 45.54𝑘𝑁𝑚

𝑝 = 0.0051

Area of steel required,

𝐴𝑠−𝑚𝑖𝑑 = 0.0038 × 1000 × 156 = 592.8𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑠−𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡 = 0.0051 × 1000 × 156 = 795.6𝑚𝑚2

Number of bars required for mid-span is N16@300mm spacing giving 670 mm2/m and N16@240mm
giving an area of 830mm2/m.