Exercise 7.1 - Enhanced - With Solution: Part A
Exercise 7.1 - Enhanced - With Solution: Part A
Exercise 7.1 - Enhanced - With Solution: Part A
HW 10
Due: 11:59pm on Tuesday, June 19, 2018
You will receive no credit for items you complete after the assignment is due. Grading Policy
In one day, a 85 mountain climber ascends from the 1540 level on a vertical cliff to the top at 2300 . The next day,
she descends from the top to the base of the cliff, which is at an elevation of 1300 .
For related problem-solving tips and strategies, you may want to view a Video Tutor Solution of Height of a baseball from
energy conservation.
Part A
What is her change in gravitational potential energy on the first day?
ANSWER:
= 6.33×105
Part B
What is her change in gravitational potential energy on the second day?
ANSWER:
= −8.33×105
Exercise 7.2
The maximum height a typical human can jump from a crouched start is about 55.0 .
Part A
By howmath:
Typesetting much does
100% the gravitational potential energy increase for a 61.0 person in such a jump?
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ANSWER:
= 329
Part B
Where does this energy come from?
ANSWER:
Exercise 7.4
The food calorie, equal to 4186 , is a measure of how much energy is released when food is metabolized by the body. A
certain brand of fruit-and-cereal bar contains 145 food calories per bar.
Part A
If a 65.0 hiker eats one of these bars, how high a mountain must he climb to "work off" the calories, assuming that all
the food energy goes only into increasing gravitational potential energy?
ANSWER:
= 953
Part B
If, as is typical, only 24.0 of the food calories go into mechanical energy, what would be the answer to part (a)? (Note:
In this and all other problems, we are assuming that 100 % of the food calories that are eaten are absorbed and used by
the body. This is actually not true. A person's "metabolic efficiency" is the percentage of calories eaten that are actually
used; the rest are eliminated by the body. Metabolic efficiency varies considerably from person to person.)
ANSWER:
= 229
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Exercise 7.7
For its size, the common flea is one of the most accomplished jumpers in the animal world. A 1.80 -long, 0.450
critter can reach a height of 20.0 in a single leap.
Part A
Neglecting air drag, what is the takeoff speed of such a flea?
ANSWER:
= 1.98
Part B
Calculate the kinetic energy of this flea at takeoff and its kinetic energy per kilogram of mass.
ANSWER:
= 8.82×10−7
Part C
ANSWER:
= 1.96
Part D
If a 77.0 , 1.70 -tall human could jump to the same height compared with his length as the flea jumps compared
with its length, how high could he jump, and what takeoff speed would he need?
ANSWER:
= 189
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Part E
ANSWER:
= 60.8
Part F
In fact, most humans can jump no more than 60.0 from a crouched start. What is the kinetic energy per kilogram of
mass at takeoff for such a 77.0 person?
ANSWER:
= 5.88
Part G
Where does the flea store the energy that allows it to make such a sudden leap?
ANSWER:
Exercise 7.8
The maximum energy that a bone can absorb without breaking depends on its characteristics, such as its cross-sectional
area and its elasticity. For healthy human leg bones of approximately 6.00 cross-sectional area, this energy has been
experimentally measured to be about 200 .
Part A
From approximately what maximum height could a 50.0 person jump and land rigidly upright on both feet without
breaking
Typesetting his100%
math: legs?
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ANSWER:
= 0.816
Part B
You are probably surprised at how small the answer to part (a) is. People obviously jump from much greater heights
without breaking their legs. How can that be? What else absorbs the energy when they jump from greater heights? (Hint:
How did the person in part (a) land? How do people normally land when they jump from greater heights?)
ANSWER:
Part C
In light of your answers to parts (a) and (b), what might be some of the reasons that older people are much more prone
than younger ones to bone fractures from simple falls (such as a fall in the shower)?
ANSWER:
Exercise 7.14
An ideal spring of negligible mass is 11.00 long when nothing is attached to it. When you hang a 3.15- weight from it,
you measure its length to be 12.40 .
Part A
If you wanted to store 10.0 of potential energy in this spring, what would be its total length? Assume that it continues to
obey Hooke's law.
Express
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math: answer
100% numerically. If there is more than one answer, enter each answer, separated by a comma.
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ANSWER:
= 20.5,1.48
Exercise 7.16
Tendons are strong elastic fibers that attach muscles to bones. To a reasonable approximation, they obey Hooke's law. In
laboratory tests on a particular tendon, it was found that, when a 250 object was hung from it, the tendon stretched 1.24
.
Part A
Find the force constant of this tendon in .
ANSWER:
= 198
Part B
Because of its thickness, the maximum tension this tendon can support without rupturing is 141 . By how much can
the tendon stretch without rupturing?
ANSWER:
= 71.4
Part C
How much energy is stored in it at that point?
ANSWER:
= 50.3
Exercise 7.18
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Part A
How much potential energy is stored in the slingshot's rubber band?
Express your answer using two significant figures.
ANSWER:
= 2.2
Part B
With the same potential energy stored in the rubber band, how high can the slingshot shoot a 25- pebble?
= 8.8
Part C
What physical effects did you ignore in solving this problem?
ANSWER:
Exercise 7.31
A force parallel to the -axis acts on a particle moving along the -axis. This force is associated with potential energy
given by , where = 0.610 .
Part A
What is the magnitude of the force when the particle is at = -0.800 ?
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= 1.25
Part B
What is the direction of the force when the particle is at = -0.800 ?
ANSWER:
in the + -direction
in the - -direction
in the + -direction
in the - -direction
Exercise 7.33
A small block with mass 0.0400 is moving in the xy-plane. The net force on the block is described by the potential- energy
function (5.85 ) -(3.85 ) .
Part A
What is the magnitude of the acceleration of the block when it is at the point 0.36 , 0.58 ?
= 143
Part B
What is the direction of the acceleration of the block when it is at the point 0.36 , 0.58 ?
ANSWER:
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Exercise 7.35
The potential energy of two atoms in a diatomic molecule is approximated by , where is the spacing
between atoms and and are positive constants.
Part A
Find the component of force along the line connecting the two atoms, , on one atom as a function of .
Part B
Find the equilibrium distance between the two atoms.
Express your answer in terms of the variables and .
ANSWER:
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Part C
Is this equilibrium stable?
ANSWER:
yes
no
Part D
Suppose the distance between the two atoms is equal to the equilibrium distance found in part A. What minimum energy
must be added to the molecule to dissociate it-that is, to separate the two atoms to an infinite distance apart? This is
called the dissociation energy of the molecule.
Express your answer in terms of the variables and .
ANSWER:
Part E
For the molecule CO, the equilibrium distance between the carbon and oxygen atoms is and the
dissociation energy is per molecule. Find the value of the constant .
ANSWER:
= 6.68×10−138
Part F
Find the value of the constant .
ANSWER:
= 6.41×10−78
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Exercise 7.36
A marble moves along the -axis. The potential-energy function is shown in the figure .
Part A
At which of the labeled -coordinates is the force on the marble zero?
ANSWER:
a and c
b and d
Part B
Which of the labeled -coordinates is a position of stable equilibrium?
ANSWER:
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Part C
Which of the labeled -coordinates is a position of unstable equilibrium?
ANSWER:
Problem 7.40
A 2.00- block is pushed against a spring with negligible mass and force constant k = 400 , compressing it 0.220 .
When the block is released, it moves along a frictionless, horizontal surface and then up a frictionless incline with slope 37.0
.
Part A
What is the speed of the block as it slides along the horizontal surface after having left the spring?
ANSWER:
= 3.11
Part B
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How far does the block travel up the incline before starting to slide back down?
ANSWER:
= 0.821
Problem 7.41
A 350 roller coaster starts from rest at point and slides down the frictionless loop-the-loop shown in the accompanying
figure.
Part A
How fast is this roller coaster moving at point ?
ANSWER:
= 16.0
Part B
How hard does it press against the track at point ?
ANSWER:
= 1.14×104
Problem 7.42
A car in an amusement park ride rolls without friction around a track . The car starts from rest at point at a height above
the bottom of
Typesetting the100%
math: loop. Treat the car as a particle.
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Part A
What is the minimum value of (in terms of ) such that the car moves around the loop without falling off at the top
(point )?
Express your answer in terms of .
ANSWER:
Part B
If the car starts at height 4.10 and the radius is = 17.0 , compute the speed of the passengers when the
car is at point , which is at the end of a horizontal diameter.
Express your answer with the appropriate units.
ANSWER:
= 32.1
Part C
Compute the radial acceleration of the passengers when the car is at point , which is at the end of a horizontal
diameter.
Express your answer with the appropriate units. Enter positive value if the acceleration is toward the loop's
center and negative value if the acceleration is outward from the loop's center.
ANSWER:
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= 60.8
Part D
Compute the tangential acceleration of the passengers when the car is at point , which is at the end of a horizontal
diameter.
Express your answer with the appropriate units. Enter positive value if the acceleration is upward and negative
value if the acceleration is downward.
ANSWER:
= -9.80
Problem 7.43
Part A
Where will this wood eventually come to rest?
Express your answer using two significant figures.
ANSWER:
= 16
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Part B
For the motion from the initial release until the piece of wood comes to rest, what is the total amount of work done by
friction?
ANSWER:
= -94.1
Problem 7.76
A particle moves along the x-axis while acted on by a single conservative force parallel to the x-axis. The force corresponds
to the potential-energy function graphed in the figure . The particle
is released from rest at point .
Part A
What is the direction of the force on the particle when it is at point ?
ANSWER:
positive
negative
Part B
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At point ?
ANSWER:
positive
negative
Part C
At what value of is the kinetic energy of the particle a maximum?
Express your answer using two significant figures.
ANSWER:
= 0.75
Part D
What is the force on the particle when it is at point ?
Express your answer using two significant figures.
ANSWER:
= 0
Part E
What is the largest value of reached by the particle during its motion?
Express your answer using two significant figures.
ANSWER:
= 2.2
Part F
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= 0.75,1.9
Part G
Of unstable equilibrium?
Express your answer numerically using two significant figures. If there is more than one point, enter each point
separated by a comma.
ANSWER:
= 1.4
Problem 7.81
A DNA molecule, with its doublehelix structure, can in some situations behave like a spring. Measuring the force required to
stretch single DNA molecules under various conditions can provide information about the biophysical properties of DNA. A
technique for measuring the stretching force makes use of a very small cantilever, which consists of a beam that is supported
at one end and is free to move at the other end, like a tiny diving board. The cantilever is constructed so that it obeys Hookes
lawthat is, the displacement of its free end is proportional to the force applied to it. Because different cantilevers have
different force constants, the cantilevers response must first be calibrated by applying a known force and determining the
resulting deflection of the cantilever. Then one end of a DNA molecule is attached to the free end of the cantilever, and the
other end of the DNA molecule is attached to a small stage that can be moved away from the cantilever, stretching the DNA.
The stretched DNA pulls on the cantilever, deflecting the end of the cantilever very slightly. The measured deflection is then
used to determine the force on the DNA molecule.
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Part A
During the calibration process, the cantilever is observed to deflect by 0.10 when a force of 3.0 is applied to it.
What deflection of the cantilever would correspond to a force of 6.0 ?
ANSWER:
0.07
0.14
0.20
0.40
Problem 7.82
A DNA molecule, with its doublehelix structure, can in some situations behave like a spring. Measuring the force required to
stretch single DNA molecules under various conditions can provide information about the biophysical properties of DNA. A
technique for measuring the stretching force makes use of a very small cantilever, which consists of a beam that is supported
at one end and is free to move at the other end, like a tiny diving board. The cantilever is constructed so that it obeys Hookes
lawthat is, the displacement of its free end is proportional to the force applied to it. Because different cantilevers have
different force constants, the cantilevers response must first be calibrated by applying a known force and determining the
resulting deflection of the cantilever. Then one end of a DNA molecule is attached to the free end of the cantilever, and the
other end of the DNA molecule is attached to a small stage that can be moved away from the cantilever, stretching the DNA.
The stretched DNA pulls on the cantilever, deflecting the end of the cantilever very slightly. The measured deflection is then
used to determine the force on the DNA molecule.
Part A
A segment of DNA is put in place and stretched. shows a graph of the force exerted on the DNA as a function of the
displacement of the stage. Based on this graph, which
statement
Typesetting math:is100%
the best interpretation of the DNAs behavior over
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ANSWER:
The DNA does not follow Hooke's law, because its force constant increases as the force on it increases.
The DNA follows Hookes law and has a force constant of about 0.1
The DNA follows Hookes law and has a force constant of about 10 .
The DNA does not follow Hookes law, because its force constant decreases as the force on it increases.
Problem 7.83
A DNA molecule, with its doublehelix structure, can in some situations behave like a spring. Measuring the force required to
stretch single DNA molecules under various conditions can provide information about the biophysical properties of DNA. A
technique for measuring the stretching force makes use of a very small cantilever, which consists of a beam that is supported
at one end and is free to move at the other end, like a tiny diving board. The cantilever is constructed so that it obeys Hookes
lawthat is, the displacement of its free end is proportional to the force applied to it. Because different cantilevers have
different force constants, the cantilevers response must first be calibrated by applying a known force and determining the
resulting deflection of the cantilever. Then one end of a DNA molecule is attached to the free end of the cantilever, and the
other end of the DNA molecule is attached to a small stage that can be moved away from the cantilever, stretching the DNA.
The stretched DNA pulls on the cantilever, deflecting the end of the cantilever very slightly. The measured deflection is then
used to determine the force on the DNA molecule.
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Part A
Based on , how much elastic potential energy is stored in the DNA when it is stretched 50 ?
ANSWER:
2.5 10
1.2 10
5.0 10
2.5 10
Problem 7.84
A DNA molecule, with its doublehelix structure, can in some situations behave like a spring. Measuring the force required to
stretch single DNA molecules under various conditions can provide information about the biophysical properties of DNA. A
technique for measuring the stretching force makes use of a very small cantilever, which consists of a beam that is supported
at one end and is free to move at the other end, like a tiny diving board. The cantilever is constructed so that it obeys Hookes
lawthat is, the displacement of its free end is proportional to the force applied to it. Because different cantilevers have
different force constants, the cantilevers response must first be calibrated by applying a known force and determining the
resulting deflection of the cantilever. Then one end of a DNA molecule is attached to the free end of the cantilever, and the
other end of the DNA molecule is attached to a small stage that can be moved away from the cantilever, stretching the DNA.
The stretched DNA pulls on the cantilever, deflecting the end of the cantilever very slightly. The measured deflection is then
used to determine the force on the DNA molecule.
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Part A
The stage moves at a constant speed while stretching the DNA. Which of the graphs best represents the power supplied
to the stage versus time?
ANSWER:
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Click Play to watch the video below. Answer the ungraded questions in the video and the graded follow-up questions at right.
Part A
You are riding on a roller coaster that starts from rest at a height of 25.0 m and moves down a frictionless track to a
height of 3.00 m. How fast are you moving when you arrive at the 3.00-m height?
ANSWER:
20.8 m/s
22.1 m/s
23.4 m/s
14.7 m/s
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Part B
You are riding on a roller coaster that starts from rest at a height of 25.0 m and moves along a frictionless track. How fast
are you moving when you reach the top of the loop, at point B?
ANSWER:
16.0 m/s
13.3 m/s
26.9 m/s
20.3 m/s
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Part C
You are riding on a roller coaster that starts from rest at a height of 25.0 m and moves along a frictionless track.
However, after a bad storm some leaves settled on part of the track causing a 9.4-m length of the track to exert a
frictional force of 625 N on the car. To safely make it around the loop, the 50-kg car must have a minimum speed of 7.7
m/s at the top of the loop (point B). How fast should the car be moving initially at point A to ensure that it reaches the top
of the loop with the minimum required speed?
ANSWER:
6.28 m/s
28.0 m/s
107 m/s
8.90 m/s
17.7 m/s
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First, launch the video below. You will be asked to use your knowledge of physics to predict the outcome of an experiment.
Then, close the video window and answer the question at right. You can watch the video again at any point.
Part A
Suppose our experimenter repeats his experiment on a planet more massive than Earth, where the acceleration due to
gravity is . When he releases the ball from chin height without giving it a push, how will the ball's behavior
differ from its behavior on Earth? Ignore friction and air resistance. (Select all that apply.)
Trajectory: Here, the key is energy conservation. Think about how kinetic and potential energy interchange as a
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pendulum swings. For the pendulum to return to a position higher than its starting point, the system of the
pendulum and planet would have to gain mechanical energy. Where would that energy come from? (The same
argument applies to choice B.)
Period: You can answer this question by seeing whether the equation for the period of a pendulum includes . Or
you can use reasoning. A greater downward acceleration will cause the pendulum to reach the bottom of its
swing more quickly. What does that say about the pendulum’s total period?
Mass: The pendulum will weigh more on the massive planet. Will it have more mass?
ANSWER:
It will take less time to return to the point from which it was released.
It will take more time to return to the point from which it was released.
First, launch the video below. You will be asked to use your knowledge of physics to predict the outcome of an experiment.
Then, close the video window and answer the question on the right. You can watch the video again at any point.
Part A
Suppose that we repeat the experiment in the video, but this time (1) the loop’s diameter is twice that of the original loop
and (2) the ball’s starting position is twice as high above the table as that in the video. The initial height is sufficiently
high as to allow the ball to travel all the way around the loop. How will the ball’s speed at the top of the loop compare
with the speed at the top of the loop in the video ( )? Assume that we can ignore friction, and use the table as the level
of zeromath:
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100% energy.
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ANSWER:
Score Summary:
Your score on this assignment is 97.6%.
You received 60.54 out of a possible total of 62 points.
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