Urbanisticke Zasady A Principy Publikace 2016 en

Principles and Rules of Urban Planning Composition in Examples
Development in all areas www.mmr.cz

Authors: Naděžda Rozmanová

Zuzana Gajdíková
Collaborators: Pavla Balabánová

Milada Chroboczková
Alena Navrátilová
Hana Šimková
Jaroslav Tušer
Miriam Blažková
Guarantor at the Ministry of Regional Development:

Josef Morkus
Opponents: Michal Hexner

Ivan Kaplan
Translated by: Jan Mattuš
Ministry of Regional Development

Institute for Spatial Development
December 2016
Electronic version
978-80-7538-057-9 (Ministry of Regional
ISBN 978-80-7538-127-9 (Ministerstvo pro místní rozvoj ČR)
Development)
ISBN 978-80-87318-44-7 (Ústav územního
978-80-87318-54-6 (Institute for Spatial rozvoje)
Development)
CONTENTS
Part I STEP II – SPATIAL ANALYSIS 55
Selected terms in urban planning composition 6 2.1. W
hat is the value of the territory in accordance
1. Urban planning concept 8 with the spatial planning 55
/Building Act, distribution of values, observed phenomena/
2. Urban planning composition 10
3. Landscape composition 12 2.2. Values in administrative territory 59
4. Genius loci, city image 14 /Examples of the investigated values/
5. Terrain configuration 15 2.3. Spatial analysis is not just a list of values 64
6. Height level 17 /Spatial analysis within the spatial plan/
7. Historic centre 18 2.4. Principles for Step 2 – Spatial analysis 68
8. Important vantage point and outlook post 19
9. Landmark 20 STEP III – SPATIAL DESIGN 69
10. Skyline 22 3.1. H
ow to make use of and support values
11. Silhouette 23 in urban planning composition 69
12. Veduta 24 /The principles and rules of the design/
13. Urban axis 25 3.2. Village greens, town squares, and streets are also territories 82
14. View axis 26 /The basic principles of the urban planning composition of public spaces/
15. Protected view and view horizon 28 3.3. Rules for Step 3 – spatial design 89
16. Vista 30 /Spatial analysis within the spatial plan/
17. View-prominent place 32
18. Target point of view 33 Part III
19. Scale and proportions 34 How to keep an eye on all this 90
20. Gradation, contrast and stress 36
/Legislative bases of urban planning composition/
21. Rhythm, symmetry and asymmetry37
Which legislation supports urban planning composition within spatial planning 90
Spatial planning instruments dealing with urban planning composition 92
Part II
When is the opportunity to influence the urban planning composition
Application of basic principles and rules of urban planning composition 39
in the process of acquisition of the spatial plan 100
STEP I – PERCEPTION OF TERRITORY 40
1.1. Before we go into the terrain 40 Part IV
/Investigation of the settlement and the surroundings using maps What has to be avoided 101
– position of the settlement and ruggedness of the terrain, /General principles of urban planning composition in illustrations/
history of the settlement and landscape/
1.2. What should we notice 48 References and recommended reading 106
/View of the settlement from its surroundings and views
of the inner part of the settlement//
1.3. Principles related to Step 1 – perception of the territory 54
This book deals with urban planning composition in spatial planning. Its objective This publication is also meant for the non-professional public, so the authors
is to introduce readers in a brief and illustrative form to always endeavoured to present clear and brief formulations. The aim of the
1. selected terms of urban planning composition such as landmark, publication is a higher quality of discussion and communication with municipal
urban axis, skyline, view horizon, silhouette, view-prominent place, vista, leaders and councils, debates over legal circumstances, talks with citizens
veduta, target point of view, scale, proportions, gradation and others and so on. The municipal council is more active and discussions are more
2. important principles and rules of urban planning composition in transparent if the inhabitants are interested in what happens in their location.
spatial planning
General familiarity with urban planning principles is a condition for the
This publication should contribute to a better communication between planners understanding of problems and better cooperation with the public for an
(urban architects) and the representatives of municipalities. It should enable both increased quality of environs. This book should help to popularize urban planning
parties to cooperate more easily in spatial planning, particularly in the elaboration and building culture. It is one of the steps towards the fulfilment of the objectives
of spatial plans, regulatory plans, planning studies and, eventually, planning of Architecture and Building Culture Policy of the Czech Republic, a document
permissions. It is with these four tools of spatial planning where we encounter approved by the Government in 2015. Also, this manual supports education in
urban planning composition because the Building Act1 requires solutions for municipal councils and for the public in terms of architecture, urban planning,
both planar and spatial arrangment of territory. For a spatial arrangement to spatial development, landscape architecture, building culture and quality of the
be aesthetic, it is necessary to base its creation on the knowledge and use of environment. Based on examples of good practice, it aspires to contribute to
the principles and rules of urban planning composition. In the course of the increased demands for high-quality public space. The publication may become
elaboration of a spatial plan, which is a fundamental document for a town or city, a basis for the creation of learning materials at various levels of schools as well.
the planner is obliged by the Building Act to have discussions with a designated Also, it can be the inspiration for commentated sightseeing tours of settlements
representative of the municipality. In practice, particularly in smaller settlements, and their surroundings.
discussions are conducted with more representatives. For the purpose of surveys
in the territory, the planner can also talk to representatives of associations, This publication is not a theoretical or methodological study. Its goal is to motivate
businessmen, local inhabitants, people in surrounding settlements as well as interest in the milieu that people inhabit. In an illustrative form it describes the
visitors and tourists. The planner participates in the public debate on spatial work of planners who elaborate spatial plans. In the form of simple steps it
and regulatory plans so that explanations of intentions are anchored in related makes it possible to experience the urban planner’s perspective of a city or
documents. Communication on the planner’s part is professional and specific village and its environs. In urban planning composition, stress is put on the
as specialist vocabulary and terminology is used, not replaceable but supplied aesthetic aspect of space. It helps to see, perceive and understand the values
with explanations. Misunderstandings may result from insufficient knowledge of space and the natural relations maintaining and strengthening these values.
of terms or their clarification and intentions may be difficult to understand. On
the contrary, if the public is familiar with technical terminology, discussions with
planners are more precise and comments are more factual.
1 The Building Act 183/2006 of the Czech Republic
4 | Principles and Rules of Urban Planning Composition in Examples

Inquisitive readers will also be introduced to selected provisions of legislation
on which urban planning composition is based in practice.
Part I – Selected terms in urban planning composition

Part I is an illustrative introduction to selected terms in urban planning
composition. Based on these terms, the basic and general principles valid in
spatial planning are described.
Part II – Application of basic principles and rules of urban planning

composition
This part describes the rules of urban planning composition in the form of
recommendations of how to treat and use the general principles in spatial
planning.
Part III – How to keep an eye on all this

Part III acquaints readers with the Building Act and its implementing regulations.
Also, it offers insights into the problems of the elaboration of the spatial plan,
therefore an opportunity to influence the urban planning composition of
settlements.
Meaning of basic expressions in the title of this manual
Part IV – What has to be avoided: true or false?
This part describes selected rules of urban planning composition by means of A principle (from the Latin word principium, beginning) is a basic and
visual illustrations. generally accepted mental starting point, a precept; a law that is not
proven but provides understanding or derivation of other consequences
for action or knwledge.
A rule is a stable, firm opinion; a standard of social or systemic validity;

generally recommended procedure to solve a situation.
Principle = generally valid regulation

Rule = generally recommended procedure for solution
The meaning of both expressions is best captured by the motto of this

manual:
Learn the principles, follow the rules.
Introduction | 5
Part I Selected terms in urban planning composition
What actually is urban planning composition and why is it good to know In simple words, composition is an aesthetic arrangement of material
something about it? elements; urban planning composition is focused on the arrangement of objects
in a territory, i.e. objects (both structural and natural) which are so distinct that
We have already mentioned that urban planning composition is a component they affect the look of the territory. Since every village, town and city is a part
of documents important for the municipality, the town and its inhabitants. Its of the landscape, which includes the terrain and cover of the territory, natural
principles and rules are used to design the spatial arrangement of the territory. objects such as hills, banks, forest massifs, rocks, meadows, ponds and rivers
are subject to urban planning composition as well. Thus, urban planning
As one of these documents, the spatial plan is a design for the territory. As composition makes up part of the overall composition and concentrates
a conceptual document, it defines areas planned by the municipality for specific on the look of the territory, in other words on the aesthetic arrangement of
purposes in the town or city and its surroundings, i.e. in the entire territory of municipal material elements that constitute the territory. Such arrangement has an impact
administration. These purposes are processed by a team of experts and specialists, on the perception of the environment. It supports orientation in the settlement
taking into consideration legal regulations and the capacities of the territory, such and its surroundings and affects the pleasantness of the location, its attractivity,
as the protection zones, terrain and capacity of technical infrastructure. The spatial likeability, discreetness and harmony.
plan deals with the whole administrative area of the municipality, i.e. with all estates
belonging to the municipality in terms of administration, both built-up areas and The arrangement of all material elements can significantly influence the
open landscape. In regard to the scale, the spatial plan does not treat single edifices perception of the environs. Therefore the look of the territory forms and affects
but sets of buildings, in other words built-up areas. In spite of that, it is necessary to the behaviour of its inhabitants and their relation to places in which they live.
pay attention to dominant objects when creating the urban planning composition, for
they characterize the territory or a part of it. A milieu that is beautiful and kept neat cultivates its inhabitants. It is more
attractive to them if they know something about its history, the stories of the
A regulatory plan and a planning study usually refer to only a part of this constituents of their habitat.
administration area, but in more detail.
To understand and explain why one place and its look is pleasant while another
In most cases they involve objectives such as housing, public facilities, public evokes unpleasant feelings is difficult. If we manage to learn how to see and
zones, greenery, transportation, systems of power and water distribution, sewage perceive places with understanding for the principles that make them beautiful,
systems etc. These conceptual documents also deal with plants for reconstruction, we can enrich ourselves and contribute to the harmony of these places. This is
brownfield development (the recovery of territory may be accompanied by the another task of spatial planning, for according to the Building Act every citizen is
demolition of objects and ensuing new construction) and changes of use in entitled to defend the appearance of the territory in which they live. The continuity
built-up or open areas and the landscape. All these purposes, summarized and of places that are taken over from our ancestors and should be passed on to
formulated in the design, have an impact on the look and functioning of towns our descendants requires attention, care and a responsible approach including
and cities. Therefore they affect the life of the inhabitants and other users. Urban alertness and understanding of what is being prepared and carried out.
planning composition deals with the impact of the intents on the look (i.e. the
image) of a town or city or a part of it, including the landscape context.

It is necessary for the public, including elected deputies, to be attentive, active The sheets explain the following terms:
and aware of the basic principles of the creation of settlements and their 1. Urban planning concept
surroundings. This is a necessary condition for a fruitful discussion about 2. Urban planning composition
the problems of the area in question. Also, it is one of the guaranties for the 3. Landscape composition
preservation of spatial values and their consideration in the design of the territory 4. Genius loci, city image
of a village, town or city. 5. Terrain configuration
6. Height level
For the understanding of the basic principles and rules of urban planning 7. Historic centre
composition it is necessary to get acquainted with its most frequent terms. We 8. Important vantage point and outlook post
have chosen some of the most important expressions related to urban planning 9. Landmark
composition and connected with: 10. Skyline
● cultural and historical values 11. Silhouette
● urban planning values that create the image of a settlement 12. Veduta
13. Urban axis
Our effort was to condense the principles and rules in the form of a few quotations 14. View axis
and examples. For this reason, the basic principles are expressed by means of 15. Protected view and view horizon
simplified explanations and illustrative pictures, drawings and diagrams. Also, 16. Vista
we made efforts so as not to overload users with delicate differences in the 17. View-prominent place
approach to contextual principles, rules and details. 18. Target point of view
19. Scale and proportions
For the sake of comprehensibility, the terms are divided into separate sheets. 20. Gradation, contrast and stress
These sheets contain: 21. Rhythm, symmetry and asymmetry
● a simplified explanation of the term
● a variety of definitions; explanations according to various sources2
● illustrative pictures, diagrams and, if need be, comments Except for the first three, these terms represent phenomena having the strongest
● alternatively, a graphic symbol of expression in spatial planning documents impact on urban planning composition in spatial plans. They are ranked in
● description of how the term can be understood in spatial planning a sequence in which it is necessary to approach the perception of a settlement
● references to literature and other sources (marked with numbers in and its urban planning composition, namely from entirety to details.
square brackets)
This manual takes into consideration effective principles and rules for both cities
and villages, which is why the general term ‘settlement’ is widely used. The
Building Act and its implementing regulations do not distinguish between small
and large settlements in terms of approach to spatial plans, regulatory plans and
planning studies.
For the other terms see the web pages of the Institute for Spatial Development:
http://www.uur.cz → VYBRANÉ POJMY URBANISTICKÉ KOMPOZICE
2 For better illustration, the sheets include definitions from multiple sources, for urban planning
composition as a subject and discipline within urban planning is anchored in academic settings
(Faculties of Architecture) and the former Czech Research Institute for Building and Architecture.
Part I Selected terms in urban planning composition | 7

1. URBAN PLANNING CONCEPT
Simplified explanation of the term urban planning concept: And how about spatial planning?
functional and spatial arrangement of existing buildings and areas
proposed for development and the arrangement and treatment of The subject of an urban planning concept is the endeavour toward a well-balanced
landscape. development of a settlement. For an initial analysis of the basic concept of spatial
development it is useful to compose a scheme of the state of the settlement. The scheme
should be based on its planar and spatial arrangement, terrain configuration, operational
relations, use of areas (functional classification), walking distances and requirements
Variety of definitions related to the catchment area, history of the settlement and state of the landscape. The
scheme visualizes the drawbacks of the settlement that have to be rectified for better
The urban planning concept of a city or village is a system of continuously valid operation (e.g. bad transport connections of a coach station). It is fundamental for the
principles, phenomena and elements of spatial, functional and operational determination of the urban planning concept. In order to outline a comprehensive image,
arrangement in urban and landscape settings. It is usually based on the potential
of the territory, the role of a city in the system of population and the visions of its
the scheme represents the needs and objectives of a settlement as adapted according
prospective size and character.[1] to the capacities and potential of the territory.
The spatial plan stipulates a basic concept of the development of the territory of
a settlement, of the protection of its values and its planar and spatial arrangement Town centre
(hereafter ‘urban planning concept’), of the arrangement of landscape and public
infrastructure. Also, it delimits built-up areas and corridors, especially those which are Built-up area
developable and destined for modification of current buildings, restoration and reuse Development area
of deteriorated territory (hereinafter ‘area of reconstruction’), buildings for charitable
purposes and public benefit and spatial reserves, and stipulates conditions for the Industry and agriculture
use of these areas and corridors. [2] Main road
A basic and purposeful idea of the development of the territory of a settlement, Minor road
protection of its values and its planar and spatial arrangement. [3] Railway
The manner in which the urban structure has been developed so far and intended Pond
future development. [4] Brook
The urban planning concept is a system of adopted principles and rules guaranteeing Forest
a balanced development of the settlement structure, settlements and landscape in Bus/Train stop
the context of population development. To determine urban planning concepts is one
of the tasks of urban planning (Building Act, § 19, 1b). [5]
Fig. 1: A cut-out of a simple scheme of the state of a settlement on which the concept of a spatial
plan is based on: access road, town centre and bulit-up area, areas of industry and agriculture, forest
areas, possible development areas

1. URBAN PLANNING CONCEPT
No aerial or cadastral map, not even at a detailed

scale, can replace the scheme of the state of
a settlement.
A scheme that the designer has based on the study

of source materials and research of the territory
shows the functions and spatial arrangement of
various areas.
This example of a sketch presents an outline of the

main road and rail routes, areas of forests, housing,
industry, relaxation and sport and the town centre
with public facilities.
References
[1] MUŽÍK, Jan. Principy a pravidla územního plánování. Kapitola B.
Koncepce územního rozvoje ČR: B. 3.3.1.1 Města [online]. Brno: Ústav
územního rozvoje, 2010.
[2] § 43 of the 183/2006 Building Act of the Czech Republic.
[3] http://www.suburbanizace.cz
[4] Zásady a pravidla územního plánování: Názvosloví. Brno: VÚVA, 1978.
[5] Urbanistická koncepce a kompozice v územním plánu. Asociace pro
urbanismus a územní plánováni ČR, 2013.
Fig. 1 © Z. Gajdíková, based on http://www.mapy.cz
Fig. 2 © Nové Město nad Metují, AGORA Studio – I. Kaplan.
Fig. 2: Example of an urban planning sketch, Nové město nad Metují, by Ivan Kaplan, AGORA Studio

2. URBAN PLANNING COMPOSITION
Simplified explanation of the term urban planning composition: aesthetic spatial arrangement Context of the terms
of material elements that are so distinctive that they affect the appearance of the territory.
The term is related to various other terms such as terrain
Urban planning composition is the purposeful composition of selected natural and building configuration, historic centre, urban planning structure
elements in a space. The principles and rules of urban planning composition can be used for an of buildings, system of public areas, observation point,
aesthetic arrangement of elements, therefore an arrangement of higher quality rather than just landmark, skyline, silhouette, view axis, urban axis,
a random aggregate of these elements. The composition of elements in space changes in time; protected view (the visible horizon), gradation and scale.
building elements complement each other or disappear.
Means of the harmonization
There can be accidental composition as well, caused by the long-therm overlap of historic
of spatial and architectural forms are:
construction layers and haphazard decisions.
– scale and proportions (see sheet 19)
– gradation, contrast and stress (see sheet 20)
– rhythm, symmetry and asymmetry (see sheet 21) [2]
Variety of definitions
Urban planning composition is a part of the urban planning concept. The objective of urban composition is the aesthetic
creation and compositional arrangement of spaces, areas and natural and building elements in the form of compound
complexes in high-quality and character-varied settings. Urban planning composition has a decisive impact on the visual
perception of the environment by people, and on their behaviour, and the overall image of the landscape, settlements and Fig. 3: Composition of a village square
their parts. Urban planning composition deals with spatial development with regard to the values and conditions of a space. [1]
The subject of urban planning composition is the arrangement of a spatial form, created under the influence of various
components.
The purpose of urban planning composition is the creative synthesis of all the components of an urban planning work,
expressed by a composition of spaces and substances. The basic components in this process are:
– functional processes and their arrangement, i.e. needs
– means of realization, economy of the solution, i.e. possibilities
– aesthetic effect and ideological content
A relatively stable component is the natural environment with elements of the terrain, climate, water and greenery.
Components that are variable in time and undergo development are related to functional processes (i.e. the construction
as such, influenced by changing needs and possibilities) and the variable societal and aesthetic components. [2]
Composition is an artistic and architectural interpretation of the important needs of a town or city, essential to life and
building line dominant objects
determined by society and its order. [3]
street line protected trees
The composition of an artwork determines the mutual relations among all its components and is an integral part of the basic view axis monuments
artistic form. For urban planning, in addition, composition is the core of the artistic form and includes relations resulting
main road greenery
from social, technical and economic requirements.
traditional buildings pond
Urban planning composition is not only the core of the artistic form; it is the very crux of urban planning, its substance. buildings with facilities
Therefore, urban planning composition in its principle is a perfect reflection of the unity of form and content. [4]

2. URBAN PLANNING COMPOSITION
And how about spatial planning?

Spatial plans are based on the fact that urban planning composition, in other
words spatial arrangement, is a constituent of the urban planning concept. It
is an arrangement of material elements, i.e. objects in a territory that have an
impact on the look of the territory. The scheme of the state of a settlement, which
represents its arrangement (see sheet 1, Urban planning concept), includes
indisputable values of the territory and their compositional relations. These
are other limiting factors affecting the urban concept of a settlement.
In order to better realize the position and task of urban planning composition,
it is necessary to make a few additional comments in a wider context. Urban
planning composition is an important, yet these days often neglected or
underestimated, part of the creation of a cultural (i.e. human-created) milieu.
We must never forget that it is only one of the many parts of such a creation,
therefore it should neither be suppressed nor preferred to others.
Urban planning composition is a part of urban planning and architectural
creativity that is further applied in spatial planning and the process of
placing and permitting construction. It is spatial planning and the placing,
permitting and construction of buildings that puts urban planning composition
into practice. Briefly, urban planning composition as a purely creative and
highly artistic act is an inevitable part of urban planning, thus of the quest
for the harmony and balance of a number of components and conditions in
a territory. These components are covered by various technical professions, Fig. 4, fig. 5: View of a village, circular village green protected by the state,
social studies and other disciplines. After all, spatial planning is a tool of the Byšičky, District of Nymburk
implementation of such an entirety in practice.
References
[1] Urbanistická koncepce a kompozice v územním plánu. Asociace pro urbanismus a územní plánování ČR, 2013.
[2] TODL, Luděk, HEXNER, Michal, NOVÁK, Jaroslav. Urbanistická kompozice I. 1. vyd. Praha: České vysoké
učení technické, 1985.
[3] FIALA, František. Stati z urbanismu. 1959.
[4] MEDUNA, Vladimír. Urbanistická kompozice. Brno: VUT, 1985.
Fig. 3 © KNOPP, Alfréd. Vesnice: stavby a krajina mají svůj řád. 1. vyd. Brno: Ústav územního rozvoje, 1994.
Fig. 4, Fig. 5: http://cs.wikipedia.org
Fig. 6 © J. Pokorný Fig. 6: View of the isle of San Giorgio Maggiore, Venice

3. LANDSCAPE COMPOSITION
Simplified explanation of terms And how about spatial planning?

Landscape composition – composition of natural and architectural elements Territories with preserved designed landscape or its remains must be
including those of small size enhancing the milieu of open landscape (e.g. a tree respected by spatial plans as of important value. The restoration of
by a village chapel, a gazebo by a lake, a group of boulders and a bench). landscape composition must be supported according to the conditions of
the territory.
Designed landscape is a cultural landscape designed and intentionally created
in compliance with aesthetic and compositional principles. Designed landscapes A vast majority of administrative units do not comprise areas of designed
are large landscape compositions with important buildings or sets of buildings landscapes. Nevertheless, a natural setting can be enhanced by
usually interconnected with vistas and long garden lanes (e.g. the Lednice-Valtice a landscape composition or at least the composition of a sculpture with
cultural landscape, Czech Republic). a group of trees. Spatial plans can also create conditions for a more
detailed documentation of the use of elements such as hardscape
Cultural landscapes represent combined works of nature and people.
features, rest places, memorable trees and nature trails.
A designed cultural landscape is of great value and a part of the global cultural
heritage.
Baroque designed landscape is the name for a specific form of cultural landscape
created in 17th and 18th centuries.
Landscape composition
Landscape composition consists of singular compositional elements (major, minor and additional)
influencing each other and forming an integrated unit (composition). As parts of landscape compositions,
there are visual landmarks accentuated by vistas, the locations of roads and open views and scenes.
The existence of connections among these elements is indispensable for the compositional integrity
and the understanding of the character of a designed landscape. These connections and relations
among compositional elements create a valuable designed landscape. [1]
Fig. 7: Interplay of colours, Průhonice park Fig. 8: Interplay of light and shadows
Designed landscape
A type of cultural landscape designed and created intentionally by people. [1] Another term to be mentioned in the context of designed landscape is
designed scenery. It is a composition of trees, shrubs, lawn and water
using light and dark elements, the alternation of sunny and shaded places
as well as bright and muted colours. When we are walking in such a park
References the changing scenery attracts our attention.
[1] KULIŠŤÁKOVÁ, Lenka. Metody identifikace komponovaných krajin. In. HRONOVSKÁ, Kateřina – KUPKA, Jiří.
Ochrana kulturní krajiny. Hledání cílů, možností a pravidel. Praha: ČVUT, 2013, p. 12–27.
Fig. 7, Fig. 8 © P. Balabánová

3. LANDSCAPE COMPOSITION
Landscape history – designed landscape

Thanks to historical maps (maps of the so-called 1st to 3th Military Survey, the
Stable Cadastre, the Land Cadastre, historical aerial photographs etc.) it is possible
to detect large areas with typical signs of a landscape designed and created
by humans. Besides functionality and usefulness, the aesthetic aspect of the
landscape has been important for centuries. Landscapes were deliberately created
with systems of ponds, game enclosures, large parks, palace gardens and so on.
The founders took advantage of various opportunities for an aesthetic arrangement
of territory, i.e. composition. Besides designed gardens and parks, they created
large landscape compositions that go over the borders of today’s administrative
units. It is a principle that should be endeavoured toward again today.
Just as we care about the loveliness, harmony and scenic beauty of a settlement, we
are also enriched by the loveliness, harmony and scenic beauty of the landscape.
Settlements and landscape are indivisible from each other. Spatial plans deal with
whole administrative unit including open landscape, i.e. undeveloped territories
in the surroundings of settlements. Landscape and settlement make up a whole:
a composition. There is no visible boundary between them in the terrain.
A designed landscape is the wealth of our culture. Like historic buildings and
natural and technical monuments, designed landscape is protected. Selected
landscape compositions are protected in the form of Landscape Conservation
Zones according to the Act on State Monument Preservation. More of such
conservation zones are proposed for proclamation. The importance of designed
landscapes is not only in single objects but mainly in the compositional relations
Fig. 9: Wallenstein’s composed landscape near the town of Jičín
among these objects as a whole.
Plans for composition and historic modification of landscapes are also analysed Wallenstein’s designed landscape around Jičín is an early baroque
by the studies of preventive assessment of the landscape character. They are landscape composition between the hill called Veliš and the village of
worked out in various scales and details (e.g. for territories of Regions, Protected Valdice. Besides other important objects, there is a garden lane consisting
Landscape Areas, parks etc.) and usually contain basic information on the of four rows of lime trees, 20.5m wide and 1,716m long. The highest point
territory including an assessment of spatial relations and continuity in surrounding of the landscape composition is Veliš, a basalt hill with the most beautiful
territories. view over the town of Jičín, the region of the Bohemian Paradise and
the Giant Mountains. The landscape composition is enclosed by the
Traces of designed landscapes can also be detected in contemporary maps, Carthusian monastery and St. Joseph’s church in Valdice.
aerial photographs, orthophotomaps and historic pictures.
References
Fig. 9: http://www.mapy.cz/s/hEsk
Comment to the figure: http://www.albrechtzvaldstejna.cz

4. GENIUS LOCI, CITY IMAGE
Simplified explanation of terms

Genius loci = typical character or atmosphere of a place [1]
Image of a city or part of it – formed by the urban structure in connection
with natural elements [2]
Image = appearance, overall presentation, general impression to the public,
aggregate of ideas and opinions [1]
Genius loci
Atmosphere or, literally, spirit of a place testifying to how the place is
perceived by ourselves, no matter whether we are present in that place or
not. The decisive point for its understanding is the subjective perception
resulting from a combination of rational and emotional stimuli, both conscious
and unconscious. Genius loci is usually nuanced by values and experience Fig. 10: A typical city image, Venice
connected with the place. [3]
Genius loci as the spirit of a place is the compact total of material and immaterial Fig. 11: Image of the town of Třeboň
manifestations of the past and present in a location. It is unique and singular, The symbol for the town of Třeboň is a graphic representation
of a quinquefoil rose derived from the historic coat of arms of
creating a multidimensional and dynamic impression of the location in continuous
the Rosenberg family. This graphic shortcut it evokes gothic
interaction with the spiritual world of the visitor or resident. Quest and encounter, stonecutting and the Renaissance motif of a sgraffito referring to the
not only a visit, create conditions for a dialogue with the genius loci in a place. [4] history of the town. At the same time, with its vivid colours, it reflects
a dynamic parallel to the present, accentuating a wide choice of
City image tourism and leisure activities.
General idea about a city as based on sensory perception, experience and
knowledge of the functional purposefulness of the city. [5] References
[1] ABZ.cz: slovník cizích slov [online].
Visual value of the internal or external form of a settlement perceived as [2] KMONÍČKOVÁ, Barbora. Přírodní prvky v obrazu města. In. Perspektivy území: udržitelné vazby, střety
a rozvoj. Praha: ČVUT, 2012, p. 153–163. [online].
a whole; it is the expression of urban landscape in which everyday social
[3] ČABLOVÁ, Markéta. Prostory: průvodce tvorbou a obnovou veřejných prostranství. 1. vyd. Brno: Partner-
relations are developed, therefore it should be a culturally closed space. The ství, 2013.
purposefulness of the city image depends on the distinctness of the structure [4] ZELENKA, Josef, PÁSKOVÁ, Martina. Výkladový slovník cestovního ruchu. Praha: Linde Praha, 2012.
[5] HRŮZA, Jiří. Slovník soudobého urbanismu. 1. vyd. Praha: Odeon, 1977.
and the identification of a specific form. [6]
[6] Zásady a pravidla územního plánování: Názvosloví. Brno: VÚVA, 1978.
The making of a positive image of a city is regarded as an important tool that [7] JEŽEK, Jiří. Aplikace městského marketingu v praxi. In: E+M Ekonomie a management, 2010, No. 4,
p. 123–134. [online].
helps to attract visitors of specific target groups. [7] Fig. 10 © J. Pokorný
Fig. 11: Město Třeboň – Manuál jednotného vizuálního stylu [online].

5. TERRAIN CONFIGURATION
Simplified explanation of the term terrain configuration:

altitudinal and spatial arrangement of the terrain (e.g. its gradient,
compactness or openness) affecting the look of a settlement, or a
part of it, and the potential for development.
1 Town on an isolated height (Mikulov) 2 Town on a terrain promontory (Český Krumlov)

The position of a town or city in the terrain is a basic feature that
is manifested in its urban composition, i.e. spatial arrangement,
image, character and the importance of silhouette.
The position in the terrain also affects the potential for development
and the conditions for the character of buildings, in other words the 3 Town in a basin (Prachatice) 4a Town in a combined terrain position
total of the material of buildings, its concentration or sparseness. [1] (built-up terrain landmark, Letovice)
Terrain configuration largely affects the way in which a settlement is

developed, streets are routed, and dominant objects are positioned. [2]
This typology of towns as related to the terrain (right) represents the 4b Town in a combined terrain position 5a Town in a wide valley (Náchod)
state in an early stage of development. (undeveloped terrain landmark, Černá Hora)
Current practice features mainly the development of valley areas
and settlements on isolated heights and promontories with material
buildings, such as in the towns of Žatec and Čáslav, moving
up in slopes as far as the edge of basins in wide valleys and on
promontories (České Budějovice, Plzeň and Český Krumlov) and the
elimination of the effect of the silhouettes of settlements on flat land. 5b Town in a narrow valley (Jáchymov) 6 Town on flat land (Litovel)
7 Town by large water surface (Telč)
Fig. 12: Types of positions of a town in the terrain

5. TERRAIN CONFIGURATION
And how about physical planning?

Solutions for a territory are based on the configuration of the terrain. The configuration
is constant and invariable. It is the starting point for compositional creation.
Territory is three-dimensional. Each of its areas in the terrain has a vertical drop,
gradient, segmentation and orientation to cardinal points. The flow of meteoric
water and air has its natural relations; for example, a territory is or is not sufficiently
ventilated. The segmentation of the terrain, its orientation and cover (including the
number of hard and unpaved surfaces) affects the climate of the territory, therefore
the climatic comfort and the microclimate of surfaces.
Spatial plans should take into consideration the altitude of the settlement
and resulting consequences such as water and wind erosion and inverse
positioning. The three-dimensionality of the territory manifests itself by its
volume and affects long distance views, the silhouette of the settlement, other
landmarks, horizons, scale, view axes, vistas and so forth.
Problems related to the topography of the landscape (i.e. its hypsometry and Fig. 13: Mikulov
planimetry) are solved by specialists in landscape and water management.
It is difficult to take into account and express the hypsometry of the terrain of larger
cities in spatial plans. At the same time, it is necessary because high-rise buildings
can substantially disrupt the silhouette of a city or a part of it. For a regulatory plan
or spatial study, planimetric and especially hypsographic mapping is a frequently
neglected but necessary prerequisite.
If hypsography is not taken into consideration, two different problems may arise
in the future:
1. impact on the environment and health (inverse positions, microclimate of surfaces)
2. impact on urban planning values in built-up areas and the landscape
References
[1] VOREL, I. Principy a pravidla územního plánování. Kapitola B. Koncepce územního rozvoje ČR: B. 3.3.1.2 Města –
krajina. [online]. Brno: Ústav územního rozvoje, 2014.
[2] VOŽENÍLEK, Jiří. Stavba měst a vesnic: urbanistická příručka. Brno: VÚVA, 1957.
Fig. 12: KUPKA, J. Krajiny kulturní a historické. Praha: ČVUT, 2010.
Fig. 13: http://www.mistnikultura.cz
Fig. 14: Jáchymov
Fig. 14: http://www.mestojachymov.cz

6. HEIGHT LEVEL
Simplified explanation of the term height level: height of the majority of objects in a
certain part of a settlement.
The height level can be defined as the height of buildings over the adjacent terrain. It is
determined by the height of roof ridges and flat roof attics in a typical sample of buildings in
a location. In more detail: aligned, homogeneous (with minor differences) and more or less Fig. 15: Possible height level control
differentiated levels are distinguished. [1]
An aligned height level makes it possible for higher objects to
The determination of height zones is an important means of composition; it is decisive in the
become apparent. Terrain configuration influences the effect of
creation of the urban silhouette. The plan of height levels is also determined by the function
the height level of a settlement because it goes parallel with the
of the town or city, therefore the way of life and the type of buildings the inhabitants live in.
topography of the terrain.
The height level is limited by terrain configuration and the conditions for insolation. [2]
In relation to the height and shape of roofs there is another term
to mention: roof landscape. This can be observed from above,
preferably from a place that is one or two floors higher than the
ridges of the observed roofs. A harmonious roof landscape is
made of roofs in a compact built-up area if the roofing is of the
And how about spatial planning? same character (e.g. ceramic tiles on sloping roofs).
Spatial planning documentation can adjust height control by means of obligatory height
levels and maximum and minimum numbers of floors in buildings.
Setting up a wider range of levels instead of a single level makes it possible to construct
more varied and typologically different buildings in a way that corresponds to the needs of
current polyfunctional cities.
The determination of maximum regulated height is important so that the scale of buildings
is maintained in harmony with the surrounding objects and undesirable visual landmarks
are avoided. Fig. 16: Roof landscape, a view of Černá Hora
The determination of a minimum regulated height is of key importance so that the character
of the urban setting is maintained and the construction of typologically inappropriate References
buildings in the context of public areas is eliminated. [3] [1] OBERSTEIN, Ivo, CACH, Jan. Názvosloví urbanismu a územního plánování. Praha: FA
ČVUT, 2001. Materiál z výzkumného úkolu MSM 210000026 „Proměny urbanismu".
Spatial planning can eliminate non-conceptual construction of high-rise buildings by means [2] VOŽENÍLEK, Jiří. Stavba měst a vesnic: urbanistická příručka. Brno: VÚVA, 1957.
of height level regulation in certain parts of settlements. [3] Fig. 15 and comment: Institut plánování a rozvoje hlavního města Prahy. Pražské sta-
vební předpisy s aktualizovaným odůvodněním [online]. Praha: IPR Praha, 2014.
Fig. 16 © Z. Gajdíková

7. HISTORIC CENTRE
Simplified explanation of the term historic centre: the oldest part of a

settlement, a complex of objects in a settlement that forms a village green or
square or a complex of narrow streets and squares.
The historic centre is the oldest part of a town, which was usually enclosed in
town walls. In a town or city, it is not only a complex of architectural and cultural
monuments but also the decisive segment for the identity and specificity of
the town and the majority of its aesthetic values. These values do not reside
in singular objects but in whole complexes, in the disposition of spaces and
the street network, overall segmentation and scale, layout in the terrain and
silhouette, incorporation of a river, parks and other natural elements. [1]
Fig. 17: Aerial photograph of the historic centre of Telč

In terms of composition, a historic centre is particularly important if it includes
a high landmark. Such a landmark facilitates orientation in a settlement and
determines the heart, in other words the notional hub of the settlement.
In the centre, the visitor expects to find important institutions such as the
municipal office, the information centre and the most luxurious catering and
accommodation options. The setting, look and maintenance of public space in
the historic centre should correspond to this assumption. From the viewpoint
of the spatial plan, the positioning of these functions must be reflected in
the concept of transportation, including pedestrian, accessible car parking,
supplies and underground utilities.
References
[1] HRŮZA, Jiří. Slovník soudobého urbanismu. 1. vyd. Praha: Odeon, 1977.
Fig. 17: http://mapy.cz/s/nwOH
Fig. 18: http://cs.wikipedia.org
Fig. 18: Aerial view of the town of Nymburk

8. IMPORTANT VANTAGE POINT and OUTLOOK POST
Simplified explanation of terms Examples of symbols

Important vantage points and outlook posts is a places in a settlement or its vicinity from which a important vantage point
picturesque view opens over this settlement or a part of it.
outlook post
The angle of the important vantage point is the sector delimiting the picturesque view; alternatively,
a sector in which such a view is possible. outlook post of a typical panorama
A distance view is a view over a settlement comprising the whole settlement and a part of its
view angle and direction
surroundings.
angle of an important vantage point
Variety of definitions An important vantage point or outlook post may be

situated in a settlement, in its vicinity or even beyond the
Important vantage point administrative territory of the respective settlement.
A place accessible for the public, elevated in the terrain (hillside or peak of a hill) or as part of a
building (observation post or tower), that enables people to view an important and attractive part
of the surrounding space. [1]
Outlook post and outlook line
A point or route enabling important views of a territory [2]

The urban planning composition of a settlement finds strong expression in distant views. Access
roads are important outlook posts, as there is often an important object of the settelment in the
axis of the access road.
Distant views represent the first encounter between a visitor and a settlement and make orientation Fig. 19: View over the city of Rome from the roof of the
easier. In order to express a vantage point or an outlook post in a spatial plan, urban planners have Monument to Victor Emmanuel II
to explore the settlement, perceive its values and look for places with the most suitable views. These
views, along with their outlook posts, have to be protected. This means creating opportunities and
References
conditions for other views from new posts as well as for views of other valuable objects. It depends on [1] Ústav územního rozvoje, Brno. Standard sledovaných jevů pro územně ana-
the size of the territory; a regulatory plan, dealing with a smaller part of the territory, can pay attention lytické podklady obcí. [online]. Brno and Praha. 2014.
to more detailed views such as of a sculpture, fountain or the facade of an important building. [2] OBERSTEIN, Ivo, CACH, Jan. Názvosloví urbanismu a územního plánování.
Praha: FA ČVUT, 2001.
Fig. 19 © J. Pokorný

9. LANDMARK
Simplified explanation of the term landmark: an edificial or natural object (e.g. a rock) that attracts Examples of landmarks and possible symbols
attention by its height, size, shape or colouring in comparison to its surroundings.
individual landmark
(tower, church)
Landmark complex of landmarks
Prominent (visually important) element in urban planning composition; an important building, complex of (housing estate)
buildings or a natural formation dominating the structure of a city, town or landscape by its position and material natural landmark
or visual features. The surroundings are subordinate to the landmark and help it to come to the fore. [1] (rock, mountain, lake)
Important landmark building edificial landmark
A building or complex of buildings, including items of the Cultural List of Cultural Monuments, whose position (theatre building, school or other institution
in the terrain, or urban character, makes it distinctively visible and largely affecting the visual character of a in a prominent position on a town square)
settlement and landscape. [2] important edificial landmark
Minor elevated landmark (town hall)
A part of a building exceeding its height, normally not higher than another floor; it points out the position of
vertical landmark
the building in the urban structure (for example a corner, accentuated entrance, staircase, etc.) [3]
(chimney, transmission tower)
horizontal landmark
Context of the term (mountain range)
A landmark
minor elevated landmark
– is a point of orientation, a symbol, the climax of the composition; it may also be an important vantage point
(turret of a corner building)
– dominates the space by means of its size (height or volume), shape, colour and the material of the
local landmark
facade (accent)
(village chapel, church)
– depends on terrain configuration, its place in the composition (urban structure) and function (form; shape
of a building is based on its function) landmark of larger importance
– can determine the height level of a town or city, the scale of a public space and the centre of the territory (reservoir, mountain range, motorway)
– makes the skyline, silhouette, veduta and image of a city, can be a target point of view, is a view-prominent undesirable landmark
place and a part of public space (e.g. a house inappropriately exceeding
the height of adjacent buildings)
– can be local or of larger importance, natural or edificial and horizontal or vertical
– is related to the concepts of gradation, proportion, scale, urban axis, view axis, target point of view and
contrast

9. LANDMARK
Objects give the impression of being a landmark if their size, volume, archi-
tectural concept or colour attract the attention of a viewer. It is necessary to
know which landmarks of a settlement and its surroundings are dominant
from distant views so that we can decide which landmarks should be respec-
ted and protected so as not to damage these distant views through the objec-
tives of spatial plans.
Other landmarks may be invisible from a distance. The building of an insti-

tution in a square may be dominant as compared to surrounding houses. It
depends on the area in which the building acts as a landmark, or the space in
which it dominates. The task of spatial planning is to use suitable landmarks
for the creation of a harmonious urban planning composition.
Ugly objects may also act as landmarks (e.g. some technological buildings).
In the composition, the viewer’s attention to these should be avoided. Spatial
plans work with them, according to their scale, in order to suppress their effect. Fig. 20: Říp Mountain, south view; a blank natural landmark
The effect of almost every natural landmark (for example a rock massif, hill
or lake) is harmonious. An exception can be a natural landmark affected by
human influence, for instance a view of a partly extracted stone quarry with
mining equipment or large areas of opencast mining.
References
[1] OBERSTEIN, Ivo, CACH, Jan. Názvosloví urbanismu a územního plánování. Praha: FA ČVUT, 2001.
[2] Ústav územního rozvoje v Brně. Standard sledovaných jevů pro územně analytické podklady obcí. [online].
Brno a Praha. 2014.
[3] MAIER, Karel. Názvosloví, příklady metodiky a symboliky užívané pro zpracování regulačních plánů.
Regulační prvky. [online]. Praha: ČVUT, 2004.
KUPKA, J. Krajiny kulturní a historické. Praha: ČVUT, 2010.
TODL, Luděk, HEXNER, Michal, NOVÁK, Jaroslav. Urbanistická kompozice I. 1. vyd. Praha: České vysoké
učení technické, 1985.
Fig. 20: http://cs.wikipedia.org
Fig. 21: http://www.eu2009.cz/, foto: CzechTourism.com
Fig. 21: The transmission tower on Ještěd; a constructed natural landmark

10. SKYLINE
Simplified explanation of the term skyline: wide view of a settlement or landscape. And how about spatial planning?
When stipulating admissible conditions, spatial plans can affect
the skyline positively or negatively. It is, therefore, necessary
to know the skyline of the settlement, particularly from
Any general view with a wide perspective over a landscape or town can be called skyline. [1] access roads and important outlook posts, at the beginning
of the elaboration of a spatial plan. These may be located a
Buildings visible in the skyline indicate the centre or other possible focal points of a city.
relatively long distance outside the administrative territory of
Urban skyline is usually perceptible from certain territories and positions in open landscape
the settlement. The skyline may also refer to landscape. It may
only. Views from access roads and the ensuing first impressions of the entry into a city are
be a large territory in a neighbouring administrative area.
particularly important. [2]
Context of the term
The skyline
– is influenced by terrain configuration, urban concept and composition, location of landmarks
and the height level
– makes the image of the city
– is related to an important observation point, genius loci, view horizon, view-prominent
places, protected view, gradation and scale
– should be distinguished from a veduta (indication of places and landmarks within a view)
and a silhouette (contours)
Fig. 22: The skyline of Brno
References
[1] KOUCKÝ, Roman a kol. Slovník. Návrat k přirozenému jazyku a objasnění základních pojmů Metropolitního plánu [online]. Praha: Institut plánování a rozvoje hl. m. Prahy, 2014.
[2] VOŽENÍLEK, Jiří. Stavba měst a vesnic: urbanistická příručka. Brno: VÚVA, 1957.
Fig. 22: http://commons.wikimedia.org

11. SILHOUETTE
Simplified explanation of the term silhouette: the shape of a picturesque or typical And how about spatial planning?
part of a settlement, featured and expressed by a line or area.
Spatial plans must ensure that a typical silhouette is not damaged
by objectives in the territory. During the elaboration of a spatial plan
it is useful to find a typical observation point and protect this view.
A silhouette that is typical for a settlement, especially a city, becomes
The silhouette of a town or city is understood as both a distant panoramic view and as a constituent of the city image. It is often used on presentation
the total of single images that an observer can see in the city. These may be views from objects such as those for the promotion of tourism.
various terrain levels, towers and high buildings, across rivers and so on. The silhouette
of a town or city is always linked to its ground plan. [1]
A silhouette is a shadow image providing the planar and monochromatic contour of an
object. In an urban setting, it represents the contour of the mass of buildings in contrast
with the background, mostly the sky. [2]
Fig. 23: Silhouette of a city, Venice Fig. 24: The logotype of the town of Kadaň
References
[1] VOŽENÍLEK, Jiří. Stavba měst a vesnic: urbanistická příručka. Brno: VÚVA, 1957, 665 s.
[2] KOUCKÝ, Roman a kol. Slovník. Návrat k přirozenému jazyku a objasnění základních pojmů Metropolitního plánu [online]. Praha: Institut plánování a rozvoje hl. m. Prahy, 2014.
Fig. 24: http://wvvvv.mesto-kadan.cz
Fig. 25: Veduta Moravská Ostrava – https://cs.wikipedia.org Fig. 26: fotografie veduta Brno http://commons.wikimedia.org/, amended by Zuzana Gajdíková according to http://panorama.brna.cz

12. VEDUTA
Simplified explanation of the term veduta: a view over a settlement that

visualizes the spatial arrangement of important objects in the settlement.
A veduta is a topographically precise view of a town or landscape. As opposed
to the skyline, it includes an evaluation of the relevance of specific parts (the
perspective of importance) that would be imperceptible in a skyline, mostly
because of surmounting. A veduta is characteristic for its spatial depth (as
opposed to silhouette which is two-dimensional only. [2, see silhouette]

The veduta is closely linked to the skyline and the silhouette of a settlement.
Nevertheless, it is rarely applicable for spatial plans. It visualizes territory,
possibly after the realization of selected objectives of a spatial plan. A three-
dimensional model of the territory, or a visualization as such, is a more
convincing tool of expression of the plans than a veduta. Fig. 25: A veduta of Moravian Ostrava, 1728
Šumavská Office Centre

University of Technology
St. Thomas’s Church

St. Michael’s Church
Palace of the family

St. James’s Church
Cathedral of Saints
International Hotel
The Jesuit Church

Říkovští z Dobrčic
Continental Hotel
The Red Church
Špilberk Castle
Peter and Paul
New Town Hall
Liberty Square
Old Town Hall
Fig. 26: A veduta of Brno

13. URBAN AXIS
Simplified explanation of the term urban axis: an axis – line that introduces
logical order in the space of a settlement.
An urban axis aimed at an important target correspond to the compositional axis.
Urban axis
A line representing either the actual axis of the symmetry of current urban spatial
structures (or complexes) or symbolic bonds of rays (or single rays) in space. It
is necessary to pay attention to the relation between individual buildings (houses
and constructions of all types) alongside the urban axis. [1]
Compositional axis
An important line, originating in historic evolution or founded deliberately in built-
up areas and urban space, that focuses on functional activities and spatial events.
Compositional axes can interconnect several parts of a city and aim at important
targets (hubs) of the urban structure or landscape. Such a target can also be Fig. 27: Urban axes of the town of Poděbrady
represented by an important natural structure. [2]
In its ground plan, Poděbrady is a town with typical spatial evolution at
the crossing of two compositional axes. In the SE-NW direction it is the
axis formed by the river Elbe, while in the perpendicular direction there
And how about spatial planning? is a distinctive urban axis founded by architect Janda’s regulatory plan
The urban/compositional axis is an important compositional element of a of 1912, which goes from the railway station to the town square and the
settlement. The identification of this axis is an important part of the analysis of spa park (Masaryk Square), then crossing the Elbe to continue through
the operational and spatial pattern of a settlement. It assists understanding of the centre of Polabecká park. The development of this urban axis was
the structure of the settlement, its further expansion, functioning and operation. stopped during WWII.
For instance, urban axes are essential for the differentiation of the importance of
Examples of symbols
streets and for orientation in a settlement.
designed urban axis
natural axis (river)
References
[1] MAIER, Karel. Názvosloví, příklady metodiky a symboliky užívané pro zpracování regulačních plánů. Regulační prvky. [online]. Praha: ČVUT, 2004.
[2] HEXNER, Michal. Územně analytické podklady hlavního města Prahy. Téma 11.15. Kompoziční osy a průhledy [online]. Praha, 2007.
Fig. 27: http://www.mapy.cz/, amended by Z. Gajdíková
Comment to Fig: Územní plán Poděbrady – koncept, Odůvodnění projektantem, kapitola C.3.1.2 Popis urbanistické struktury území, [online] http://wvvw.mesto-podebrady.cz

14. VIEW AXIS
Simplified explanation of the term view axis

View axes are intentionally directed views of landmarks and
view-prominent places. Therefore, they accentuate the lines of
urban axes. We can distinguish between:
G
● view direction towards a prominent target (including views from
below and above)
Z
or
● view direction delineated by vertical edges (e.g. bordered by A
trees, objects, terrain, etc.)
A succession of interconnected spaces and view axes generating
the central composition of buildings; it embodies the basic visual
idea of a town, deliberately established or evolutionarily grown, and Fig. 28: Concept of the development of the exhibition grounds of Brno, 1958
constitutes its ideological and visual centre. [1]
The basic compositional principle of the urban planning structure of the exhibition
And how about spatial planning? grounds of Brno has remained till now a system of landmarks consisting of Hall A, Hall
If the view axis follows the line of the urban axis, the urban axis and Z, the tower of Hall G and the administrative building.
its importance is highlighted and the image of the settlement and The original two axes designed by architect Josef Kalous in 1924 are proportioned as
orientation in the area are improved. avenues with central green lanes with chestnut trees. They form a V-shape, with the top
in the open space in front of present day Hall A.
The third axis, originally designed by architect Bohuslav Fuchs, was created after the
construction of a new landmark, Hall Z.
References At the same time, a fourth axis was created between Halls A and Z. This axis was
[1] OBERSTEIN, Ivo, CACH, Jan. Názvosloví urbanismu a územního plánování. Praha: FA
ČVUT, 2001.
interrupted later by the construction of Hall V.
Fig. 28 and comment: MÜLLER, Zdeněk. Brněnské výstaviště: stavba století. Stavební vývoj
1928–2002. Brno: Veletrhy Brno, 2002. Scheme completed by Z. Gajdíková.
Fig. 29: http://en.wikipedia.org
Fig. 30, Fig. 31, Fig. 32 © J. Pokorný

Examples of urban axes and view axes
Fig. 29: The Boulevard des Champs-Élysées, the longest urban axis in Paris Fig. 30: A view across the river Thames, with a vista of the University of Greenwich, London
Fig. 31: The end of a view axis as a point de vue, Buchlovice chateau Fig. 32: A view without axis – from Buchlov castle to the nearby Chapel of St. Barbara

15. PROTECTED VIEW and VIEW HORIZON
Simplified explanation of terms:

Protected view – a picturesque view that should be preserved. view horizon
View horizon – a horizon that creates the background of a settlement or a part

of it.
protected view
Distant view – a view of a settlement in its entirety and a part of its surroundings.
Protected view or protected view horizon

A view or a view horizon particularly valuable for the image of a place; such
a view or view horizon must not be visually disturbed or interrupted in the zone
of protection. [1]
View edge
Fig. 33: Rožmberk nad Vltavou; the view horizon creates the background
A horizontal complex of mass, greenery or other natural elements that looks of an important architectural complex of buildings
continuous. [2]
View horizon
View horizons enclose several panoramic views; they are related to respective view horizon
outlook posts. [2]
The view horizon of the historic centre of a city is understood as a material and
emotional boundary of the part of the city that is visually connected with the
centre. The physical demarcation of a view horizon is determined primarily by
geomorphology and secondarily by anthropogenic impacts (buildings, terrain
modelling as a result of transportation structures, dump sites and so on). [3]
Fig. 34: Pálava hills

15. PROTECTED VIEW and VIEW HORIZON

Spatial plans have to take into particular consideration distant views from access roads and
important observation points.
Places of potential views of landmarks have to be looked for and used, especially those
where visitors gather.
Picturesque views increase the attractiveness of a settlement. Distant views from access
roads constitute the entrance gate of the settlement. View horizons are employed mainly in
distant views, creating the background of the settlement.
Views of significant objects and, conversely, views from these objects (e.g. lookouts from
entrance zones where visitors waiting or leaving the object gather) are particularly important.
Deliberately designed lookouts are related to view axes and urban axes.
These and other picturesque views, including view horizons, should be protected. Their
view edges should not be overtopped by other objects. Important view horizons should not
be blocked, except by suitable landmarks.
Spatial plans can demarcate territories to which increased attention should be paid, in order
to preserve the protected views of landmarks and skylines, and maintain the compositional
relations between important objects. This protection can be provided mainly by height
regulation (see sheet 6, Height level). Records of height levels in photographs, 3D digital
models etc. can become a relevant source for the determination of height regulation in
spatial planning documents.
Fig. 35: Spatial plan of Sobůlky; cut-out of a drawing of the concept of

landscape arrangement
References
[1] MAIER, Karel. Názvosloví, příklady metodiky a symboliky užívané pro zpracování regulačních plánů. Regulační prvky. [online]. places of distant view
Praha: ČVUT, 2004.
backing greenery, avenues and measures of erosion
[2] OBERSTEIN, Ivo, CACH, Jan. Názvosloví urbanismu a územního plánování. Praha: FA ČVUT, 2001.
control for agricultural land
[3] GABOR, Radim, KLOKOČKOVÁ, Vlasta. Územně analytické podklady hlavního města Prahy – Příloha 11/11. Pohledový
horizont Památkové rezervace v hlavním městě Praze [online]. Praha: ÚRM, 2008. proposed protection zone of landscape horizons
Fig. 33 © N. Rozmanová view horizon of local importance
Fig. 34: http://de.wikipedia.org
Fig. 35: http://www.mestokyjov.cz

16. VISTA
Simplified explanation of the term vista: view of a prominent target framed by

another object or trees.
Special quasi-static fragments of the internal image of a city, optically connecting
adjacent and remote spaces; they are often directed to prominent compositional
landmarks (points de vue). [1]
A vista is a depth composition of urban objects arranged on both sides along the direct
horizontal axis (either flat or ascending or descending) so that they orient the viewer
to a central, fully visible urban object at the end of the axis. This object is the core of
the whole composition; other urban objects are subordinate to it, not competing with
it in shape, form, colour etc. but, on the contrary, pointing out the core by means of
contrasting or neutral features so that the main object dominates more than it would Fig. 36: A vista of surrounding landscape through a building, Lausanne
do alone. Between the viewer and the central object, there must not be any obstacle
covering or deforming it. [2]
A visual opportunity of the character of a corridor that connects observation posts with
an important element of an urban or landscape scene. [3]
Examples of symbols
vista
protected vista
Vistas are specific protected views. A protected view usually provides several points
for the observation of a prominent target. A vista is a framed view of a prominent target
from a particular place. Such a prominent target may be represented by a landmark as
well as landscape, mountains, a lake, skyline, open space, the entrance to a park and
so on. Inorder that viewers do not miss such a place, they have to be held up; therefore
relaxation areas with benches, seating outside cafés, and secondary outlook platforms
Fig. 37: A vista of a castle through greenery, Černá Hora
are applied in places with attractive views.

16. VISTA

Vista is a term related to regulatory plans and planning studies rather than
spatial plans.
A vista can be framed by greenery or buildings (a street) or a single building
(e.g. passage, arcade or gate).
A narrow vista through greenery can follow the compositional axis. These
vistas, leading intentionally from one prominent place to another, should be
marked out in spatial plans. In order to preserve them, control of permissible
and impermissible use should be stipulated for areas that the view goes
through. Greenery should be maintained so that the vistas do not become
overgrown.
Another type of vista is views through buildings in important urban axes
terminated by landmarks or view-prominent places.
When new buildings are planned, it is always necessary to verify potential
opportunities for founding new vistas.
It is suitable to use unexpected opportunities for vistas and record them in the
spatial plan. Such vistas act as surprising and invigorating.
A vista of a prominent target originates intentionally during compositional
creation, but it also often suggests itself randomly. It should be used with
particular attention to the location. When the spatial plan works with a vista,
the size of the settlement must be taken into consideration: a monumental vista
of a large building in a small settlement would look awkward.
Nevertheless, vistas can also be intimate places, for instance those with views
from a park bench to a sculpture framed by trees. Because of their scale,
such vistas are not treated by spatial plans but rather by regulatory plans and
planning studies. Fig. 38: A vista through a street, 30 St. Mary Axe, London
For the urban arrangement of a particular place such as a public open space,
visualizations of the parterre with the vista can by displayed. This enables References
[1] KUPKA, Jiří. Prostředky harmonizace urbanistického prostor. Pomůcka k přednáškám pro studenty Fa-
people to get a concrete idea about the newly built or revitalized location. kulty stavební ČVUT [online].
[2] MEDUNA, Vladimír. Urbanistická kompozice. Brno: VUT, 1985.
[3] HEXNER, Michal. Oponentura návrhu předložené publikace.
Fig. 36, Fig. 37 © Z. Gajdíková

17. VIEW-PROMINENT PLACE
Simplified explanation of the term view-prominent place Examples of symbols

view-prominent place: view-prominent place
● a place that attracts the eye; a place of frequent looks view-prominent part of the facade
● a place in the view/urban axis
A view-prominent part of the facade is a part of the facade that attracts the eye
in the end of the view/urban axis.
View-prominent part of the facade
A part of the facade suitable for architectural emphasis. [1]

In spatial plans, a view-prominent place can be identical with a landmark. Like
a vista, it finds its use in relation with the urban axis or view axis.
A view-prominent place (in a similar way to a vista or target point of view)
conserns more the scale of a regulatory plan or a planning study. They deal
with smaller areas, therefore in more detail. In terms of a regulatory plan or
a planning study, view-prominent places are represented by many corners,
accentuated entrance facades, objects seen from urban transport stops, as
well as the entrances and exits of buildings designed for high numbers of
visitors such as theatres, cinemas, halls, funeral parlours and so on.
References
[1] MAIER, Karel. Názvosloví, příklady metodiky a symboliky užívané pro zpracování regulačních plánů.
Regulační prvky. [online]. Praha: ČVUT, 2004. Fig. 39: Ransila shopping mall, Lugano
Fig. 39 © Z. Gajdíková

18. TARGET POINT OF VIEW
Simplified explanation of the term target point of view (point de vue): Examples of symbols
attractive harmonious place to which the view axis is aimed; attractive
harmonious place in a vista (for example valuable buildings, sculptures or
natural elements). target point of view (point de vue)
A point de vue is the climax and focal point of the composition.
view axis
protected view
protected vista
An object (of architecture or sculpture) acting as the target of a view/vista. [1]

The same principles as for view-prominent places apply for target points
of view. In spatial plans, a target point of view can be identical with a
landmark. Again, in an urban planning composition it finds its use in
relation to an urban axis or a view axis.
In regulatory plans or planning studies, the target point of view is an
interesting or appealing place in the view axis or in a vista. It can be
a fountain, a sculptural group, an accentuated entrance to a building or
a town hall tower.
Fig. 40: End of a view axis with an important building, St. Peter’s Basilica, Vatican City
References
[1] ŠEFCÚ, Ondřej. Architektura: lexikon architektonických prvků a stavebního řemesla. 1. vyd. Praha:
Grada, 2013.

19. SCALE and PROPORTIONS

Scale: perceived size of objects usual for the location in which they are found (size of a Spatial plans can regulate the scale of buildings by means
chair, house, school, etc.); it is affected by the overall size of the object as well as by the of the control of the structure of housing development. In
structure of its parts. particular, regulatory plans and planning studies have to bear
in mind that buildings of a scale or proportions different from
Human scale is the scale of a setting that is pleasant for people and does not appear gigantic.
those usual in the location will attract the viewer’s attention.
Proportions: usual ratio of the main dimensions of an object (e.g. the height of a chair Such attention can be desirable; then, we endeavour to use it
in relation to the size of its seat, the height of a house in relation to the dimensions of the in the urban planning composition and purposefully incorporate
built-up area, etc.; in urban planning, it is the ground plan proportion in relation to the cross the object. If the attention is undesirable, we should use means
section of space, proportion of an object in relation to space, etc.). of urban planning composition in order to eliminate the object
Proportions also mean the ratio of the size of objects in relation to each other, the ratio of an as much as possible.
object to a part of it, and the ratio among certain parts of an object.
Harmony in volumetric and dimensional proportions of architectural or urban planning works
is a prerequisite for the harmony of the environment in which we live.
Scale
In architectural and urban planning composition, the term scale is used to express the
absolute and relative ratios of the dimensions of single compositional parts, integral objects
or whole urban complexes. The human scale is an expression of the adequacy of volumes
in relation to humans and the habits of human perception. [1]
The scale represents the ratio between two sizes. A change of scale facilitates the
Fig. 41: Perception of the scale and proportions of an object
accentuation of major parts of an object as distinct from the minor. [2]
Proportions By means of the size of the elements of the facade, various effects
Proportions define the relations among the basic dimensions of a spatial structure, between of the object as a whole can be achieved. The proportions of the
the sizes of individual parts and the whole, and among these parts. Also, proportions reflect mass of a building and the expression of the building (facade) are
the relation between individual parts and a selected module (basic dimension to which the important factors for general perception and formation of a place.
other dimensions are related). The proportions of a perceived urban space are projected For instance, a house with a few small windows will appear bigger
in the human psyche to such an extent that people may be psycho-physically disconcerted than a house of the same size with one big window. At the same
(fear of closed/open spaces). [2] time, based on our experience, we can judge how many floors there
are in an object and what proportions there are between a traditional
With the use of suitable relative dimensions and distances among objects, that would be window, a person, and all the elements in the surroundings, which
repeated in a work of art, we can achieve a noticeable cohesiveness of objects and integrity refers to so-called natural scale. The design of the facade and
of the whole. Then we speak about the proportions of objects and relations among them, i.e. its structure indicate the importance of the object: the size of the
the proportions of a composition. [3] entrance door will be different for a house, a library and a church.

19. SCALE and PROPORTIONS
Fig. 42: Examples of the effect of the proportions of various masses
These examples present the negative effect of an object; such objects are not desirable. Their shape and
size indicate different functions because we have a deep-rooted idea about the shape of a typical house,
kindergarten or municipal office. The form of an object, in other words its shape and size, should always
be based on its function, consequently on its disposition and construction. Fig. 43: The Jewish Museum in Berlin
A building of adequate scale has a similar volume and degree of structuring as the objects around. Keeping
to the scale and proportions means generating harmony (evenness, balance) of the environment. It can also
lead to monotony. However, if we want to disrupt this harmony, it must be done with a logical objective such as:
● placing an important building
● placing it in an important location
This means:
The scale may be disrupted by an important building on which we want to focus attention (e.g. school,
town hall, etc.).
The scale may be disrupted by one object (or a group of objects of the same purpose) if it stands in an
important place such as the end of the view axis in a street.
The disruption of the scale is understood mainly in the negative sense. Nevertheless, deliberate disruption
of the scale can be a part of the architectural or urban planning intention enhancing the place and resulting
Fig. 44: City Lounge, St. Gallen
in a positive image of the place. However, any concrete assessment is subjective; it is therefore appropriate
to invite architectural tenders for these important places.
References
Increased attention has to be paid to proportions and scale dealing with the immediate vicinity of a new [1] HRÚZA, Jiří. Slovník soudobého urbanismu. 1. vyd. Praha: Odeon,
and an older building. The proportions of the mass of a building as well as its expression (facade) are 1977.
[2] TODL, Luděk, HEXNER, Michal, NOVÁK, Jaroslav. Urbanistická
important for the general perception and creation of a place. kompozice I. 1. vyd. Praha: České vysoké učení technické, 1985.
A contrast between a modern and a historic building is possible (see Fig. 43). It is always a question of [3] MEDUNA, Vladimír. Urbanistická kompozice. Brno: VUT, 1985.
the importance of the building and its position in surroundings. Terraced houses on small building sites are Fig. 41: CHING, Francis D. Architecture: form, space, & order. 3rd
perceived in a different way than a building of city-wide importance such as a gallery. ed. Hoboken: Wiley, 2007.
Fig. 42 © N. Rozmanová
Radical contrast is not always necessary, buildings can differ in details but they should be in proportional harmony. Fig. 43: Jewish Museum Berlin, photo: Luftbild und Pressefoto – Robert
The buildings in Fig. 44 do not compete with each other in architectural rendering; on the contrary, they form a Grahn, http:/lwww.jmberlin.de/
compact assemblage with a frontage. The new building can thus discreetly complete those already existing. Fig. 44 © Z. Gajdíková

20. GRADATION, CONTRAST and STRESS

Gradation = gradual strengthening of the effect Many principles of urban planning composition are universally applicable; for instance, they are used
towards the point of the main impact, where the in the organization of exhibitions. For a display of art works or flowers, the existence of a central view
composition culminates, e.g. with a distinctive axis, starting at the entrance, can be used. At the end, the target point of view can be the most important
sculptural group, the most important object, etc. piece of the exhibition. The value of the objects exhibited culminates along the route the visitors follow.
The most valuable objects are placed in the centre, or in the view axes starting at the entrances to the
Contrast = difference, contradiction.
exhibition halls. The same principles are applied for the creation of a settlement.
Stress = emphasis, highlighting. [2]
The effect can be strenghtened by repeating an element towards the place of the main effect, with
intervals in between, by enlarging the element or by both effects simultaneously, e.g. small water
Variety of definitions elements in a park getting bigger heading towards a central fountain and bordering the view axis.
Another example can be the height gradation of objects that become taller and taller leading to a
Gradation is the gradual strengthening of the effect direction of a landmark.
of the composition towards the place in which it
culminates. This place, stressed in the composition Gradation in a territory is not always solely related to the view axis. It may be represented by an urban
(core), may be a landmark like an urban prominent axis such as a winding access road in a built-up indented terrain. In suitable places on the ascent, the
place designed to express directly or indirectly a road uses observation posts with increasingly picturesque views. The road ends with an important
spatial intent. [1] object or impressive outlook.
Contrast and concord are extreme relations of Also, gradation can use an instant of surprise: an interesting, place or element can be anticipated, but
the degree of difference between single elements the end of the road provides an unexpected impression caused by an extraordinarily important object
of the composition. The regularity or irregularity of or vantage point.
the the general urban design represent a function
of this relation.
Contrast and relation have the nature of a dialectical
unit; they complete each other and switch in
certain positions. We can perceive differences, not
the exact boundaries of references. This delicate
transition of contrasts is called nuance. [1]
Stress
An emphasizing element in the framework of Fig. 45: Gradation of the mass of buildings, Fig. 46: Gradation of sculptures at the access
the general mass composition, for which the the Rabí Castle to a chateau, Milotice
architectural/artistic function is more important
than utility. [3]
References
[1] TODL, Luděk, HEXNER, Michal, NOVÁK, Jaroslav. Urbanistická kompozice I. 1. vyd. Praha: České vysoké učení technické, 1985.
[2] ABZ.cz: slovník cizích slov – on-line hledání [online].
[3] OBERSTEIN, Ivo, CACH Jan. Názvosloví urbanismu a územního plánování. Praha: FA ČVUT, 2001.
Fig. 45 © H. Čapek, http://www.hradrabi.cz
Fig. 46: http://www.zamekmilotice.cz

21. RHYTHM, SYMMETRY and ASYMMETRY
Simplified explanation of terms Variety of definitions

Rhythm is regular repetition of at least two different elements in an area or space. Rhythm is the repetition of identical elements at regular intervals.
Its substance is time and the way of naturally rotating certain phases
Gradation is achieved by ordering bigger and bigger elements one after another.
of a compositional unit. The rules of rhythm are directly related to
Rhythm brings order in the composition.
those of standardization, modulation and typization. In general
Rhythm can be observed in architectural elements such as facades or the mass terms, rhythm is a special form of differentiation and, at the same
composition of a complex of buildings. In urban planning, rhythm is applied in places time, of the unity of what has been differentiated. [3]
like avenues and for the arrangement of landmarks. [1]
Symmetry, both along an axis or around a point (bilateral or radial),
Symmetry is the regular arrangement of elements around a centre or along one of the enhances the effect of the composition. It is one of the simplest
axes. [2] means of the visual unity of a piece of art. It is traditionally considered
Asymmetry means irregularity, the opposite of symmetry. [2] as a contituent of perfection and the manifestation of seriousness
and monumentality. [3]
Eurythmy is the harmony of single parts and the whole. [1]
A disruption of symmetry that is regarded as more serious than than
a barely perceptible deviation is called asymmetry. [3]
Fig. 47 & 48: View of two almost identical churches, Piazza del Popolo, Rome Fig. 49: Ground plan representation
of a place on a map

21. RHYTHM, SYMMETRY and ASYMMETRY

Rhythm, symmetry and asymmetry are additional tools of urban
planning composition, used in the scale of a regulatory plan or
a planning study. They are more often applied in architectural
creation.
They can be described in a much easier way as used on the facade
of a large building:
symmetry – two masses of the same volume facing each other as
a mirror image; the main entrance is situated in the middle of the
building, i.e. on the vertical axis which is simultaneously the axis
between two identical halves of the object – the wings of a building
asymmetry – the mass of the building has no axis of symmetry, its
mass is not distributed in a balanced way
rhythm – e.g. regularly alternating windows on the facade of an
object
In previous centuries, symmetry was used in an area for the
empsasis of important buildings and their environs including
Fig. 50: The chateau in Dobříš
adjacent gardens in the French style. As examples, let us mention
the chateau in Dobříš and Mahen Theatre in Brno, with their use of
flower beds and access pathways. Public spaces should respect
this concept of symmetrically designed buildings.
Rhythm in territory is represented by repeated identical elements
such as avenues of trees, colonnades, sculptures and fountains.
References
[1] http://architektura.klenot.cz – Teorie architektury [online].
[2] https://cs.wikipedia.org
[3] TODL, Luděk, HEXNER, Michal, NOVÁK, Jaroslav. Urbanistická kompozice I. 1. vyd. Praha:
České vysoké učení technické, 1985.
Fig. 47, Fig. 48 © Z. Gajdíková Fig. 51: Mahen Theatre in Brno Fig. 52: The chateau in Kačina
Fig. 49: http://mapy.cz
Fig. 50: http://www.zamekdobris.cz Fig. 51: https://commons.wikimedia.org
Fig. 52: http://www.kacina.cz

Part II Application of Basic Principles and Rules of Urban Planning Composition
In Part I, we were able to get acquainted with the most common concepts of We would like to introduce the readers to the main rules using the principles of
urban planning composition. urban planning composition in spatial planning with the example of a particular
settlement. Deliberately, we do not want to use renowned listed places with famous
In Part II, we should find out what to notice and appreciate in the territory – what castles and chateaus. We would like to show that values can be found in any
values we have in the territory and how to make use of their existence for urban settlement and the principles of urban planning composition apply to them as well.
planning composition.
The municipality of Černá Hora has been chosen as a model territory on which
There are three gradual steps leading to the creation of a comprehensive, quality, we would like to demonstrate examples of the principles of urban planning
and valid long-term urban planning concept and composition of a spatial plan: composition. This municipality is located about 25 km north of Brno, on the
1. perception of territory Brno – Svitavy road. It currently has approximately 2,000 inhabitants. Examples
2. spatial analysis of use of the principles of urban planning composition are complemented by
3. spatial design general examples or examples from other settlements.
In accordance with the above-mentioned three steps, the application of basic

principles and rules of urban planning composition has been divided into the
following procedures:
1. verification of our cadastral area (administrative territory) on the map and in
the terrain – perception of the environment and context – terrain
2. which values there are (natural, cultural, historical, urban planning, civilization)
in which administrative territory and what should be noticed
3. how to make use of values in urban planning composition – the principles and
rules of its creation
4. how to keep and develop the values of a territory, (i.e. improve them)
5. how to maintain urban planning composition in a territory (i.e. to stabilize and
sustain it)
Composition cannot be linked to the administrative territory (composition does

not have administrative boundaries, or it has them only rarely in the case of
correspondence of spatial and administrative demarcation of the territory).
Yet another text refers to the administrative territory, because the designer,
in accordance with the Building Act, deals with one administrative territory by
the means of the spatial plan. The surroundings of the administrative territory, Location of selected settlement in the Czech Republic
however, are taken into account as well. References: https://mapy.cz/
Part II Application of basic principles and rules of urban planning composition | 39
Step 1 – Perception of the territory
1.1. Before we go into the terrain
/Investigation of the settlement and the surroundings using maps – position of the settlement and ruggedness of the terrain,
history of the settlement and landscape/
It is necessary to be aware of the location of the settlement – in the vicinity of which settlements the municipality is located for the concept of urban development and urban
composition. What background facilities the surroundings of the municipality provide, or what background facilities the municipality provides to the surrounding settlements.
These include, for example, job opportunities, the possibility to attend medical and educational facilities, shopping, social activities, etc. The demand for renovation or building
of new facilities depends on the needs of the settlement and its cooperation with the surroundings (while using educational, cultural, sports and other facilities). This is related
to the use of the existing land and objects and looking for suitable new land. This means the land in which the objects, among other things, do not violate the urban planning
concept and composition of the settlement.
To get an idea of the impact of aims in the area means to go through the surroundings of the settlement and the settlement itself. It means to perceive the ruggedness of the
terrain, noting where there is a nice view of the settlement. It may be the most beautiful from the valley or the surrounding hills, which may even lie outside the administrative
territory of the settlement. Therefore, before an ʹexploratory tripʹ, it is appropriate to have a look at the maps of the administrative territory of the municipality and its surroundings.
Example: The municipality of Černá Hora
Location of the settlement and basic map data

The source of information may be a basic, winter or hiking map, i.e. commonly available maps
on the website (www.mapy.cz).
The location and distance to the nearest settlements:

Černá Hora – Bořitov 2 km
Černá Hora – Žernovník 3 km
Černá Hora – Rájec-Jestřebí 6 km
The administrative territory of the settlement is the territory of one (or more) cadastral area(s)
managed by the municipal or city authority. At the same time, the local (municipal) authority
performs the tasks assigned by the council or the municipal council within the framework of
the so-called independent jurisdiction and furthermore, to a certain extent it performs the state
administrative duties within the so-called delegated jurisdiction. The cadastral area of the municipality of Černá Hora
and its position with respect to the surrounding settlements
References: https://mapy.cz/s/mN2M

The above-mentioned winter map shows elevated places around the settlement (Černá Hora ), Additional information on the settlement can be found on
including altitudes, viewing towers in the surroundings and places from which there is a good the official website of the municipality, or in the publication
view of the surroundings. On the map, it is also possible to note the main access roads to documenting the development of the municipality:
the municipality, as they are also important within the subsequent creation of urban planning
"Černá Hora is located in a hilly wooded landscape in
composition of the settlement.
the territory of Boskovice on the borderline of the Czech-
Moravian Highlands and Drahanská Highlands. In the past,
it used to be an intersection of historic trade routes. One
leads from Brno to Bohemia (Trstenická road) and the other
from Tišnov to Blansko.
Before the year 1279, there was founded a chateau, the outer
bailey of which was discovered in 1973 during the construction
of the bypass. In the 16th century, the castle was rebuilt into
a Renaissance chateau. After a fire in 1724, the chateau was
reconstructed at the beginning of the 19th century, then rebuilt
according to a design by Theophilus Hansen. At present, the
chateau is used as a retirement home.
According to the available literature, it is possible that the
oldest buildings were located eastwards of the castle (in the
location called Na Ulici). The earlier development had been
located on a rectangular town square. This is also indicated
by the position of the church, which was built on the site of
an earlier church and was surrounded by a cemetery."
References: https://mapy.cz/s/mN2MB, http://www.mestyscernahora.cz/,

SADÍLEK, Jaroslav. Černá Hora. Historický vývoj stavebních památek a osídlení obce.
[online]. Bystřice nad Pernštejnem: 2012.
Photo © J. Drbušek
The surroundings of the town and the main access roads
The skyline view of the settlement of Černá Hora and its surroundings
Location of the settlement and other maps
The location of access roads to the municipality, cycling and hiking trails, existing local nature trails and observation points, all of which receive more
visitors than other places in the area. How this fact can be used for urban composition will be discussed in the following chapters.
With the aerial map, we get oriented while observing forest massifs Hiking and cycling map presents to us the possibility of more intensive
and large soil units. movement in the landscape.
Forest massifs southwards from the municipality Cycling and biking trails
References: http://mapy.cz/s/g3Bd References: http://mapy.cz/s/g3Al

The ruggedness of the terrain
The ruggedness of the terrain is a fundamental and unchangeable disposition of a territory for urban composition. A general idea of the segmentation of the
surrounding area can also be obtained from other background materials such as a shaded relief model or orthophotos. For the purpose of orientation, we can also
get acquainted with the given environment thanks to panoramic views of the application Street View. And these documents are commonly available on websites.
Shaded relief model Topographic map on the basis of the shaded relief model
References: http://geoportal.cuzk.cz/geoprohlizec/?wmcid=693 References: http://geoportal.gov.cz/web/guest/map/
Orthophoto on the basis of the shaded relief model Contour lines in an orthophoto
References: http://geoportal.gov.cz/web/guest/map/ References: http://geoportal.cuzk.cz/geoprohlizec/?wmcid=553
History of the settlement – Map data
Besides the location of the settlement and the ruggedness of its administrative territory, it is important to take a look at the most basic facts about the historical
development of the settlement. From historical and archival documents, such as maps and chronicles we can trace the development of the settlement and
previous land use. In the case of case of Černá Hora, it is worth paying attention to the area of water south of Zámecký vrch (Chateau Hill). This area is currently
not used as an area of water, but as gardens. Its earlier use is reflected in the name of the adjacent street called Na Rybníčku (By the Pond).
A historical map is a cartographic work, the creators of which tried to reconstruct the status of the territory in a certain historical period – the map was created
by historians, more precisely, it is a historiographical map of the history.
An archival map (old map) dates back to the period it displays, but its data are already outdated.
Both types of maps are also freely available on the Internet.
References: http://cs.wikipedia.org/
Stable cadastral map Indication sketch

References: http://archivnimapy.cuzk.cz/ References: http://www.mza.cz/indikacniskici/

3rd Military survey – Map scale: 1 : 25,000 3rd Military survey – Map scale: 1 : 75,000 3rd Military survey – Map scale: 1 : 25,000
Map list no. 4257_1, no. 4257_2 Map list no. 4257 Map list no. 4257_1, no. 4257_2
References: http://www.chartae-antiquae.cz/ References: http://archivnimapy.cuzk.cz/ References: http://archivnimapy.cuzk.cz/
2nd Military survey – Map scale: 1 : 28,800 1st Military survey – Map scale: 1 : 28,800 Müller’s Map
Map list no. O_8_I, no. O_8_II Map list no. 49 Map list no. 10
References: http://mapy.cz/ References: http://oldmaps.geolab.cz/ References: http://www.chartae-antiquae.cz/
History of the landscape
A lot of interesting information can be traced in orthophotos. A comparison of the two images below shows how the development increased in sixty years and how
the lots in smallholdings have been integrated, and how the amount of greenery in the landscape has increased. The territory has been significantly influenced
by the existence of the bypass on the eastern side of the settlement. The bypass has been limiting the development of the settlement to the east. The settlement
has not been expanding to the north either. This has to a certain extent been influenced by the fact that the land is located in the vicinity of the boundary of the
administrative territory – the border of the cadastral area (see the boundary marked in yellow in the historical orthophoto).
Historical orthophoto, 1953 An orthophoto of the same area, taken approximately sixty years later
References: http://www.kontaminace.cenia.cz/ References: http://mapy.cz/s/g3Bd

Sources of archival and historical digitized maps of our territory Available old maps from the territory
The Central Archives of Land Surveying and Land Register http://archivnimapy.cuzk.cz
of Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia
or http://historickemapy.cuzk.cz/ Geoinformatics Laboratory of the Faculty of
Moravian Provincial Archives in Brno Environment, University J.E. Purkyně in Ústi nad
● Stable Land Register – indicating sketches http://www.mza.cz/indikacniskici/ Labem: http://oldmaps.geolab.cz/
Geoinformatics Laboratory of the Faculty of Environment, University J.E. Purkyně in Ústi nad Labem 1) Müller's Survey
● Presentation of old maps of Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia http://oldmaps.geolab.cz/ ● Müller's map of Bohemia from 1720
● Map of the Second Military Survey (map from the 19th century) http://mapy.cz/ ● Müller's map of Moravia from 1716,
edition of 1790
Research Institute of Geodesy, Topography and Cartography
● The map portal http://mapy.vugtk.cz/ 2) 1st Military Survey – Emperor Joseph's
● Virtual Map Collection http://www.chartae-antiquae.cz/ Survey
● 1764–1768 and 1780–1783 (rectification),
The NAKI Project – Cartographic resources as cultural heritage http://naki.vugtk.cz/
scale 1: 28,800
Historical orthophotomap – 1950s http://kontaminace.cenia.cz/
3) 2nd Military Survey – Emperor Francis’s
The Institute of History, the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Survey
● Map Collection http://www.hiu.cas.cz/cs/ ● 1836–1852, scale 1 : 28,800
Digitized old maps of Moravia and Brno city http://www.vilemwalter.cz/mapy/ 4) 3rd Military Survey – Francis-Joseph's
Old and historical maps of Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia http://www.staremapy.cz/ Survey
Map collections of libraries ● 1876–1878 (Moravia and Silesia),
● Moravian Library in Brno – Moll's map collection http://mapy.mzk.cz/ 1877–1880 (Bohemia), scale 1 : 25,000
● Research Library in Olomouc http://mapy.vkol.cz/ 5) Stable Land Register
● The Research Library of South Bohemia in České Budějovice http://archiv.cbvk.cz/historicke_mapy/
● The Municipal Library of Prague http://web2.mlp.cz/mapa1938/klad.php
Sources of the used archival maps

MILITARY SURVEY
© 1st Military Survey, Section No. 49, Austrian State Archive/Military Archive, Vienna
© 2nd Military Survey, Section No. O_8_I, no. O_8_II, Austrian State Archive/Military Archive, Vienna
© Geoinformatics Laboratory of the Faculty of Environment, University J.E. Purkyně – http://www.geolab.cz/
© The Ministry of Environment of the Czech Republic – http://www.env.cz/
MÜLLER’S SURVEY
© The Institute of History, the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic – http://www.hiu.cas.cz
1.2. What should we notice
/View of the settlement from its surroundings and views of the inner part of the settlement/
We can set off to the terrain equipped with information from the maps. First, it is good to examine the appearance of the settlement from its surroundings. The
essential thing is to realize in what landscape the settlement is located (see Sheet 5 Configuration of the terrain: Schemes of types of location of a municipality in
terrain), whether situated in flat or rugged landscape, on a hillside, in a valley or on a hill.
We viewed the maps of the area and had a look at the setting of frequently visited places in the surroundings. Thanks to urban planning composition, we notice what
altitude prevails in the settlement (Sheet 6). In the case where the historic centre is visible from the distance (Sheet 7), from which place – observation point it
is possible (Sheet 8) to have a view of nice landmarks (Sheet 9) and how it forms an impressive skyline of the settlement (Sheet 10). To find out these facts, it is
necessary to carefully go through especially the most frequently visited places in the surroundings, take photographs and record the findings on maps. In the best case,
using the map which shows the boundaries of the administrative territory, i.e. the cadastral areas the settlement consists of. Thanks to this, it is possible to realize which
valued places are located in our administrative areas and which ones are outside it.
View of the settlement from its surroundings Landmarks above the surrounding buildings (the town hall tower, church,
chapel, chateau, monument) help to create the skyline of the settlement.
Therefore, it is necessary to focus the search for a suitable view of the
municipality and observation points mainly on the landmarks.
It is certainly pleasant to view the settlement
from the slopes of the surrounding hills and observation points
or from the nearby viewing tower.
Views of the settlement from distant access roads and trails are definitely
worth the attention (Sheet 15)
We have chosen the landmark of the chateau on a hill as an example within
the settlement.
View of the castle with the church

References: http://www.mestyscernahora.cz/
References: http://www.mapy.cz/s/g3yv

Location of a landmark in the settlement – examples
The landmark of a settlement or landscape is not always in a settlement or landscape is not always located on the highest point, just as is the case in the example
of Černá Hora. A location of a suitable landmark on a slope or overlooking water is also very impressive. A landmark in a flat landscape uses a combination of the
elements of horizontal and vertical lines (Fig. Švihov Castle).
Example of a landmark on an elevated place – Boskovice Castle Example of a landmark on a gentle slope – Klobouky u Brna
References: http://www.cyklo-jizni-morava.cz/ References: http://www.kloboukyubrna.eu/
Example of a landmark on a plain – Švihov Castle Example of a landmark overlooking water – the church in Jedovnice
References: http://www.hrady-zriceniny.cz/ References: https://cs.wikipedia.org/
A view of the inner part of the settlement
To be able to work with urban planning composition at the settlement,
it is necessary to understand the settlement:
pay attention to the basic history of the settlement – to identify its
historic centre (Sheet 7)
and directions for further expansion of the settlement in the territory,
i.e. main urban axes (Sheet 13)
This can be facilitated by a commercially available historical map
and aerial photograph:
In the case of Černá Hora, the urban axes are identical with the main transport routes
leading through the settlement in the direction north – south (Brno-Svitavy) and East
Urban axes and the historic centre are evident from the archival map. – West (Rájec-Jestřebí-Tišnov)
References: http://www.mapy.cz/s/g3yv References: http://www.mapy.cz/s/g3yv

While looking at the interior of the settlement,
A view of the inner part of the settlement it is also appropriate to concentrate on busy
trails, such as hiking and biking trails and the
nature trail.
The initial preview of the interior of the
settlement can be obtained from the map
as well. The tourist map is going to guide us
allong the trails and highlight the local sights,
attractions and services.
If possible and appropriate, these routes ideally
connect the attractive points of the settlement.
A greater number of residents live by them
and they receive more visitors. It is necessary
to show them the most attractive parts of the
settlement. Residents or visitors just walk or
drive through certain places in the settlement.
For some reason, they want or have to stay at
other places. Therefore, it is necessary to look for
places of significant observation points (Sheet 8),
landmarks of the settlement (Sheet 9) or its parts
and other view-prominent places (Sheet 17),
views that are so beautiful that it is worth paying
attention to them and protecting them.
The appearance of the settlement affects
the interest of the visitors in returning to
the municipality and recommending it to
others. The popularity of the place affects
the prosperity of local facilities and thus the
possibility of their development. The care, good
taste and attention the representatives of the
municipality is reflectede in the relationship of
the local people devote to the settlement.
Three cycling trails and three marked hiking trails pass through the centre of Černá Hora. Along with
the chateau, the ancient brewery and wooded surroundings, the settlement offers good opportunities for
tourism. In the upcoming years, it is necessary to pay attention to the adjustment of the square and the
houses that surround it.
References: http://www.mapy.cz/s/g4tS
Tip: A good way to get acquainted with the surroundings is through group trips by tourists with cameras. It is well-proven that the locals consider even beautiful
views to be common and fail to appreciate them sufficiently. Often, only a walk with an expert or search for images through a camera and presentation of such
snaps open the eyes of local residents. The result may be, for example, a competition for locals and visitors for the best photographs of the municipality as
a whole in the surrounding countryside.
High trees by the square highlight the View from the town hall to the castle. The greenery dividing the school playground
significance of the place. and the street with family homes.
The local brewery – the part linked to the public The church and rectory. Public space with a fountain.
space by a bus stop.
Černá Hora Photo © J. Drbušek, Z. Gajdíková, N. Rozmanová

Malý Chlum,
the viewing tower
near Černá Hora
Drnovice,
a municipality
near Černá Hora
Lysice,
a municipality
near Černá Hora
Photo ©
J. Drbušek,
Z. Gajdíková,
N. Rozmanová
1.3. Principles related to Step 1 – perception of the territory
Study the basic available materials, especially maps.

● Realize
○ the position of the settlement with respect to the surrounding municipalities
○ ruggedness of the surrounding terrain
○ prominent tourist places nearby (e.g. hiking trails, biking trails, observation points, access roads)
● Walk around the surroundings of the settlement paying particular attention to major observation points, remote views, skyline of the settlement, landmarks
● Walk around the settlement itself, pay attention to particular locations – the historical centre, streets and spaces forming the urban axis
● Find suitable view axes and view-prominent places
● Identify the protected views and vistas with targeted points of view
● Find faults in the area – unsuitable view landmarks, buildings distorting the protected views, devaluing urban axes
● Find other shortcomings, such as in relation with the permeability of the area or the use of land causing damage to the compositional relationships
(certain areas or objects are both a value and a fault – for example a listed dilapidated farmhouse at a prominent place in the municipality)

Step 2 – Spatial analysis
2.1. What is the value of the territory in accordance with the spatial planning
/Building Act, distribution of values, observed phenomena/
In order to know which values are worth noticing in the territory for the urban – Natura 2000
planning concept, we need to know the values spatial planning pays attention to. ○ Area of European Significance
Building Act Section (§) 18 par. 4 says: ○ Bird Protection Area
The town and country planning protects and develops the natural, Similarly, spatial protection is based on the following values:
cultural and civilization values of the area as a public priority, including
the urban planning, architectural and archaeological heritage. [5] CULTURAL-HISTORICAL AND URBAN PLANNING VALUES
[References: http://www.npu.cz/]
The answers to the question of what is and what is not a value in spatial
planning may differ. Therefore, it is possible to state that: – Cultural monuments
○ immovable
Value in spatial planning is such value that has spatial projection and
there exists a social consensus in relation to it. [4] ○ movable
– National cultural monuments
Spatial protection of selected natural values is based on Act No. 114/1992 – Monuments on the UNESCO World Heritage list
Sb., on protection of nature and landscape, and Decrees No. 395/1992 Sb. – Listed areas
and 64/2011 Sb.:
○ Conservation area
NATURAL VALUES [References: http://www.ochranaprirody.cz/] ■ city
– Specially protected parts of nature ■ village
○ Large-scale ■ archaeological
■ National park ■ other
■ Protected landscape area ○ Conservation zone
○ Small-scale ■ city
■ National nature reserve ■ village
■ National natural monument ■ landscape
■ Nature reserve ○ Conservation protection zone
■ Natural monument
The division of values based on the publication by M. Bečka: [4]
Work relating to the spatial plan is facilitated by planning analytic materials addressing
the values in the territory.
1. Natural values
● Specially protected parts of nature
In accordance with the Building Act and Section § 4 paragraph 4 of Decree 500/2006
● Landscape character
Sb., the graphical part of the planning analytic materials include a drawing of values in
● Ecological stability of a territory
the territory, mainly the urban planning and architectural ones. [6]
2. Cultural-historical values
The following pages contain Appendix no. 1 of Decree 500/2006 Sb., which lists the
● Listed areas
phenomena being investigated, which are a part of the materials for the analysis of
● Historical structures and objects
sustainable development of a territory (in accordance with paragraph 2 of the above-
● Memory and character of a place
mentioned Decree).
3. Urban planning (spatial and composition) values
Within the phenomena being investigated the following values can be distinguished:
● Settlement image
● Urban planning structure
Cultural-historical
● Urban planning space
● Urban planning sets
Urban planning
4. Civilization values
● Public facilities Natural
● Job opportunities
● Greenery and recreation Civilization
● Utilised agricultural area
● Natural resources
● Transport infrastructure The above-mentioned division is supported by illustrative photos on the following
● Technical infrastructure pages, see Chapter 2.2.
References
[1] KUČA, Karel. Ochrana kulturní krajiny z hlediska památkové péče. In. HRONOVSKÁ, Kateřina – KUPKA, Jiří. Ochrana kulturní krajiny. Hledání cílů, možností a pravidel. Praha: ČVUT, 2013.
[2] KUČOVÁ, Věra. Kulturní krajina a krajinné památkové zóny v České republice v kontextu světového kulturního a přírodního dědictví. ZPP 68,2008, č. 4.
[3] Seznam KPZ: http://www.kpz-naki.cz
[4] BEČKA, Marek, MAIER, Karel, DODOKOVÁ, Alena. Hodnoty v koncepci územního plánu. In: Seminář – Výzkum pro řešení regionálních disparit v České republice. Ataco s. r. o., Ostrava, 2010.
[5] Zákon č. 183/2006 Sb., o územním plánování a stavebním řádu (stavební zákon), ve znění pozdějších předpisů.
[6] Vyhláška č. 500/2006 Sb., o územně analytických podkladech, územně plánovací dokumentaci a způsobu evidence územně plánovací činnosti, ve znění vyhlášky č. 458/2012 Sb.

Appendix No. 1 to Decree 500/2006 Coll. Row
Phenomenon being investigated
Part A – Planning analytic materials of municipalities – materials for analysis of number
sustainable development areas 30. natural park
Row 31. wildlife beauty spot, including protective zone
Phenomenon being investigated
number 32. memorial tree, including protective zone
1. developed areas 33. UNESCO Biospheric Reservation, UNESCO Geopark
2. industrial production areas 34. NATURA 2000 – European significant locality
3. public service areas 35. NATURA 2000 – birds´ area
4. areas for reclamation or renewed use of devastated land locations with particularly protected flora and fauna species of national
36.
5. conservation area, including protective zone importance
6. conservation zone, including protective zone 37. protective forests
7. landscape conservation zone 38. forests of special purpose
8. immovable cultural monuments, including protective zone 39. commercial forests
9. immovable national cultural monuments, including protective zone 40. 50 m distance from forest edge
10. UNESCO monuments, including protective zone 41. quality soil ecological unit
11. urban values 42. biochore boundary
12. folk architecture region 43. investment into soil in order to improve fertility
13. historically important structure, complex 44. water resource, ground, underground, including protective zones
14. architectonically valuable structure, complex 45. protected area of natural water accumulation
15. significant landmarks 46. vulnerable area
16. area with archaeological excavations 47. ground or underground water formation
17. area of landscape and its characteristics 48. water reservoir
18. site of landscape and its characteristics 49. river catchment area, watershed
19. place of important events 50. floodplains
20. significant scenic spot 51. floodplain active zone
21. territorial system of ecological stability 52. area dedicated for floodwater
22. significant landscape element, registered, if not listed under another item 53. area of special flood below waterworks
23. significant landscape element, according to law, if not listed under another item 54. object/facility of flood control
24. temporarily protected area natural curative resource, source of natural mineral water, including
55.
25. national park, including zones and protective zones protective zone
26. preserved landscape area, including zones 56. spa resort, inner and outer area of spa resort
27. national wildlife park, including protective zone 57. mining area
28. wildlife park, including protective zone 58. protected area of mineral resource deposits
29. national wildlife beauty spot, including protective zone 59. protected area for special interventions to the Earth's crust
60. mineral resource deposits
Row Row
Phenomenon being investigated Phenomenon being investigated
number number
61. undermined area 92. III. class road, including protective zone
62. landslide area or area of other geological risks 93. local and special-purpose roads
63. old mining structure 94. countrywide railway, including protective zone
64. old loads and contaminated areas 95. regional railway, including zone
65. area with impaired air quality 96. high-speed railway corridor
66. dump pile, waste heap, mud pit, slag heap 97. siding track, including protective zone
67. technological object for water supply, including protective zone 98. cableway, including protective zone
68. water line, including protective zone 99. special cable way, including protective zone
technological object for sewage disposal and water treatment, including 100. tramway track, including protective zone
69.
protective zone 101. trolleybus route, including protective zone
70. network of sewers, including protective zone 102. airport, including protective zone
71. electricity production, including protective zone 103. airline construction, including protective zone
72. transformer station, including protective zone 104. waterway
73. elevated and underground power lines, including protective zone 105. border crossing
technological object for natural gas supply, including protective 106. cycle track, cycle route, bridle path, hiking trail
74.
and security zone
107. object important for national defence, including protective zone
75. gas pipeline, including protective and security zone
108. military area
76. technological object of supply with other products, including protective zone
109. delimited spaces of accident planning
77. crude oil pipeline, including protective zone
110. civil defence building
78. product pipeline, including protective zone
111. fire service building
79. technological object for heat supply, including protective zone
112. important building for the duties of the Czech Republic´s Police
80. caliduct including protective zone
113. protective zone of cemetery, crematorium
81. electronic communication facility, including protective zone
114. other protective zones
82. communication line, including protective zone
115. other public infrastructure
83. nuclear facility
116. number of completed flats as of December 31st each year
84. objects or facilities from groups A or B with dangerous substances
117. area with development potential
85. waste dump, including protective zone
118. other planning
86. incineration plant, including protective zone
other information available, e.g. average price per m2 of building site
87. facility for dangerous waste disposal, including protective zone 119. sorted by cadastral areas, average price per m2 of agricultural land
88. motorway, including protective zone sorted by cadastral areas
89. expressway, including protective zone
90. I. class road, including protective zone
91. II. class road, including protective zone

2.2. Values in administrative territory
/Examples of values investigated/
Natural values
Geomorphological landscape element Geological landscape element Biological landscape element

National wildlife park – Radostín moorlands Wildlife beauty spot – Borecká lake Memorial tree – solitary wood species,
References: http://www.dedictvivysociny.cz/ References: http://www.dedictvivysociny.cz/ Farmer’s lime tree (Sedlákova lípa)
References: http://www.ozp.plzen.eu/
Forest landscape element Agricultural landscape element Water management landscape element
Floodplain forest – alder trees with undergrowth of spring snowflakes Terrace – vineyards Artificial water reservoir
References: http://www.npcs.cz/ References: http://www.gotberg.cz/ References: http://www.trebonsko.ochranaprirody.cz/
Culturally historical values
Area with archaeological excavations Urban planning structure Historical garden Construction – technical monument
Vojtova Street, Brno Linear organization of a town, Zlín Kitchen garden, Veltrusy Windmill, Kořenec
References: http://www.archaia.cz/ References: http://www.mapy.cz/ References: http://www.vyletnik.cz/ References: http://www.povetrnik.cz/
Building typical of the local area Building typical of the local area Building typical of the local area
Ústí Region, Šluknov South-Moravia Region, Lesná, Zlín District South-Bohemia Region, Holašovice
References: http://www.mesto-sluknov.cz/ References: http://www.nppodyji.cz/ References: http://www.jiznicechy.cz/

Culturally historical values
Industrial heritage Cemeteries Minor structures in the landscape

Ostrava, central railway station, Vítkovice ironworks in the background Jewish cemetery, Boskovice Wayside shrine, Perná
References: photo © Z. Gajdíková References: http://www.regionboskovicko.cz/ References: http://www.npu.cz/
Memorable places Site of a defunct village Site of a significant event

Mythical mountain – aerial image of Velký Blaník The defunct village of Mušov Mound of peace (Mohyla míru), Prace
References: http://www.lounovicepodblanikem.cz/ References: http://cs.wikipedia.org/ References: http://mohylamiru.muzeumbrnenska.cz/
Urban (spatial and composition) values
Observation point and its view sector View-prominent place Integrated urban planning complex – structure of a settlement
View from the courtyard of the chateau in Vranov nad Dyjí Roadside inn at a crossroads, Lanškroun Conservation zone Ostrava-Poruba
References: http://www.nppodyji.cz/ References: photo © Z. Gajdíková References: http://www.mapy.cz/
Landmark building of local importance Significant space in a settlement Green lines and nodes
The church and townhall on the square, Hodonín Spa square and colonnade, Luhačovice Sakura alley, Kadaň
References: photo © Z. Gajdíková References: photo © Z. Gajdíková References: http://www.czregion.cz/

Civilization values
Public facilities Agriculture Area of free recreation

Puppet Theatre Ostrava Area of hop fields, Žatec region Baťa Canal
References: http://www.dlo-ostrava.cz/ References: http://www.czhops.cz/ References: http://www.batuvkanal.cz/
Transport Transport Natural resources

Tram line, Plzeň Bike trails Protective levees along a river, Napajedla
References: http://www.plzen.cz/ References: http://www.cyklo-jizni-morava.cz/ References: http://www.cs-povodne.eu/
2.3. Spatial analysis is not just a list of values
/Spatial analysis within the spatial plan/
Task of the spatial plan

For the purpose of understanding the analysis in spatial planning, let us at least mention
in a nutshell what the task of the spatial plan is.
The basic task of a spatial plan is to solve the overall concept of a settlement.
For this reason, it is necessary to identify the areas with a different mode of use,
i.e. housing areas, areas related to public facilities, manufacturing, transportation,
forest and water areas, etc., and, if necessary, to propose changes in these areas.
Particular uses in a spatial plan are marked in colour, which facilitates orientation in
the demarcated area and the opportunity to establish the importance of the areas (i.e.
the hierarchy of importance of these areas) and their mutual relations. A spatial plan
addresses the arrangement of the developed areas, public infrastructure (public
facilities, transport and technical infrastructure, public spaces) and landscape,
while taking into account the values and limits of use of the territory.
Spatial plan addressing the entire administrative territory

(In the case of Černá Hora, it is one cadastral area)
References: Spatial plan of Černá Hora: http://www.mestyscernahora.cz/uzemni-plan/d-1176 Spatial plan – viewport of the main drawing

From the previous chapters, we know what values should be observed, at the same time noting that the values of the territory for urban planning composition are not
only significant buildings, but also natural, cultural, historical and civilization elements. The task of the designer towards the analytical part of his work is not merely the
development of a list of specific values of the territory and the establishment of appropriate conditions for the urban planning composition. We shall deal with the ways
of handling these findings in the following text.
State, opportunities and needs of a settlement For the purpose of the analysis of the territory using a map with contours
and land with a variety ways of uses, the designer, for example, creates a
Designer work is demanding. To perceive, experience and, on the basis of this, diagram indicating in particular:
analyse the territory is an experience which is difficult to convey. The designer ● spatial and significant landmarks
uses a large amount information for the analysis (the spatial planning analytic ● distant views and prominent places
materials, superior urban planning documentation – principles of spatial ● observation points and trails
development, planning studies, strategic concepts, etc.). The very essence of ● horizons
the analysis of a territory is to understand and assess the state, opportunities ● view axes
and needs of the settlements, and to establish an urban planning concept in ● vistas
which the interplay of land use (residential, public facilities, manufacturing, ● pedestrian junctions and passages
etc.), transport links and managing technical infrastructure and opportunities for ● view-prominent objects
further development will be close to an ideal solution both in space and in time. ● exceptional architectural and urban objects
When creating the urban planning concept, the designer first has to coordinate ● the most important public spaces
the requirement of use, importance, size and position of individual areas, taking ● spaces for outdoor social events and meetings
into account the principles of urban planning composition while performing this ● places with a high frequency of visitors
analysis. The designer has to go through the territory in order to know what ● green areas and green belts
aesthetic values of the settlement can be made use of, and in what manner.
The analysis must also intrude the structure of the settlement, its historical
The designer, among others, analyses the settlement concerned using a development, the oldest parts, its gradual formation and expansion, a ground
map with contours by marking on it the land with a different manner of use plan of the village green, town square, exposed corners, etc.
(land use). Only at this point do the links and connections of the land to
the settlement become evident. The possibility of the development of the The spatial analysis is not just a list of values, but mainly the process of
settlement is limited by land use limits, especially protective zones, as well taking into account the context of the territory.
as other properties of the territory. To these other facts have to be assigned
the related architectural and urban planning values of the territory.
Illustrative pictures of various development structures of settlements View of the landscape, Malý Chlum Photo © J. Drbušek
References: http://www.mapy.cz/
The role of the designer and the public in spatial analysis And what about the public?
Land use – land with various uses – is one of the fundamental cornerstones The task of the public is not to deal with the urban planning composition of the
when creating the spatial plan. The urban planning concept, i.e. the operation spatial plan.
and appearance of the territory, is based on the arrangement of land. The task of the public is to be aware of the basic principles of urban planning
When indicating the land with various uses and limits, there arise assumptions composition and to be a helpful partner of the designer – to understand them
and possibilities of the territory for the designer and it is up to them to make the in discussions and find optimal solutions in the spatial plan or, as the case
most of them – depending on how good an urban planner they are and how may be, in the regulatory plan or planning study. The public can also provide
well they are able to make use of values and opportunities in the territory. It valuable suggestions regarding the values and functioning of the municipality,
also depends on the level of understanding of the co-creators to the creation, which the designer may not have been able to uncover or appreciate because
enlightened independent municipal council and responsible citizens. of a lack of long-term knowledge of the territory.
It is necessary to analyse the image of the settlement, to name the positive The approach of the knowledgeable public is fundamental within the framework
and negative aspects, to respect and develop the positive aspects of the of the formation of the spatial plan, and especially within its changes. In
design, to eliminate the negative aspects. practice, it is not always possible for the original author of the spatial plan and
also address changes to the spatial plan. Similarly, the aims of the municipal
However, it is not possible to repeat the same way of solution in various council sometimes a change of council. The principles of urban planning
settlements. An individual approach to each settlement is necessary as well, composition are still valid. Their violation may lead to irreversible damage to
because each municipality is unique, it has its own specifics given by the appearance and attractiveness of the settlement.
the terrain, historical development and location in the structure of the
settlement.
For the urban planning concept, it is not enough only to identify the
values in the territory, but also to work with them within the spatial plan
and be able to use them for enhancement, aesthetics and appearance
of the settlement.
The task of the spatial development plan in urban planning composition

is to:
● identify existing compositional relationships
● make use of their potential
● not to cause damage to compositional relations and opportunities
for their further development, by the designer´s aims
● support and usefully complement the composition of the municipality
In each of these steps it is still necessary to analyse how the intended Joint creation of a vision of the municipality of Nové Sedlice
purpose will affect the area. References: http://www.nadacepartnerstvi.cz/

The aims and use of land inside the settlement or on its
outskirts
Areas in spatial plans should be designed with respect to what the
territory requires and what it will probably require in the future, in terms
of up to 20 years.
The aims are based on planning analytic materials and on additional surveys
and analyses. It is essential to know the aims of the municipality and to
reflect them in the spatial planning documentation. It is also necessary to
be interested in the aims and associations of entrepreneurs.
Aims can be divided into two main groups:
1. What the area needs for good functioning of the settlement + long-term
development plans (usually buildings of public benefit),
2. What is required by the public (public and private sector) for
implementation of their plans.
While creating plans, we should bear in mind that the existing
development, as well as undeveloped land, constitute values in the
area. Map of brownfields in Brno
Fundamental influence on the appearance and functioning of the References: http://www.brno.cz/
settlement can occur through construction in the outskirts. An important
prerequisite for a conscious expansion of the settlement is a thorough
examination of the possibilities of the developed area, i.e. whether
the aims can be implemented within the built-up area or whether it is
necessary to look for areas outside it. Practice in spatial planning is not
sufficiently thorough in searching buildings suitable for redevelopment,
although the Building Act itself attributes this purpose to the spatial plan
in Section (§) 43 (redevelopment land). By means of identifying suitable
buildings, motivational solutions, incentives and relief to municipalities
or directly to owners and builders, it is necessary to encourage sensitive
reconstruction and subsequent use so as to minimize the need for
land occupation and unnecessary expansion of the area of the Manorial court (Panský dvůr) in Veselí nad Moravou, built in 1646 as a complex of
settlement. On the one hand, the most difficult situations and solutions economic and administrative buildings and the newly renovated appearance
occur in the case of brownfield sites and listed buildings, on the other, of the court as the Tourist Centre of the Veselsko region.
the renovation of these buildings can bring the most impressive results. References: http://www.tic-veseli.cz/
2.4. Principles for Step 2 – Spatial analysis
● Become aware of the links and connections between areas with different land use
● Understand the operation of the settlement, its state, opportunities and needs (among other things, limits of the area, protective zones,
the capacity of the facilities)
● Be informed of the aims of superior documentation of the municipality, of the owners, the investors
● Take into account the topography of the terrain
● Ensure the form of the transition of the settlement to the landscape, and of entrances and access roads to the settlement
● Respect the space requirements and possibilities of the territory, in particular:
○ spatial and significant landmarks
○ remote views and view-prominent places
○ observation points and trails
○ horizons
○ view axes
○ vistas
○ pedestrian junctions and passageway
○ corner and end buildings
○ extraordinary architectural and urban planning objects
○ the most important public spaces
○ spaces for outdoor social events and meetings
○ places with a high frequency of visitors
○ green areas and green belts
● Examine and make use of the developed area
● Perceive urban and architectural values as limiting and at the same time as a great opportunity for the area
● Take an individual approach to each settlement

Step 3 – spatial design
3.1. How to make use of and support values in urban planning composition
/The principles and rules of the design/
Questions related to urban planning composition

In the introduction of this publication, we mentioned that a spatial plan is an important conceptual
document of each municipality. It summarizes the aims and possibilities of the territory, while
respecting the impact on the appearance of the settlement. Along with the urban planning concept, it
allso addresses the urban planning composition.
In addition to the content of the spatial plan, the public may also be interested in the following questions:
● In what way does the spatial plan deal with the historic centre?
● H as the designer identified landmarks and major observation points of the settlement, and in what
way have they utilised the settlement's appearance?
● H as the designer defined the outlook posts, showing characteristic skyline of the settlement?
● H as the designer used the major observation points and outlook posts for designing the walking
trails and drafting relaxation areas?
● H as the designer sought view axes and defined protected views on their basis?
Viewport of Spatial analysis materials of the municipality
● H as the designer sought urban axes, have they managed to emphasize them? Is it desirable to with extended powers Blansko – full update 2014 – Drawing
emphasize urban axes? Does their emphasis avoid damage to the compactness of the historical of values of the territory, the municipality of Černá Hora
centre?
Cultural and civilization values
● A re there view (e.g. green) horizons in the settlement? Do they need to be protected because they
form the background of important buildings, do they constitute the whole of a protected view? immovable cultural monument
area with 1st and 2nd category archaeological excavations
● A re the aims of the proposed spatial plan causing damage to existing composition relationships?
significant anthropogenic landmark
Is it possible to move the compositionally inappropriate area elsewhere? areas with public facilities
● H as the designer paid enough attention to the use of the developed area? recreational areas
In the following pages, we will try if possible to find general principles of urban planning composition in areas for production and storage
accordance with various concepts and suggest the answers to those questions in the particular area residential green areas
(the cadastral area of Černá Hora). total built-up area
Urban and architectural values

References: Územní plán Černá Hora: http://www.mestyscemahora.cz/,
significant building
Územně analytické podklady obce s rozšířenou působností Blansko – úpiná aktualizace 2014: Výkres hodnot území
urban planning values
The current values affecting urban planning composition
in the Černá Hora cadastral area [1]
The values of cultural heritage
Important observation points:
Valuable urban planning territory: – Chateau Hill (Zámecký vrch)
– chateau park with – Bukovice Hill
the landmark of the chateau – Ješetiny Hill
– historical part of the brewery
– Náměstí Míru (Peace Square) surrounded Places defining the landscape:
by various buildings – Chateau park
Monuments registered in the Central list – remains of the old German highway
– Ješetiny Hill
of cultural monuments of the Czech Republic:
– St. Lawrence Church Areas with important archaeological excavations:
– the chateau – U Horky – settlement (Palaeolithic – surface survey)
– the area in front of the chateau – Ješetiny – settlement (Palaeolithic – surface survey)
– Chapel of the Holy Family above the chateau – the Green Cross (U zeleného kříže) – settlement
– cast-iron allegorical statue on the chateau (Neolithic, Early Middle Ages – rescue archaeological
terrace research)
– the statue of St. John of Nepomuk at the – Chateau promontory, Široký, Zaryplovy –
chateau settlement, burial ground (cultures with Moravian
– the statue of Archangel Michael painted and Corded Ware, the La Tène culture,
– park near the chateau Early Middle Ages, Middle Ages, Modern Era –
– the cast iron statue of St. John of Nepomuk surface survey and rescue research)
near the church
– the statue of Saint Salvator (stolen) Natural and landscape values – selection:
– the Way of the Cross
Monuments of local importance: Places of local ecologically important elements:
– fountain in the Náměstí Míru (Peace Square) – the Malhotský Stream
– House Štěpánek, house number 114 – multi-segmental quarry with random forest trees
– the Town Hall Manor House, house number 50 – the Oborský Pond
– the Liberation Monument in the Náměstí
Míru (Peace Square) Places of local ecologically important units:
– the rectory – Býkovky flow
– primary school, designed according to a – forest park on Chateau Hill (Chateau Park)
References: Územní plán Černá Hora:
design by professor Bohuslav Fuchs – remains of the old highway
http://www.mestyscemahora.cz/,
[1] Taken from: Appendix no. 1 of the general measure, Spatial Plan of Černá Hora, accessible at: http://www.mestyscernahora.cz/

It makes sense to identify the important observation points at
places accessible to the public. The best places are at rest areas by
roads, and near hiking and bike trails. Such places should be fixed in the
terrain by the means of its extension, giving the opportunity to stop and
have a rest (with a simple bench, eventually with information concerning
the target point of view), this is, however, not subject to the spatial plan.
Landmark of the chateau on the hill is the target point of view.

The connector of the important observation point and the landmark is
the view axis.
This axis should be maintained without being disturbed by other objects.
From the site of the important observation point, the designer

usually defines the angle of the important observation point in the
spatial plan. This is the angle that circumscribes the most attractive
part of the view. It is necessary to go through the territory physically, to
establish the important observation points and especially their angles.
In the area of the angle of the important observation point,

existing or proposed object should be located that would inappropriately
visually disturb the territory.
Note: The graphic symbols and colours are not binding.

If any graphic symbols of urban planning composition are used in the
drawing documentation, they are included in the legend of the drawings.
References: Spatial Plan of Černá Hora, accessible at: http://www.mestyscernahora.cz/
Urban axes in the case of Černá Hora indicate the Urban axes can be highlighted by suitable placing of view planning composition
direction of expansion of the settlement and at the same time are the main axes and protected views (e.g. the landmark or target points of view).
areas of movement of inhabitants and visitors of the settlement (near the bus
stop, commercial activities of the brewery, shopping centre, square with shops The main areas of movement of inhabitants and visitors are usually
and an administrative office near the church and rectory). identical with the most widely used public space. Therefore, these areas, as
well as the appearance of the adjacent buildings, deserve extra care.

Examples of urban axes – the main street and waterfront
The quality of the most prominent places, among

other things, facilitates orientation in the settlement
for the visitor. The visitor looks not only for the best
catering and accommodation services in the oldest
most reconstructed part of the settlement, but they
also intuitively assume the administrative authority
to be located there.
Tip: Compile a catalogue of motivational

photographs of public areas in the region (planting
of greenery, examples of good architectural
solutions, use for social events, experience with
Znojmo
implementation and maintenance, etc.).
Photo © N. Rozmanová
For an urban planning composition

of the settlement, a river or stream
in the developed area is a great
opportunity.
It is an urban axis with a great

potential for relaxation use.
Tip: Organise a competition

for the most beautiful stretch
Bratislava
of the waterfront.
Photo © Z. Kučerová
Skyline
The skyline is created by the landscape and buildings of the settlement. The topography of the landscape and mosaic of forests and fields contribute to the
attractiveness of the skyline.
The shape of the settlement and its distribution in the landscape is important for the skyline. The skyline is influenced by the shapes of roofs, height of the buildings
and their position in the terrain. It is important to preserve green horizons in the landscape, so that they aren't visually interrupted by improper development.
The skyline of Černá Hora

The skyline view of the landscape from the Malý Chlum lookout tower

Silhouette
For the silhouette, it is necessary to find the most typical
view of the landmark of the settlement or its most attractive,
characteristic object for the place in concern.
In Černá Hora, the view emphasizing the horizontal lines
of the chateau with the vertical lines of the chateau tower
is the most suitable and the most picturesque one. The
building is characterized by it's base of wooded hills.
References: photo http://www.mestyscernahora.cz/
Not every settlement has a castle or chateau in
its territory. The silhouette can highlight another
significant object, such as a town hall, school,
church, hill or a group of characteristic buildings.
In the case of Černá Hora, apart from the
chateau, the possible view of the silhouette can,
for example, be the group of buildings including
the church and the adjacent rectory with a
mansard roof (Fig. below on the left).
objects for the silhouette – the

chateau and church
the territory, which it is necessary
to pay attention to in order not to
References: http://www.mestyscernahora.cz/
disturb the silhouettes

View horizon
In the surroundings (administrative territory) of Černá Hora, there are three
significant elevated points: the Chateau hill, Ješetiny and Bukovice. Their skylines
and slopes are ideal for the urban planning composition work. They surround the
developed area and can thus form the background or green base of the settlement
or its landmarks. It is possible to use the view horizons of these elevated points
and select which of them should be protected.
For the determination of protected view horizons, it is necessary to remember
the location of important observation points, landmarks and silhouettes. With
respect to the above-mentioned facts, it is necessary to determine the view
horizons, which are in this case green. It is also necessary to select which
of them require establishing as protected view horizons, so that the skyline
itself, or the slope is not developed or blocked by visually undesirable objects
or otherwise impaired.
References: http://www.mapy.cz and the Spatial Plan of Černá Hora; photo © J. Rozman
view (green) horizon
protected view horizon
the territory, which it is necessary to pay attention

to in order not to disturb the view horizons
The view horizon of the Chateau hill should be protected from the side
facing away from the settlement as well. The chateau on the Chateau hill is
used from important observation points that lie outside the administrative
territory of Černá Hora, especially to the north of the settlement, for
example from the Svitavy – Brno road.
References: Spatial Plan of Černá Hora: http://www.mestyscernahora.cz/
View horizons, Černá Hora

Photo © Z. Gajdíková

Vista
Use of a vista in the territory is suitable in the case of more intimate scenes – with a shorter distance
from the target point of view of the observer. A beautiful example of a vista is the view through the open
gate in the axis of the entrance to the chateau. (In Baroque architecture, a vista was created using the
doors of several rooms, which were alligned in an enfilade). In the view axis, there is the sculpture as the
target point of view. Because it would not stand out within the distant view, the view in the vista axis is
terminated by trees and bushes to form a dark background in contrast to the light sculpture.
References: http://www.mapy.cz/, photo © N. Rozmanová, J. Drbušek
Gradation
The example of the chateau in Černá
Hora is also an example of gradation
in the territory – increasing attention
to the design of outdoor spaces I, II,
and III escalates. Additionally, the
territorial promontory of the chateau
tower offers beautiful views of the
I
municipality and its surroundings.
II
Gradation:
I natural areas
II park areas
III
III areas with flower planting and
artistic sculpture
I II III
References: Spatial Plan of Černá Hora: http://www.mestyscernahora.cz/, http://www.mapy.cz/, photo © N. Rozmanová, J. Drbušek, Z. Gajdíková

Scale and proportions
Because of the need for larger areas and good accessibility,
industrial production areas are often placed in the outskirts
of the developed area. The scale and proportion of
manufacturing plants are greater than those of residential
objects. The appearance of the settlement is negatively
impacted by the close proximity of these areas.
In the case of Černá Hora, the current and proposed
industrial production areas are located in the northern
part of the municipality. It is separated from the developed
area by the Chateau hill. In terms of scale and proportion,
no problem arises. However, the manufacturing facilities
and halls at the base of the hill and chateau would form
an inappropriate view from the Svitavy – Brno road.
Thanks to the additional greenery of the Býkovka stream
and thanks to the fact that the buildings located in the
industrial production area do not exceed the height of
this greenery, the distant view from the above-mentioned
road is not disrupted.
Býkovka stream creates the borderline of the
administrative territories – it is necessary to bear in
mind the composition links of the settlement within the
spatial plan of the neighbouring cadastral area.
The additional greenery of the stream visually dividing the industrial

production area – fig. on the left:
production and storage areas, fig. on the right: buildings in the cadastral area
of Černá Hora.
References: Spatial Plan of Černá Hora: http://www.mestyscernahora.cz/, http://www.mapy.cz/
3.2. Village greens, town squares, and streets are also territories
/The basic principles of the urban planning composition of public spaces/
Village green and town square as public spaces

The first step in establishing settlements was generally a ground plan definition
of open space – public space, i.e. in particular, the town square, the village
green, the junctions of main streets. The network of streets, squares and other
public spaces creates a system of functioning of a municipality. Outlining the
most important public spaces affects the overall composition of the settlement.
Under the Municipalities Act (Section § 34 of Act No. 128/2000 Sb.), public
spaces are defined as "all squares, streets, marketplaces, pavements, public
greenery, parks and other areas accessible to everyone without restriction,
that is for general use, regardless of ownership of the area."
We can distinguish two basic types of public spaces:
– greenery, used mainly for rest and recreation (especially parks)
– streets and squares, used mainly for operating the territory. In fact, within
the urban planning structure of a settlement, the system of configuration
of the streets and squares is the most important factor of its organization.
But not only that, it also serves for everyday social contact and coexistence
of the inhabitants
Green areas, especially parks, have different demands on the organization of A tree in the vista attracts attention and Gradation of space. Anenská Street in
space and its composition to those of streets and squares, but both components brightens up a narrow street, Brno. Brno is closed by the vista of the Denis
are interconnected and generally complement each other well. For example, Gardens and the towers of the cathedral.
trees have the same ability to define or frame the space as buildings. They The greenery creates a base for the
significant landmark. It also highlights
can support gradation of space, create landmarks, stress the importance of
Tip: Encourage residents of the the building in the foreground, mutually
the place or separate uncorrelated units in relation to architecture or urban
separating the buildings.
planning. While even a single tree may attract attention in the street, in the settlement to cooperate in dealing
green areas, elements of hardscape – monuments, statues, summer-houses, with the concept of public space
pergolas etc. stand out the most. using, for example, the planning
study of public space.
Photo © P. Balabánová

Two vital roles of public spaces – relaxation and communication
What does a park need

– it needs sufficient space (the minimum area of greenery that can still be called a park is a half-
hectare; the area of large parks can be up to hundreds of hectares, for example 341 hectares
in the case of Central Park in New York)
– background greenery, defining and separating it from the surrounding buildings
– walking paths and rest areas (walking paths have to be logically linked to other public spaces,
the rear of the rest areas has to be covered and there has to be a view of an interesting
element, the places for rest have to be both in the sun and in the shade ...)
– water in various forms, such as a lake, pool, fountain or drinking fountain
– a programme – composed scenery of trees, bushes and flower planting or water areas which Pond and greenery at the exhibition grounds, Brno.
create a gradually developing composition Photo © Z. Gajdíková
A view of
a historical
Composition – trees and bushes form the background of the colourful planting of flowers. building, Vlašim.
Photo © P. Balabánová Photo © Z. Gajdíková
Two vital roles of public spaces – relaxation and communication
What does a street need

– Streets and squares have to have certain characteristics:
– fluency and continuity – connection with other urban spaces
– accessibility, availability – people mainly want to get from one place to another (without
barriers), both by public transport and by car, bike, or on foot
– interesting appearance (vibrancy, diversity, variety)
– the ability to bring people together, to make people stay there for some time – with interesting
or useful objectives and a pleasant environment, to spend time in
– facilities (shops, offices, cafés, restaurants), the possibility to sit down for a while
– public character – a place where people can pass through freely, or remain freely (sitting on The greenery determines the character of the street, especially
small walls, near fountains) affecting its scale, Brno. Photo © P. Balabánová
– safety – one must have a feeling of safety, for example, in relation to cars. In a deserted street, Trees with small
one is also exposed to other dangers crowns create
– easy orientation – points of orientation (vistas of important buildings, the historic centre, an illusion of the
landmarks, distinctive greenery) street being wider.
On the contrary,
– volume of good-quality greenery and related climatic comfort (greenery is an important high trees (Turkish
component of the quality of the environment in terms of both aesthetics and composition, as hazel) create an
well as in terms of hygiene and climate) illusion of narrow
and high space (the
streets are actually
identical).
Photo © P. Balabánová

Greenery in settlements, wherever appropriate
Space in the historical centres of cities can be defined and affected, for example, by just
a single tree. A small group of trees in a litlle park or vacant lot can also be of significance
in the vista. Vistas of compact buildings play an important role toward the greenery and
landscape (green) horizons. Where appropriate, it is necessary to protect vistas even at
the cost of maintaining a vacant lot, or by limiting the height level of a development. In the
case of observation points, it is necessary to ensure that these places are not gradually
blocked by vegetation and the views remain free.
Cosy corners. The tree blocks the view of the landscape –

this opens up only when we reach the observation point. The
expected view creates tension in the composition, Znojmo.
The less paved areas there Photo © N. Rozmanová
are, the more pleasant an
environment there is, Nové
Hrady.
In wider streets, it's also possible to use Significantly light crowns of plane trees give Part of public spaces should be a place for rest with the
larger trees, Brno. Photo © P. Balabánová the street a fresh look, Brno.Photo © P. Balabánová possibility to sit down, Znojmo Photo © N. Rozmanová
The character of public spaces according to the size of the It necessary to respect and maximally utilize and protect all the preserved
settlement greenery, the presence of which helps to create the character of the place in
the structure of settlements and landscape. Large areas of greenery are the
Properties of public spaces have to be in harmony, they must be combined
most significant ones. Within a city, this concerns mainly large parks. Their
into one original and unrepeatable unit which is then the ʹgenius lociʹ – the
significance can be determined by their position (for example with respect
magic of that place.
to the city centre), their attractiveness and facilities (this means residential
areas, playgrounds and related facilities, garden cafés, etc.).
The character of public spaces also depends on the size of the settlement. In
smaller cities, only one busy commercial street or just one square may ʹmake
a living environmentʹ, whereas in large cities there might be more of them.
Large cities, such as Prague, can have avenues and boulevards, but such
an avenue cannot be found, for example, in Brno, (with some exceptions),
although some of the streets were designed like that – however, the urban
aim has not always been fulfilled (the most important factor – people).
What is the role of greenery in a city?
Greenery plays a very important role. Monumental avenues can clearly define
the main outline of the city – as, for example, Paris. Conversely, developments
with a generally richer application of greenery, bring to mind garden cities
which correspond to mono-functional residential neighbourhoods, especially
containing family houses, where we can find public spaces solely of local
significance. Greenery has always been applied when subconsciously
perceiving and evaluating the space, its significance and characteristics.
What is the role of greenery in a village?
A place for relaxation. Large stone ball used as an artifact and as a water
feature – Drinking Fountains, Paris. Photo © P. Balabánová In the case of rural settlements, the outline of public spaces is easier.
The basic axis of the settlement can be formed by the main road (one
road, or a crossing of more roads), an extended village green, or circular
A street is a linear space; it is a sequence of more or less interesting places. space. Large trees are found primarily on the village green by the church,
The more interesting and colourful this sequence is, the more attractive but also by pubs – where people used to dance or there used to be an
the street is. It is, however, not possible to make all public spaces equally open-air stage ʹIn the Alleyʹ, ʹOn the trip siteʹ (ʹV sádkuʹ, ʹNa výletištiʹ), i.e.
attractive, because too much good tires one out. In order to underline the in public spaces. There have always been large trees at other important
importance of one space, that of another has to be reduced and submit to places – by crosses, chapels and cemeteries – mainly lindens, ash trees,
that. Similarly, in one street passing through a large area, there may be parts elms and maple trees. Large trees have signaled from afar where there
that may be more significant and ones that can be less significant (gradation are places of greater importance.
and lingering of the effect).

Public spaces and spatial planning The effect of urban furniture, such as road signs and advertising
material in public spaces, is not negligible either. The possibility
The fact that public spaces are complex issues is based on the fact that, using spatial of proper and regular maintenance, cleanliness and functionality
planning, the public spaces have to include different areas: streets, squares, village of public spaces affects their appearance and use as well.
greens, waterfronts, parks, arcades, areas alongside rivers, outdoor staircases,
areas of public facilities, public transport stops, boarding islands, passages, Public spaces – their creation and concept – is strictly a matter
archways, moats and other outdoor areas. of urban planning concept and composition, it is related to their
clarity and the identity of a place. Management, operation and
Public spaces are influenced by the existence of public facilities, which define and maintenance of public spaces as a part of the public infrastructure,
surround (mostly in parterres of houses) them, especially shops, markets, restaurants represent the settlement, and they reflect its management.
and cafés with the possibility of outdoor gardens, offices, schools, etc. They may also
be defined by trees, water surfaces or watercourses. Perception of a public space also
includes private lots and land outside the public space, as well as the vista of them –
courtyards of houses, gardens of family houses, etc.
Current construction in the Czech Republic in some cases creates too little space –
solitary buildings or groups of buildings that can be of quality in terms of architecture,
but do not produce a valuable urban environment.
Public spaces also have to deal with different spatial conditions, such as, for example,
the slope of the terrain, shape, size, height and character of buildings, and other elements
that define them. They also have to cope with microclimates, geological conditions,
including cellars beneath historic squares, the existence of significant buildings, solitary
trees, the location of utility networks, and links to the transport systems and technical
infrastructure systems.
Urban planning composition has also been influenced by the requirement that public
spaces should be designed without barriers, they should serve all people, including
people with disabilities, the elderly and parents with prams.
Also taken into account should be the listed locations of a settlement, its character
and historical formation, the genius loci of a specific place, which can be enhanced
using artwork or alternative art. Public spaces, especially in listed areas, should be Public space by a river – Bratislava
comprehensively viewed; not only their individual elements, but also the ground plan
Photo © M. Chroboczková
and material composition of the objects surrounding them and their mutual composition
relationships.
A quality proposal should be preceded by a good assignment
that expertly describes what is expected from the given space,
what it is intended for, and in what way it should be linked to
the surroundings.
The importance of public spaces both in the existing and newly designed land of the settlement
Generally, the spatial plans should conceptually address the following questions:
– the character of greenery in settlements, its adequate representation in all parts of the
settlement, its hierarchization, the concept of the basic layout, lines (basic outline – system
of greenery) and points, their interrelationship and interdependence with the surrounding
landscape, the principles of its recreational use
– the role of green horizons, or green wedges in the body and image of the settlement, and
their protection
– the location of individual areas of land with greenery in the settlement, their scope and
content within the framework of the entire system
– the protection of historical parks and gardens, as well as the protection of other significant
surface and line greenery in both developed and undeveloped territory
Lack of public spaces in the case of new constructions, set in relation to currently used footpaths
The same composition principles exist for the character
and public facilities is practically irremovable after implementation.
of public spaces. Trees define space, pleasant shade,
artifact (fountain) and the presence of water, Nové Hrady.
Public spaces in neighbourhoods containing villas

affect the greenery in their front garden. It can separate
Architecture and greenery in harmony creates a quality public space, or it is merely an accessory, mutually heterogeneous architecture and allow for
Brno and Znojmo. Photo © P. Balabánová, N. Rozmanová individual objects to stand out, Brno. Photo © P. Balabánová

3.3. Rules for Step 3 – spatial design
Each aim in the area should be based on well-justifiable ideas.

● Aims for changing the urban planning composition should be well reasoned, in particular, for example:
○ a height level can be disturbed if we want to emphasize a certain place in the area with a group of objects
○ the ground plan of a historical square can be broken if we want to use this point for the location of a significant building as the target point of view
○ a skyline can be changed, if the aim contributes to its picturesqueness
● It is possible to define the territory, but it is necessary to pay attention not to disturbing protected views and depreciating of compositional relationships.
● he principles of urban planning composition apply to a newly designed developed area as well. A spatial plan has to bring the values it respects and the
T
new ones it proposes to existing and new development (e.g. enable cyclists and pedestrians to pass along the embankment of a river with the aim of new
views of a city, linking existing and proposed public green areas with places of important views of a city, making accessible a view over a city with a nature
trail and inclusion of the place into valuable views of the city, defining valuable urban locations for the exceptional quality of their setting).
● ot to develop the most beautiful free locations in the belief that because they are beautiful, there should be a nice family house, guesthouse, playground....
N
Everyone can make use of an undeveloped and unfenced location. While developing it for private or public purposes usually requires fencing, construction
of access roads and parking options, the felling of wild trees and shrubs changes the character of the place substantially.
● espite all the principles and rules of urban planning composition, it is necessary to keep in mind that every town and village is absolutely unique, it has its
D
own character, reflecting the nature of the region, it's history and the mentality of the inhabitants, and it's potential. It is therefore not possible to apply the
same solutions with every settlement, on the contrary, each settlement has to be treated individually.
● The quality of a public space increases value of the territory, its areas and buildings.
Part III How to keep an eye on all this
/Legislative bases of urban planning composition/
Which legislation supports urban planning composition within spatial planning
The legislative bases for urban planning composition

Portal of spatial planning – portal.uur.cz
– Act no. 183/2006 Sb., on town & country planning and building regulations Official portal of the Institute for Spatial Development
(the Building Act), as amended

– Decree 500/2006 Sb., on planning analytic materials, planning documentation, Building Planning Planning analytic
and planning activity filing, as amended by Decree 458/2012 Sb. Act and the analytic materials of Theory and
implementing materials of municipalities with Methodology
– Decree 501/2006 Sb., on general requirements on land use, as amended measures Regions extended powers
– Decree 503/2006 Sb., on more detailed arrangement of planning permission,

proceedings, public law contract and planning measure, as amended by Acquiring
Decree 63/2013 Sb. Acquiring the Acquiring the Subsidies of EU and
principles of spatial
spatial plan regulatory plan Czech Republic
development
The Building Act and its implementing provisions, among others, are available
at the spatial planning Portal of on the website of the Institute for Spatial
Development. The portal is a source of updated references to information
arising from activities of the Institute for Spatial Development, the Ministry
for Regional Development and other public authorities and professional
institutions. It is designed for public administration, professionals and the
general public. The portal is available at: http://portal.uur.cz/

The basic prerequisites for solving urban planning composition within the spatial planning process are provided in the Building Act
in Part Three, Chapter I – Objectives and tasks of spatial planning.
The spatial arrangement means a comprehensive spatial design, not just

In Section 18 of the Building Act, entitled Objectives of town and the design within the lots and land, but also in space – i.e. urban planning
country planning, in paragraph 2, among other things, it says: solution dealing with the creation of settlements, their structure, etc. This
The town and country planning ensures the preconditions for sustainable is closely related to urban planning composition, because the layout of
development of the area by means of continuous and complex solution settlements, their developed territory and the surrounding landscape should
of useful utilization and spatial arrangement of the area with the aim be in harmony to the maximum possible extent. This is, among other things,
of achieving the harmony of public and private priorities in relation to when it respects the principles of urban planning composition.
the development of the area. For this purpose, it follows the social and
economic potential of the development.
To take into account the values and conditions in the territory means, among
Section 19 of the Building Act called Tasks of town and country other things, to respect urban planning units which are valuable in terms of
planning in paragraph 1, among other things says: composition and eventual expansion of the composition by following up on
The task of town and country planning is especially: it in developing areas. Requirements referred to in subparagraph d) and
subparagraph e) of Section § 19 paragraph 1 of the Building Act create the
b) to determine the concept of the area development, including the prerequisites for ensuring the quality of the developed territories.
urban planning concept in respect to the values and conditions of
the area
d)
to determine the urban planning, architectural and aesthetic
requirements for utilization and spatial arrangement of the area and
for its alterations, especially for location, arrangement and layout of
structures
e) to determine the conditions for the implementation of changes in
the area, especially for location and arranging of the structures in
respect to the existing character and values of the area
Part III How to keep an eye on all this | 91

Spatial planning instruments dealing with urban planning composition
The principles of urban planning composition can be applied in the following instruments of spatial planning
(The Building Act Chapter III – Town and county planning instruments)
spatial plan (Section § 43 to 60), regulatory plan (Section § 61 to 75), planning study (Section § 30), planning permission (Section § 76 to 83).
Spatial plan – in general

A spatial plan is a basic conceptual solution at a scale of 1 : 5,000 or 1 : 10,000.
If the individual concepts are addressed regardless of the composition,
i.e. only generally, it may mean a serious problem in the future, when the
individual parts of the settlement are going to be dealt with in detail. It is
therefore also necessary to try to take into account the spatial arrangement,
not just the planar, and imagine the volume arrangement of the individual
parts of the area in concern (not only developed and possibly developed
areas, but the entire administrative territory of a municipality or city, including
undeveloped landscape).
A spatial plan is usually the only legally binding document in the given territory
because the regulatory plans are processed minimally. What is defined in the
spatial plan is therefore binding. If the spatial plan is processed well, it creates
the prerequisite for a quality territory in the future. The above applies not only A lot of information related to spatial planning is available on the website of
to newly created space, but also to the existing ones. Within the spatial plan, the Institute for Spatial Development. The Institute was founded in 1994.
it is necessary to establish the conditions for spatial land use (in areas with It is a state organisational unit established by the Ministry for Regional
different uses) and to set the conditions for spatial arrangement, including Development and it is its professional service organisation.
the basic conditions for the protection of the landscape (the character of
The activities of the Institute for Spatial Development are determined, among
the developed areas and landscape). This is in order to preserve the urban
other things, as the support of activities of the bodies related to spatial
planning value of the territory and create conditions for the improvement of planning, designers, students of the relevant fields and of other professionals
existing compositionally and aesthetically unsatisfactory territories. and the general public.
At the same time, it is necessary to think about the composition within the
framework of the whole spatial planning process, i.e. in the very stage of
creation of the assignment, surveys and analyses, but also within the period
of processing of spatial analytical data.

Acquiring a spatial plan
The acquisition of a spatial plan is decided upon by the municipal council, upon its own initiative or at Phase of acquisition of a spatial plan:
the request of a public administration authority, a proposal by a citizen of a municipality or at the request
of a natural or legal entity with ownership or similar rights to the land or building within the territory of a
municipality or at the request of an authorized investor. Along with the consent related to the acquisition of 1. Decisions on the plan procurement
a spatial plan, a councillor (the designated representative) is appointed to cooperate with the acquirer of of Section § 44 of the Building Act
the spatial plan. This ensures the permanent influence of the municipality on acquisition of the spatial plan.
2. Additional surveys and analyses
Processing of the spatial planning documentation is one of the selected activities of construction, which
of Section § 11 of the Decree 500/2006 Sb.
can be performed only by individuals who have obtained authorisation for their performance under a
special regulation of the Czech Chamber of Architects, i.e. designers – chartered architects or urban
3. Spatial plan specifications
planners. The designer is responsible for the correctness, integrity and completeness of the planning
of Section § 47 of the Building Act
documentation, the planning study, and the documentation for the issuance of a planning permission
made by them (Section § 158 and 159 of the Building Act).
4. Proposal of a spatial plan
The cost of the processing of a spatial plan by a designer is paid by the municipality which decided to of Section § 50 and 51 of the Building Act
acquire it.
5. Public debate on the spatial plan
Examples of methodological recommendations for the acquisition of spatial plans – processed by
of Section § 52 and 53 of the Building Act
the Institute for Spatial Development, in close cooperation with the Ministry for Regional Development.
6. Issuing of a spatial plan
7. Entry into force of the spatial plan

of Section § 173 of the Civil Procedure Code
8. Alterations to the spatial plan

Methodological aid on the Methodical recommendations on Methodical instruction on the

outline of assignment of a selected problems of acquiring a imposition and disclosure of a
spatial plan spatial plan spatial plan and regulatory plan

Spatial Plan – assignment
The very assignment of a spatial plan has a significant influence on
the urban planning composition. Examples of Internet publications for spatial planning activities – processed by the
What the content of the assignment of a spatial plan should be Institute for Spatial Development.
specified in Appendix no. 6 of Decree 500/2006 Sb.
In subsection a) in paragraphs 1 and 3 of the Annex are,

among others, claimed the following requirements: LIMIT Y
využití území
–
urban planning concept, especially for the purpose of Praktická příručka
assessment of the planar and spatial arrangement of the

developed area and assessment of possible changes,
including definition of the areas suitable for development
– the concept of landscape, especially for the purpose of
assessment of the planar and spatial arrangement of
undeveloped territory...
Vladimír Hyvnar
Assignment of a spatial plan is based on spatial development policy and

a kolektiv
III. vydání, 2007 MINISTERSTVO PRO MÍSTNÍ ROZVOJ ÚSTAV ÚZEMNÍHO ROZVOJE
planning documentation issued by the region, on territorial analytical obalka.indd 1 4/17/07 3:33:03 PM
Limits of land use Principles and rules of The authorities concerned in

data and other requirements (e.g. the requirements of the municipality, spatial planning the spatial planning process
the authorities concerned and the public, and a report on implementation
of the plan), as well as on additional surveys and analyses. They are
an important basis for the assignment of the spatial plan. Surveys
are carried out in particular on the terrain of the territory in question
and its surroundings. Within the framework of the creation of a spatial
plan, the designer has to evaluate the observed phenomena. They
should also cooperate with a specialist on the landscape from the very
beginning. In terms of composition, buildings and areas of transport
and technical infrastructure – for example an electrical power plant
including a protective zone, and also the line, especially above-ground
constructions of technical infrastructure – are of importance as well.
In terms of transport from the perspective of composition, bridges and
other above-ground transport structures are considered in particular,
as well as significant linear structures, especially when they run along
embankments and in ditches.

Spatial Plan – a proposal – what is most important concept cannot be separated, not just from a functional point of
view, but also in terms of the spatial arrangement of the territory
To understand where to search for the urban planning composition within a spatial plan, it and the mutual aesthetic appeal.
is necessary to know about the fundamental parts of the spatial plan. This is the statement
and reasoning. Both have their textual and graphical parts. Their content is determined by A poorly chosen fundamental part of the urban planning
law (Appendix no. 7 to Decree 500/2006 Sb.). The statement is ʹapprovedʹ by the municipal concept, which is the arrangement of areas of different land
council upon issue of the spatial plan, the statement has to concisely and clearly state what use, can even significantly affect other options in terms of
is proposed in the area, the reasoning says why this was proposed. urban planning composition. Planar arrangement of individual
land use (housing, production, recreation, greenery, areas of
What a spatial plan should include is provided in Appendix no. 7 of Decree 500/2006 Sb. transport and technical infrastructure, etc.) – should be defined
in the spatial plan so that the land uses not only have no negative
When drafting the spatial plan, according to Annex no. 7 of Decree 500/2006 Sb., effects on each other (noise, emissions, etc.) and if possible
urban planning composition can be particularly affected in the following sections of the the functions do not limit each other, but also causes no harm,
spatial plan: even in terms of composition and aesthetics. For example, no
(1) The textual part of the spatial plan includes: residential areas should be placed in close proximity to a large
manufacturing facility, which does not interfere with housing in
b) development concept of a municipality area, protection and development of its
terms of the environment, but which negatively affects the skyline
values
and views from the apartments or family houses.
c) urban planning concept, including delimitation of areas with development
potential, areas for reconstruction, and green spaces sharing system What is stipulated by the spatial plan as acceptable, unacceptable
or conditionally permitted use in different types of surfaces with
d) concept of public infrastructure, including conditions for its installation
different types of use is of equal importance (see – Section § 4
e) concept of landscape layout, including delimitation of areas and determining to 19 of Decree 501/2006 Sb.).
conditions for changes in their use, area system of ecological stability, landscape
penetrability, erosion protection measures, flood protection, leisure time activities,
raw materials mining etc.
The basic concept of the development of the territory of a municipality – protection and
development of its values represents the main principles of the concept of development of
the municipality. This includes the protection and development of its values, including those
connected to urban planning values. At the same time, this basic concept (for example,
interconnection of the individual developed parts of the municipality) creates the major
prerequisite for improving urban planning composition.
The concept of development of the municipality encompasses all the concepts [referred
to in paragraph 1 subsection c) to e)] – i.e. the urban planning concept, the concept of public
infrastructure consisting of a concept of transport and technical infrastructure, the concept
of public facilities and public spaces, as well as the concept of landscape arrangement. The

The spatial plan has instruments not only to regulate the surface, but also the spatial There is no obligation to establish all these sorts of conditions. It
arrangement of the territory. It can influence the height of buildings, especially the number depends on the size of the area and details of the scale (whether it
of floors of buildings in a certain area of a territory, or the maximum height of buildings deals with a small town or big city), the need to protect the values
above the level of the terrain, and propose changes to the area so that the existing or of territories, approach of municipalities, etc. The municipal
newly designed landmarks stand out. The spatial plan may specify the range of size of lots, council in some municipalities seeks less strict conditions, in
for example, in the case of a site for construction of family houses. The above-mentioned others, it is the other way round and the municipality seeks to
figure affects the structure of a developed area (blocks of flats, detached houses, terrace establish stricter conditions, which would specify the shape and
houses, scattered houses, etc.). The structure of the development and the character of the appearance of individual buildings, including the fencing of front
development (for example, an area with houses of significantly rectangular shape with a gardens. A conscientious approach by the municipality seeking
longitudinal axis perpendicular to the local road of the development) are the other features to maintain the character of the municipality and the aesthetic
of development that can determine the spatial plan. When necessary, the intensity of land quality of new buildings and renovated buildings, is certainly
use can be determined. correct. One improperly rebuilt house can break the atmosphere
of the whole village, square or street. Such a house is not just
The urban planning composition also has to a significant extent been influenced under the concern of the owner, because it damages the image of
paragraph 1 subparagraph f) of Appendix no. 7 of Decree 500/2006 Sb.: the municipality and causes harm to other citizens as well. The
council paying attention is appropriate, but the spatial plan is not
determination of conditions for use of areas with different usage manner, an instrument that can determine the conditions in more detail
determining the prevailing usage manner (major use), if possible to determine, than is provided by the Building Act. For this purpose, additional
admissible use, inadmissible use (including statement of the areas where it is excluded spatial planning instruments, i.e. the regulatory plan and planning
to place buildings, facilities and other measures for the purposes stated in Section § 18 study, may be used.
paragraph 5 of the Building Act), or conditional admissible use of these areas
and specification of space layout conditions, including fundamental conditions
for protection of landscape character (e.g. height limits for buildings, character and The urban planner should draft the spatial plan so that, for
structure of buildings, statement of extent of use intensity of plots within areas) example, the skyline or silhouette is not distorted, to protect
a view-prominent place, vista of notable buildings or natural
groupings. They may prescribe in the draft regulation plan much
more specific conditions. More about the regulatory plan and
planning study is contained in a separate chapter.

Spatial plan – design – what else environment because the spatial arrangement of In open landscape, it is also necessary to specify
the territory is an indivisible part of the design. conditions of spatial arrangement in the case of
Where appropriate, the textual part of the spatial plan buildings that may be placed there in accordance
In the graphical part, elements of urban planning
also includes under paragraph 2 subsection b) and c) with Section § 18 paragraph 5 of the Building Act:
composition or other phenomena that may affect
of Annex no. 7 of Decree 500/2006 Sb.: the urban planning composition are marked in
Within the non-developed area, it is possible, in
c)
delimitation of areas and corridors where the main drawings or scheme of urban planning accordance with its character, to locate the structures,
the verification of changes in their use by a composition. facilities and other measures only for agriculture,
development study is a precondition for decision forestry, water management, raw material extraction,
making, and further setting the deadline for the Graphical part of the spatial plan in accordance with for protection of nature and landscape, for public
development study procurement, ... Appendix no. 7 of Decree 500/2006 Sb. paragraph transport and public infrastructure, for reduction of
delimitation of areas and corridors where the
d) 3 contains, among others: danger of ecological and natural disasters and for
procurement and issue of a regulatory plan is a ain drawing containing an urban planning
b) m removing of their consequences... Such technical
precondition for decision making on changes in concept, in particular the delimitation of measures and structures, which are directly connected
their use, and the regulatory plan specification, ... areas with different use, further a concept with them can be placed into the area in the cases
of landscape layout including areas with when the planning documentation does not expressly
proposed change in their use, a concept of exclude them.
In areas and corridors in which decisions on spatial
changes in the area are subject to the processing public infrastructure including delimitation of
of a planning study or issuing of a regulatory
areas and corridors for transport and technical At the same time, it is necessary to explore a wider
infrastructure, delimitation of developed areas, area – including the way in which the existing
plan, construction is largely restricted until the areas with development potential, and areas of
processing or issuing of such documents in order developed area of a designed municipality or a
reconstructions, areas and corridors for public designed city are expressed in terms of composition,
to avoid violation of future land use, assessed by works, for public benefit measures, and for stand-
a planning study or revised by a regulatory plan. not only in the immediate area, but also in the wider
by land resources; if needed, the urban planning
concept, the landscape layout concept, and the
landscape. Therefore, the solution should be justified
Both of the above-mentioned instruments – the public infrastructure concept may be elaborated even in relation to the wider context.
planning study and regulatory plan – address the within individual drawings.
defined areas and corridors in detail. They create
the preconditions for the creation of a quality
At the same time, if appropriate, the textual part of the

spatial plan contains in accordance with paragraph This legislation sets the condition to define within the spatial plan architectural or urban important
2 subparagraph e) of the Appendix no. 7 of Decree buildings, where there is a need for cooperation with an authorised architect in relation to the project
500/2006 Sb.: documentation. This creates prerequisites for the quality design of buildings and their environment, while
f) an indication of the constructions outstanding for respecting the principles of urban planning composition. In practice, however, the impact of this condition
their architecture or urban planning values for which is manifested slowly. Buildings are mostly designed as solitairy units, regardless of the more necessary
an architectural part of design documentation may view of their functional and compositional interaction in the given environment.
be prepared by an authorised architect only.

Regulatory plan and planning study
Appendix no. 11 of Decree 500/2006 Sb. I. Contents of the regulatory
The regulatory plan and planning studies enable more detailed solutions for plan under paragraph 1:
areas. The principles and rules of urban planning composition are the same,
but it usually deals with a smaller territory than in the spatial plan. Drawings the text part of the regulatory plan always contains, among other things
are usually processed and issued at a scale of 1: 1,000 or 1: 500 (see – c) conditions for situating and space layout of public infrastructure
Section § 19 paragraph 2 of Decree 500/2006 Sb.). constructions
The regulatory plan is mandatory, according to it, the authorities have to d) conditions for protection of area's values and specific features
decide on changes in the area. The conditions defined in the regulatory plan
and further in paragraph 2
have to be respected both by authorities and builders. The regulatory plan
(similarly to the spatial plan) is related to the statutory requirements of the The textual part of the regulation plan according to the extent of the
Building Act that have to be met in terms of content, and the Building Act also proposed regulation, particularly according to the planning permission
defines the acquisition process. The regulatory plan may replace a planning replaced by it, furthermore includes
permission. This shortens the time for approval of project documentation,
conditions for situating and space layout of constructions that are
b)
resulting in permission of the intended construction by the building authority.
not included within the public infrastructure, including protection
The regulatory plan may be applied for by both natural or legal entity – this is
conditions of the proposed area nature, particularly of landscape
a regulatory plan upon request. Or it can be acquired upon initiative, e.g.
character protection (e.g. street and building face line, number of floors,
of the municipal council – a regulatory plan upon initiative. The process of
height of buildings, volumes and shapes of buildings, land use intensity)
their acquisition differs partly, but both of them have to respect the conditions
given by the spatial plan. This means that the regulation plan must not deviate
from the conditions of the spatial plan, but it has to make the conditions The planning study serves the respective authorities as the background
more precise – the conditions for development or for individual objects are materials for decisions within a territory. Its' purpose is to assess and examine
more specific and detailed. The level of detail depends on the assignment of the possibilities of the territory. The planning study can also examine in detail the
the regulatory plan (among other things, on the size of the area and on the placement contained in the spatial plan, for example, it may propose situation
desired scale). of a road linked to lots of residential land delimited by the spatial plan. The
binding conditions of the aims the planning study examines are stated in the
The regulatory plan has the option, under the terms of the location and spatial spatial proceedings. Neither acquisition, nor the content of the planning study,
design of buildings, to determine, for example, a building or street line, the are subject to legal regulations. It cannot be acquired by natural or legal entity,
distance of a the boundary of a lot from neighbouring houses, building floor but by the respective authority. The planning study always has an assignment
size, the number of floors, and the volume and shape of the house, including by means of which the acquirer states its content, extent (delimitation of the
the shape of the roof. It can even determine the capacity of an object, e.g. territory in question), objectives and purpose.
school, guesthouse, social facilities etc., or identify areas of land suitable for
possible development.
The composition within the regulatory plan should be designed deliberately.
This creates prerequisites for legislation determining what should be the
content of the regulatory plan.

Planning permission
Decree 503/2006 Sb., regulating the details of the planning permission,
spatial measures and building regulations, as amended by Decree 63/2013
Sb. requires the designation of links and effects on the environment, i.e. the
influence of the urban planning composition.
In Annex no. 1 to Decree 503/2006 Sb., in Part B of the Appendix to the

request for a planning permission in planning proceedings is required in
section 6:
6 The overall situation in the scale of the cadastral map, including lot
numbers, including marking of a building lot, the desired location of
the building construction changes showing the links and effects on
the environment, especially away from the borderlines of lots and
neighbouring buildings.
Similarly, in Part C of the Appendix of the request for issuing a planning
permission decision in simplified planning proceedings includes point 6,
which has the same wording as in Appendix B.
Even in the design documentation for spatial planning, the design shall be
implemented so as not to disturb the existing urban planning composition or
improve the situation in the case of a compositionally disordered territory.
The problem from the point of view of urban planning composition may
be simplified procedures in the case of structures that do not require
planning permission, because some of them may affect the urban planning
composition. If nobody deals with the placement of a building in a broader
context, namely its potential impact on the environment, it may disturb the
urban planning composition of the area in which it is located, and it can have
serious negative effects on the aesthetic quality of the area.

When is the opportunity to influence the urban planning composition in the process of acquisition of the spatial plan
Everyone has the right to comment on the spatial plan, as well as on a design that
influences the urban planning composition of a settlement. They may do so during
processing of the spatial plan:
1. while entering the draft assignment of the spatial plan
2. within the framework of joint discussion on the draft of the spatial plan
3. within the framework of the spatial planning process – in connection with the
public hearing of the draft of a spatial plan
The draft assignment of the spatial plan shall be served by public notice. This states
where and when it is possible to review the draft assignment of the spatial plan.
Within the deadline set by the Building Act, anyone can submit written comments
related to the draft assignment to the acquirer. The Institute for Spatial Planning publishes a peer-reviewed journal titled
Urban Planning and Spatial Development. It operates a specialised public
Based on the approved assignment, the acquirer acquires the spatial plan for the library, the only library with this focus in the Czech Republic.
municipality. The draft spatial plan, for the purpose of joint discussion, and consequently
the public hearing, shall be served by the means of public notice. This states when and
where it is possible to inspect the draft of the spatial plan, and the deadline by which
anyone can submit written comments to the acquirer is also determined.
The Building Act distinguishes the concepts of ʹremarkʹ and ʹobjectionʹ. Remarks may
be filed by any citizen. Objections can be filed only by the owners of land and buildings
affected by the draft design, an authorised investor or a representative of the public.
Another opportunity to submit comments is while acquiring the spatial plan. The
acquisition of changes takes place in a similar way to the acquisition of the spatial
plan. However, only the impacts of the design, subject to changes to the spatial plan,
can be commented on. For example, when a change in the spatial plan addresses
an area of housing, only this proposed area and the impact on other administrative
An important source of information on spatial planning is the Internet publication
territories of the settlement can be commented on. Spatial planning principles and rules. The publication is a comprehensive
study and methodological material, the only well-arranged summary and
interpretation of the findings of contemporary urbanism and spatial planning.
It ensures proper interpretation of spatial planning as a discipline with legally
binding outcomes and legally enforceable consequences. It is guaranteed
by the Ministry for Regional Development and designed to allow for possible
amendments and continuous updates in relation to the new trends, new
legislation and current concepts of the ministries.

Part IV What has to be avoided – or: what is right ü and what is wrong û
/General principles of urban planning composition in illustrations/
It is better to see rather than to hear, or read.

Therefore, the publication Principles and Rules of Urban Planning Composition in Examples brings clear graphic examples of faults which degrade the territory, and
must be avoided.
It is necessary to identify and protect landmarks, which are used Use high landmarks for orientation in the settlement, i.e. to
in long-distance views of the settlement, in particular from access strengthen orientation in the settlement in connection with the
roads, trails and observation points around them. position of landmarks of the historic centre.
Part IV What has to be avoided | 101

Respect the existing views and vistas of landmarks. Create new Take into consideration the competition of landmarks and those
view axes and define them as protected views. in the vicinity of a different character.
Observe the height level: Skyline – care has to be taken not to disturb the skyline with
● of the surroundings of high landmarks inappropriate height levels or inappropriate landmarks.
● at view horizons In the case of an indeterminate skyline of a settlement, a suitable
● on the outskirts of the settlement, where the development plan to highlight it may be used.
passes into the free landscape

A protected view, distant views – ensure the compactness of the Scale and proportion – bear in mind the appropriate proximity of
settlement using, among other things, greenery in the settlement – land with different uses and thus a different character of development
visually connect the objects using higher greenery. (e.g. an area of manufacture and storage, operating in large halls,
Pass from the green belt around the settlement sensitively into the landscape. located near an area with family houses). Where appropriate, bear
The position of the village green can be emphasized by higher in mind the necessary shielding from view of areas of different
greenery, ideally traditional tree species, for example, lindens. character of development using isolating greenery.
An important observation point, outlook post – maintain the quality Urban axis – highlight the axis with an avenue or avenues, respect
of the view in the angle of an important observation point, including the ground plan and character of the development that surrounds
the condition that the view is not blocked by growing greenery. the urban axis.

View-prominent place – use corners as natural view-prominent View axis – maintain the existing view axis and do not block the
places. Design the areas in such a manner that corner buildings can target point of view through improper land use.
stand out.
Use view axes even in calmer areas of the city, such as narrow
streets and small squares.
A target point of view is a prominent or attractive place. It is Vista – places of interesting vistas that allow the viewer to stop and
advisable to emphasize it by artistic or architectural work. relax enjoying the view of the target point of view.
The role of the target point of view cannot be fulfilled by a neutral or
inharmonious object.

Protected view – bear in mind the views of outstanding natural and Gradation – pay attention the top object of gradation.
cultural values and, at the same time, the view from the entrances
For example, fountains are installed along the urban axis of a park;
and exits of important buildings, such as theatres, galleries, concert
an urban axis leads to the grand central fountain. A similar principle
halls, and sacred places.
applies in the case of gradation of the interesting appearance and
Make use of the moment of surprise, using unexpectedly beautiful significance of objects, while the supreme object is the largest
views. and the most attractive of them. The expectations of the observer
should not be let down in the form of unfulfilled expectations (e.g. a
dilapidated building with an advertising area).
Fig. © M. Blažková
Better than to see is to know,

and what about your neighbourhood?

USED AND RECOMMENDED LITERATURE
 A sociace pro urbanismus a územní plánování ČR: Urbanistická koncepce a kompozice v územním plánu.
 BEČKA, Marek, MAIER, Karel, DODOKOVÁ, Alena. Hodnoty v koncepci územního plánu. In: Seminář – Výzkum pro řešení regionálních disparit v České republice.
Ataco s. r. o., Ostrava, 2010.
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 Agentura ochrany přírody a krajiny ČR
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 Územní plán Poděbrady – koncept, C.3.1.2 Popis urbanistické struktury území
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PRINCIPLES AND RULES OF URBAN PLANNING COMPOSITION IN EXAMPLES
Edited by: Ministry of Regional Development

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Principles and Rules of Urban Planning Composition in Examples

Development in all areas www.mmr.cz

Authors: Naděžda Rozmanová

Collaborators: Pavla Balabánová

Guarantor at the Ministry of Regional Development:

Opponents: Michal Hexner

Translated by: Jan Mattuš

Ministry of Regional Development

1 The Building Act 183/2006 of the Czech Republic

4 | Principles and Rules of Urban Planning Composition in Examples

Part I – Selected terms in urban planning composition

Part II – Application of basic principles and rules of urban planning

Part III – How to keep an eye on all this

A rule is a stable, firm opinion; a standard of social or systemic validity;

Principle = generally valid regulation

The meaning of both expressions is best captured by the motto of this

Learn the principles, follow the rules.

6 | Principles and Rules of Urban Planning Composition in Examples

Part I Selected terms in urban planning composition | 7

8 | Principles and Rules of Urban Planning Composition in Examples

No aerial or cadastral map, not even at a detailed

A scheme that the designer has based on the study

This example of a sketch presents an outline of the

Part I Selected terms in urban planning composition | 9

10 | Principles and Rules of Urban Planning Composition in Examples

And how about spatial planning?

Part I Selected terms in urban planning composition | 11

Simplified explanation of terms And how about spatial planning?

12 | Principles and Rules of Urban Planning Composition in Examples

Landscape history – designed landscape

Part I Selected terms in urban planning composition | 13

Simplified explanation of terms

14 | Principles and Rules of Urban Planning Composition in Examples

Simplified explanation of the term terrain configuration:

1 Town on an isolated height (Mikulov) 2 Town on a terrain promontory (Český Krumlov)

Terrain configuration largely affects the way in which a settlement is

7 Town by large water surface (Telč)

Fig. 12: Types of positions of a town in the terrain

Part I Selected terms in urban planning composition | 15

And how about physical planning?

16 | Principles and Rules of Urban Planning Composition in Examples

Part I Selected terms in urban planning composition | 17

Simplified explanation of the term historic centre: the oldest part of a

Fig. 17: Aerial photograph of the historic centre of Telč

And how about spatial planning?

18 | Principles and Rules of Urban Planning Composition in Examples

Simplified explanation of terms Examples of symbols

Variety of definitions An important vantage point or outlook post may be

And how about spatial planning?

Part I Selected terms in urban planning composition | 19

20 | Principles and Rules of Urban Planning Composition in Examples

And how about spatial planning?

Other landmarks may be invisible from a distance. The building of an insti-

Fig. 21: The transmission tower on Ještěd; a constructed natural landmark

Part I Selected terms in urban planning composition | 21

Fig. 22: The skyline of Brno

22 | Principles and Rules of Urban Planning Composition in Examples

Part I Selected terms in urban planning composition | 23