EXPERIMENT-1

CHEMICAL REACTIONS

AIM:

To perform and observe the following reactions and classify them into:

(i) Combination reaction (action of water on quick lime)

(ii) Decomposition reaction (action of heat on ferrous sulphate crystals)

(iii) Displacement reaction (iron nails kept in copper sulphate solution)

(vi) Double decomposition reaction (reaction between sodium sulphate and barium
chloride)

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. A rack of at least six clean test tubes and a boiling tube (hard glass test tube)

2. Two 100 cc beakers

3. A test tube holder

CHEMICALS REQUIRED:

1. Small pieces of quicklime (CaO) in crystal form and not in powder form

2. Ferrous sulphate crystals

3. Copper sulphate solution

4. Iron filings

5. Sodium sulphate solution

6. Barium chloride solution

7. Distilled water

8. Acidified potassium dichromate paper

1. (A) PROCEDURE
(i) Take a clean and dry 100 cc beaker and in it. Place small pieces of quick lime.
(ii) Fill a dropper with water and pour about 5 cc of it in the beaker. Make your
observations.
 (B) OBSERVATIONS:

(i) As soon as the water comes in contact with the quick-lime, it starts
crumbling producing a sort of crackling noise. It gives off steamy vapour.
(ii) The beaker on touching is found very hot.
(C) CONCLUSIONS:

(i) The reaction between quick-lime and water is exothermic in nature. That is
the reason why steamy fumes are given out.
The reaction can be represented by the following equation:

CaO (s) + H2O (l)  Ca(OH)2 (aq) + heat(∆)

The reaction is a combination reaction.

2. (A) PROCEDURE

(i) Take some ferrous sulphate crystals in a dry and clean boiling tube.
(ii) Introduce the boiling tube into the non-luminous flame, such that the
mouth of tube is facing away from you.
(iii) Tiny droplets of a colorless liquid settle near the neck of the test tube and
heating further a colourless gas is evolved
(iv) Test the gas with acidified potassium dichromate paper.
(v) Note the color of the residue of the boiling test tube.
(B) OBSERVATIONS:

(i) Crystals of ferrous sulphate are light green in color.

(ii) When boiling tube is gently heated, steamy fumes are given out which
condense on the cooler parts of the boiling tube
(iii) On strongly heating, a white powdery mass changes to reddish brown colour
and colourless gas smells like burning sulphur is formed.
(iv) Acidified potassium dichromate paper changes from orange to green.
(C) CONCLUSIONS:

(i) When the boiling tube is gently heated, it decomposes into ferric oxide,
sulphur dioxide and sulphur trioxide and water of crystallization is lost as
shown in the given equation.
2FeSO4.7H2O(s)  Fe2O3 (s) + SO2 (g) + SO3(g) + 14H 2O(l)
(light green) (reddish brown) (colorless) (colorless) (water of crystallization )

It is a decomposition reaction.
3. (A) PROCEDURE

(i) Pour some copper sulphate solution in a test tube.

(ii) Take some iron filings and put them in the copper sulphate solution.
(B) OBSERVATIONS:

(i) When the filings surface is covered with brick red deposit.
(ii) The blue color of copper sulphate solution changes to greenish colour
(C) CONCLUSIONS:

(i) The reaction between iron and copper sulphate solution is a displacement
reaction. In this reaction, the more active metal iron, displaces the less active
metal (Cu2+ ions) from its salt solution (CuSO4). The chemical reaction is
represented as follows:
CuSO4(aq) + Fe(s)  FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
(blue) (silver grey) (light green) (brick red)

4. (A) PROCEDURE

(i) Fill half a test tube with sodium sulphate solution.

(ii) Add barium chloride solution to it drop-wise.
(B) OBSERVATION:

On addition of barium chloride, a thick white precipitate is formed, which tends to

settle down at the base of the test tube. A clear solution remains on the top

(C) CONCLUSION:

The chemical reaction between sodium sulphate and barium chloride is double
displacement reaction. It is because the ions of two different salt solutions
exchange to form two new salts. The chemical reaction can be represented by:
Na2SO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq)  2NaCl(aq) + BaSO4(s)
(colorless) (colorless) (colorless) (white precipitate)
 EXPERIMENT-2

PROPERTIES OF ACIDS AND BASES

Properties of an acid

AIM:
To study the properties of an acid (dilute HCl ) and to carry out reactions of HCl with :
(i ) litmus solution( red and blue)
(ii) Zinc metal (Zn)
(iii) Solid sodium carbonate (Na2CO3)
THEORY:
* Dilute HCl is a strong acid. Its Ph is less than 7 so it turns blue litmus red.
* Zinc granules react with dilute HCl liberating hydrogen gas .
Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2
*Sodium Carbonate (base)reacts with dilute HCl to evolve CO2 gas.
Na2CO3 + 2HCl 2NaCl +H2O + CO2

MATERIALS REQUIRED:
Zinc metal, Litmus solution( blue and red), NaOH, Sodium Carbonate, Test tubes,
glass rod etc.

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

With litmus solution: Red-No change Dilute HCl acid is a strong acid and
Take small quantity of red and blue Blue-Turns red hence turns blue litmus red.
litmus solutions in test tubes. Add a
drop of dilute HCl to both of them.

With zinc metal: a) Initially reaction is a) Gas evolved is hydrogen.

a) Take zinc granules in a test tube. slow. Then it is brisk Zn+2HCl ZnCl2 + H2
Add 5ml of dilute HCl. with the evolution of
b) Bring a burning matchstick near a colourless gas. b) Hydrogen forms an explosive mixture
the mouth of the test tube. b) It burns with a ‘pop’ with air and hence burns with a pop
sound. sound.
2H2 + O2 2H2O + heat

With sodium carbonate:

a) Take a pinch of Na2CO3 in a test a) Brisk effervescence a) Na2CO3 is a basic salt. Dilute HCl
tube. Add a little HCl. takes place and a decomposes it liberating CO2.
colourless gas is Na2CO3 + 2HCl 2NaCl +H2O +CO2
b) Pass the gas evolved is through evolved. b) CO2 reacts with lime water to form
lime water. b) Limewater turns CaCO3.
milky. Ca(OH)2 + CO2 CaCO3 +H2O
 WRITE IN A NEW PAGE

Properties of an alkali

AIM:
To study the properties of an alkali or base (NaOH) and to carry out reactions of NaOH
with
(i) litmus solution( red and blue)
(ii) Zinc metal (Zn)
(iii) Solid sodium carbonate (Na2CO3)
THEORY
*Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is a strong alkali. Its pH is higher than 7. So it turns red
litmus blue.
*Sodium hydroxide reacts with zinc to form sodium zincate and hydrogen.
Zn + 2NaOH Na2ZnO2 + H2
(Caustic Soda) (Sodium Zincate)

Materials required:
Zinc metal, Litmus solution ( blue and red), NaOH, Sodium Carbonate, Test tubes,
glass rod etc.

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

With litmus solution:
Take small amounts of red and Red litmus- turns blue. NaOH is a strong alkali and turns red
blue litmus separately and add Blue litmus- no change. litmus into blue.
NaOH solution to each. NaOH Na+ + OH-

With zinc metal:

a) Take few pieces f zinc in a test a) On warming, the Zinc a) Zinc metal reacts with NaOH with
tube .Add 5 ml of NaOH metal starts dissolving and liberation of hydrogen gas.
solution to the test tube and tiny bubbles of colourless Zn + 2NaOH Na2ZnO2 + H2
warm slightly on a low flame. gas are given off.
b) Bring a burning matchstick near b) The gas evolved burns b) Hydrogen forms an explosive
the mouth of the test tube. with a pop sound. mixture with air and hence burns
with a pop sound.
2H2 + O2 2H2O + heat
With sodium carbonate:
Take a small amount of solid
sodium carbonate in a test tube and No reaction Both Na2CO3 and NaOH are basic in
add NaOH solution to it. Shake nature so they do not react but form an
well. alkaline solution.

EXPERIMENT 3
 TO FIND THE pH OF SUBSTANCES

Aim: To find the pH of the following samples by using pH paper/universal indicator:-

i. Dilute Hydrochloric Acid

ii. Dilute NaOH solution
iii. Dilute ethanoic acid solution
iv. Lime water
v. Water
vi. Dilute Sodium bicarbonate solution
vii. Lemon juice

Materials Required: Dil. HCl, dil. NaOH solution, dil. Ethanoic acid, lemon juice, distilled
water, dil. NaHCO3 solution, pH papers, lime water, color chart to compare pH value,
glazed tile & glass rods

Theory:
1. pH of a solution is a number in order to express the hydrogen ion concentration of a
solution. Eg: pH of pure water is 7. Such a solution is neutral towards indicators. If pH is
<7, the solution is acidic in nature. If pH is >7, the solution is alkaline.
2. Color produced on pH paper due to the pH of the solution, can be matched with the
standard color chart to get approximate value of the given color range.
3. Universal indicators – It is prepared by mixing several common indicators to obtain
indicator which can show a series of color changes over much wider range. Universal
indicators are commonly available in the market.

Procedure:
1. Take the different substances one by in separate test tubes and add 5ml of distilled
water to them. Label them as A,B,C,D.E and F
2. Place small strips of a pH paper on the glazed white tile with dry fingers
3. Add one or two drops of the specimen liquid with a dropper on the pH paper placed on
the tile.
4. Note the colour developed on the pH paper.
5. Match it with the standard color chart and find its pH. Tabulate the results.

Observations and Inference:

 Color formed on pH Value Nature of the
S.no. Sample Solution
pH paper (From chart) sample
A Dilute HCl Red 1 Strong acid
B Dilute NaOH Violet 14 Strong base
C Dilute CH3COOH Peach 3 Weak acid
D Lemon juice Orange 2 Weak acid
E Water Green 7 Neutral
F Dilute NaHCO3 Blue 9 Weak base
Precautions:
1. Tiles and hands should be perfectly dry.
2. A close scrutiny in comparison with the standard color must be done.
3. Clean the dropper before removing each solution for testing
 EXPERIMENT- 4

ACTION OF METALS ON SOME SALT SOLUTION

Aim

a) To observe the action of zinc, iron, copper and aluminium metals on the
following salt solutions :- zinc sulphate (aq), ferrous sulphate (aq), copper
sulphate (aq) and aluminium sulphate (aq).
b) Arrange zinc, copper, iron and aluminium metals in decreasing order of
reactivity based on the above results.

Materials required

Strips of zinc; copper; aluminium and iron metals, 1ml of solutions of zinc sulphate;
copper sulphate; aluminium sulphate and ferrous sulphate, four test tubes, sandpaper.

Theory

a) Some metals are more reactive than others. The metals which can lose electorns
more readily to form positive ions are more reactive. The less reactive metals do
not lose electrons easily.
Reactivity of these 4 metals are in the order – Al>Zn>Fe>Cu

b) Displacement reactions are used to find relative reactivities of metals.

A more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from its salt solution. Eg:
zinc metal displaces copper from copper sulphate but copper metal does not
displace zinc from zinc sulphate solution.

Procedure

1) Take 4 clean test tubes. Label them as A,B,C,D

2) Pour in each 20 ml of copper sulphate in each test tubes.
3) Add a small piece of Al, Zn, Fe and copper in test tube A, B, C and D
4) Observe the changes like colour and appearance on the metal surface.
5) Repeat procedures by taking the solutions of Aluminium sulphate, zinc sulphate
and ferrous sulphate.
6) Record observations of all the four metals in the different solutions.
 Observations

Al2(SO4)3 Solution ZnSO4 Solution FeSO4 Solution CuSO4 Solution

Al(silver)
Zn(silver grey)
Fe(grey)
Cu(red brown)

Result

a) Copper does not displace any of the metals from their salt solutions
Thus, copper is the least reactive among all the four metals.

b) Iron is able to displace copper from its salt solution

Fe + CuSO4  Cu + FeSO4

Thus, iron is more reactive than copper.

c) Zinc is able to displace copper and iron from salt solution.

Zn + CuSO4  Cu + ZnSO4

Zn + FeSO4  Fe + ZnSO4

Thus Zinc is more reactive than copper and iron

d) Aluminium is able to displace zinc, iron, copper from its salt solution.
2Al + 3ZnSO4  3Zn + Al2(SO4)3

2Al + 3FeSO4  3Fe+ Al2(SO4)3

2Al + 3CuSO4  3Cu + Al2(SO4)3

Thus, aluminium is more reactive than even zinc.

Order of reactivity of the metals are in the order : Al>Zn>Fe>Cu(most reactive

to least reactive)