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    Poiseuille Flow: An Internet Book On Fluid Dynamics

    Uploaded by

    Felix Ezomo
    1. Poiseuille flow describes the steady, axisymmetric flow of an incompressible fluid through a circular pipe caused by a pressure gradient. 2. The Navier-Stokes equations reduce to a single equation showing the velocity profile is parabolic, with maximum velocity on the pipe axis. 3. The volume flow rate and average velocity can be determined from the pressure gradient and pipe properties using the Hagen-Poiseuille equation.

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    Poiseuille Flow: An Internet Book On Fluid Dynamics

    Uploaded by

    Felix Ezomo
    102 views4 pages
    1. Poiseuille flow describes the steady, axisymmetric flow of an incompressible fluid through a circular pipe caused by a pressure gradient. 2. The Navier-Stokes equations reduce to a single equation showing the velocity profile is parabolic, with maximum velocity on the pipe axis. 3. The volume flow rate and average velocity can be determined from the pressure gradient and pipe properties using the Hagen-Poiseuille equation.

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    description of the Poiseuille flow

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    Poise Uille Flow

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    1. Poiseuille flow describes the steady, axisymmetric flow of an incompressible fluid through a circular pipe caused by a pressure gradient. 2. The Navier-Stokes equations reduce to a single equation showing the velocity profile is parabolic, with maximum velocity on the pipe axis. 3. The volume flow rate and average velocity can be determined from the pressure gradient and pipe properties using the Hagen-Poiseuille equation.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    102 views4 pages

    Poiseuille Flow: An Internet Book On Fluid Dynamics

    Uploaded by

    Felix Ezomo
    1. Poiseuille flow describes the steady, axisymmetric flow of an incompressible fluid through a circular pipe caused by a pressure gradient. 2. The Navier-Stokes equations reduce to a single equation showing the velocity profile is parabolic, with maximum velocity on the pipe axis. 3. The volume flow rate and average velocity can be determined from the pressure gradient and pipe properties using the Hagen-Poiseuille equation.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 4

    An Internet Book on Fluid Dynamics

    POISEUILLE FLOW

    Poiseuille flow is the steady, axisymmetric flow in an infinitely long, circular pipe of radius, R, as sketched
    in Figures 1. The flow is caused by a pressure gradient, dp/dx, in the axial direction, x. The resulting

    Figure 1: Poiseuille flow.

    axisymmetric continuity equation for an incompressible fluid yields


    ∂ux
    = 0 (Bic1)
    ∂x
    so that the axial velocity, ux(r), is a function only of r, the radial coordinate. Using this the axisymmetric
    Navier-Stokes equations for an incompressible fluid of constant and uniform viscosity reduce to
     2 
    ∂p ∂ ux 1 ∂ux
    = μ + (Bic2)
    ∂x ∂r2 r ∂r
    ∂p
    = 0 (Bic3)
    ∂r
    The second of these shows that the pressure, p(x), is a function only of x and hence the gradient, dp/dx,
    is well defined and a parameter of the problem. This allows the first of these equations (Bib2) to be
    integrated so that the velocity, ux , can be written as
     
    r2 dp
    ux (r) = + C1 ln r + C2 (Bic4)
    4μ dx
    where C1 and C2 are integration constants to be determined by the application of the boundary conditions.
    On the axis the velocity cannot be infinite therefore C1 must be zero. Moreover, the no-slip boundary
    condition on the pipe wall requires that ux (R) = 0 and so
     
    R2 dp
    C2 = − (Bic4)
    4μ dx
    and so the solution to Poiseuille flow in a circular pipe is
     
    1 dp
    ux (r) = − (R2 − r2 ) (Bic5)
    4μ dx
    where the pressures, p1 and p2 , could be measured at two different x locations a distance  apart in order to
    determine dp/dx = (p1 − p2 )/. Parenthetically, we should add that the general solution (Bic4) also allows
    construction of the axial flow between two cylinders in which the outer radius of the inner cylinder is R1
    and the inner radius of the outer cylinder is R2 . The no-slip boundary conditions at these two surfaces
    then require that  
    R21 dp
    + C1 ln R1 + C2 = 0 (Bic6)
    4μ dx
    and  
    R22 dp
    + C1 ln R2 + C2 = 0 (Bic6)
    4μ dx
    from which C1 and C2 can be determined and the solution constructed. Beyond that it is also possible
    to stipulate that one of the cylinders has an axial velocity, U, and to proceed to construct yet another
    axisymmetric flow of this type.

    However, we confine the present discussion to the simple Poiseuille flow while recognizing that parallel
    analyses can be carried out for the other variants. Note first that the velocity distribution in Poiseuille
    flow is parabolic according to equation (Bic5) and has a maximum velocity on the axis of
     
    R2 dp
    ux(0) = − (Bic7)
    4μ dx

    The volume flow rate, Q̇, is   


    R
    πR4 dp
    Q̇ = 2πr ux dr = − (Bic8)
    0 8μ dx
    so that the average velocity of the flow, u, is
     
    Q̇ R2 dp
    u = = − (Bic9)
    πR2 8μ dx
    Thus the average is 1/2 of the maximum. This last equation is often written as
    8μu
    Δp = (Bic10)
    R2
    to yield the pressure drop, Δp, over a length, , of the pipe.

    The shear stress distribution in the flow is best examined by applying the momentum theorem to a
    cylindrical control volume of radius, r, centered on the axis of the pipe and with length,  . Since the
    velocities in an out of the end of this cylinder are identical there is no net flux of momentum in or out of
    this control volume and so the theorem says the axial forces must balance. The forces due to the pressure
    on one end of this cylinder will be πr2p while the force on the other end a distance  downstream will
    be πr2 (p − Δp) where Δp is the pressure drop between the two locations. Consequently the net axial
    force in the positive x direction due to the pressure forces on the ends will be πr2Δp. The only other
    force acting in the axial direction is due to the shear stress acting on the outer surface area of the control
    volume. Denoting that shear stress by σrr which, in accord with the sign convention used in section (Bhd),
    is positive in the positive x direction, this shear force will be equal to 2πrσrr and so the balance of forces
    acting on the control volume requires that

    2πrσrr + πr2Δp = 0 (Bic11)

    so that
    rΔp
    σrr = − (Bic12)
    2
    a result which is completely independent of the constitutive law for the contents of the pipe. The negative
    sign is also in accord with expectations since the surrounding fluid necessarily counteracts the positive
    force due to the pressures on the ends of the control volume. Furthermore we note that the shear stress in
    the pipe always varies linearly with the radial location, r.

    Normally the sign convention for the wall shear stress, τw , that the fluid applies to the interior surface of
    the pipe is such that
    RΔp
    τw = −(σrr )r=R = (Bic13)
    2
    which for Poiseuille flow, using the relation (Bic10) leads to
    4μu
    τw = (Bic14)
    R
    This is a convenient point introduce some conventional engineering definitions. In the internal flow through
    any component, the coefficient of loss is denoted by k and defined as k = 2Δp/ρu2. In a pipe flow a further
    coefficient, the friction factor, f, is introduced to take account of the fact that the loss k will be proportional
    to the length, , of the pipe. Specifically, the friction factor, f, is defined as
    2Rk 4Δp
    f = = (Bic15)
     ρu2
    Inserting the result (Bic14) for Poiseuille flow this yields
    4Δp 32μ 64
    f = 2 = = (Bic16)
    ρu ρRu Re
    where Re = 2ρuR/μ is the Reynolds number for the pipe flow. This classic result is, of course, only valid
    for laminar flow; when the flow transitions to turbulent other factors enter the picture but this discussion
    is best delayed until later sections. In practical terms that transition typically occurs when Re reaches a
    value of about 2000 though many other factors may effect that value.

    The expression (Bic16) is only one feature that appears in perhaps the most widely used chart in all of
    engineering fluid mechanics, the graph of f against the Reynolds number that is known as the Moody
    chart. It can be seen on the left hand side of Figure 2.
    Figure 2: The Moody diagram for the friction factor, f, as a function of Reynolds number, 2ρuR/μ.

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