Adhesion and Bonding To Polyolefins PDF

Report 143
Adhesion and
Bonding to
Polyolefins
D.M. Brewis and I. Mathieson
Volume 12, Number 11, 2002

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Item 1
Source of
Macromolecules
original article
33, No.6, 21st March 2000, p.2171-83
Title EFFECT OF THERMAL HISTORY ON THE RHEOLOGICAL
BEHAVIOR OF THERMOPLASTIC POLYURETHANES
Authors and
Pil Joong Yoon; Chang Dae Han affiliation
Akron,University
The effect of thermal history on the rheological behaviour of ester- and
ether-based commercial thermoplastic PUs (Estane 5701, 5707 and 5714
from B.F.Goodrich) was investigated. It was found that the injection
moulding temp. used for specimen preparation had a marked effect on the
variations of dynamic storage and loss moduli of specimens with time
observed during isothermal annealing. Analysis of FTIR spectra indicated
that variations in hydrogen bonding with time during isothermal annealing Abstract
very much resembled variations of dynamic storage modulus with time
during isothermal annealing. Isochronal dynamic temp. sweep experiments
indicated that the thermoplastic PUs exhibited a hysteresis effect in the
heating and cooling processes. It was concluded that the microphase
separation transition or order-disorder transition in thermoplastic PUs could
not be determined from the isochronal dynamic temp. sweep experiment.
The plots of log dynamic storage modulus versus log loss modulus varied
with temp. over the entire range of temps. (110-190C) investigated. 57 refs. Companies or
GOODRICH B.F. organisations
Location USA mentioned
Accession no.771897
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Adhesion and Bonding to
Polyolefins
D.M. Brewis and I. Mathieson

(Institute of Surface Science & Technology, Loughborough University)
ISBN 1-85957-323-1
Adhesion and Bonding to Polyolefins
Contents
Abstract ............................................................................................................................................................ 3
1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 3
2. Principles .................................................................................................................................................. 4
2.1 Theories of Adhesion ...................................................................................................................... 4
2.2 Wettability ....................................................................................................................................... 4
2.3 Diffusion ......................................................................................................................................... 5
3. Methods Used to Study Surfaces ............................................................................................................ 6

3.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 6
3.2 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy XPS ....................................................................................... 6
3.3 Static Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry ....................................................................................... 9
3.4 Reflection IR ................................................................................................................................... 9
4. Pretreatments and Primers for Polyolefin Plastics ............................................................................ 10

4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 10
4.2 Flame Treatment ............................................................................................................................11
4.3 Corona Treatment ......................................................................................................................... 13
4.4 Low Pressure Plasma Treatment ................................................................................................... 13
4.5 Chromic Acid Treatment ............................................................................................................... 14
5. Pretreatments and Primers for Polyolefin Elastomers ...................................................................... 15

5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 15
5.2 Ethylene-Propylene Copolymers .................................................................................................. 15
5.3 Butyl Rubber ................................................................................................................................. 16
5.4 Unsaturated Hydrocarbon Elastomers .......................................................................................... 16
5.4.1 Natural Rubber ................................................................................................................. 16
5.4.2 Styrene-Butadiene Copolymers ........................................................................................ 18
6. Discussion ............................................................................................................................................... 19
7. Conclusions ............................................................................................................................................. 23
References ...................................................................................................................................................... 23
Abbreviations and Acronyms ....................................................................................................................... 25
Abstracts from the Polymer Library Database .......................................................................................... 27
Subject Index ............................................................................................................................................... 121
1
The views and opinions expressed by authors in Rapra Review Reports do not necessarily reflect those of
Rapra Technology Limited or the editor. The series is published on the basis that no responsibility or
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2
Abstract 1 Introduction
Polyolefins have many applications. Polyethylene is Polyolefins are among the most widely used of all
the most widely used plastic and in tonnage terms polymers finding many applications in packaging,
olefinic elastomers such as styrene-butadiene building, transport and other industries. It is often
copolymers, dominate applications such as tyres. necessary to join polyolefins to other substrates,
including metals and other polymers in order to
It is often necessary to join a polyolefinic substrate to combine the properties of the two materials. An
another substrate. A pretreatment will normally be example is a laminate of polyethylene and aluminium
required unless a diffusion mechanism operates. foil used in the food and drinks industries; the
Diffusion mechanisms operate during welding together polyethylene provides heat-sealing properties while the
of two pieces of polyolefin, bonding a polyethylene aluminium provides excellent barrier properties. While
with a hot melt adhesive based on ethylene-vinyl some applications require joining polyolefins to other
acetate copolymers, and using an ethylene-acrylic acid substrates, other applications require the polyolefins
copolymer as a tie layer when extruding two to be painted, printed upon or metallised. The
incompatible polymers. polyolefins that must be bonded may be in the form of
plastics, elastomers (EPDM, styrene-butadiene-styrene
A wide range of pretreatments for polymers exists. (SBS), etc.) and fibres (especially polypropylene).
However, there are usually preferred methods for Important examples where it is necessary to paint
plastics and elastomers. The most common methods polyolefins include car bumpers and other automotive
for pretreating plastics are corona discharge, flame, and components. Good print adhesion to film, bottles and
low pressure plasma treatments whereas the most jars is clearly essential. Likewise, good adhesion of
common method for olefinic elastomers is the use of metal, deposited via solution or vacuum, to polyolefins
an organic chlorine donor. is often required.
It is now possible to determine the surface chemical Adhesion failures occurring in service can be very
changes caused by pretreatments. X-ray photoelectron expensive to rectify. For example poor paint adhesion
spectroscopy is especially useful in this respect to polypropylene bumpers could involve recall of many
providing quantitative information on the first few thousands of cars. Even when identified at the
nanometres on the surface of a material. Much research production stage, poor adhesion can be very expensive
has been carried out on pretreatments for plastics where to rectify. It is not uncommon for several days’
changes in surface chemistry have been determined and production to be lost while an adhesion problem is
in some cases related to adhesion performance. being solved.
However, few such studies have been carried out with
elastomers partly because of the complexity of their When it is necessary to join two pieces of the same
formulations. Several compounding ingredients polyolefin, heat sealing can be used; several welding
migrate to the surfaces of elastomers making it difficult options exist, including electrofusion, ultrasonic, hot
to differentiate between changes to these additives and gas, hot plate and infrared techniques (a.1). If it is
changes to the underlying polymer chains. necessary to join a polyolefin to another substrate,
options include coextrusion, adhesive bonding and
There has been considerable controversy on whether mechanical fastening. To achieve satisfactory adhesion
pretreatments for polyolefins are effective by removing when bonding with an adhesive, printing, painting or
potential weak boundary layers or by introducing metallising it is usually necessary to pretreat the
functionality in the form of carbonyl and other groups. polyolefin. Pretreatments of polyolefins have been the
The present authors believe that if a diffusion mechanism subject of a great amount of research and development
is not operating then such groups are necessary to (377) and these treatments form a major part of this
improve wetting and increase interaction across review. Exceptions where a pretreatment is not required
interfaces. That is not to say that ‘small molecules’ do are noted in Section 2.3.
not sometimes affect adhesion. If these small molecules
are not absorbed, for example by the adhesive, then a This review explores the joining of polyolefins to a
weak boundary layer will exist with resulting poor variety of substrates especially by means of adhesive
adhesion. Also, additives on polyolefins will affect bonding and the coating of polyolefins with printing
pretreatments such as the corona discharge method as inks, paints and metals. The use of mechanical fasteners
there will be a tendency to chemically modify the is not covered and the use of thermal methods is only
additive rather than the underlying polymer chains. briefly discussed (see Section 2.3). The various types
3
of polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP) and ethylene- The weak boundary theory received considerable
propylene (EP) polymers, together with elastomers support from other research work and some of this is
based on dienes, will be examined. outlined below. It is certainly easy to envisage various
possible sources of weak boundary layers on polyolefin
Our understanding of adhesion to polyolefins has been surfaces, namely:
greatly helped by the development of techniques which
provide information on surface chemistry. These • impurities arising from the polymerisation process;
include X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), static • the low molecular weight tail of a polymer;
secondary ion mass spectrometry (SSIMS) and
reflection infrared (IR) analysis. The principles of these • additives, e.g., antioxidants and slip agents;
techniques are outlined in Section 3 and examples of
• external processing aids, e.g., mould release agents;
their use are given in Sections 4 and 5 which cover
plastics and elastomers respectively. • contamination after processing.
Schonhorn and co-workers have put forward evidence

in favour of the weak boundary concept using
polyethylene as the substrate. In 1966, Hansen and
2 Principles Schonhorn (a.3) reported work in which they
bombarded polyethylene and certain other polymers
2.1 Theories of Adhesion with activated inert gases and found that the adhesion
of an epoxide adhesive to the polymers greatly
It is first necessary to consider why materials adhere increased, although the critical surface tensions of the
to each other. There are four main theories of polymers were unchanged. Also, using reflection
adhesion, namely adsorption, electrostatic, diffusion infrared analysis they were unable to detect any
and mechanical keying. According to the adsorption chemical changes in the surface. They therefore
theory, macromolecules of the mobile phase proposed that regions of low molecular weight on the
(adhesive, printing ink, etc.) are adsorbed onto the surface had been crosslinked to the long polymer chains
substrate and held there by forces ranging from weak thereby eliminating weak boundary layers. In fact,
dispersion forces to chemical bonds; an interface Hansen and Schonhorn suggested that surface
exists. In the electrostatic theory there is a transfer of treatments in general act primarily by eliminating weak
charge between the mobile phase and the substrate boundary layers.
such that they are held together by electrostatic forces.
The third theory requires the diffusion of In some later work Schonhorn and Ryan (401) exposed
macromolecules of the mobile phase into the polyethylene to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. They found
substrate, thereby eliminating an interface. With the joint strengths with an epoxide adhesive much
mechanical keying theory, the mobile phase flows into increased, but there was no evidence of oxidation using
the irregularities (pits and troughs) of the substrate reflection IR and contact angle measurements. They
surface and after hardening, a keying action occurs. concluded that crosslinking at the surface occurred
thereby eliminating a potential weak boundary layer.
These theories will each be important with particular The work of Schonhorn and co-workers will be
systems, but the adsorption theory is likely to be the discussed further in Section 6.
most generally applicable. Aspects of joining
polyolefins by a diffusion mechanism are briefly Before any adhesion mechanism can operate, good
discussed in Section 2.3. contact between the two materials is necessary. The
question of wettability is therefore of crucial
importance and this topic will now be briefly
To these four theories should be added a theory of non-
considered.
adhesion, due to the existence of regions of low
cohesive strength in the interfacial region. Bikerman
(a.2) first suggested that adhesion problems associated
with polyethylene are due to weak boundary layers. 2.2 Wettability
He suggested that molecules of low molecular weight,
that are normally present in commercial polyethylenes A satisfactory level of contact between the mobile
separate from the melt and create a region of low phase, for example an adhesive, and the substrate is
strength on the surface. essential for good adhesion.
4
A direct measure of wettability may be carried out via γs is the SFE of the solid
a contact angle measurement (θ).
γsp is the polar component of the solid SFE
This is the tangent a drop of liquid makes when placed
on a substrate surface. Viz: γsd is the dispersion component of the
solid SFE
This is the equation of a straight line where

(1+Cos θ) /2γl (γld)1/2 is plotted against (γlp/γld)1/2. Hence
the square of the gradient is γs p , i.e., the polar
component of the surface free energy of the solid and
the square of the γ intercept is γsd, i.e., the dispersion
component of the surface free energy of the solid.
Although the greatest contribution to the surface free

energy of a polymer comes from the dispersion
When there is a strong attraction between the liquid component, the polarity of the surface is more easily
and the solid, θ will be small (or zero for perfect altered with a pretreatment. For example, an untreated
wetting). Conversely when the attraction between low density polyethylene (LDPE) sample with a zero
liquid and solid is poor a large contact angle is obtained, polar component and a 31.9 mJ m -2 dispersion
possibly greater than 90° as illustrated below. component, shows an increase in the polar component
to 8.0 mJ m-2 after a flame treatment. The dispersion
component stayed fairly constant at 30.7 mJ m-2 (a.4).
Typically a ten-fold increase in adhesion may be

observed from such a treatment. Adhesion
improvement comes from better wetting and stronger
interfacial attraction due to the new functionality.
Hence surface free energy estimation can be a useful
tool to assess adhesion performance.
Such is the case with polyolefins; the water contact angle

on high density polyethylene (HDPE) is around 104°. 2.3 Diffusion
The poor wetting is due to relatively low attractive forces
between water, which is a very polar molecule, and PE If two pieces of the same polymer are heated to a
that has no polarity within its molecule. sufficiently high temperature and brought together
under pressure, then chain segments from the two
Contact angle values from various pure liquids may be pieces will interpenetrate and the interface will be
used to estimate the surface free energy of a substrate eliminated. This process is often termed autohesion.
via various thermodynamic theories; a review of which There is no dispute that this process will occur when
is given elsewhere (378). One example is the Owens, two pieces of the same polymer are involved as in heat
Wendt and Kaelble approach which enables the polar sealing, although ethylene-propylene copolymers are
and dispersion components of the surface free energy known to exhibit relatively poor autohesion.
(SFE) to be evaluated from a knowledge of the contact
angle of various liquids of known polar and dispersion Whether diffusion between two different polymers
values. The equation employed is as follows: occurs will depend on a number of factors including
temperature, time available and chemical compatibility.
(1+ cos θ) γl/2(γld)1/2 = (γsp)1/2 (γlp/γld)1/2 + (γsd)1/2 It is often desirable to combine the properties of two
or more polymers and this can be achieved by
where: γl is the SFE of the liquid coextrusion. If two polymers A and B are insufficiently
compatible to achieve good adhesion, then a tie-layer,
γlp is the polar component of the liquid SFE
often a copolymer, may be used. This is a polymer that
γld is the dispersion component of the is compatible with both A and B. A tie-layer may also
liquid SFE be used to join a polyolefin to a metal; for example,
5
ethylene-carboxylic acid copolymers have been used 3.2 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy XPS
to bond LDPE to aluminium (391).
In this technique a solid, e.g., a plastic film, is
There is evidence that chlorinated polypropylene (CPP) bombarded with X-rays of known energy under high
primers diffuse into polypropylene; for example vacuum.
Tomasetti and co-workers (91) used radioactive
labelling to demonstrate the diffusion of CPP into PP Photoelectrons from different core levels are ejected.
and PP/EP blends. Other primers used in conjunction
Photoelectrons from the first few atomic layers have a
with cyanoacrylates also diffuse into polyolefins (see
characteristic kinetic energy depending on the elements
for example (384)).
present in the surface regions. The binding energy of a
photoelectron from a particular core level is given by
Hot melt adhesives may be used to bond untreated
the following equation.
polyolefins apparently by a diffusion mechanism. The
most common type of hot melt is based on ethylene-
vinyl acetate copolymers and these may be used to bond EK = hν – EB – φ
polyethylenes (for an example see (325)). Such hot
melts have been commercially available for nearly forty where: EK is the kinetic energy of the photoelectron
years. More recently a number of reaction-setting
EB is the binding energy of the photoelectron
adhesives which can bond untreated polyolefins have
been developed. For example, Fields and co-workers hν is the X-ray energy
(375) using an acrylic resin with an anaerobic curing
system achieved good adhesion to untreated LDPE. φ is the constant for a given instrument
The joining of PE, PP and other plastics in pipelines A schematic diagram of the equipment used is shown
has been described (127); both fusion and in Figure 1.
electrofusion welding are included. Details of fusion
methods to join polyolefins and other plastics are By scanning different energies, a spectrum is obtained;
given in reference (a.1). an example is given in Figure 2.
The elements present in the first few atomic layers can

be readily identified from their characteristic binding
3 Methods Used to Study Surfaces energies. The percentage concentration of each element
can be calculated from the following equation.
3.1 Introduction
Ix
A knowledge of the surface chemistry of substrates is Sx
important in our understanding of adhesion. There are Cx = × 100
a number of techniques which provide information on ∑ ⎛ In ⎞
⎝ Sn ⎠
the surface chemistry of plastics of which the following
are the most important:
where: Cx = percentage concentration of element X
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy XPS Ix = quantity of photoelectrons from element X
(or electron spectroscopy for
chemical analysis) (ESCA) Sx = sensitivity factor for element X
Σ(In/Sn) = summation of I/S for all elements

Static secondary ion mass spectrometry SSIMS
Reflection infrared analysis reflection IR It is thus a routine matter to obtain a quantitative

elemental analysis of the surface regions of a solid.
As far as polyolefins are concerned these techniques are
especially useful for determining the chemical changes For a given element, there are small differences in
that have occurred after a pretreatment, revealing the binding energies depending on the chemical
true locus of failure of a structure and identifying small environment of the element. Thus for carbon the
molecules, including contaminants, on surfaces. The bonding energy for C1s varies depending on the
three techniques listed above are now outlined. neighbouring atoms (see Table 1).
6
Figure 1
Schematic diagram of an XPS instrument
Figure 2
Broad scan XPS spectrum of treated polypropylene
Table 1 Binding energies for the C1s peak in It is therefore possible, by obtaining a high resolution
spectrum, to determine which chemical groups are
various chemical environments
present in the surface regions of a polymer. In
Structure Binding energy eV Figure 3, the C1s peak for corona treated
C-C, C-H 285.0
polypropylene is shown (a.5).
C-O 286.5 The concentrations of the various chemical groups

present are given in Table 2.
C-O-O 287.1
C=O 288.1 The concentration of different chemical groups in the
surface of a polymer may also be determined using
COOH 288.9
derivitisation reactions. These are reactions specific
7
Figure 3
High resolution C1s spectrum of corona-treated PP showing separation of the ‘shoulder’ into component contributions
Table 2 Assignment of peaks for Table 3 Concentration of different chemical

corona-treated polypropylene (a.5) groups after CD treatment of polyethylene (393)
Position (eV) Area (%) Assignment Concentration*
285.0 91.7 C-C, C-H Group Initial Water-washed
286.5 1.2 C-O Peroxide 1.2 0.9
287.1 2.3 C-O-O Hydroxyl 1.7 1.1
288.1 2.3 C=O Carbonyl 1.8 0.9
288.9 1.2 COOH Epoxide 2.3 1.1
289.5 1.3 O=C-O-C=O ? Carboxylic acid 1.6 0.8
-NO3 0.8 0.4
* Moles of functional species per initial unreacted
to a particular group and which introduce a new carbon atom (x102)
element to the surface. Such reactions are illustrated Reprinted from L.J. Gerenser, J.F. Elman, M.G. Mason and J.M.
in Figure 4. Some results for corona treated Pochan, E.s.c.a. studies of corona-discharge-treated polyethylene
polyethylene (393) are given in Table 3. surfaces by use of gas-phase derivatization, Polymer, 1985, 26,
1162, with permission from Elsevier Science.
In an earlier study (395), Briggs and Kendall used

derivitisation reactions to study the discharge
treatment of LDPE. They converted keto groups in autoadhesion between two pieces of the treated PE
corona treated polyethylene to the corresponding was very low, thus confirming the mechanism for
pentafluorophenylhydrazone. They found that the autoadhesion in terms of keto-enol interactions.
8
Figure 4
Derivatisation reactions used to quantify the groups introduced into a polyolefin by a corona discharge (CD) treatment
(Reprinted from L.J. Gerenser, J.F. Elman, M.G. Mason and J.M. Pochan, E.s.c.a. studies of corona-discharge-treated polyethylene
surfaces by use of gas-phase derivatization, Polymer, 1985, 26, 1162, with permission from Elsevier Science.)
3.3 Static Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry ketone, absorbs in the region 5.80-5.86 μm. The location
of the absorption is usually expressed as a wave number,
XPS is limited in the molecular information it provides i.e., waves per centimetre, in this case 1725-1715 cm-1.
and its surface sensitivity. Static SIMS is especially
good in these respects. However, it does not normally Most modern instruments use Fourier transform
give quantitative information. analysis and are termed FTIR. Information on plastic
surfaces can be obtained by using reflection techniques.
The basic principles of SSIMS are as follows. The sample The sample, typically in the form of a plastic film, is
is bombarded under high vacuum by a beam of ions, placed in close contact with a prism of either
causing the ejection of ions and neutrals from the surface. germanium or KRS-5 (a mixed TlBr-TlI crystal). The
The ions may be due to elemental species (e.g., Cu+, O-) sampling depth is given by the Harrick equation.
or to ‘cluster’ ions (e.g., MgO+, C6H5O-). The positive
and negative ions may be separated and two mass spectra
obtained. By carefully limiting the ion beam current λo
dp = 1
n2
density, the information obtained can be limited to the 2 πn1[sin θ − (
2 2
n1 ) ]
2
first 2-3 atomic layers; this is the basis of static SIMS.
From the fragment pattern of ions it is often possible where: dp is the distance below the surface at which
to determine the chemical nature of the surface. For the amplitude of the electric field is 1/e of its
example, polydimethylsiloxane (dimethysilicone) is initial value
readily identified from the fragment pattern (73, 133,
147, 207, 221) from the positive SSIMS spectrum. θ is the angle of incidence between the IR
beam and the surface normal
3.4 Reflection IR n1 and n2 are the refractive indices of the

reflection element and sample
Infrared spectroscopy is a method of detecting chemical
groups. It depends on the fact that different chemical λo is the wavelength of the radiation
groups absorb radiation at characteristic wavelengths.
For examples, a C=O group in a saturated aliphatic Some typical values of dp are given in Table 4.
9
Table 4 Multiple reflection infrared (MIR) conditions and depths of penetration (a.6)
dp at 1723 cm-1
Reflection element n2/n1a Angle of incidence dp/λo
(μm)
Ge 0.378 45 0.067 0.39
KRS-5 0.631 60 0.122 0.65
KRS-5 0.631 45 0.208 1.21

a Ratio of refractive index of PE (1.515) to that of reflection element (Ge=4.0, KRS-5=2.4)
D. Briggs, V.J.I. Zichy, D.M. Brewis, J. Comyn, R.H. Dahm, M.A. Green and M.B. Konieczko, Surface and Interface Analysis, 1980,
2, 3, 107. ©John Wiley and Sons Limited. Reproduced with permission.
Figure 5
The reflection IR spectra of low density polyethylene treated with chromic acid at 70 °C for various times (a.7)
The use of reflection IR is illustrated by the results will be examined separately; plastics will be examined
shown in Figure 5. The spectra show that various in this section and elastomers in Section 5. Over the
functional groups are introduced into polyethylene on last 50 years a number of pretreatments have been
treatment for the different times with chromic acid. developed to improve adhesion to polyolefins. Much
of the early work was directed towards improving the
printability of polyethylene. Around 1950, the
methods that were developed included treatment with
4 Pretreatments and Primers for corona discharge, flame, chromic acid immersion and
Polyolefin Plastics chlorine gas activated by UV. The first three methods
became firmly established for the treatment of
4.1 Introduction polyethylene and later polypropylene. Corona
discharge, which involves breaking down air into
The pretreatments used for plastics and elastomers active species including oxygen atoms, ozone and
are generally different and the two groups of materials ions, by the application of a high voltage, is still the
10
preferred method for treating film. Flame treatment, These include organic peroxides (a.8), ammonium
which involves exposing the plastic to a flame for peroxydisulphate (a.9), sodium hypochlorite (388) and
less than one second, is still favoured for treating an electrochemical method (74). Some of the important
cylindrical objects such as bottles. Chromic acid is pretreatments are now described in more detail.
very effective for treating three-dimensional objects
but is being phased out for environmental reasons.
4.2 Flame Treatment
Around 1960, a number of workers studied the effect
of low pressure plasmas on polyolefins and other
plastics. Workers at Bell Laboratories found that large The object to be treated, e.g., a bottle, is passed over
improvements in bondability were achieved if one or more burners, each of which possesses a large
polyethylene and other plastics were exposed to a number of closely-spaced jets. The burners are fed
radiofrequency (RF) plasma, they termed this process with an air-hydrocarbon gas mixture, whose
CASING (Crosslinking by Activated Species of INert proportions are controlled within definite limits. The
Gases) as they believed the process was effective by treatment time is usually in the region of 0.04-0.1
crosslinking low molecular weight material to long seconds (Figure 6).
polymer chains rather than introducing new functional
groups. This work has led to considerable controversy The ratio of air-to-hydrocarbon for complete
(see Section 6). combustion is known as the stoichiometric ratio. For
example, the complete combustion of one volume of
In the 1980s interest was renewed in the use of halogen methane requires 9.55 volumes of air, so the
gases to pretreat polyolefins and there is significant stoichiometric ratio for an air: methane flame is 9.55:1.
commercial interest in this approach; treatment of
polyolefins for a few seconds with mixtures of fluorine In one of the first detailed studies of the flame
and inert gases gives large improvements in treatment Ayers and Shofner (402) examined most of
bondability. Chlorinated polypropylene primers are the key variables namely: the nature of the gas, the
sometimes used commercially instead of a air-to-gas ratio, the effect of contact time and the
pretreatment, e.g., they are applied to polypropylene distance of the polymer from the flame. The nature
bumpers prior to painting. of the polyolefin used was not stated. The
effectiveness of the treatments was assessed using a
A number of other pretreatments have been examined tape peel-test and the adsorption of a dye. The authors
although they have not found widespread industrial use. found that higher levels of treatment were achieved
Figure 6
Schematic representation of flame treatment
11
with an excess of air over the stoichiometric Sutherland and co-workers carried out a detailed study
requirements to burn all the propane; this was also of the pretreatment of various PP types (see for
true with methane and butane. The authors concluded example a.10). Improvements in adhesion were
that the optimum treatment time was about 0.02 s and assessed by means of a butt test. In some cases the
that the optimum distance between the polymer and adhesion to an epoxide adhesive was assessed, but in
the top of the inner cone was about 10 mm. many cases the PPs were first coated with a
polyurethane paint so that improvements in paint
The study of Ayres and Shofner (402) was carried out adhesion could be determined. Changes in adhesion
without access to X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to a PP homopolymer after flame treatment under a
XPS, a technique which, as stated earlier, enables a variety of conditions are given in Table 5. It can be
quantitative elemental analysis of the surface regions of seen that good adhesion is obtained under a broad
a polymer to be carried out. range of conditions.
Garbassi and co-workers (390) found that the flame For comparison the tensile strength of the control
treatment of polypropylene resulted in large increases involving PP wiped with trichloroethane was 2 MPa.
in the adhesion of polyurethane and acrylic paints to the
polymer. Curve fitting of the C1s spectra indicated that A study of the flame treatment of low-density
hydroxyl and carbonyl were the predominant groups polyethylene showed very high levels of oxidation
formed, although some carboxyl groups were formed (Table 6), although the oxidised layer was less than
after repeated flame treatment. 10 nm thick.
Table 5 Adhesion tests of polyurethane-painted flame-treated polypropylene (a.10)

Tensile strength
Locus of failure
(MPa)
Air-to-gas ratioa 8:1 24.7 C
9:1 25.4 C
11:1 26.4 C
13:1 26.7 C
14:1 25.8 C
Total flow rateb (l min-1) 12 26.0 I
18 25.6 C
24 26.4 C
36 27.2 C
48 24.0 C
Distance of polymer surface from inner 2.5 22.8 C
cone tipc (mm)
10 26.4 C
20 22.1 C
40 6.5 I
60 4.2 I
I interfacial between paint and polymer
C complex failure including cohesive within PP
a Total flow rate 24 l min-1; distance 10 mm
b Air-to-gas ratio 11:l; distance 10 mm
c Air-to-gas ratio 11:l; total flow rate 24 l min-1
12
Table 6 XPS and joint strength data for flame treated low density polyethylene (397)
Polymera Time (s)b O:C (atom %) Lap shear strengthc (MPa)
X 0 0.25 0.6
X 0.1 16.9 6.6
X 0.4 31.0 7.2
Y 0 <0.25 0.4
Y 0.1 20.5 5.6
Y 0.4 33.4 7.2
aX is a polymer with no additives whereas Y contains 10 times the normal level of antioxidant. It is clear that the
antioxidant does not diminish the effectiveness of the treatment.
b The abnormally high treatment time increases the surface oxygen concentration, but does not cause a further
increase in adhesion because material failure within the PE had already occurred at 0.1 s.
cA composite lap shear test was used in which PE film was bonded to two strips of aluminium with an epoxide adhesive.
4.3 Corona Treatment Factors which determine the effectiveness of the treatment
include the power input, line speed, the magnitude of the
The main application of corona treatment is film for the air gap, the relative humidity, the chemical nature of the
packaging industry. Film is passed, typically at 2 m s-1 polymer, the additives used and the time between
over an earthed metal electrode (Figure 7). The distance processing the polymer and the treatment. Adhesion is
between the electrode and the film is usually 1-2 mm. A also affected by the time between the treatment and the
high frequency (10-20 kHz) generator and step-up bonding, printing or painting operation.
transformer produce a high voltage, which causes the
electrical breakdown of the air with the formation of Surface analysis has shown that the corona discharge
atoms, ions, electrons and other active species. treatment introduces various groups, such as carbonyl,
into the polymer surface. Typically 5 atomic percent
Practical aspects of corona treatment have been of oxygen is introduced into a polyolefin film.
discussed by Lawson and Greig (259).
Many studies have been carried out on the corona
treatment of polyolefins . These include studies on
corona treatment of four different polyethylene films
for effects on wettability and adhesion (392), and post-
treatment with a silane which was claimed to further
enhance adhesion (112).
It is known that additives such as slip agents and

antioxidants can adversely affect corona treatment if
this is not done in-line, i.e., immediately after
processing. If the additives migrate to the surface before
the treatment is carried out, then inferior adhesion may
result. This is because there will be a tendency to
chemically modify the additives rather than the
underlying polymer chains.
4.4 Low Pressure Plasma Treatment

Figure 7
In this method, power is applied to a gas or a monomer
Schematic representation of corona discharge treatment at low pressure (typically 1 torr) and a plasma
13
consisting of ions, electrons, atoms and free radicals Many studies on plasma treatment of polyolefinic
is formed. plastics have been carried out, often involving surface
analysis. These studies include:
There are several parameters which control the effect
of a plasma on a polymer including: • the treatment of PP in a nitrogen or ammonia
plasma to improve the adhesion of vacuum-
• the nature of the gas deposited aluminium (385)
• the gas pressure and flow rate • improved epoxide-PP adhesion attributed to CO
functionalities introduced by air, oxygen or
• the discharge power nitrogen plasma treatments (383)
• the excitation frequency
• halogenation of PP with a chlorotrifluoromethane
• the nature of the polymer plasma (381) and
• the temperature of the polymer. • the treatment of PE fibres with an oxygen plasma
(380).
Improved adhesion may be due to a variety of
mechanisms:
4.5 Chromic Acid Treatment
• removal of contaminants by ablation
For complex shapes, or if etching is required,
• crosslinking
oxidative solutions may be used to treat polymers.
• grafting of monomers to a polymer surface Chromic acid has been the most commonly-used
reagent, but for environmental reasons it is avoided
• introduction of functional groups. where possible.
The last effect can take place during exposure to a X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) has been used
plasma or upon exposure to the atmosphere when free to study the chemical changes caused by chromic acid
radicals can react with oxygen or water. treatments (see Table 8). Even very mild treatment
conditions (e.g., 5 s at room temperature) result in
The improvements in adhesion for a wide variety of substantial oxidation of polyolefins and large increases
polymers are shown in Table 7. in adhesion.
Table 7 Effect of plasma treatment on the lap shear strengths of polymers (386)
Polymer Lap shear strength (MPa)
Before treatment After treatment
Polyimide 2.9 17.9
HDPE 2.2 21.6
LDPE 2.5 10.0
PP 2.5 21.3
Polycarbonate 2.8 6.4
Nylon 5.9 27.6
Polystyrene 3.9 27.6
Polyvinylidene fluoride 1.9 9.0
Polytetrafluoroethylene 0.5 5.0
14
Table 8 XPS data for polyolefins treated with chromic acid (398)
Polymer Treatment Surface composition (atom %)
C O S
LDPE None 99.8 0.2 -
1 min / 20 °C 94.4 5.2 0.4
6 h / 70 °C 85.8 13.1 1.1
PP None 99.8 0.2 -
1 min / 20 °C 93.4 6.3 0.3
6 h / 70 °C 94.0 5.7 0.3
5 Pretreatments and Primers for Over the last 50 years many methods have been developed
to pretreat plastics and elastomers. Partly because of the
Polyolefin Elastomers much simpler formulations, pretreatments for plastics have
been the subject of much greater scientific interest. Our
5.1 Introduction understanding of pretreatments for plastics is therefore
much greater than that for elastomers. Pretreatments for
In many cases, elastomers are joined to other materials elastomers have been developed on an empirical basis
during the process of vulcanisation. However, in other but some scientific studies of successful pretreatments
cases, elastomers are joined to other materials after have been undertaken. Different olefinic elastomers vary
vulcanisation. With this second group, it is often much more than olefinic plastics in their response to
necessary to pretreat the elastomers before bonding. various pretreatments and different types are therefore
Pretreatments range from physical methods such as a treated separately here.
solvent wipe or abrasion to chemical methods such
as treatment with trichloroisocyanuric acid. Physical
methods can be used to remove cohesively weak 5.2 Ethylene-Propylene Copolymers
layers from the polymer. This is essential to good
bonding unless these layers can be absorbed by the Ethylene-propylene elastomers (EP) have low total
adhesive. However, physical methods will only be surface energies with small polar components. As
effective if the underlying elastomer possesses would be expected, the adhesion of paints and
suitable functional groups or if a diffusion mechanism adhesives to untreated EP is poor. To achieve good
operates in a subsequent adhesion operation, e.g., adhesion to EP, the introduction of suitable functional
bonding. Chemical methods may also remove weak groups is required unless a diffusion mechanism can
layers or chemically modify them so that they are operate. Bragole (399) found that UV treatment of
more compatible with the adhesive; in addition EPDM coated with a thin layer of benzophenone
chemical methods may roughen a surface. However, resulted in large increases in the adhesion of acrylic,
an effective chemical method will also modify the epoxy and urethane paints to the polymer.
chemistry of the elastomer so that the interaction with
the adhesive is increased. This will usually be essential Ellul and Hazelton (376) subjected EPDM,
with olefinic elastomers. polypropylene and natural rubber/polypropylene
blends to various halogenation treatments, namely
In general, elastomers contain a greater variety and fluorine/carbon dioxide, sodium hypochlorite/acetic
quantity of additives than plastics; fifteen or more acid and bromine water. With the natural rubber blend,
components in a particular formulation is quite there was a substantial uptake of fluorine, chlorine
common. These additives, or compounding and bromine in the surface regions as indicated by
ingredients as they are often called, may well create energy dispersive X-ray analysis and with all three
a cohesively weak layer on the elastomer surface. On pretreatments the adhesion to an acrylic tape was
the other hand, plastics usually contain a small number greatly enhanced. In contrast, with the EPDM blend,
of additives and in relatively low concentration. fluorine was the only reagent which reacted with the
15
polymer and only this treatment resulted in a significant permanganate. Most of the treatments had little effect
increase in adhesion to the acrylic tape. The above on the adhesion to an epoxide. It was concluded that
results can be explained in terms of the different much chain scission occurred with the result that
concentrations of carbon-carbon double bonds in the suitable functional groups were not introduced in
two blends. Substantial incorporation of chlorine and sufficient quantity into long polymer chains. Such
bromine could occur with the natural rubber- chemical modification is necessary for good adhesion
polypropylene blend but not with the EPDM blend. unless a diffusion mechanism is operating.
However, fluorine gas will readily react with saturated
hydrocarbon (a.11) and therefore the incorporation of
fluorine into the EPDM blend is not surprising.
5.4 Unsaturated Hydrocarbon Elastomers
Lawson and co-workers (349) using X-ray
5.4.1 Natural Rubber
photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) found that
trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCICA) in ethyl acetate did
not chemically modify EPDM. Natural rubber (NR), being essentially a hydrocarbon,
has a low surface energy. Some of the components in a
Lawson (a.12) found that a corona treatment improved formulated elastomer, such as zinc oxide and carbon
the wettability of EPDM as indicated by glycerol black, may substantially increase the surface energy
contact angles and the use of a series of formamide/2- whereas organic additives such as extender oil and
ethoxyethanol mixtures (ASTM D2578 (a.13)). antioxidants may migrate to the surface and create a
However, the contact angles increased significantly potentially weak boundary layer.
over a period of one hour, indicating molecular
Pettit and Carter (400) found that chlorine gas, acidic
rearrangement, with the polar groups introduced by the
sodium hypochlorite and an organic chlorine donor in
pretreatment tending to move to the bulk of the
an organic solvent, all much improved the peel strengths
elastomer. No improvement in a peel test involving a
of joints involving natural rubber and a polyurethane
polyurethane coating was observed.
adhesive. Oldfield and Symes (379, 394) found that
aqueous or organic-based chlorination gave much higher
Minagura and co-workers (324) treated an EP elastomer
joint strengths than a solvent-wipe, abrasion or treatment
with UV and sputter etching. Large increases in adhesion
with concentrated sulphuric acid (Table 9).
were reported. However, the treatment times were long,
being 10 minutes for ion etching and one hour for the Oldfield and Symes used X-ray fluorescence, infrared
UV treatment. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis and contact angle measurement to study the
indicated that the two methods caused considerable TCICA treatment. X-ray fluorescence showed the
roughening of the surface. X-ray photoelectron amount of chlorine introduced into the polymer increased
spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared with the TCICA concentration; with a 3% TCICA
analysis (FTIR) indicated the introduction of substantial solution, they estimated the chlorine content in the NR
quantities of oxygen-containing functional groups. was 16.7% w/w. Reflection infrared analysis indicated
Kondyurin and Klyachtin (343) noted only modest
that chlorine substituted at allylic positions in the
improvements, at best, after treating EPDM with UV,
polymer backbone. Substantial improvements in
despite clear infrared evidence for the formation of
wettability were achieved, especially if the concentration
hydroxyl and carbonyl groups after treatment.
of trichloroisocyanuric acid was at least 0.8%.
Lawson and co-workers (349) pretreated various

5.3 Butyl Rubber elastomers including natural rubber with a 3% w/v
solution of TCICA in ethyl acetate. They used X-ray
Butyl rubber consists of ≥95% of isobutylene units with photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to study the chemical
a small quantity of isoprene which permits crosslinking changes caused by the pretreatment. In agreement with
via sulphur vulcanisation. Butyl rubber has a low Oldfield and Symes, they concluded that the chemical
surface energy and in addition organic components with modification was mainly substitution rather than addition
a low cohesive strength may exist on the surface. In at the carbon-carbon double bond. The basis of this
one study (389), butyl rubber was subjected to several conclusion is as follows: TCICA may either add to the
treatments which normally cause substantial chemical double bond in natural rubber or cause substitution in
modification to polymer surfaces. The treatments the allylic position. Consider the structure of
included chromic acid etching, corona discharges, trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCICA) in Figure 8, i.e.,
flames, bromination, UV radiation and potassium equal quantities of chlorine, nitrogen and oxygen would
16
Table 9 Effect of pretreatment on the peel strengths (N mm-1) of NR-epoxide-NR (394)

Pretreatment Peel strength Locus of failure
Toluene wipe 0.1 I
Abrasion on grinding wheel 1 I
Acidified hypochlorite 10 R
Concentrated sulphuric acid 1 I
TCICA in ethyl acetate 18 R
I - apparent interfacial
R - cohesive in rubber
if the structure is represented simply by
TCICA
then with addition +
Figure 8
Addition reaction of TCICA with natural rubber
be introduced into the elastomers. With substitution, only and used contact angle measurements and reflection
chlorine is introduced. By determining the quantities of FTIR to study the changes caused by the
these elements by XPS it is possible to deduce whether chlorination. They studied ‘pure’ natural rubber, a
substitution or addition has occurred. peroxide cured formulation and a conventionally
cured formulation. Contact angles of glycerol on the
Extrand and Gent (387) treated natural rubber rubber surfaces reduced after chlorination as shown
surfaces in an acidified sodium hypochlorite solution in Table 10.
Table 10 Effect of chlorination on the contact angles between ethylene glycol and various rubber
surfaces (387)
Substrate Contact angle (°)
Before treatment After treatment
‘Pure’ rubber 64 11
Peroxide cured 46 30
Conventionally cured 82 30
17
With regard to the infrared study, bands occurring Oldfield and Symes (394) found that physical
at 660, 750 and 1260 cm -1 were assigned to the treatments were inferior to three chemical methods
effects of chlorination. In addition, bands at 780, 916 (Table 11).
and 1410 cm -1 are almost certainly also due to
chlorination. Using X-ray fluorescence, they estimated the chlorine
concentration in the first few microns of the SBR after
Kusano and co-workers (362) found that neither corona treatment with TCICA at various concentrations. With
nor plasma treatments improved peel strength with a a 3% solution, the resulting chlorine concentration was
polyurethane adhesive despite improved wettability as 16.1% w/w.
indicated by water contact angles. FTIR indicated
substantial oxidation after the corona treatment but only Pastor-Blas and co-workers (a.14) found that physical
minor oxidation after the plasma treatment. treatments such as abrasion did not result in significant
increases in the peel strengths obtained with a
polyurethane adhesive. On the other hand, treatment
5.4.2 Styrene-Butadiene Copolymers with TCICA in ethyl acetate resulted in large increases
in peel strength.
Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) has a low surface
energy, but this may be considerably increased by the On the basis of the relative amounts of chlorine and
incorporation of various components. Organic additives nitrogen introduced into SBR, Lawson and co-
such as antioxidants will tend to migrate to the surface workers (349) concluded that both substitution and
thus creating a potential weak boundary layer. addition reactions were significant when this
elastomer was treated with TCICA in ethyl acetate.
Pettit and Carter (400) found that treatment of SBR Similar results were obtained with polybutadiene
with chlorine gas, acidified sodium hypochlorite or an (see Section 5.4.1).
organic chlorine donor in an organic solvent resulted
in large increases in peel strength for SBR- Pastor-Blas and co-workers (302) studied the effect of
polyurethane-SBR joints. the TCICA concentration in ethyl acetate. For solutions
Table 11 Effect of pretreatments on the peel strengths (N mm-1) of SBR-epoxide-SBR joints (394)
Pretreatment Peel strength Locus of failure
Toluene wipe 0.2 I
Abrasion on grinding wheel 1 I
Acidified hypochlorite 12 R
Treatment with conc H2SO4 12 R
TCICA in ethyl acetate 11 R
I - apparent interfacial
R - cohesive within rubber
Table 12 XPS studies of SBR treated with solutions of TCICA in ethyl acetate (310)
Concentration of TCICA Surface analysis (atom %)
(wt%)
C O Si N Cl S
0 95.7 2.8 1.5 - - -
2 92.7 4.3 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.2
7 91.5 4.6 0.7 1.9 0.9 0.4
18
up to 2% w/w mainly chlorinated hydrocarbon and C- Other methods have been shown to considerably
O species were reported. At between 2 and 5% w/w an improve the bondability of SBR materials. Aqueous
excess of unreacted TCICA was indicated while above solutions of an organic chlorine donor or the use of an
5% w/w there was a detrimental effect on adhesion electrochemical method resulted in large increases in
due to a weak boundary layer forming consisting of peel strength with a water-based polyurethane adhesive
isocyanuric acid. (a.15). Kusano and co-workers (362) found that corona
and plasma treatments resulted in large increases in
Pastor-Blas and co-workers (310) treated an SBR peel strength with a polyurethane adhesive. Lawson
formulation with TCICA solutions in ethyl acetate (a.12) reported that a 10 s corona treatment improved
having concentrations ranging from 0.5-7% by weight. the water wettability of an SBR. He also reported
The chemical changes caused by the pretreatments are cracking of the elastomer which he ascribed to the
shown in Table 12. ozone generated in the discharge.
Rubber strips were bonded with a solvent-based Styrene-butadiene block copolymers (SBS
polyurethane (PU) and the joint strengths determined thermoplastic elastomers) have a low surface energy.
in a T-peel test. After peeling, the test pieces were Therefore, to achieve good adhesion to SBS a
examined using a variety of techniques; XPS and FTIR chemical pretreatment may be necessary. A
confirmed that the treatment introduced various complicating factor is that migratory organic additives
chemical groups. The peel strengths were obtained after may lead to a weak layer. Pettit and Carter (400) found
treatments with 0.5, 2 and 7% w/w. The highest peel that treatment of SBS with chlorine gas, acidified
strength was obtained with the 2% solution. sodium hypochlorite or an organic donor in an organic
solvent resulted in large increases in peel strength with
In a related publication, treatment with fumaric acid in a polyurethane adhesive.
a butan-2-ol/ethanol mixture and TCICA in butan-2-ol
were compared (352). In general, the TCICA was more As with SBR, aqueous solutions of an organic chlorine
effective at enhancing the peel strength achieved with donor and an electrochemical method were also
a solvent-based PU adhesive. Infrared analysis effective with SBS (a.15).
indicated that the treatments were probably effective
by removing zinc stearate (reduction in peak at Pastor-Blas and co-workers (304) treated SBS with
1540 cm -1 ) and by introducing carbon-oxide
TCICA solutions (0.5, 2 and 7 wt%) in ethyl acetate.
functionalities (seen as peaks at 1704 cm-1 and 1670
The SBS was bonded with a polyurethane and the joint
cm-1 for the TCICA and fumaric acid respectively).
strengths determined in a T-peel test. The failed
With TCICA, C-Cl bonds were also observed.
surfaces, after peeling, were examined by a variety of
techniques including XPS and FTIR. The highest
Pastor-Sempere and co-workers (373) treated two strength (3.3 N mm-1) was obtained with the 0.5%
styrene-butadiene rubbers with fumaric acid in a butan- solution. It was concluded that the stronger solutions
2-ol/ethanol mixture. This resulted in improved weakened the surface regions. FTIR and XPS showed
adhesion in both cases, but the improvement with one that the treatment introduced chlorine and oxygen
formulation was significantly greater than with the functionalities.
other. The lower peel strength was attributed to the
presence of paraffin wax and zinc stearate. Roughening
prior to treatment with fumaric acid resulted in
additional improvements with both rubbers. Infrared
analysis indicated that the fumaric acid was effective 6 Discussion
by introducing C=O bonds and by reducing the
concentration of zinc stearate. In addition, the fumaric Polyolefins usually require pretreatment to achieve
acid caused a roughening of both rubbers. satisfactory adhesion. Physical methods such as
solvent wiping are normally ineffective, one exception
A later publication (313) demonstrated that high is described below (a.16). However, pretreatments can
concentrations of TCICA could lead to the formation be avoided if a diffusion mechanism operates. Thus,
of weak boundary layers. Treatment of two SBR polyolefins can be bonded to other substrates with
materials with a 7 wt% solution of TCICA in ethyl hot-melt adhesives such as those based on ethylene-
acetate resulted in poor peel strengths unless the vinyl acetate co-polymers (325) or with certain
treated surfaces were vacuum dried for one hour at reaction setting adhesives based on acrylics (374). If
10-2 Torr. two pieces of the same polyolefin are to be joined
19
then fusion methods may be used (see for example, This may lead to a substantially higher degree of
(127)). Another exception, which is likely to be rare, wetting. Also, the intermolecular forces will be stronger
is where surface topography is dominant, e.g., the and stress concentrations due to voids will be reduced.
large increase in adhesion resulting from the Although reflection IR has failed to detect any chemical
trichloroethylene vapour treatment of PP (a.16) is changes with several different treatments of
probably due to mechanical keying. However, changes polyolefins, XPS has detected substantial surface
in topography caused by commercial pretreatments oxidation in all cases examined. In the CASING
of polyolefins are likely to be of secondary process Hansen and Schonhorn claimed no chemical
importance. Large increases in adhesion can be changes occurred but this has been disputed by Sowell
obtained, using for example a corona discharge, and co-workers (403) and by Malpass and Bright (a.17).
without any noticeable changes in topography.
Using reflection IR, Blais and co-workers (382) could
The remaining discussion centres on pretreatments of detect no changes in surface chemistry after treating
polyolefins, in particular the options available and the PP with chromic acid. They concluded that a weak layer
mechanisms by which the treatments operate. The had been washed away by the chromic acid and that
effects of additives are also considered. this was the reason for the improved adhesion that they
had observed. However, Briggs and co-workers (398)
There has been considerable debate over the last 40 using XPS clearly showed that chromic acid introduced
years regarding the mechanism by which substantial quantities of functional groups into PP.
pretreatments enhance adhesion. Some workers have
favoured the view that improved wetting caused by The introduction of polar groups into a polyolefin
the introduction of functional groups is vital whereas surface will lead to improved wetting which should
others believe that pretreatments remove potential result in improved adhesion provided no weak
weak boundary layers. boundary layers are present. Functionalisation can
sometimes lead to improved adhesion with increasing
Hansen and Schonhorn (a.3) have argued that the main surface energy. When Schonhorn and Hansen (a.3) used
function of surface treatments is to eliminate potential the CASING process with fluorine a decrease in the
weak boundary layers and that any oxidation is of critical surface tension of LDPE occurred, although
secondary importance. It is certainly true that some adhesion increased and this was taken as evidence in
pretreatments, e.g., CASING (a.3) can cause favour of the weak boundary concept. However, it is
crosslinking, and in principle any small molecules on possible to explain this result because when the PE
a surface may be incorporated into a network by surfaces are fluorinated the hydrogen bonding
crosslinking or alternatively they may be ablated. Also capability is increased. The polar component of the
with an etching treatment, such as chromic acid, small surface energy of poly(vinyl fluoride) is similar to that
molecules could be washed away from the surface. One of a typical flame treated PP surface.
key question is, therefore, whether it is necessary to
introduce chemical functionality into a polyolefin The present authors suggest that the balance of evidence
surface to achieve good adhesion. favours the following general view. Perfect wetting of
a polyolefin surface would lead to high levels of
It can be calculated that provided wetting is complete, adhesion even if only dispersion forces were involved.
dispersion forces are more than sufficient to account Therefore, wetting with untreated polyolefins must be
for the highest adhesion levels that have been observed inadequate and surface pretreatments which result in
in direct tension. However, on a sub-microscopic level chemical modifications will either increase the degree
real surfaces may be highly irregular and the degree of of wetting and/or lead to interactions across the
wetting may be far from complete. This will certainly interface that are stronger than dispersion forces.
be true if the viscosity of the ‘mobile phase’ is high Usually, both processes will occur due to the
and the ‘setting time’ is low. It is unknown what degree introduction of polar functions, some of which are
of wetting is required to give satisfactory adhesion. The capable of participating in relatively strong specific
overall interaction between the polyolefin surface and hydrogen bonding interactions. Much more work is
the ‘mobile phase’ will depend on the degree of contact required to identify the role of strong interactions, but
achieved and the magnitude of the intermolecular the importance of such interactions has been
forces involved. demonstrated directly by the interaction of discharge
treated PE with a nitrocellulose ink (396) and directly
The commercial pretreatments for polyolefins will by the adhesion levels between partially fluorinated
certainly increase the surface energies of polyolefins. but untreated polyolefins and epoxide adhesives (a.18).
20
Another piece of evidence in favour of the need to Case C represents the weak boundary explanation for
introduce functional groups into polyolefins, is the lack of adhesion to polyolefins. However, Briggs and
fact that polymers already possessing functional co-workers (398) showed that this mechanism did not
groups, such as poly(vinyl chloride) and nitrile operate for the LDPE they studied. They followed the
rubber (394) are easy to adhere to in their untreated chromic acid etching of LDPE under very mild
state provided that ‘small molecules’ are not present conditions and did not observe the expected
on the surface. discontinuity in either oxidation level or adhesion at
low etching time. The joint strength between untreated
Weak boundary layers (WBLs) will be important in LDPE and an epoxide adhesive was low but there was
some cases but much evidence has been presented no evidence of transfer of hydrocarbon to the epoxide.
against the idea that WBLs are the main reason for
adhesion problems involving polyolefins. However, it Case D has been studied by Brewis (a.8). The chromic
is important to understand the role of low molecular acid etching of HDPE increased the joint strength from
weight species on polyolefin surfaces. In the context 1.8 to 17.6 MPa in a lap shear test. Spreading a layer
of this review we can distinguish 6 possible cases as of petroleum jelly (approx 2 x 103 nm thick) over the
shown in Figure 9. etched surface prior to bonding only reduced the bond
strength to 12.7 MPa, as all or most of the petroleum
Examples of these cases include: jelly was absorbed by the adhesive. This indicates the
importance of a displacement or absorption mechanism.
(A) this represents the view of those who believe that
the poor adhesion of polyolefins is due to the lack Case E is well known to PE converters. Migration of
of functional groups polar additives required for surface properties such as
low friction or low static charging cause problems in
discharge treating for printing or laminating. In
(B) chromic acid etched and washed PE
particular, the additive rather than the underlying
polymer chains tend to be chemically modified.
(C) untreated PE with low molecular weight polymer
on surface
Case F is relevant to several situations. It well known
that printing or bonding discharge treated LDPE or PP
(D) chromic acid etched PE contaminated with a film containing some additives (particularly slip and
hydrocarbon oil or grease anti-static) becomes more difficult as the film ages due
to additive bloom. Overtreatment of polyolefin surfaces
(E) untreated PE with a high level of slip agent by discharge treatment (and probably some other
treatments) causes low molecular weight oxidised
(F) discharged treated PE with anti-static or slip agent. material to be produced by degradation. This may or
A B
N N N P P P
n n n n n n
C D
N N N P P P
p p p p p p
E F
N N N P P P
Figure 9
Simplified cases of low molecular weight species on polyolefin surfaces where N and P refer to non-polar
and polar high molecular weight (strong) material, and n and p refer to the corresponding low molecular
weight (weak) material
21
may not affect subsequent adhesion. Some systems are the same way to these pretreatments. However, this is
tolerant to high levels of such material, presumably not always the case. Thus, Lawson (a.12), found that a
because it can be incorporated into the ink or adhesive corona treatment of an EPDM did not improve the peel
layer. However, lamination or heat sealing operations strength to a polyurethane coating. It is probable that
may be hindered. the reason for the poor adhesion is a layer of low
molecular weight material on the EPDM. During
The existence of small molecules on the polyolefin surface corona treatment this layer, rather than the underlying
is probably common, but, low molecular weight material polymer, would be oxidised. Hence, the polyurethane
will not behave as a WBL if the interaction between coating would not be able to interact strongly with the
substrate and adhesive (etc.) is sufficiently strong to cause EPDM. Even if the EPDM was oxidised by the corona
displacement or if an absorption mechanism occurs as treatment, there would still be a cohesively weak layer
noted by Brewis (a.8). It is also important to remember on its surface.
that a potential WBL can be created by a pretreatment,
e.g., the corona discharge method. Where elastomers possess carbon-carbon double bonds
there is the possibility that pretreatment may be effective
As noted in Section 4, there have been many detailed by addition or substitution reactions. Thus some reagents
studies relating to the pretreatment of plastics. Much may be effective with unsaturated hydrocarbons such
is now known about these pretreatments including the as SBR and SBS but not with EP elastomers. This is
chemical groups introduced, their concentrations and demonstrated by the work of Lawson and co-workers
the depth of chemical modification. In contrast, the (349) who found that treatment with trichloroisocyanuric
number of studies involving elastomers is much lower acid in ethyl acetate resulted in the introduction of
and in general the studies have been much less substantial quantities of chlorine into SBR,
informative. One of the reasons for this is that polybutadiene and natural rubber, but not into EPDM.
elastomers usually contain several additives often in
relatively high concentrations. These additives make Several methods have been shown to be effective at
an understanding of the pretreatments much more pretreating unsaturated hydrocarbon elastomers. These
difficult. Because of the wide range of formulations include treatment with concentrated sulphuric acid,
for a particular elastomer, it is also more difficult to acidified sodium hypochlorite and trichloroisocyanuric
generalise about pretreatments than it is with plastics. acid in ethyl acetate. The last method is the most
For example, it is known that some formulations of commonly used commercially but in many countries
SBR are considerably easier to pretreat than others.
legislation is being introduced to reduce the use of
organic solvents. Promising results have been obtained
Another important difference between olefinic plastics with new solvent-free methods (a.15). An
and olefinic elastomers is that most elastomers possess electrochemical method involving the highly reactive
carbon-carbon double bonds whereas the plastics complex ion AgNO3+ has been found to be effective
(LDPE, HDPE, LLDPE and PP) do not. With with polyolefins (PP, SBS, SBR); Ag2+ is continuously
elastomers reagents which react with carbon-carbon regenerated electrochemically and in principle only
double bonds are used whereas with plastics the
electricity and water are consumed (a.15). Another
pretreatments must break C-C and C-H bonds.
method involving the use of an aqueous acidified
suspension of N-chloroparatoluene sulphonamide, has
Hydrocarbon materials with few carbon-carbon double been found to greatly enhance adhesion to SBS (a.19).
bonds will first be considered. The most important
examples in this group are ethylene-propylene
The preferred commercial methods for pretreating
elastomers which may be crosslinked with peroxides
different polyolefins can be summarised as follows:
or sulphur systems; in the latter case small quantities
of dienes are polymerised with ethylene and propylene
(EPDM). As EP rubbers contain no polar groups it will Polymer Pretreatment Method
normally be necessary to chemically modify the
polymers to enable them to interact strongly with polar Film (PE, PP) Corona
adhesives such as epoxides and polyurethanes. In the Bottles (PE) Flame
case of plastics such as polyethylene and
polypropylene, large increases in adhesion can be Mouldings (PE, PP) Flame, plasma, primers
achieved by treating with a flame, corona, plasma, EPDM Grafting, primers
reactive gases such as fluorine or etching solutions. It
SBS, SBR TCICA
would be expected that EP rubbers would respond in
22
7 Conclusions • Additives which migrate to the surfaces of

polyolefins can have a major adverse effect on the
• It is normally necessary to pretreat polyolefins to benefits of pretreatments especially gas phase
achieve satisfactory adhesion for bonding, printing, methods. This is because there is a tendency to
painting and metallising operations. In particular, chemically modify the additives rather than the
it is necessary to introduce a small quantity of underlying polymer chains during the
functional groups such as carbonyl into the pretreatments.
polyolefin surface. An exception is where a very
rough surface has been created permitting • Surface analytical techniques, in particular X-
mechanical keying, for example, the treatment of ray photoelectron spectroscopy, have provided
polypropylene with a chlorinated solvent vapour. much information on the chemical changes cause
by pretreatments. It is now a routine matter to
• It is also not necessary to pretreat polyolefin obtain a quantitative analysis in terms of the
surfaces if a diffusion mechanism operates. Thus elements present in the surface region. Good
it is possible to heat weld two pieces of the same adhesion to polyolefins can be obtained when
polyolefin and sometimes two pieces of dissimilar, as little as three atom% of oxygen is introduced
but compatible polyolefins. Tie layers, which are into a polyolefin surface.
often copolymers of ethylene and a polar
comonomer may be used to bond a polyolefin to • It is possible to identify particular chemical groups
an incompatible substrate. This procedure is often using reflection IR, SSIMS or XPS. In the case of
used in the production of laminates by co-extrusion. XPS, the groups may be quantified using either
high resolution analysis or the use of derivitisation
• It appears that certain reaction setting acrylic reagents. SSIMS is especially useful for identifying
adhesives can diffuse into untreated polyolefins and specific molecules on surfaces, e.g., lubricants such
achieve good adhesion. as dimethysiloxane, but this method is not
quantitative. Changes in topography after treatment
• Where a pretreatment is necessary, a wide range may be studied by electron microscopy or atomic
of options exists. The treatments may be divided force microscopy.
into gas phase and liquid phase methods. The
former include the use of corona discharges, • There has been considerable controversy regarding
plasmas, flames and reactive gases such as fluorine. the effect of ‘small molecules’ on polymer surfaces.
The liquid phase methods include chromic acid and Some workers have favoured the idea that the basic
halogen donors such as trichloroisocyanuric acid. reason for poor adhesion with polyolefins is the
Primers including chloropolypropylenes and presence of these molecules and the subsequent
isocyanates are sometimes used with polyolefins formation of a weak boundary layer. Chemical
as an alternative to a pretreatment. changes caused by pretreatments are regarded by
these workers as of secondary importance. The
• The pretreatments used for polyolefinic elastomers present authors believe that it is necessary to
and polyolefinic plastics are generally quite chemically modify polyolefins to achieve good
different. The favoured methods for plastics are adhesion if a diffusion mechanism does not operate.
the corona discharge, flame and plasma treatments. They agree that ‘small molecules’ on polymer
However, these methods are not usually effective surface are probably common but support the view
with elastomers probably due to the presence of that if these weak layers are not removed by the
molecules and compounds of low cohesive strength pretreatment, they can often be absorbed by the
on the surfaces. At present, the use of a chlorine adhesive, printing ink or paint.
donor, e.g., trichloroisocyanuric acid applied from
an organic solvent is the most widely used method,
although it is not effective unless the elastomer has
a substantial number of carbon-carbon double
bonds. Further, legislation restricting the use of References
organic solvents is being introduced in many
countries. Promising new pretreatments include the a.1 Handbook of Plastics Joining, Plastics Design
use of water-soluble organic chlorine donors and Library, 1997, New York.
an electrochemical method in which a highly active
complex ion is generated on an aqueous medium. a.2 J.J. Bikerman, Adhesives Age, 1959, 2, 2, 23.
23
a.3 H. Schonhorn and R.H. Hansen, Journal of a.13 ASTM D2578-99a, Standard test method for
Applied Polymer Science, 1967, 11, 1461. wetting tension of polyethylene and
polypropylene films, 1999.
a.4 I. Sutherland, Loughborough University,
personal communication.
a.14 M.M. Pastor-Blas, M.S. Sánchez-Adsuar, J.M.
a.5 G. Beamson (Central Laboratory of the Martín-Martínez, Polymer Surface
Research Council), D.M. Brewis Modification, Ed., K.L. Mittal, VSP, Utrecht,
(Loughborough University) and J.F. Watts 1996, 379.
(Surrey University), unpublished work.
a.15 D.M. Brewis and I. Mathieson, Proceedings
a.6 D. Briggs, V.J.I. Zichy, D.M. Brewis, J. of 22nd Annual Meeting of the Adhesion
Comyn, R.H. Dahm, M.A. Green and M.B. Society, Panama City Beach, USA, 21-24
Konieczko, Surf. Int. Anal., 1980, 2, 3, 107. February 1999, 4.
a.7 M.B. Konieczko, Ph.D. Thesis, De Montfort
University, 1979. a.16 E.W. Garnish and C.G. Haskins in Aspects of
Adhesion-5, Ed., D.J. Alner, University of
a.8 D.M. Brewis, Journal of Materials Science, London Press, London, 1969, 259.
1968, 3, 262.
a.17 K. Bright and B.W. Malpass, European
a.9 C.E.M. Morris, Journal of Applied Polymer
Science, 1970, 14, 2171. Polymer Journal, 1968, 4, 431.
a.10 I. Sutherland, D.M. Brewis, R.J. Heath and E. a.18 M. Levine, G.A. Ilkka and P.J. Weiss, Journal
Sheng, Surf. Int. Anal., 1991, 17, 507. of Polymer Science, 1964, B4, 915.
a.11 I. Brass, D.M. Brewis, I. Sutherland and R. a.19 D.M. Brewis, R.H. Dahm, I. Mathieson and
Wiktorowicz, Int. J. Adhes.& Adhes., 1991, J.L. Tegg, Pretreatment of elastomers to
11, 150. enhance adhesion in Proceedings of
a.12 D.F. Lawson, Rubber Chem. & Tech., 1987, RubberChem 2002, Munich, Germany, Rapra
60, 102. Technology Ltd, 11-12 June 2002.
24
Abbreviations and Acronyms
θ contact angle measurement
CASING Crosslinking by Activated Species of INert Gases
CD corona discharge
CPP chlorinated polypropylene
EP ethylene-propylene
EPDM elastomeric terpolymer of ethylene, propylene and a non-conjugated diene
ESCA electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis
FTIR Fourier transform infrared analysis
HDPE high density polyethylene
HT high tension
IR infrared
LDPE low density polyethylene
MIR multiple reflection infrared
NR natural rubber
PE polyethylene
PP polypropylene
PU polyurethane
RF radiofrequency
SBR styrene-butadiene rubber
SBS styrene-butadiene-styrene
SEM scanning electron microscopy
SFE surface free energy
SSIMS static secondary ion mass spectrometry
TCICA trichloroisocyanuric acid
UV ultraviolet
WBL weak boundary layer
XPS X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
25
26
References and Abstracts
Abstracts from the Polymer Library Database
Item 1 to be covered with grafted acrylic acid chains. After

Polymer Engineering and Science grafting for 3 h in 20% aqueous solution of acrylic acid,
41, No.10, Oct.2001, p.1752-61 the depth of the grafted layer was more than 10 nm. A
ADHESION ENHANCEMENT OF EVAPORATED grain structure was observed on the grafted surfaces, but
COPPER ON HDPE SURFACE MODIFIED BY the surfaces of grafted films were smoother than that of
PLASMA POLYMERIZATION OF GLYCIDYL the ungrafted film. With increasing graft copolymerisation
METHACRYLATE time, the amount of adsorbed water on PE film increased.
Zou X P; Kang E T; Neoh K G When the graft copolymerisation time reached 3 h, a
Singapore,National University different crystal form was formed. 11 refs.
CHINA
Surface modification of HDPE surfaces by plasma
polymerisation of glycidyl methacrylate(GMA)(pp- Accession no.836283
GMA-HDPE surfaces), in the absence and presence of
argon plasma pre-activation of the HDPE surfaces, was Item 3
carried out with the aim of enhancing the adhesion of the ACS Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering Fall
polymer with evaporated copper. FTIR and X-ray Meeting.Volume 85.
photoelectron spectroscopic results suggested that the Chicago, IL, 26th-30th August 2001, p..012
epoxide functional groups on the pp-GMA-HDPE ELECTROWETTING ON DIELECTRICS
surfaces had been preserved to various extents, depending (EWOD): REDUCING VOLTAGE
on the radiofrequency(RF) power used during plasma REQUIREMENTS FOR MICROFLUIDICS
polymerisation. Argon plasma pre-activation of the HDPE Saeki F; Baum J; Hyejin Moon; Jeong-Yeol Yoon;
surface led to the strong interaction of the pp-GMA layer Chang-Jin Kim; Garrell R L
with the HDPE substrate. GMA plasma polymerisation California,University at Los Angeles
at low RF powers and in the presence of argon plasma (ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)
pre-activation was shown to be an effective method for
enhancing the adhesion of HDPE with the evaporated The application of a critical potential between a
copper. An optimum adhesion strength of about 16 N/cm conducting liquid on an insulating layer and a counter-
was achieved between the evaporated copper and the pp- electrode below the insulating layer results in change of
GMA-HDPE surface prepared by plasma polymerisation the liquid wetting angle. Dielectrics consisting of layers
of GMA at 5W, 100 Pa, 20 sccm for 5 s on the HDPE of PTFE of various thicknesses and self-assembled
surface pre-activated by argon plasma at 35W, 100 Pa, monolayers of parylene were studied. Wetting of the PTFE
20 sccm for 20 s. The adhesion enhancement of the surface was achieved with an applied voltage of only 6 V
copper/pp-GMA-HDPE assemblies in the presence of for film of 13 nm thickness. This was a 5-fold lowering
argon plasma pre-activation of the HDPE substrate was of the threshold voltage compared with literature values.
attributed to the covalent bonding of the plasma- The low voltage was attributed to the use of extremely
polymerised GMA layer with the HDPE surface, the thin dielectric layers, smoothing of the dielectric surface
preservation of the epoxide functional groups in the pp- by the application of silicone oil, and to the use of reduced
GMA layer and the spatial interactions of pp-GMA chains droplet sizes. 8 refs.
with the evaporated copper matrix. 34 refs. USA
SINGAPORE Accession no.835100
Accession no.836358
Item 4
Item 2 Polymer Bulletin
Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 47, No.2, Oct.2001, p.199-205
15, No.8, 2001, p.993-9 SURFACE MODIFICATION OF HDPE
SURFACE STRUCTURE OF LOW DENSITY POWDERS BY OXYGEN PLASMA IN A
POLYETHYLENE FILMS GRAFTED WITH CIRCULATING FLUIDISED BED REACTOR
ACRYLIC ACID USING CORONA DISCHARGE Jung S H; Park S H; Lee D H; Kim S D
Jingxin Lei; Xia Liao; Jun Gao Korea,Advanced Institute of Science & Technology;
Sichuan,University Korea,Woosuk University
Chemical composition, morphology and crystalline Surface modification of HDPE powders by oxygen
structure of LDPE films surface-grafted with acrylic acid plasma is carried out in a circulating fluidised bed (CFB)
using corona discharge were studied by ATR IR reactor. The effects of solid hold-up, treatment time and
spectroscopy, ESCA, SEM, DSC and wide-angle X-ray radio frequency (rf) power of oxygen plasma on the
diffraction techniques. The grafted film surface was found surface composition and hydrophilicity of HDPE powders
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited 27

are determined. The solid hold-up in the plasma reaction Ryntz R A; Britz D; Mihora D M; Pierce R
zone mainly governs the stability of plasma glow and Visteon Corp.; Red Spot Paint & Varnish Co.Inc.
surface property of the powders. The hydrophobic surface
Details are given of an in situ compressive shear
can be transformed to hydrophilic of HDPE powder and
delamination test to quantify the adhesive/cohesive
the oxygen functionalities are formed including C=O and
properties of coatings to a variety of polyolefins. The
C(O)O-, which reach 12% and 8% respectively of the
effect of solvent type and chlorinated polyolefin adhesion
total carbon elements by the oxygen plasma treatment.
promoting resin on adhesion/cohesion is described.
The CFB reactor outperforms 3.4 times to obtain the
Potential applications in automotive applications are
similar level of hydrophilicity compared to that in a
mentioned. 21 refs.
bubbling fluidised bed based on the composite parameter.
USA
The present CFB reactor can be utilised to modify the
polymeric surface from hydrophobic to hydrophilic with Accession no.834044
high-energy efficiency. 18 refs.
KOREA Item 7
Accession no.835045 Polymer Bulletin
47, No.1, Sept.2001, p.99-104
Item 5 HYDROPHILICITY AND SURFACE ENERGY OF
Journal of Applied Polymer Science POLYETHYLENE MODIFIED BY RADIATION
82, No.7, 14th Nov.2001, p.1677-90 GRAFTING OF ACRYLAMIDE
SURFACE MODIFICATION OF LOW DENSITY Aliev R
POLYETHYLENE (LDPE) FILM AND Mexico,Universidad Nacional Autonoma
IMPROVEMENT OF ADHESION BETWEEN LDPE films were modified by gamma-radiation grafting
EVAPORATED COPPER METAL FILM AND of acrylamide from a 30 percent aqueous solution of
LDPE acrylamide. The modification of the films was
Ju-Shik Kong; Dong-Jin Lee; Han-Do Kim accompanied by changes in hydrophilic-hydrophobic
Pusan,National University properties and surface energy. Hydrophilicity of the films
The effects of chromic acid treatment for periods of time was characterised by immersing the films in distilled water
between 1 and 60 minutes and oxygen plasma treatment at room temperature until equilibrium swelling was
for periods of time between 30 and 90 seconds on the reached. The films were taken out of the water and excess
surface of low density polyethylene films were examined water removed. The degree of swelling was calculated
by attenuated total reflectance fourier transform infrared and contact angles determined. Equilibrium swelling of
spectroscopy, electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis the grafted films occurred at 3-10 minutes. The starting
(ESCA), scanning electron microscopy and water contact LDPE hardly swells at all, but when modified the polymer
angle. The effect of chromic acid treatment on the tensile absorbed considerable amounts of water. The modification
strength of the samples was evaluated and tensile strength is carried out in order to increase the biocompatibility of
reduced with increasing treatment time. Adhesion of the films for use in medical applications. 23 refs.
copper film to the treated surface was evaluated by a MEXICO
scratch test. It was found that both surface roughness and Accession no.833649
number of polar groups on the surface increased with
increasing treatment times of both chromic acid and
Item 8
oxygen plasma, resulting in lowered water contact angle.
Polymer Preprints. Volume 41. Number 2. Conference
Blackening of a film sample occurred after 30 minutes
proceedings.
treatment in chromic acid. Adhesion of copper film
Washington, D.C., 20th-24th Aug.2000, p.1207-8
initially increased with increasing treatment times, but
SURFACE MODIFICATION OF
optimum adhesion properties consistent with tensile
POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE-CO-
strength retention were established with 30 minutes
HEXAFLUOROPROPYLENE (FEP) BY
chromic acid treatment followed by 30 seconds oxygen
ADSORPTION OF POLY(L-LYSINE) AND
plasma treatment. 14 refs.
POLYACRYLIC ACID
KOREA
Chen W; Evangelista M E; Yeung R M Y
Accession no.834851 Mount Holyoke,College
(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)
Item 6
Journal of Coatings Technology Being among the most chemically inert and hydrophobic
73, No.921, Oct. 2001, p.107-15 commercial polymers, polytetrafluoroethylene-
MEASURING ADHESION TO POLYOLEFINS. cohexafluoropropylene (FEP) has been the subject of
THE ROLE OF ADHESION PROMOTER AND numerous surface chemistry studies directed at increasing
SUBSTRATE its surface energy, primarily to promote adhesion. A
28 © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited

homopolymer poly(L-lysine) has previously been reported Item 10

to adsorb to FEP from aqueous solution. It has been pointed Journal of Materials Science Letters
out that it is the reduction of interfacial free energy that 20, No.14, 15th July 2001, p.1289-91
drives polymer or biopolymer adsorption. This approach INVESTIGATION OF HYDROPHILICITY OF
is to take advantage of the high-energy water-FEP interface POLYETHYLENE MODIFIED BY ELECTRIC
and adsorb polymers with discrete functional groups. DISCHARGE IN THE COURSE OF AGING
Polyacrylic acid (PAA) and poly(L-lysine) (PLL) are the Novak I; Florian S
initial targets. These polymers adsorb to FEP from water Slovak Academy of Sciences
under conditions. A significant number of experiments is
Details are given of the effect of ageing on adhesive
carried out to determine adsorption behaviour. The pH of
properties of an LDPE modified by corona discharge in
the solutions is important for PAA and PLL, and these
the presence or absence of additives. Investigations were
polymers should be more adsorptive at low and high pH
performed by means of goniometric experiments
pines, respectively. The effects of the ionic strength of
consisting of measuring contact angles of 12 different
solutions are also studied. Solution ionic strength is an
testing liquids. The surface free energy and its polar
important issue. Ions both increase the surface tension of
component were calculated. 10 refs.
water, increasing the FEP-water interfacial free energy, and
SLOVAK REPUBLIC; SLOVAKIA
screen repulsive interactions between ionic groups. These
studies are carried out with the objective of controlling the Accession no.831147
amount of adsorbed polymer, and consequently the
functional group density. 1 ref. Item 11
USA Applied Spectroscopy
Accession no.833539 55, No.8, Aug. 2001, p.984-91
RAMAN AND INFRARED
MICROSPECTROSCOPIC MAPPING OF
Item 9
PLASMA-TREATED AND GRAFTED POLYMER
Journal of Physics D
SURFACES
34, No.18, 21st Sept.2001, p.2754-60
Keen I; Rintoul L; Fredericks P M
ADHESION ENHANCEMENT OF POLYMER
Queensland,University of Technology
SURFACES BY ATMOSPHERIC PLASMA
TREATMENT A section of the surface of a predominantly PP substrate
Shenton M J; Lovell-Hoare M C; Stevens G C containing a small amount of PE copolymer and a small
Surrey,University amount of blended EPM was characterised before and
after plasma treatment and after graft copolymerisation
An atmospheric pressure non-equilibrium plasma
with PS by means of Raman and ATR/IR mapping. The
(APNEP) developed by EA Technology is currently being
maps constructed indicated variations in crystallinity
investigated in collaboration with Surrey University. Of
across the surface, the distribution of EPM and the
the many applications of surface modification that can
distribution of hydroxy groups introduced onto the surface
be induced using plasmas, adhesion enhancement is one
by plasma treatment. 24 refs.
of the most commercially important. The use of an
AUSTRALIA
atmospheric plasma to enhance the adhesion
characteristics of LDPE and PETP is illustrated. The Accession no.830453
polymers are treated in the remote afterglow region of an
atmospheric pressure plasma to avoid the thermal effects Item 12
that can cause degradation for thermally sensitive Antec 2001.Conference proceedings.
materials when placed in direct contact with the plasma. Dallas, Texas, 6th-10th May, 2001, paper 671
Reactive and inert atmospheric plasmas rapidly impart ADHESION BETWEEN PP-BASED ELASTOMER
adhesion enhancement by a factor of two to ten as AND PVDF IN LAYERED STRUCTURES BY
measured by 180 deg. peel tests. However, extended INTERLEAVING A GRAFTED COPOLYMER
exposure to the atmospheric plasma does not impart Brassine C
additional adhesion enhancement as the surface is ablated Liege,University
revealing the underlying polymer with poor adhesive (SPE)
characteristics. In contrast, vacuum plasma treated LDPE
and PETP show increased adhesion with extended plasma Interfacial adhesion between films of polypropylene (PP)-
treatment. Adhesion enhancement in excess of two to three based thermoplastic elastomer and poly(vinylidene
orders of magnitude is found to be achievable for vacuum fluoride) was enhanced by the use of thin interlayers of a
plasma treatment times greater than 10 min. 36 refs. compatibiliser containing PP and poly(methyl
methacrylate) sequences. Two precursors were used for
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE the synthesis of the compatibiliser: polypropylene-graft-
poly(maleic anhydride) and poly(methyl methacrylate-
Accession no.831666

co-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (MMA-HEMA). Peel tests torque explained in terms of state of cure and surface
were used to determine the effectiveness of the energy. A four-stage model for morphological
compatibiliser. The fracture energy without compatibiliser development during mixing was proposed. 24 refs.
was approximately 60 J/sq m, whilst values of 300-2000 IRAN
J/sq m were obtained with a compatibiliser. The Accession no.829351
compatibiliser efficiency increased with increasing
(MMA-HEMA) molecular weight, and decreased with
increasing crosslinking. 6 refs. Item 15
Journal of Physics D
BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
WESTERN EUROPE 34, No.16, 21st Aug. 2001, p.2482-8
Accession no.830103 UNDERSTANDING THE ROLE OF THE GAS IN
THE VOIDS DURING CORONA CHARGING OF
CELLULAR ELECTRET FILMS. A WAY TO
Item 13 ENHANCE THEIR PIEZOELECTRICITY
International Journal of Adhesion & Adhesives Paajanen M; Wegener M; Gerhard-Multhaupt R
21, No.4, 2001, p.325-37 VTT Chemical Technology; Potsdam,Universitat
ADHESION IMPROVEMENT OF SBR RUBBER
BY TREATMENT WITH The influence of the corona-charging process on the
TRICHLOROISOCYANURIC ACID SOLUTIONS piezoelectric transducer coefficient of a cellular electret
IN DIFFERENT ESTERS PP film was investigated. The effect of the gas inside the
Romero-Sanchez M D; Pastor-Blas M M; Martin- voids was also studied. 21 refs.
Martinez J M EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FINLAND;
GERMANY; SCANDINAVIA; WESTERN EUROPE
Alicante,University
Accession no.828143
Ethyl, propyl and butyl acetates were used as solvents
for trichloroisocyanuric acid in the chlorination of SBR.
The treated surfaces were characterised using ATR-IR Item 16
spectroscopy, SEM and contact angle measurements. Advanced Composites Letters
Stress-strain measurements were also carried out to 10, No.3, 2001, p.135-9
determine the mechanical properties of the treated rubber. ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE HELIUM PLASMA
Adhesion properties were studied using a PU adhesive TREATMENT OF ULTRAHIGH MODULUS
and the failed surfaces obtained after performing T-peel POLYETHYLENE FIBRES
tests were analysed in order precisely to locate the joint Qiu Y; Anantharamaiah N; Xie S; Vaidya N P; Zhang C
failure. 16 refs. North Carolina,State University
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN; Ultrahigh modulus PE fibres were treated for 0, 1 and 2
WESTERN EUROPE min, respectively, by atmospheric pressure helium plasma
Accession no.829495 on a capacitively-coupled device at a frequency of 7.5
kHz and helium pressure of 3430 Pa. The 2 min helium
Item 14 plasma treatment was shown to etch the surface of the
Journal of Applied Polymer Science fibre, resulting in a 70% increase of fibre/epoxy resin
81, No.10, 6th Sept.2001, p.2531-44 interfacial shear strength(IFSS) over the control and 1
MECHANISM OF MORPHOLOGY min treated group. The increase of IFSS was mainly due
DEVELOPMENT IN DYNAMICALLY CURED to the etching of the fibre surface that created grooves of
EPDM/PP TPES. 1. EFFECTS OF STATE OF CURE about 200 nm width. 14 refs.
Goharpey F; Katbab A A; Nazockdast H USA
Amirkabir,University Accession no.827460
Development of the morphology of a dynamically cured
ethylene propylene diene(EPDM) and polypropylene (PP) Item 17
thermoplastic elastomer during internal mixing was Antec 2001.Conference proceedings.
followed by sampling the process at various times and Dallas, Texas, 6th-10th May, 2001, paper 445
quenching some samples immediately in liquid nitrogen. ADHESION OF POLYETHYLENE TO
Samples were then examined using scanning electron POLYPROPYLENE IN MULTI-LAYER FILMS
microscopy, and thermal properties were examined using Poon B; Chang A; Chum S P; Tau L; Volkenburgh W
dynamic mechanical thermal analysis and calorimetry. R; Hiltner A; Baer E
Surface energy of the components was estimated from Case Western Reserve University; Dow Chemical Co.
contact angle measurement. The development of (SPE)
morphology was related to the mixer torque curve and An isotactic polypropylene, which had been impact
state of cure, with causes for the observed changes in modified by addition of an ethylene-propylene rubber,

was used to prepare film by coextrusion with three Substrate preparation methods; Rubber to metal bonding;
different Ziegler-Natta linear low density ethylene Rubber to metal and other substrate bonding; Bonding
(LLDPE) copolymers, and with a metallocene ethylene- rubber to metals with waterborne adhesive systems;
octene linear low density copolymer. Tapes of 1.7 mm Rubber to rubber bonding; Rubber to Brass bonding;
thickness, consisting of 32 alternating layers of PP and Review of tyre cord adhesion; Rubber to metal bonding
LLDPE, were produced and the peel strength measured using metallic coagents; Rubber to fabric bonding;
over a range of speeds at room temperature. The Bonding rubber with cyanoacrylates; Bonding silicone
metallocene system exhibited significantly higher levels rubber to various substrates; failures in rubber bonding
of adhesion between the PP and the LLDPE compared to to substrates. Each chapter is well referenced.
the Ziegler-Natta systems. This was attributed to the EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
presence of a weak amorphous interfacial layer. 8 refs. INDIA; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
USA Accession no.826525
Accession no.827072
Item 20
Item 18 POLYMERS FOR THE MEDICAL INDUSTRY -
Journal of Applied Polymer Science INNOVATIONS IN HEALTHCARE DELIVERY.
81, No.12, 19th Sept.2001, p.2881-7 Proceedings of a conference held Brussels, 14th-15th
SURFACE GRAFT POLYMERIZATION OF 2- May 2001.
HYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE ONTO Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 2001, Paper 19, p.1-
LOW-DENSITY POLYETHYLENE FILM 8, 012
THROUGH CORONA DISCHARGE IN AIR ROUTINE CHEMICAL CHARACTERISATION
Jingxin Lei; Xia Liao OF MODIFIED POLYMER SURFACES
Sichuan,University Eccles J; Williams R; Markkula T; Hird S
Millbrook Instruments Ltd.; Liverpool,University
The active species produced on forming chemically active (Rapra Technology Ltd.)
sites on low density polyethylene (LDPE) by atmospheric
pressure corona discharge were used to induce The range of biomedical applications for polymers where
copolymerisation of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate surface properties are extremely important is indicated
(HEMA) onto LDPE film in aqueous solution. The results and the growing trend towards secondary ion mass
showed that the degree of grafting was directly spectrometry (SIMS) and X-ray photoelectron
proportional to the corona discharge and reaction times spectroscopy (XPS) for the chemical analyses of medical
and the HEMA concentration in the reaction solution, and polymers is highlighted. A case study, which shows how
attained the high value of 158.0 microgram per sq. cm. the surface of a PTFE prosthesis for the repair of damaged
after treatment for 72 seconds at a voltage of 15 kV at 50 blood vessels can be modified in a controlled manner by
Hz. Attenuated total reflectance IR spectroscopy revealed plasma treatment to make the surface more hydrophilic,
some characteristic peaks for the grafted LDPE at 1719 is presented. Chemical changes induced in the PTFE
cm to the power -1, and electron spectroscopy for surface were identified using XPS and SIMS and the data
chemical analysis (ESCA) revealed a peak at 531 eV. The obtained compared with changes in wettability observed
hydrophilicity of the grafted LDPE film is greatly by means of contact angle measurements. 39 refs.
increased compared with that of the ungrafted film. 13 EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
refs. WESTERN EUROPE
CHINA Accession no.826446

Accession no.826894
Item 21
Item 19 Antec 2001.Conference proceedings.
Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 2001, pp.x, 386, Dallas, Texas, 6th-10th May, 2001, paper 38
25cm, 9(12)4 USE OF MALEIC ANHYDRIDE-CONTAINING
HANDBOOK OF RUBBER BONDING CONCENTRATES TO AFFECT ADHESION
Edited by: Crowther B BETWEEN POLYETHYLENE AND ETHYLENE-
VINYL ALCOHOL
This book is the first for many years to be solely devoted Kamykowski G W
to the subject of rubber bonding. The book presents a Rohm & Haas Co.
series of papers written by a variety of authors with (SPE)
practical expertise within the field who have been engaged
in improving the bonded product to meet the ever Adhesion between the layers of five-layer coextruded cast
increasing demands placed on composites and films was investigated. The films comprised a central layer
components manufactured from rubbers bonded to metals, of poly(ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol) (EVOH), outer layers
fabrics, fibres and plastic substrates. Chapter titles include: of high density polyethylene, and tie layers consisting of

varying amounts of maleic anhydride-modified master curves using shift factors in accordance with the
polyethylene-containing concentrates with various universal WLF equation. When peeled at intermediate
diluting resins. Peel strength was determined according reduced rates, failure was cohesive within the SBR 1502,
to ASTM D 1876. Adhesion increased with increasing while at sufficiently high or low rates interfacial separation
film thickness and concentrate level. It was also influenced between the rubber and PETP occurred. The results were
by the diluent composition and the ethylene content of in marked contrast with those of Gent and Petrich using
the EVOH. Adhesion was independent of the extrusion similar test pieces with another type of rubber, SBR 1513.
temperature. 7 refs. They found cohesive failure at sufficiently low reduced
USA rates and interfacial failure when the rate was high. The
Accession no.825434 differing behaviour of the two elastomers was attributed
to stronger interfacial attraction with SBR 1513 and its
lower strength. General considerations governing the locus
Item 22 of failure during peel adhesion testing are discussed. 2 refs.
Antec 2001.Conference proceedings.
AMERIPOL
Dallas, Texas, 6th-10th May, 2001, paper 24
USA
THE CASE AGAINST OXIDATION AS A
PRIMARY FACTOR FOR BONDING ACID Accession no.824934
COPOLYMERS TO FOIL
Morris B A; Suzuki N Item 24
DuPont de Nemours E.I.,& Co.; Mitsui-DuPont Antec 2001.Conference proceedings.
Polychemicals Co.Ltd. Dallas, Texas, 6th-10th May, 2001, paper 234
(SPE) EPOXY ADHESIVES: EFFECT OF PLASMA
TREATMENT AND SURFACE ROUGHNESS ON
It has previously been proposed that oxidation of linear
EPOXY TO POLYETHYLENE BOND
low density polyethylene, by heating the polymer to high
STRENGTH
temperatures, enhances the adhesion to polar substrates
Petrie S P; Bardsley E F
such as aluminium foil during the extrusion coating
Massachusetts,University
process. The peel strength increases with increasing time
(SPE)
in the air gap, attributed to increased oxidation of the melt
curtain. Acid copolymers behave similarly. Experiments The influence of surface treatment and ageing on the bond
were conducted to clarify the mechanism: acid strength of epoxy bonded polyethylene was investigated.
copolymers and LDPE were treated with ozone as they Coupons were subjected to surface roughening and/or
were coated onto foil, and the peel strength determined; plasma treatment prior to bonding with FDA-2 epoxy,
the influence of antioxidant additions to the peel strength which is commonly used for medical applications.
of LDPE was studied; the influence of processing Strength under shear loading was measured before and
temperature on peel strength was evaluated; and the after accelerated ageing. Samples were aged by placing
influence of orientation on peel strength was measured. them in lactated Ringers solution, to simulate biomedical
It was concluded that although oxidation was an important applications. Both surface roughening and plasma
factor, and the most important factor for LDPE, the treatment enhanced the bond strength, the strongest
primary factors influencing the bonding of acid samples being those subjected to both treatments. Ageing
copolymers were acid level and thickness. 14 refs. degraded the bond strength, the degradation being reduced
JAPAN; USA by plasma treatment. 5 refs.
Accession no.825420 USA
Accession no.823733
Item 23
159th ACS RUBBER DIVISION MEETING - Item 25
SPRING 2001. Held Rhode Island. 24th-27th April Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology
2001.. 15, No.6, 2001, p.727-46
Akron,Oh., 2001, Paper No.14, pp.25. 012 SURFACE MODIFICATION OF
PEEL STRENGTH OF UNCROSSLINKED POLY(TETRAFLUOROETHYLENE) FILMS BY
STYRENE-BUTADIENE RUBBER ADHERED TO PLASMA POLYMERISATION AND UV-
POLYESTER FILM INDUCED GRAFT COPOLYMERISATION FOR
Hamed G R; Preechatiwong W ADHESION ENHANCEMENT WITH
Akron,University ELECTROLESSLY-DEPOSITED COPPER
(ACS,Rubber Div.) Yang G H; Kang E T; Neoh K G
Singapore,National University
Test pieces consisting of a fabric-backed SBR 1502 layer
bonded directly to PETP film were T-peel tested at various Hydrogen plasma-pretreated PTFE films were surface
rates and temps. Peel energies were superposed to form modified either by plasma polymerisation and deposition

of glycidyl methacrylate or by UV-induced graft Item 28

copolymerisation with glycidyl methacrylate. The Journal of Applied Polymer Science
chemical composition and structure of the modified films 81, No.3, 18th July 2001, p.701-9
were analysed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and USE OF SILANE AGENTS AND
FTIR spectroscopy and the adhesive strength of POLY(PROPYLENE-G-MALEIC ANHYDRIDE)
electrolessly deposited copper to the modified surfaces COPOLYMER AS ADHESION PROMOTERS IN
evaluated by T-peel adhesion strength measurements. GLASS FIBER/POLYPROPYLENE
Adhesion strength data revealed that the plasma COMPOSITES
polymerised and UV-graft copolymerised glycidyl Bikiaris D; Matzinos P; Larena A; Flaris V; Panayiotou C
methacrylate polymer chains were covalently bonded to Thessaloniki,University; Madrid,Universidad
the plasma pretreated PTFE and were spatially distributed Politecnica; Huntsman Corp.
in the copper matrix. 39 refs.
Two organofunctional silanes and a functionalised
SINGAPORE
propylene-maleic anhydride copolymer were used to
Accession no.823103 improve the interfacial adhesion in glass fibre
polypropylene reinforced composites. The performance
Item 26 of the glass coupling agents was evaluated by the
Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology measurement of mechanical properties, scanning electron
15, No.6, 2001, p.653-64 microscopy and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis.
IMPROVEMENT OF PAINT ADHESION TO A Scanning electron microscopy observations indicated
POLYPROPYLENE BUMPER BY PLASMA increased adhesion which was confirmed by the improved
TREATMENT properties achieved during mechanical testing. It was
Cho D L; Shin K H; Lee W-J; Kim D-H shown that, although using the copolymer by itself was a
Chonnam,National University better adhesion promoter than the individual silane
coupling agents, the combination of all three gave the
The primerless surface of a PP bumper was treated with greatest adhesion. Full details of the test procedures are
oxygen, water and acetylene plasmas and the adhesion given and the results discussed. 15 refs.
of a paint thereto investigated in both dry and wet
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GREECE;
conditions. The chemical structures of the untreated and SPAIN; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
treated bumpers were investigated by FTIR/ATR Accession no.821953
spectroscopy and FTIR spectroscopy and their
hydrophilicity was determined by water contact angle
measurements. Acetylene plasma treated surfaces were Item 29
found to adhere particularly well to the paint. 13 refs. Journal of Applied Polymer Science
KOREA 80, No.8, 23rd May 2001, p.1140-9
SURFACE MODIFICATION OF HDPE AND PP
Accession no.823099
BY MECHANICAL POLISHING AND DC GLOW
DISCHARGE AND THEIR ADHESIVE JOINING
Item 27 TO STEEL
Polymer Bhowmik S; Ghosh P K; Ray S
42, No.18, 2001, p.7879-85 Roorkee,University
SURFACE CHARACTERIZATION OF
The preparation of the surfaces of HDPE and PP for
MICROPOROUS POLYPROPYLENE
adhesive bonding has been examined using mechanical
MEMBRANES MODIFIED BY PLASMA
polishing followed by DC glow discharge techniques.
TREATMENT
Although mechanical polishing only improved the
Bae B; Chun B-H; Kim D
adhesion by 10%, when followed by the DC glow
Sung Kyun Kwan University; Yonsei,University
discharge the adhesion increased by some five to seven
The surface of commercial PP membranes was modified by times when this technique was applied to ‘as received’
plasma treatment using several different reagents. The samples. 23 refs.
morphology and the wetting properties were affected INDIA
differently according to the reagent used. Acrylic acid, water Accession no.821527
and the graft polymerisable monomer allylamine decreased
the contact angle but the C-F bond inducing hexafluoroethane
gas increased it and its inclination was increased with plasma Item 30
treatment time. The wetting behaviour of the plasma treated ACS Polymeric Materials Science & Engng. Volume
PP membrane was explained with reference to the 75. Conference Proceedings.
morphology and chemical structure. 19 refs. Orlando, Fl., Fall 1996, p.480-1
SOUTH KOREA EFFECT OF GRAFTED INTERFACIAL CHAINS
ON THE ADHESION BETWEEN GLASS AND
Accession no.822069

SEMI CRYSTALLINE POLYMERS Item 32

Gerard J F; Chabert B; Guyot A; Spitz R Luntai Gongye
UMR CNRS 21, No.4, 2001, p.215-9
(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.) Chinese
EFFECT OF COBALT SALT ON ADHESION
An investigation was carried out into the effects of grafted
STRENGTH BETWEEN CORD COMPOUND
interfacial chains on the adhesion between glass and the
AND BRASS-PLATED STEEL CORD IN RADIAL
semi-crystalline polymers, polypropylene and
TIRE
polyethylene. Silane functionalised polyethylene and
Liang Li; Guo Yang
polypropylene were synthesised from the
Anhui Kaiyuan Tire Co.Ltd.
copolymerisation of a diene with ethylene or propene,
respectively, followed by hydrosilylation. The silanol The effect of type and concentration of cobalt salt on the
groups of the surface react with the chlorosilane or properties of NR compound and the adhesion strength
alkoxysilane groups introduced at the chain ends or as between the cord compound and the brass-plated steel
side chain groups. Studies were carried out on the cord in radial tyres was investigated. The results obtained
interfacial adhesion by using an asymmetric double showed that the cobalt type had little effect on the
cantilever beam and microbond tests for the polyethylene/ compound properties. The adhesion strength between the
glass and polypropylene/glass interfaces, respectively. It cobalt naphthenate-containing compound or cobalt
was possible to design the connecting side chains so that stearate-containing compound and the brass-plated steel
a given value for the fracture energy of the interface could cord decreased significantly as the overcure time
be obtained. 17 refs. increased. The compounds with different types of cobalt
USA salts had better heat resistance after hot air ageing and
Accession no.820830 the compounds with cobalt neodecanoate or cobalt
boroacylate had higher adhesion strength retention after
steam ageing. A higher original adhesion strength could
Item 31 be obtained, but the hot air ageing properties and steam
Polymer Engineering and Science ageing properties decreased significantly as the level of
41, No.5, May 2001, p.782-5 cobalt neodecanoate increased and the optimum balanced
SURFACE STRUCTURE AND ADHESIVE adhesion properties were obtained when 0.7 to 1.2 phr of
PROPERTIES OF BIAXIALLY ORIENTED cobalt salt was used.
POLYPROPYLENE FILM GRAFTED WITH
CHINA
POLY(ACRYLIC AMIDE) USING CORONA
DISCHARGE Accession no.817785
Jingxin Lei; Guangjian He; Qiman Li; Xiaohong Lin
Sichuan,University Item 33
Macromolecules
The use of corona discharge as a means of forming
34, No.9, 24th April 2001, p.3007-17
chemically active sites on the surface of biaxially oriented
SELF-ADHESION OF POLYETHYLENE IN THE
PP film was assessed. The active species formed in air was
MELT. II. COMPARISON OF HETEROGENEOUS
used to induce graft copolymerisation of acrylic
AND HOMOGENEOUS COPOLYMERS
amide(AAM) in aqueous solution. The surface structure,
Qureshi N Z; Rogunova M; Stepanov E V; Capaccio G;
hydrophilicity and adhesion of the grafted BOPP film were
Hiltner A; Baer E
characterised by the extent of grafting, ESCA, SEM, peel Case Western Reserve University; BP Amoco
strength and contact angle measurements. Surface graft Chemicals
copolymerisation of AAM onto BOPP film by corona
discharge in air could be carried out with high efficiency. The hypothesis of a surface layer on heterogeneous
With increasing copolymerisation time, the degree of ethylene copolymers was tested by comparison with the
grafting of AAM onto BOPP increased. The degree of melt adhesion of metallocene ethylene-olefin copolymers,
grafting achieved a relatively high value of 2.13 wt % for which had homogeneous comonomer content distribution
the conditions of 1 min corona discharge and a and narrower MWD. Whereas the time dependence for
copolymerisation reaction time of 2.5 h in 20% AAM melt adhesion of heterogeneous copolymers was two
aqueous solution at 70C. After corona discharge grafting, orders of magnitude longer than the time for complete
the contact angle of water on the BOPP film decreased and interdigitation of the surface chains, ascribed to the
the peel strength increased compared with those for presence of a surface layer that needed to resolve in order
ungrafted BOPP film. The hydrophilicity and adhesion of for bulk chains to reach the interface and for maximum
BOPP were improved by surface graft copolymerisation adhesion strength to develop, full adhesion of
with AAM induced by corona discharge. 9 refs. homogeneous copolymers was achieved instantly on the
experimental time scale. Furthermore, homogeneous
CHINA
copolymers could exhibit an order of magnitude higher
Accession no.817913 peel strength in the melt due to the possibility for strain-

induced crystallisation. Tapping mode atomic force Item 36

microscopy confirmed the existence of an amorphous International Polymer Science and Technology
surface layer on heterogeneous copolymers. The surface 28, No.3, 2001, p.T/92-7
of homogeneous copolymers, on the other hand, exhibited OXIDATION AND DESORPTION OF OXYGEN
the same densely packed lamellar morphology as the bulk. IN THE UPPER LAYER OF ACTIVATED
30 refs. POLYPROPYLENE FILM
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; USA; Zenkiewicz M
WESTERN EUROPE Metalchem Plastics Processing Institute
Accession no.817722 The aim of this study is to further investigate the nature
of oxidation which takes place during activation of
Item 34 biaxially oriented PP films, by use of photon electron
Macromolecules spectroscopy, and with reference to the oxygen content
34, No.9, 24th April 2001, p.2932-6 in the outer layer of samples of active film. The influence
ROLE OF THE INTERFACIAL ORIENTATION of X-ray radiation and ultra high vacuum on the results
IN ADHESION BETWEEN SEMICRYSTALLINE of measurements of the oxidation of the outer layer of
POLYMERS activated BOPP film is discussed. During investigations
Laurens C; Ober R; Creton C; Leger L of activated BOPP film by photoelectron spectroscopy, a
College de France; ESPCI desorption of oxygen contained in its outer layer is noted,
In order to determine the molecular mechanisms which constitutes one of the sources of error of this
responsible for the adhesion between isotactic PP(iPP) method. 6 refs. (Article translated from Polimery, No.10,
and polyamide-6(PA6) in the presence of the iPP-PA6 2000, p.701).
diblock copolymer, thin film assemblies with a typical EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND
thickness of 115 nm were prepared. The crystalline Accession no.817335
orientation of the iPP and of the PA6 close to the interface
was investigated by X-ray diffraction. An epitaxial
Item 37
crystallisation of iPP on PA6 was observed. As in the case
Polimery
of adhesive strength, the epitaxy was enhanced when
45, Nos.11-12, 2000, p.802-7
increasing the copolymer surface density or the length of
Polish
the PP block and further enhanced when the samples were
EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF THE
annealed above the m.p. of PA6. 22 refs.
PROCESS OF DECOHESION OF ADHESIVE
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; JOINTS WITH POLYMER FILMS
WESTERN EUROPE
Zenkiewicz M; Dzwonkowski J
Accession no.817713
The objects studied were adhesive joints of an acrylic
adhesive and polyethylene film. The film was pre-
Item 35
activated by corona discharge. The measure of the strength
Polymers & Polymer Composites
of the adhesive joints is the work of separation, consisting
9, No.3, 2001, p.175-84
of several factors, the most important being the work of
EFFECTS OF COLLOIDAL SILICA ON
adhesion and the work of deformation or removal of the
ADHESION OF GLASS FIBRES TO
film by pulling. As the treatment energy increases, the
POLYPROPYLENE
measurements become more subject to error. The error
Chou S; Lin L-S
can be kept down to within 9% by avoiding energy values
Taiwan,National University of Science & Technology
greater than 2 KJ/square metre. 11 refs.
Colloidal silica was used to treat glass fibres to improve Accession no.816533
their adhesion to PP resin. The fibres were also treated with
a coupling agent and maleic anhydride modified PP
emulsion to enhance their interfacial bonding. Surfaces of Item 38
the glass fibres were observed by scanning electron Journal of Polymer Engineering
microscopy. The colloidal silica made the surfaces of the 20, No.5, Sept./Oct.2000, p.313-28
glass fibre rougher, and thereby allowed PP to anchor on APPROACH USING CF4/CH4 PLASMA
the surface of the fibres to improve the fibre/PP bonding INDUCED SURFACE MODIFICATION TO
which was tested by means of a microbonding pull-out IMPART FLAME RETARDANCY TO
test. Tensile and flexural strengths of the composites were POLYPROPYLENE
determined, and the fracture surfaces were observed by Shi L
SEM to establish the effect of the surface treatment. 9 refs. Shandong,University of Technology
CHINA The flammability of PP film treated with CF4/CH4 plasma
Accession no.817537 is partially increased compared with that of untreated PP.

In PP film, pretreated with CH4 plasma to deposit a barrier anhydride content. The blends were heterogeneous, with
layer and then with CF4/CH4 plasma, flame retardancy the glass transition temperature increasing with increasing
is improved. The surface flame retardancy of surface interaction. 42 refs.
crosslinking by CH4 plasma is confirmed by the burning AUSTRALIA; USA
rate and TGA analysis. According to the change in burning Accession no.813703
rate over the entire range of %CF4 in the CF4/CH4
mixture, the whole range can be divided into three regions.
The regions are distinguished by their mechanistic aspects Item 41
of flame retardancy, which is due to the different Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology
mechanistic aspects of PP surfaces exposed to CF4/CH4 15, No.1, 2001, p.63-70
plasmas. 12 refs. INVESTIGATION ON THE OXIDATION OF
SURFACE LAYERS OF POLYOLEFINS
CHINA
TREATED WITH CORONA DISCHARGE
Accession no.816056 Zenkiewicz M
Metalchem
Item 39
The results of an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
investigation of the oxidation of surface layers of LDPE
80, No.14, 28th June 2001, p.2865-76
and biaxially-oriented PP (BOPP) films are presented.
STYRENE-ETHYLENE/BUTYLENE-STYRENE
Analysis is performed using different take-off angles, i.e.
BLENDS FOR IMPROVED CONSTRAINED-
10, 30 and 90 deg., and thus the depths of the examined
LAYER DAMPING
layers are 0.6, 1.9 and 3.7 nm respectively. It is found
Oborn J; Bertilsson H; Rigdahl M
that the course of the oxidation process in the surface
Chalmers,University of Technology
layers is similar for both polymer films. However, for
The adhesion to metal surfaces and the damping properties treatment energies lower than 5 kJ/sq.m, the extent of the
of a variety of styrene-ethylene butylene-styrene block oxidation is higher for the LDPE film, whereas for above
copolymers, modified by thermoplastic additions, were this value, the BOPP film is more oxidised. As detected
investigated. Grafting of maleic anhydride to the ethylene- by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, desorption of
butylene block enhanced adhesion to metal surfaces oxygen from the film surface occurs for both polymers
without affecting the damping properties, as determined during the treatment. 35 refs.
by dynamic mechanical analysis. The composite loss EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND
factor for a laminate consisting of two steel plates with a Accession no.810998
centre polymer layer was calculated according to the Ross-
Ungar-Kerwin theory. The results compared with
measured values from vibrating beam tests, giving Item 42
reasonable agreement. 38 refs. Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology
EUROPEAN UNION; SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN
15, No.1, 2001, p.1-21
EUROPE GAS-PHASE MODELLING OF IMPINGING
Accession no.813729 FLAMES USED FOR THE FLAME SURFACE
MODIFICATION OF POLYPROPYLENE FILM
Strobel M; Sullivan N; Branch M C; Jones V; Park J;
Item 40 Ulsh M; Strobel J M; Lyons C S
Journal of Applied Polymer Science 3M Co.; Colorado,University
80, No.14, 28th June 2001, p.2647-61
MACROMOLECULAR MODIFICATION OF Contact-angle measurements, atomic force microscopy
EPDM: WETTABILITY, MISCIBILITY, AND and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy are used to
MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY characterise flame treated biaxially oriented PP films.
Ginic-Markovic M; Choudhury N R; Dimopoulos M; While the surface of PP treated in a fuel-lean flame is
Matisons J; Kumudinie C highly oxidised, no water-soluble low-molecular-weight
South Australia,University; Cincinnati,University oxidised material is formed by the flame treatment. A new
computational model, SPIN, is used to determine the
Ethylene-propylene-diene (EPDM) was blended with chemical composition of the impinging flames used to
maleated EPDM (0.5 and 1% maleation) to enhance modify the PP. The SPIN model indicates that the species
bonding to polar surfaces. The blends were characterised primarily responsible for the surface oxidation of the PP
by wettability, miscibility and morphological studies. are OH, HO2, H2O2 and O2. Because the concentration
Wettability, determined by dynamic contact angle of atomic O in the flame is low, there is little scission of
measurements, was improved by the maleated EPDM the PP chains and no formation of LMWOM. AFM
additions. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed an indicates that a nodular surface topography is generated
increase in oxygen with increasing grafted EPDM content. during the flame oxidation of the PP. The surface
The domain size also decreased with increasing maleic topographical features generated by flame treatment are

probably the result of the agglomeration of intermediate- Item 45

molecular-weight materials. 51 refs. International Journal of Adhesion & Adhesives
USA 21, No.2, 2001, p.161-72
Accession no.810995 INFLUENCE OF THE STYRENE CONTENT OF
THERMOPLASTIC STYRENE-BUTADIENE
Item 43 RUBBERS IN THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE
Macromolecules TREATMENT WITH SULFURIC ACID
34, No.5, 27th Feb.2001, p.1358-64 Cepeda-Jimenez C M; Pastor-Blas M M; Ferrandiz-
SELF-ADHESION OF POLYETHYLENE IN THE Gomez T P; Martin-Martinez J M
MELT. I. HETEROGENEOUS COPOLYMERS Alicante,University
Qureshi N Z; Stepanov E V; Capaccio G; Hiltner A; Three block SBS thermoplastic elastomers with different
Baer E styrene contents were treated with sulphuric acid to
Case Western Reserve University; BP Amoco improve their adhesion to PU adhesives. T-peel test, SEM,
Chemicals contact angle measurements, ATR IR spectroscopy and
Heterogeneous ethylene copolymer films were melt sealed stress-strain experiments were used to analyse the nature
over a range of temperatures, for sealing times of 0.5-25 of surface modifications produced in the rubber. The
s, and the peel strength determined at the sealing length of the treatment and the neutralisation procedure
temperature, using various peel rates, to study the (with and without ammonium hydroxide) were
molecular mechanisms and kinetics of self-adhesion in considered. The treatment with sulphuric acid resulted in
copolymers with broad molecular weight distributions. the sulphonation of the butadiene units of the rubber and
The peel strength had a square root dependence on contact the creation of highly conjugated C:C bonds, which
time up to a saturation at the maximum strength. The time produced a change in colour of the thermoplastic
to achieve maximum strength was shorter for the elastomers. The treatment also produced a decrease in
copolymer with a more homogeneous composition, the TS and the EB of the rubbers. This indicated that the
although the maximum strength was the same for all treatment with sulphuric acid was not restricted to the
copolymers for a given test temperature. The saturation rubber surface but also produced a bulk modification. The
time for all copolymers was 2 orders of magnitude longer sulphuric acid treatment increased the T-peel strength of
than the time for complete interdigitation of the surface two of the rubber/PU adhesive joints and produced a
chains. This was attributed to the presence of a surface mixed failure mode (adhesion and cohesive failure in the
layer of low molecular weight, higher branch content rubber). 17 refs.
copolymer. 46 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN;
WESTERN EUROPE
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; USA;
WESTERN EUROPE Accession no.810653
Accession no.810710
Item 46
Item 44 International Journal of Adhesion & Adhesives
Journal of Macromolecular Science A 21, No.2, 2001, p.101-6
A38, No.1, 2001, p.11-8 DURABILITY OF THE HALOGENATION IN
ADHESIVE BEHAVIOR OF UV SENSITIZER SYNTHETIC RUBBER
MODIFIED LOW-DENSITY POLYETHYLENE Romero-Sanchez M D; Pastor-Blas M M; Ferrandiz-
Novak I; Chodak I Gomez T D P; Martin-Martinez J M
Slovak Academy of Sciences Alicante,University
The adhesive behaviour of PE (Bralen RA 2-19 from A vulcanised SBR was chlorinated with 0.5 wt %
Slovnaft) modified by UV irradiation and phosphoryl trichloroisocyanuric acid(TCI) solutions in butanone. The
chloride was investigated. A non-linear increase of the durability of the effect of the halogenation treatment on
surface energy and its polar component against time of UV the surface properties of the rubber was assessed using
exposure was observed. The efficiency of PE modification contact angle measurements, ATR IR spectroscopy and
depended significantly on the degree of crystallinity of the SEM. Adhesion was obtained from T-peel tests of treated
polymer, the intensity of the UV radiation and the time of rubber/PU adhesive joints. The failed surfaces (after the
modification. The measured values of the mechanical work peel test was carried out) were characterised using ATR
of adhesion to PVAc corresponded with the level of IR spectroscopy. For halogenation times lower than 2 h,
hydrophilicity of the modified polymer. The relation improved wettability was obtained and the effects
between the mechanical work of adhesion and polar produced on the rubber surface were mainly due to the
component of the surface free energy was found. 16 refs. solvent. After 48 h, there was a high degree of surface
SLOVNAFT modification and the reaction of TCI with the rubber was
SLOVAK REPUBLIC; SLOVAKIA the dominant effect. After long periods (up to 1 year),
Accession no.810671 there was evidence for the migration of the wax to the

surface and for increased roughness. Although the increase A rubber surface layer modification is produced with a
in time produced a decrease in water contact angle, consequent decrease in tensile strength and elongation-
therefore, the peel strength remained high because of the at-break values. The treatment enhances the T-peel
chemical and morphological modifications on the rubber strength of RI rubber/PU adhesive joints and the locus of
surface. 6 refs. failure is cohesive in the rubber. The optimum immersion
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN; time in H2SO4 solution is less than 1 min., and the
WESTERN EUROPE reaction time in air is not found to be critical; the
Accession no.810648 neutralisation with ammonium hydroxide and the high
concentration of the sulphuric acid (95 wt.%) are essential
to produce adequate effectiveness of the treatment. 12
Item 47
refs.
Polymer Engineering and Science
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN;
41, No.3, March 2001, p.440-8
WESTERN EUROPE
QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENT OF
ADHESION BETWEEN POLYPROPYLENE Accession no.810150
BLENDS AND PAINTS BY TENSILE
MECHANICAL TESTING Item 49
Houxiang Tang; Foran B; Martin D C Journal of Applied Polymer Science
Michigan,University 80, No.3, 18th April 2001, p.388-97
STUDIES ON THE SURFACE PROPERTIES AND
A tensile mechanical test suitable for measuring the
THE ADHESION TO METAL OF
adhesion between brittle coatings and ductile substrates
POLYETHYLENE COATINGS MODIFIED WITH
was used to measure the adhesion of painted layers on PP
PRIMARY AROMATIC AMINES
blends. The test involved the tensile deformation of the
Starostina I A; Stoyanov O V; Bogdanova S A;
painted assembly, resulting in the periodic cracking of the
Deberdeev Ja; Kurnosov V V; Zaikov G E
brittle coating on the ductile substrate. The interfacial shear
Kazan,State Technological University;
strength was determined by measuring the strength of the
Moscow,Institute of Biochemical Physics
coating, the thickness of the coating and the average width
of paint fragment after the crack density reached saturation. Polyethylenes (high density and low density),
Apparent interfacial shear strength was obtained for mechanically mixed with primary aromatic amines and
different paints on the same type of blend, which gave wetting agents, were applied to a variety of steel
consistent results over the experimental strain rate range substrates, followed by pressing and heating at 225 C.
from 0.0001 to 0.001/sec. Interfacial delamination was The coatings were characterised by the measurements on
studied by optical microscopy and TEM. The delamination water resistance, catalytic peeling resistance, contact angle
was observed to occur mainly near the adhesion promoter measurements, surface free energy determinations and
and substrate interface. 23 refs. infrared spectroscopy. The amine addition increased the
USA coating adhesion, attributed to chemical and physical
Accession no.810408 bonding, and a corresponding increase in the free surface
energy of the coatings was also observed. The adhesion
was dependent upon acid-base interactions. 12 refs.
Item 48 RUSSIA
Journal of Adhesion
Accession no.808689
73, Nos.2-3, 2000, p.135-60
SURFACE CHARACTERISATION OF
VULCANISED RUBBER TREATED WITH Item 50
SULPHURIC ACID AND ITS ADHESION TO Rubber Technology International
POLYURETHANE ADHESIVE 2000, p.44-7
Cepeda-Jimenez C M; Pastor-Blas M M; Ferrandiz- TEXTILE REINFORCEMENTS: ADHESION TO
Gomez T P; Martin-Martinez J M EPDM COMPOUNDS
Alicante,University Kiesewetter J
Mehler Engineered Poducts GmbH
Modifications produced on a vulcanised SBR surface by
treatment with sulphuric acid are studied and several The use of textile-reinforced rubber in automobiles is
experimental variables considered. The treatment of R1 reviewed. Raw materials for textile reinforcement include
rubber with sulphuric acid produces a noticeable decrease polyesters, polyamide, aramid polymers, PVAL, glass and
in contact angle, which is mainly ascribed to an increase rayon. Many fibres show poor adhesion to most common
in surface energy due to the formation of sulphonic acid rubber compounds, so adhesive systems must be
moieties and C=O bonds, and the removal of zinc stearate. developed for textiles to give good bonding to a wide
The rubber surface swells and becomes brittle as a result range of common rubber compounds and other polymers.
of the treatment, and when flexed microcracks are created. Particular emphasis is put upon the development of

adhesion systems for EPDM compounds; for each newly rupture occur in the material with LDPE and with PP the
developed EPDM compound, an optimal adhesive system force of the rupture corresponds to a load factor of 45%.
must be found by means of extensive testing and trials. 2 EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
refs. WESTERN EUROPE
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; Accession no.807533
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.807889 Item 53
Item 51 79, No.10, 7th March 2001, p.1802-8
2000 TAPPI Polymers, Laminations & Coatings POLYETHYLENE GRAFTED MALEIC
Conference: Volume 1. Conference proceedings. ANHYDRIDE TO IMPROVE WETTABILITY OF
Chicago, Il, 27th-31st Aug.2000, p.161-200 LIQUID ON POLYETHYLENE FILMS
ADHESION PROMOTERS - CORONA FLAME Sanchez-Valdes S; Picazo-Rada C J;
AND OZONE. A TECHNOLOGY UPDATE Lopez-Quintanilla M L
Greig S; Sherman P B; Pitman R; Barley C Mexico,Centro de Investigacion en Quimica Aplic.;
Sherman Treaters Ltd. Coahuila,Universidad Autonoma
(TAPPI)
Blends of LLDPE and LLDPE grafted with maleic
The manufacture of polyolefin films by extrusion almost anhydride(MA) were prepared by melt mixing. The
certainly includes as part of the processing line adhesion surfaces of cast films with different contents and types of
promotion. For cast and blown extrusion this means maleated PE were characterised through contact angle and
corona as the adhesion promoter, and for extrusion wetting tension measurements, as well as ATR IR
coating/laminating corona and ozone. Continued spectroscopy. The tensile properties and light transmission
downgauging throughout the extrusion process means of extruded films were studied and the performance of
significant increases in production outputs and thus the these films was compared with that of commercial ‘anti-
need for the corona pre-treatment systems to be re- fog’ films for use in greenhouses. The carbonyl polar
evaluated. In extrusion coating, the manufacture of many groups on the surface of LLDPE/LLDPE-g-MA blends
sophisticated packages, there is an interest in optimum increased and the equilibrium contact angles of water and
adhesion being achieved between laminates of various DMF decreased when the content of maleated PE
materials. This update in ozonisation will pay particular increased. Films made with these blends showed a
attention to today’s criteria regarding the use of ozone on noticeable reduction in water drop formation as the MA
extrusion coating lines, such as reductions in melt content was increased and when using LLDPE-g-MA of
temperatures, improvements in production speeds and the lower molec.wt. The light transmission through these
safe use of ozone on a production line. Advanced control films under condensation was improved when using
systems and a move towards water based inks and increased contents of MA, which promoted better wetting
adhesives has led to increasing demands for better of the water on the surface. 16 refs.
treatment performance and sparked a resurgence of MEXICO
popularity and new applications for flame treating plastic Accession no.807236
films and profiles.
WESTERN EUROPE Item 54
Accession no.807549 Progress in Organic Coatings
40, Nos.1-4, Dec.2000, p.49-54
COATING OF UNTREATED POLYPROPYLENE
Item 52 WITH HALOGEN FREE AQUEOUS MATERIALS
Adhasion Kleben & Dichten Hintze-Bruening H; Borgholte H
42, No.5, 1998, p.31-4 BASF Coatings AG
German
PLASTIC-METAL BONDING WITHOUT USING An attempt was made to develop a halogen-free aqueous
ADHESIVE adhesion promoter for coatings for exterior automotive parts
Krueger G; Meyer U made from PP or PP/ethylene-propylene copolymer blends.
IFAM It was found that, while chemical bonding via catalytic
oxidation of the unactivated C-H bonds as well as via
Direct bonding of copper or aluminium with polyolefins insertion of a nitrene into the C-H bonds proved to be
(LDPE, PP) has not been possible without using plastics ineffective, high adhesion strengths similar to those in the
and active heat application. On the other hand, if the metal literature could be obtained via physical interactions with
surfaces and/or the polyolefin surfaces are treated in polyacrylic-grafted polyolefins which had been applied as
advance with an atmospheric plasma, bonding capability aqueous dispersions. The correlation of adhesive strengths
is very much increased so that flowing and cohesive with process parameters and analytical results obtained from

model systems led to the assumption that the adhesion was Item 57
effected by amphiphilic polymers interacting with the Antec 2000.Conference proceedings.
outermost PP at the surface rather than by penetrating deeply Orlando, Fl., 7th-11th May, 2000, paper 526
into the substrate. 17 refs. (25th Athens Conference on ANALYSIS OF ADHESIVE PROPERTIES OF
Organic Coatings, Vouliagmeni, Greece, July 1999) DIFFERENT ENGINEERING
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; THERMOPLASTICS TO ELASTOMERS BY A
WESTERN EUROPE TWO-SHOT INJECTION MOLDING PROCESS
Accession no.805121 Patel S; Makadia C; Guan Q; Mehta S; McCarthy S P
Massachusetts,University
(SPE)
Item 55
Polymer International Adhesion between a hard core and the soft skin of materials
50,No.1,Jan.2001,p.49-52 intended for automotive interior applications, produced
INFLUENCE OF AGEING ON ADHESIVE using the two-shot injection moulding process, was
PROPERTIES OF POLYPROPYLENE investigated. Filled polypropylene and two thermoplastic
MODIFIED BY DISCHARGE PLASMA polyolefins (containing ethylene, propylene, and EPDM)
Novak I; Florian S were tested with two thermoplastic elastomers (TPE)
The adhesive properties of isotactic polypropylene having (containing ethylene-propylene rubber, ethylene, propylene
various degress of crystallinity with surfaces modified and EPDM). In addition, polycarbonate (PC), acrylonitrile
by a corona plasma discharge are studied during ageing. butadiene styrene (ABS), and an alloy of PC and ABS were
A considerable decrease in the surface free energy and its tested with thermoplastic polyurethane. Bond strengths
polar component was noted, and the correlation between were determined by shear and peel testing. In the first group
the mechanical work of adhesion to polyvinyl acetate and the strongest bond was between polypropylene and a lower
the polar fraction during ageing was significant. It was density TPE containing ethylene-propylene rubber,
confirmed that polymer crystallinity affects the adhesion ethylene and propylene. The bond strength could be
parameters of aged polypropylene foil. 10 refs. increased by adding skin material to the core material and/
SLOVAK REPUBLIC; SLOVAKIA or by adding core material to the skin material, resulting in
Accession no.804417 increased compatibility. In the second group thematerials
could not be ranked as no adhesive failure was observed.
USA
Item 56
Accession no.803373
Macromolecular Symposia
Vol.159, Oct.2000, p.151-61
SURFACE MODIFICATION OF POLYMERIC Item 58
MATERIALS BY REMOTE PLASMA ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.
TREATMENT Fall Meeting 2000. Volume 83.
Inagaki N Washington, D.C., 20th-24th Aug.2000, p.307-8
Shizuoka,University PLASMA POLYMERISED FLUOROPOLYMER
THIN FILMS
Remote plasma treatment is proposed as a special
Silverstein M; Chen R; Sacher E; Sandrin L
technique to modify polymer surfaces. A concept for
Technion-Israel Institute of Technology;
remote plasma treatment rises from the anticipation that
Montreal,Ecole Polytechnique; ESPCI
radicals rather than electrons and ions in plasma contribute
(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)
to introduction reactions of functional groups and the
radicals have longer lifetime than electrons and ions. As Fluorocarbon plasmas fluorinate substrate surfaces and
a result, effective surface modification at a position far reduce hydrophilicity, sometimes through the formation
from the plasma zone (remote plasma treatment) will be of a PP fluoropolymer film. The advantages of PP
done because radicals rather than electrons and ions fluoropolymer films include low coefficient of friction,
become a predominant species for the modification. low surface tension, thermal stability, biocompatibility
Fluoropolymers, PTFE, tetrafluoroethylene-hexa- and chemical resistance. The structures and properties of
fluoropropylene copolymer and tetrafluoroethylene- PP films depend on the feed composition as well as the
perfluoroalkylvinylether copolymer, are modified by the plasma environment. PP fluoropolymer films synthesised
remote hydrogen plasma. Their surface morphology and from fluorinated monomers are investigated, as is the
surface chemistry are demonstrated. An application of the influence of adding a non-polymerisable gas to the feed.
remote hydrogen plasma treatment for improvement of The addition of a second gas is expected to alter the nature
adhesion between copper metal and the fluoropolymers of the deposition, the molecular structure and the surface
is also demonstrated. 12 refs. tension. 13 refs.
JAPAN ISRAEL
Accession no.803512 Accession no.802787

Item 59 the two plasma modified phases has taken place as

Polymer Plastics Technology and Engineering compared to non-plasma treated composite. 14 refs.
39, No.5, 2000, p.793-806 BRAZIL; USA
EFFECT OF BONDING SYSTEMS ON THE Accession no.802315
ADHESION OF NITRILE RUBBER TO NYLON
CORD
Darwish N A; Lawandy S N; El-Shazly S A; Abou- Item 61
Kandil A I Revista de Plasticos Modernos
Egypt,National Institute for Standards; 79, No.525, March 2000, p.252/4
Alexandria,University Spanish
POLARISED FLAME TREATMENT
A tri-component system composed of resorcinol,
hexamethylene tetramine (HMT) and hydrated silica The application of polarised flame treatment as a means
is used as an adhesion promoter with an NBR mix. The for promoting the adhesion of biaxially oriented PP films
resorcinol is replaced by o-aminophenol, m- is discussed. Equipment used in the treatment process is
aminophenol, p-aminophenol or m-phenylene diamine. described, and the advantages of a double burner system
The rubber-textile cord samples are subjected to ageing developed by Esse-Ci are examined.
or exposed to ionising, radiation and their adhesions ESSE-CI SPA
are examined. The effect of the crosslink density of EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;
WESTERN EUROPE
different NBR mixes on the adhesion is also studied.
The results show that aminophenols and m-phenylene Accession no.800842
diamine used have an effect on adhesion. However,
their adhesion levels are lower than those obtained by Item 62
resorcinol. The results also show that, on ageing, n- Journal of Applied Polymer Science
aminophenol and m-phenylene diamine have either 78, No.13, 20th Dec. 2000, p. 2389-97
better stability or enhancement of adhesion levels than PREPARATION OF OXYGEN GAS BARRIER
other bonding systems. On exposure to radiation, the POLYPROPYLENE FILMS BY DEPOSITION OF
results show that the bonds formed between NBR SIOX FILMS PLASMA-POLYMERIZED FROM
mixes, containing different types of bonding material MIXTURE OF TETRAMETHOXYSILANE AND
and undipped nylon cords are more stable than those OXYGEN
formed with dipped ones. 13 refs. Inagaki N; Tasaka S; Nakajima T
EGYPT Shizuoka,University
Accession no.802531 Film deposition of silica oxide was carried out on the
surface of oriented polypropylene (OPP) films in order
Item 60 to form a new oxygen gas barrier material using plasma
Natural Polymers and Composites. Conference polymerisation of the tetramethoxysilane (TMOS)
proceedings. mixture. It was found that due to poor adhesion at the
Sao Pedro, Brazil, 14th-17th May 2000, p.431-6 interface, the deposition of SiOx did not improve the
PLASMA MODIFICATION OF SISAL AND oxygen gas barrier properties. If the OPP film underwent
HIGH-DENSITY POLYETHYLENE surface modification prior to SiOx deposition stronger
COMPOSITES: EFFECT ON MECHANICAL adhesion resulted leading to success in the deposition and
PROPERTIES improvement in the oxygen barrier ability. The surface
Martin A R; Manolache S; Mattoso L H C; Rowell R modification comprised argon plasma treatment and
M; Denes F TMOS coupling treatment. The oxygen permeation rate
Sao Carlos,Universidade Federal; Wisconsin- through the SiOx deposited OPP film was decreased from
Madison,University; EMBRAPA 2230 to 37-52 cm3/m2/day/atm.12 refs.
Edited by: Mattoso L H C; Leao A; Frollini E
JAPAN
(EMBRAPA; UNESP; USP)
Accession no.800147
Sisal fibres and finely powdered HDPE are surface
functionalised using dichlorosilane under R-F plasma
Item 63
conditions to improve interfacial adhesion between the
European Plastics News
two dissimilar substrates. The functionalised PE (70%)
28, No.1, Jan.2001, p.38-9
and sisal (30%) are compounded in four different ways
TURNING OUT A PROFIT
using a thermokinetic mixer and injected moulded into
Vink D
composites specimens for testing. Some improvements
in mechanical properties of the composites due to the Rhein-Bonar, part of Bonar Plastics Europe, consumes
plasma treatments are achieved. Scanning electronic 3,000 t/y of plastics, mainly LDPE, for its rotational
microscopy data indicate that some compatibilisation of mouldings. Rhein-Bonar is a BPE competence centre,

which often makes first prototype mouldings for other compositions of the PTFE films at various stages of surface
group companies. The mouldings are mainly complex modification and electroless plating are studied by X-ray
technical parts with high degrees of integration, varying photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The adhesion strength
wall thicknesses, sharp corners and undercuts. The latest of the graft-copolymerised PTFE film to the electrolessly
large rotational mouldings made by the company since deposited copper is affected by the type of monomer used
mid-2000 are the 3.2m long parts for the enclosure of the for graft copolymerisation, the graft concentration, the
Velotaxi used by tourists in Berlin. Rhein-Bonar faced plasma post-treatment time after graft copolymerisation and
the problem of needing different sized autoclaves to the extent of thermal post-treatment after metallisation. The
plasma treat rotational mouldings for improved maximum T-peel strength achieved between the electrolessly
paintability by developing a method of treating the PE deposited copper and the GMA graft-copolymerised PTFE
powder instead. film is about 11 N/cm. This adhesion strength represents a
RHEIN-BONAR more than 20-fold increase over what can be achieved when
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; the PTFE film is treated by Ar plasma alone. The
WESTERN EUROPE mechanisms of the adhesion strength enhancement and the
Accession no.799230 failure mode in the metal-polymer laminates are also
investigated. It is found that the failure is cohesive in nature
within the PTFE film. 32 refs.
Item 64
SINGAPORE
Polymer Preprints. Volume 40. Number 2. August
1999. Conference proceedings. Accession no.796831
New Orleans, La., August 1999, p.563-4
ULTRAHYDROPHOBIC POLYMER SURFACES Item 66
PREPARED BY SIMULTANEOUS ABLATION OF Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology
POLYPROPYLENE AND SPUTTERING OF POL 14, No.12, 2000, p.1485-98
POLY(TETRAFLUOROETHYLENE) USING PLASMA TREATMENT OF PET AND ACRYLIC
RADIO FREQUENCY PLASMA COATING SURFACES-I.IN-SITU XPS
Youngblood J P; McCarthy T J MEASUREMENTS
Amherst,Massachusetts University Shi M K; Dunham G; Gross M E; Graff G L; Martin P M
(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry) Battelle Memorial Institute
The preparation of ultrahydrophobic surfaces exhibiting The surface modification of PETP and UV-cured
both high advancing and high receding water contact tripropyleneglycol diacrylate (acrylic) films induced by
angles, by simultaneous etching of PP and sputtering of remote N2 and Ar microwave plasmas (2.45 GHz) is
PTFE using inductively coupled radio frequency argon compared by in-situ XPS measurements. Both N2 and Ar
plasmas, is reported. Plasma sputtering of polymers has plasma treatments led to destruction of the initial oxygen-
been widely studied and is a momentum transfer process containing groups. The destruction of ester groups is much
from the gas to the target, which dislodges molecular faster for the acrylic than for the PETP film and the
fragments that redeposit on the substrate. Sputtering of destruction of other groups was much faster than that of
PTFE is anomalous and progresses by decomposition to ester groups within the acrylic. Among the plasma gases,
monomer, which re-polymerises. 10 refs. N2, was more effective than Ar in the case of PETP, but
USA their difference is negligible in the case of the acrylic
film. The higher stability of the PETP surface is attributed
Accession no.797480
to the presence of a rigid aromatic backbone, which
protects the ester groups from plasma UV irradiation and
Item 65 stabilised the free radicals. The lower stability of the
Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology acrylic film is associated with the presence of weak ether
14, No.11, 2000, p.1451-68 groups. New functional groups are created, attributed to
SURFACE MODIFICATION OF carbonyl in the case of Ar and carbonyl/amide and amine
POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE FILMS BY in the case of N2 plasma treatments. The formation of
GRAFT COPOLYMERISATION FOR ADHESION these new functional groups is very small compared with
ENHANCEMENT WITH ELECTROLESSLY the loss of ether and ester groups suggesting that the
DEPOSITED COPPER destruction of these oxygen-containing groups proceeds
Wu S; Kang E T; Neoh K G mainly through elimination of the entire groups. 35 refs.
Singapore,National University USA
The surface modification of Ar plasma-pretreated PTFE films Accession no.796799
via UV-induced graft copolymerisation with either 3-
(trimethoxysilyl)propylene methacrylate (TMSPMA) or Item 67
glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) is carried out to enhance their International Journal of Adhesion & Adhesives
adhesion to electrolessly deposited copper. The surface 20, No.6, 2000, p.467-76

MODIFICATION OF Xue Y-Q; Tervoort T A; Rastogi S; Lemstra P J

POLY(TETRAFLUOROETHYLENE) AND Eindhoven,University of Technology; ETH Zurich
COPPER FOIL SURFACES BY GRAFT
The effect of cocrystallisation on the welding behaviour
POLYMERISATION FOR ADHESION
of semicrystalline polymers was studied using UHMWPE
IMPROVEMENT
as a model polymer. Solution cast films of UHMWPE were
Wu J Z; Kang E T; Neoh K G; Cui C Q; Lim T B
prepared, which consisted of regularly stacked 107
Singapore,National University; Singapore,Institute of
Angstroms thick lamellae which exactly doubled their
Microelectronics
thickness when annealed for 15 min below the melting point
Laminates of copper foil and PTFE were produced by at 125C. To introduce a well-defined amount of
the surface graft polymerisation of glycidyl methacrylate cocrystallisation across the interface, two stacked,
on a PTFE film, which had been pretreated with an argon completely wetted solution cast films were annealed and it
plasma with simultaneous thermal lamination to a surface was found that doubling of the lamellae across the interface
modified copper foil either in the presence of an epoxy enhanced the peel energy to the extent that the films could
resin adhesive or in the presence of a mixture of glycidyl not be separated any more. Samples in which
methacrylate and hexamethylene diamine. The copper foil cocrystallisation across the interface was prevented by
surfaces were treated with a silane coupling agent preannealing on side of the film could still be separated
followed by argon plasma activation and UV-induced graft easily. Thus, cocrystallisation across he interface was very
polymerisation with glycidyl methacrylate. X-ray effective in enhancing the adhesive fracture energy. 17 refs.
photoelectron spectroscopy and water contact angle EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
measurements were used to characterise the treated NETHERLANDS; SWITZERLAND; WESTERN EUROPE
surfaces and the adhesion of the laminates was determined Accession no.794401
by T-peel testing. 30 refs.
SINGAPORE
Item 70
Accession no.796639 158th. ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Fall 2000.
Conference preprints.
Item 68 Cincinnati, Oh., 17th.-19th. Oct. 2000, paper 6
Polymer Degradation and Stability CHLORINATION OF NATURAL RUBBER:
70, No.3, 2000, p.325-32 SURFACE AND FAILURE ANALYSES IN A POST-
SURFACE CHANGES BROUGHT ABOUT BY VULCANIZED BONDED COMPOSITE
CORONA DISCHARGE TREATMENT OF Moore M J
POLYETHYLENE FILM AND THE EFFECT ON Freudenberg-NOK General Partnership
SUBSEQUENT MICROBIAL COLONISATION (ACS,Rubber Div.)
Matsunaga M; Whitney P J
Surrey,University The use is examined of chlorination techniques as a
pretreatment for post vulcanisation bonding. Chlorination
The effect of corona discharge treatment on the initial with trichloroisocyanuric acid on to the surface of natural
colonisation and possible biodegradation of LDPE films rubber took place prior to the bonding of the rubber to a
suitable for food packaging was investigated and the glass filled polyamide. Three surface techniques were
results obtained compared with those for UV exposed employed to investigate the chlorination process: contact
LDPE films. The surface energy of the films was angle measurements, reflective FTIR and electron
determined by water contact angle measurements and microscopy with x-ray analysis. Progressive changes in
degradation was evaluated by tensiometry. Attenuated the thermodynamic, chemical and morphological
total reflectance-FTIR spectroscopy was used to follow properties of the surface were observed. SEM/EDS
changes of the chemical components on the surfaces of mapping of cross-sections was used to estimate the
the films. The pretreated films were exposed to bioactive penetration of the treatment. Migration of sulphur-
conditions in compost and in the laboratory and SEM was containing species to the chlorinated/non-chlorinated
utilised to study microbial growth or attachment on the boundary during extended treatment times was observed,
surfaces of the films. 20 refs. which is offered as an explanation for the degradation of
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; bond in a composite assembly during fatigue testing.
WESTERN EUROPE
USA
Item 69
Macromolecules Item 71
33, No.19, 19th Sept.2000, p.7084-7 Antec 2000.Conference proceedings.
WELDING BEHAVIOR OF SEMICRYSTALLINE Orlando, Fl., 7th-11th May, 2000, paper 76
POLYMERS. 2. EFFECT OF FACTORS AFFECTING ADHESION OF TIE
COCRYSTALLIZATION ON AUTOADHESION LAYERS BETWEEN POLYPROPYLENE AND

POLYAMIDES fluorinated polymer and a partially fluorinated polymer

Kamykowski G W was investigated and differing mechanisms for the two
Rohm & Haas Co.; Morton International Inc. polymers (PTFE and PVF) were proposed. Results are
(SPE) tabulated.
The adhesion of polypropylene (PP)-based tie layers and
WESTERN EUROPE
the polyamide (PA) layer of five-layer co-extruded cast
Accession no.791806
films was investigated. The tie layers were blends of
concentrates (blends of PP and maleic anhydride-grafted
PP) and selected diluents. Adhesion increased with Item 74
increasing film thickness and increasing level of maleic Journal of Adhesion
anhydride-grafted PP, with the molecular weight of the 72, Nos.3-4, 2000, p.373-86
grafted polymer having little influence. Superior results ELECTROCHEMICAL PRETREATMENT OF
were obtained from homopolymer diluents compared with POLYMERS WITH DILUTE NITRIC ACID
random copolymers. Adhesion was little influenced by EITHER ALONE OR IN THE PRESENCE OF
the type of PA used as the centre layer, but PA gave much SILVER IONS
greater adhesion compared with an ethylene-vinyl alcohol Brewis D M; Dahm R H; Mathieson I
copolymer. 5 refs. Loughborough,University
USA X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is used to detect
Accession no.793807 major changes to the surface chemistry of PP, HDPE
and SBS caused by electrochemical treatment using
Item 72 dilute nitric acid as electrolyte. Large increases in
Journal of Adhesion adhesion levels are observed with PP and HDPE. The
73, No.1, 2000, p.43-63 method has the potential to be a commercial pretreatment
ADHESION BETWEEN RUBBER COMPOUNDS that is inexpensive and safe. Further treatments are
AND COPPER-FILM-COATED STEEL PLATES carried out in which the complex ion (AgNO3)+ is
Pyong Lae Cho; Gon Seo; Gyung Soo Jeon; Seung generated electrochemically. Effective pretreatment is
Kyun Ryu achieved even with dilute solutions (0.001 M w.r.t. silver
Chonnam,National University; Damyang,Provincial nitrate). Mechanisms are tentatively proposed for the
College; MicroTech electrochemical treatment when simply using an
electrolyte of dilute nitric acid or where the analyte
Three copper film-coated steel plates with different consists of a solution of silver nitrate in dilute nitric acid.
thicknesses of copper film (30-90 nm) were prepared and 22 refs.
their adhesion properties to natural rubber compounds were
examined. The high adhesion of copper-coated plates to WESTERN EUROPE
the rubber compound containing resinous bonding additives Accession no.791457
was obtained at normal and over-cure conditions. The
copper-coated plate containing an amount of copper coating
sufficient to plate the surface with a uniform copper layer Item 75
showed better adhesion that that having a small amount of ICAC 99. Conference proceedings.
copper coating on its surface. The stability against green Bristol, UK, 23rd-24th Sept.1999, p.221-7
humidity ageing and the cause of the high adhesion of the DEFORMATION AND FAILURE OF GLASS
copper-coated plate were studied in comparison with those FIBRE REINFORCED POLYPROPYLENE ON
of the brass plate. 14 refs. DAMAGE ACCUMULATIVE INTERFACE
UNDER FATIGUE STRESS
SOUTH KOREA
Sako N; Matsuoka T; Sakaguchi K
Accession no.793679 Doshisha,University
(IOM Communications Ltd.; Ulster,University;
Item 73 IMechE)
Advances in Polymer Technology
Interface modified FRPP (fibre-reinforced PP) is used
19, No.4, Winter 2000, p.333
investigate the performance of voids accumulative
SURFACE TREATMENT OF
interface as predamage on the fatigue properties. The
FLUOROPOLYMERS
interface is modified using oxygen plasma, which is able
Loughborough,University
to improve T-peel interlaminar strength by 40%. The stress
The pretreatment of fluoropolymers is briefly reported limit in the fatigue limit increases with improvement in
with reference to research into the enhancement of static strength. The fracture mode as Weibull plots presents
adhesion at Loughborough University. The effects of the the typical two case. It is clear from the micrographs that
Tetra-Etch treatment on the joint strength of a fully a higher stress level and a higher interface strength provide

brittle fracture, non-treated specimens provide ductile or of ePTFE surfaces and the cross-sectioned side of acrylic
viscous fracture. 5 refs. acid-grafted ePTFE were examined by SEM and FTIR
JAPAN microscopy. Experimental results indicated that acrylic
Accession no.790068 acid penetrated to a depth of about 60 micrometres and
bonded on the surfaces of nodes and fibrils. Generation
of COF species on the ePTFE surfaces by carbon dioxide
Item 76 plasma contributed to this initiation effect. The present
Polymers, Laminations & Coatings Conference. data also supported the theory that plasma generated by
Volume 2. Conference proceedings. the carbon dioxide antenna-coupling microwave system
Atlanta, Ga., 22nd-26th Aug.1999, p.747-52 could efficiently activate the exposed ePTFE surfaces of
METALLISED BIAXIALLY ORIENTED interior fibrils and nodes. 22 refs.
POLYPROPYLENE - ADVANCES IN BARRIER
TAIWAN
INTEGRITY
Kullberg M L; Mueller T R Accession no.786008
QPF LLC
(TAPPI) Item 78
Journal of Adhesion
A study of different surface treatments on biaxially
72, No.1, 2000, p.17-36
oriented PP (BOPP) demonstrates a correlation between
KINETICS OF ADHESION INTERACTION OF
high surface functionalisation, treat stability and improved
POLYOLEFINS WITH METALS UNDER
metal adhesion to PP film. Flame treatment produces a
CONDITIONS OF CONTACT
higher surface functionalisation and treat stability than
THERMOOXIDATION. IV. ORIGINATION OF
air corona treatment and this leads to improved metal
GRADIENTS OF MACROMOLECULAR
lamination bond strengths. Barrier loss in metallised film
TRANSFORMATIONS
structures after package formation has been perceived as
Kalnins M; Ozolins J
inevitable. To demonstrate the improvements in metal
Riga,Technical University
adhesion through flame treatment, laminations are
fabricated utilising both LDPE and adhesive, and barriers The formation of gradients of macromolecular
tested both flat sheet and after bag converting. The transformations (scission and crosslinking) at contact
packages are also nitrogen gas flushed and the oxygen oxidation in the adhesive layer during formation of
level within the package monitored over time. It is adhesive joints of pure and peroxide-containing
demonstrated that improved metal adhesion through flame polyolefins with steel was studied. The gradients were
treatment provides improved barrier integrity after shown to result from the catalytic effect produced by the
lamination and package formation. 4 refs. steel surface on the peroxide-induced crosslinking of
USA polymers under conditions of contact oxidation. In the
Accession no.786976 case of catalytically-inactive substrate (Cellophane), there
was no gradient at all. A gradient of macromolecular
transformations also originated upon adhesive contact
Item 77
Macromolecules with steel of PE and EVA which did not contain peroxide.
33, No.15, 25th July 2000, p.5638-43 In the adhesive layers located near the adhesive interface
SURFACE MODIFICATIONS OF EXPANDED with the steel substrate, catalysed oxidative crosslinking
POLY(TETRAFLUOROETHYLENE) SHEETS prevailed. Within the adhesive layers located sufficiently
ASSISTED BY CARBON DIOXIDE ANTENNA far from the interface, oxidative destruction was dominant.
COUPLING MICROWAVE PLASMA For a catalytically-inert substrate (Teflon), the oxidative
Chen-Yang Y W; Liao J D; Kau J Y; Huang J; Chang W destruction prevailed over the whole thickness of the
T; Chen C W polymer layer. 5 refs.
Chung-Yuan Christian University; Yeu Ming Tai LATVIA
Chemical Industrial Co.Ltd.; Taiwan,Central Police Accession no.785711
University
The surfaces of expanded PTFE(ePTFE) sheets were Item 79
chemically modified using carbon dioxide cold plasma Journal of Applied Polymer Science
generated by antenna coupling guided microwave. The 77, No.9, 29th Aug.2000, p.1913-20
plasma-pretreated ePTFE surface did not obviously SURFACE MODIFICATION OF
change in terms of morphology of node structure but POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE FILM BY
increased surface tension and promoted subsequent CHEMICAL ETCHING, PLASMA AND ION
capability to graft polymerise with acrylic acid. The BEAM TREATMENTS
modified ePTFE were then characterised using FTIR-ATR Kim S R
and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The morphologies Samyang Central R & D Center

Chemical etching, plasma and ion beam treatments are PLASMA TREATMENT ON THE SURFACE
used to modify the surface of PTFE. Each surface REARRANGEMENT AND ADHESION OF LDPE
treatment method develops different surface TO ALUMINIUM
characteristics. In addition to morphological observation, Cho C K; Kim B K; Park C E
contact angle, atomic chemical composition and adhesion Pohang,University of Science & Technology
strength are measured after treatment with various
The effects of oxygen plasma treatment of LDPE and
methods. The different adhesion strengths are explained ageing on the adhesion of plasma treated LDPE to
based on the morphology and atomic chemical aluminium were investigated using peel strength tests,
composition of the treated PTFE surfaces. The chemical water contact angle measurements and X-ray
etching shows substantial defluorination, and the adhesion photoelectron spectroscopy. The effects of ageing time
strength is fairly high. The argon plasma treatment and temperature on the surface rearrangement and
introduces very large amounts of oxygen into the surface, migration of LDPE molecules containing polar functional
and the surface is very smooth with a crater-like structure. groups were examined and the influence of repeated
Ion beam treatment induces a form of spires whose oxygen plasma treatment on the concentration of polar
dimensions are of several micrometers, depending on the functional groups at the surface investigated by varying
ion dose, whereas the oxygen plasma-treated samples the number of plasma treatments and time of ageing
show short spires with spherical particles on the top. The between plasma treatments. 25 refs.
spire-like surface morphology and increased surface area
KOREA
during bonding by ion beam treatment appear to be the
reason for a higher adhesion strength than that of the Accession no.783451
oxygen plasma-treated PTFE. 19 refs.
KOREA Item 82
Accession no.784193 ACS Polymeric Materials: Science &
Engineering.Spring Meeting 2000.Volume
82.Conference proceedings.
Item 80 San Francisco, Ca., 26th-30th March 2000, p.125-7
Journal of Elastomers & Plastics STRESS-STRAIN, VISCOELASTIC AND HOT-
32, No.3, July 2000, p.194-210 MELT-ADHESIVE BEHAVIOR OF BLENDS OF
STUDIES ON THE MODIFICATION OF METALLOCENE ETHYLENE COPOLYMERS
THERMOPLASTIC POLYOLEFINS (TPOS). I. Tse M F
EFFECT OF VARIOUS MODIFIERS ON THE Exxon Chemical Co.
ADHESION OF A TWO-COMPONENT (2K) (ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)
POLYURETHANE COATING TO THE
MODIFIED TPOS The stress-strain, viscoelastic and hot melt adhesive
Hailat M; Xiao H X; Frisch K C properties of binary and ternary blends of poly(ethylene-
Detroit,Mercy University co-butylene)s, containing 2.9-9.9 mol% butylene-1, with
additions of tackifiers, were studied. The individual
Thermoplastic polyolefins (TPOs) have low energy copolymers were characterised by their molecular
surfaces, therefore, they adhere with difficulty to adhesive weight and an index which described the compositional
and coating systems. Various modifiers, namely, range. Blends of copolymers with unimodal composition
polycaprolactone, polyvinyl acetate, polyoxyethylene distributions and similar melting temperatures
glycol and polyamides are incorporated into the matrix recrystallised within a narrow temperature range, giving
of TPOs to modify and enhance their surface energy in compatible blends with good tensile properties, whilst
order to improve adhesion of two component (2K) blends of copolymers with bimodal distributions had
urethane coatings to their surface. Adhesion is investigated poor compatibility and inferior tensile fracture
by using the crosshatch adhesion test. Good adhesion of toughness. Cole-Cole plots of the loss modulus versus
2K PU coatings to the modified TPOs is achieved by using the storage modulus suggested that the melts of the
polyamides based on maleated PP (MPP) and copolymers with lower butylene-1 content were more
polyetheramine (PEA) (ED4000). The adhesion is found viscous, and that all blends were miscible within the
to be dependent on the modifier percentage and the temperature range 150-200 C. It was concluded that the
equivalent ratio of MPP to PEA (ED4000). 23 refs. adhesive and tensile properties of hot melt adhesives
USA based on ethylene-butylene copolymers are improved
Accession no.784051 by the addition of a small fraction of high molecular
weight poly(ethylene-butylene) copolymer of suitable
Item 81 composition to a low molecular weight copolymer in
Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology the presence of tackifiers. 5 refs.
14, No.8, 2000, p.1071-83 USA
AGEING EFFECTS OF REPEATED OXYGEN Accession no.783278

Item 83 High velocity flame surface treatment is used for the

International Journal of Polymeric Materials pretreatment of substrates prior to extrusion coating, and
45, Nos. 1-2, 2000, p. 21-7. in the post-treatment of the polymer prior to printing.
PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF Benefits gained from its use include: removal of fibres
STYRENE-ETHYLENE-BUTYLENE-STYRENE which cause pinholing; removal of surface contaminants
HOT MELTS which may inhibit wet-out and adhesion; surface oxidation
Manero F; Cruz M A; Uresti M; Martinez-Madrid M; to enhance adhesion; preheating the substrate; and primer
Castano V M drying. The influence of intensity, fuel mix, and web speed
UNAM; GIRSA; UNAM on surface treatment was investigated using an extruded
polypropylene sheet substrate, changes in surface energy
By mixing styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene rubber with
being measured using calibrated solutions. At moderate
tackifying resins, hot melt type adhesives were prepared,
line speeds, effective treatment was achieved across wide
to produce a solvent free adhesive with good loop tack,
range of fuel mixes, the maximum being achieved using
shear and peeling properties. 4 refs.
an approximately stoichiometric mix. The most significant
MEXICO factor affecting treatment level was line speed. It was
Accession no.783013 possible to adjust the flame energy output, to achieve a
specified level of treatment, at a given line speed. Fuel/
Item 84 air analysis equipment can be used to control the burner
Polymers, Laminations & Coatings Conference.Volume energy and hence the level of substrate treatment. 14 refs.
1.Conference proceedings. USA
Atlanta, Ga., 22nd-26th Aug.1999, p.513-6 Accession no.782703
COMPARISON OF PRIMER COATING AND
CALCIUM CARBONATE ADDITION METHODS
Item 86
OF ACHIEVING LDPE COATING ADHESION TO
ACS, Polymeric Materials Science & Engineering Fall
CLAY-COATED BOARD
Meeting 1999. Volume 81. Conference proceedings.
Ruiz F A
New Orleans, La., 22nd-26th Aug.1999, p.440
Heritage Plastics Inc.
ATOMISTIC SIMULATIONS OF THE
(TAPPI)
COHESIVE AND SURFACE PROPERTIES OF
A low density polyethylene (LDPE)-based pelleted POLYETHYLENE AND POLYPROPYLENE
calcium carbonate concentrate was used to add 30 wt% Ross R B; Reeves M S
of finely ground, surface-treated mineral to LDPE, and 3M Co.; Tuskegee,University
the dry blend was extrusion-coated onto flame-treated (ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)
clay-coated board. The results of this coating process were PE and PP are important commercial polymers with many
compared with those of LDPE coatings applied to the applications for which an understanding of bulk cohesive
board using a conventional aqueous-based and surface properties are important. Atomistic molecular
polyethylenimine primer. The combination of flame modelling of bulk amorphous polymers and polymer
treatment in conjunction with the addition of calcium surfaces can provide increased insight and understanding
carbonate to the coating polymer resulted in a fibre-tear into these properties. In addition, calculated properties
adhesion comparable to that achieved using the primer can be compared to experiment to calibrate the
coating. The calcium carbonate addition reduced the computational models and yield increased confidence in
coating coefficient of friction, increased the coating their use for further applications. Such applications could
surface energy, and permitted a reduction in the melt include for example the analysis and characterisation of
temperature of 5 C. 8 refs. free volume of the polymers or the characterisation of
USA compounds adhering to polymer surfaces. Free volume
Accession no.782707 analysis, for example, can yield insight into observed
behaviour and properties of polymers blended with
additives. The characterisation of the interactions of
Item 85 compounds with polymer surfaces can yield molecular
Polymers, Laminations & Coatings Conference.Volume level insights into chemi- and physi-sorption mechanisms
1.Conference proceedings. of adsorbates. 8 refs.
Atlanta, Ga., 22nd-26th Aug.1999, p.445-50
USA
HIGH VELOCITY FLAME SURFACE
TREATMENT: EFFECT OF INTENSITY, FUEL Accession no.780786
MIX AND WEB SPEED ON SURFACE ENERGY
Douglas C H; Demeter J A; Sanchez G W Item 87
Wise Corp. Machine Design
(TAPPI) 72, No.12, 15th June 2000, p.118-20

BONDING LOW SURFACE ENERGY PLASTICS PLASTIC DEFORMATION IN

Kostyk B W POLYPROPYLENE/(ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE)
3M Bonding Solutions COPOLYMER BLEND DURING PAINT
DEBONDING
The bonding of low surface energy plastics such as
Tomasetti E; Legras R; Henri-Mazeaud B; Nysten B
polyethylene and polypropylene is discussed, with
Louvain,Universite Catholique; Renault
reference to 3M Scotch-Weld Structural Plastic Adhesive
DP-8005. The nature of surface energy is described, and Polypropylene (PP), and blends of PP with poly(ethylene-
its effect on the bondability of plastics and the adhesion co-propylene) were treated with a chlorinated PP (CPO)
strength. The new product allows structural bonding of adhesion promoter prior to spray painting. Three-point
low surface energy plastics without primer or other pre- bending and cross cut adhesion tests showed that the paint
treatment steps. It is based on a two-part, solvent-free adhesion was better on the blend than on PP. Studies of
acrylic adhesive technology. The technology is available the failed three-point bend test surfaces using X-ray
as an adhesive transfer tape and as a double-coated tape. photoelectron spectroscopy showed that the Cl atomic
USA fraction was less than 0.5% on the polymer side and
Accession no.779721 almost 4% on the paint side, confirming that the fracture
was located at the CPO-polymer interface. Force
modulation microscopy showed that the paint debonding
Item 88 occurred with plastic deformations located in the
Journal of Rubber Research copolymer elastomer phase, the magnitude of the
3, No.1, 2000, p.1-13 deformation being dependent upon the depth of the
FACTORS AFFECTING THE ADHESION nodules below the surface. The adherence improvement
BETWEEN UNVULCANISED ELASTOMERS associated with the presence of the copolymer nodules
Ansarifar M A; Fuller K N G; Lake G J; Raveendran B was attributed to the energy dissipation occurring during
Tun Abdul Razak Research Centre; the copolymer deformation. 20 refs.
Loughborough,University; East London,University
Samples of unvulcanised polymers (synthetic polyisoprene FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE
(IR), filled and unfilled natural rubber (NR), filled and Accession no.778361
unfilled styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) and epoxidised
natural rubber (ENR)), were studied for both self-adhesion Item 90
between similar elastomers and mutual adhesion between Elastomery
dissimilar elastomers, using 90 degree peel tests. Effects of 4, No.1, 2000, p.15-22
both contact time and temperature were examined, as was Polish
the effect of the molecular weight of the IR and NR samples. ADHESION OF ELASTOMERS TO FIBRES
Very short contact times were found for unfilled NR, and IR Marasek T; Slusarski L; Zaborski M; Parasiewicz W
with molecular weight less than 500000, but for IR with Instytut Polimerow Politechniki Lodzkiej; Instytut
molecular weight greater than 700000 peel strength was Przemyslu Gumowego Stomil Piastow
found to increase with time. Longer contact times were
required for development of adhesion with unfilled SBR as The effect of promoters with epoxy groups on the adhesion
may be expected from the influence of higher glass transition of polyester and polyamide cords to the typical rubber
temperature, addition of fillers to SBR increased contact mix applied in tyre technology has been studied. The mix
times further but increased the level of self-adhesion. Some was modified with epoxidised NR or epoxy resin.
evidence was noted of effect of type of black on self-adhesion Different hardeners were used. For the purpose of
of NR samples. Improvement of mutual adhesion with time comparision, cords were also impregnated with an RFL
was noted for both NR or ENR to SBR, and for IR with bath. A positive effect of the promoters, particularly of
ENR, although levels of adhesion were surprisingly high the epoxidised NR, on adhesion of cords to the
having regard to differences in solubility parameters or lack vulcanisates was observed. An increase in pulling force
of effect of polar groups in these polymer pairs. Adhesion in the “H” test in the case of polyester cord reached 68%.
levels were sufficient for peel failure to occur in the weaker After impregnation with the RFL bath it was possible to
polymer rather than at the adhesion interface at long contact obtain an increase in pulling force in the range 112%.
times. 18 refs. However, the modification of a rubber mix is a much
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; simpler operation in comparison to the impregnation of
WESTERN EUROPE cords with an RFL bath. 8 refs.
Accession no.779448 EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND
Accession no.777203
Item 89
Polymer Item 91
41, No.17, Aug.2000, p.6597-602 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology

14, No.6, 2000, p.779-89 Item 93

DIFFUSION OF AN ADHESION PROMOTER Macromolecular Symposia
(CHLORINATED POLYPROPYLENE) INTO 149, Jan.2000, p.207-17
POLYPROPYLENE/ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE REACTIVE COMPATIBILIZATION OF SAN/EPR
COPOLYMER BLENDS. METHOD OF BLENDS: EFFECT OF THE KINETICS OF THE
QUANTIFICATION COMPATIBILIZATION REACTION ON THE
Tomasetti E; Vandorpe S; Daoust D; Boxus T; INTERFACIAL ADHESION
Marchand-Brynaert J; Poleunis C; Bertrand P; Legras Pagnoulle C; Jerome R
R; Rouxhet P G Liege,University
Louvain,Universite Catholique
The adhesion between films of poly(styrene-ran-
The diffusion of chlorinated PP into polymer substrates acrylonitrile) (SAN) and polypropylene-g-maleic
was quantified using radiolabelled chlorinated PP and anhydride, with a thin intermediate layer of SAN bearing
monitoring its dissolution subsequent to application. groups (carbamate and amine) reactive towards maleic
Characterisation was undertaken using size exclusion anhydride, was measured using the asymmetric dual
chromatography, and DSC. 15 refs. cantilever beam technique. The rate of the interfacial
BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; reaction, which was controlled by the reactive groups
WESTERN EUROPE attached to the intermediate film, and by the method of
Accession no.776476 assembling the layers, determined the effectiveness of the
SAN-g-PP graft copolymer formed at the interface in
improving the fracture toughness. Higher interfacial
Item 92
adhesion was achieved by the use of carbamate groups,
as the grafted SAN-carbamate chains were tethered to
40, No.5, May 2000, p.1047-55
the interface and entangled within the bulky SAN, whilst
SURFACE MODIFICATION OF PLASMA-
the SAN-amine chains grafted through multiple bonding
PRETREATED HIGH DENSITY
to the PP, giving a flat conformation which was less suited
POLYETHYLENE FILMS BY GRAFT
to physical anchoring to the bulk. 13 refs.
COPOLYMERIZATION FOR ADHESION
IMPROVEMENT WITH EVAPORATED COPPER
WESTERN EUROPE
Ng C M; Oei H P; Wu S Y; Zhang M C; Kang E T;
Neoh K G Accession no.775702
Item 94
Surface modification of argon plasma-pretreated HDPE Polymers & Polymer Composites
film via UV-induced graft copolymerisation with glycidyl 8, No.4, 2000, p.267-79
methacrylate and 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate was carried out EFFECT OF PLASMA POLYMERISATION OF
to improve the adhesion to evaporated copper. The surface MONOMERS ON GLASS FIBRE SURFACES ON
compositions of the modified HDPE surfaces were ADHESION TO POLYPROPYLENE
characterised by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The Chou S; Chen S
adhesion strengths of evaporated copper with the graft- Taiwan,National University of Science & Technology
copolymerised HDPE films were affected by the argon
Plasma polymerisation was used to treat glass fibres to
plasma pretreatment time, the monomer concentration
improve their interfacial bond to polypropylene. After the
used for graft copolymerisation and the graft
glass fibres were treated with a coupling agent, four
concentration. Post-treatments, such as plasma post-
different monomers were polymerised onto the fibre
treatments after graft copolymerisation and thermal
surfaces with a plasma. The plasma polymers changed
treatment (curing) after metallisation, further enhanced
the surface morphology and surface free energy of the
the adhesion strength of the Cu/HDPE laminates. The T-
fibres. The experimental results indicate that a particle-
type peel strengths of the laminates involving the graft- like surface induces a transcrystalline layer to form on
modified and plasma post-treated HDPE films were the fibre surface and improves the PP/glass fibre
greater than 15 N/cm. The enhanced adhesion strength interfacial shear strength relative to glass fibres treated
resulted from the strong affinity of the graft chains for with coupling agent alone. 37 refs.
copper and the fact that the graft chains were covalently
TAIWAN
tethered on the HDPE surface. XPS characterisation of
Accession no.773599
the delaminated surfaces of the Cu/HDPE laminates
revealed that the failure mode of the laminates with T-
peel adhesion strengths greater than 5 N/cm was cohesive Item 95
in nature. 24 refs. Journal of Applied Polymer Science
76, No.3, 18th April 2000, p.401-7
SINGAPORE
SURFACE MODIFICATION OF
Accession no.776359 POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE FILM BY

CARBON DIOXIDE LASER-INDUCED GRAFT Item 97

COPOLYMERIZATION OF ACRYLAMIDE Journal of Applied Polymer Science
Dadsetan M; Mirzadeh H; Sharifi-Sanjani N 76, No.10, 6th June 2000, p.1529-41
Iran,Atomic Energy Organisation; Iran,Polymer SURFACE CHANGES OF CORONA-
Institute; Tehran,University DISCHARGE-TREATED POLYETHYLENE
FILMS
Graft copolymerisation of acrylamide on to PETP film,
Foldes E; Toth A; Kalman E; Fekete E; Tomasovszky-
to improve the water wettability of PETP, was carried
Bobak A
out using a carbon dioxide pulsed laser. The graft
Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Tisza Chemical
copolymerisation was initiated by peroxide formation
Works Co.
upon laser treatment. The peroxides were formed in the
surface region. The concentration of polyacrylamide Morphological and chemical changes of the surface of
grafted on to the PETP surfaces increased with increasing LDPE, linear medium-density PE(L-MDPE) and their 80/
concentration of the monomer solution. The contact angle 20 blend were studied by different techniques after corona
of the PETP surface decreased with increasing laser pulses discharge treatment in air and subsequent annealing. The
without grafting. Then, it reached 27.6 degrees as a result surface tension was determined by wetting, the roughness
of graft copolymerisation of acrylamide and then by atomic force microscopy and the surface chemical
increased with increasing graft density. ATR-IR spectra composition by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, while
showed the characteristic bands of primary amide at 1650 the low molec.wt. fraction washed off by chloroform was
and 1601/cm, which was consistent with SEM and optical studied by FTIR. The surface tension of the films
microscopy observations of the surface graft increased with the electrode current. The surface
polymerisation. 24 refs. roughness depended primarily on the polymer type and
IRAN was less affected by the corona treatment. At the initial
Accession no.773424 stage of annealing, post-treatment type oxidation and
hydrophobic recovery competed. The former was more
marked in L-MDPE, the latter in LDPE. After annealing
Item 96
at 50C for 160 days, hydrophobic recovery became
Macromolecules
33, No.7, 4th April 2000, p.2680-7 predominant in each film studied, which was accompanied
POLYMER ADHESION VS SUBSTRATE by significant smoothening of the surface. XPS and FTIR
RECEPTOR GROUP DENSITY resulted indicated that this was due to the migration of
Lee I; Wool R P low molec.wt. components (oligomers, oxidised polymer
Delaware,University fractions and additives) to the surface. 20 refs.
EASTERN EUROPE; HUNGARY
The relationship between the substrate receptor group
Accession no.772570
density and polymer adhesion was investigated. Model
substrates with varying -NH2 density were prepared
by the self-assembly of mixed amine-terminated silanes Item 98
and methyl-terminated silanes on alumina, and the Biomaterials
model polymer was carboxylated polybutadiene. The 21, No.10, 2000, p.1057-65
fracture energy of the polymer/substrate interface (G) SURFACE MODIFICATION OF
was determined using a T-peel test. Measured over POLYETHYLENE BALLOON CATHETERS FOR
short time periods, G increased with increasing LOCAL DRUG DELIVERY
substrate receptor group density, but over longer time Richey T; Iwata H; Oowaki H; Uchida E; Matsuda S;
periods, G increased with increasing receptor group Ikada Y
coverage up to 30% and then decreased with further Kyoto,University; Kacho Junior College
coverage. The occurrence of a maximum in G was Local drug delivery is an attractive approach to the
attributed to the fact that whilst the adhesive interface associated problems of percutaneous transluminal
strength between the solid surface and the adsorbed coronary angioplasty (PTCA), including arterial injury.
chains increased as density increased, the cohesive The objective is to deliver a high concentration of a potent
interface strength between the adsorbed chains and the anti-thrombin agent, argatroban (ARG), to the vessel wall
neighbouring free chains decreased, and failure in order to reduce arterial injury. Local delivery is
occurred at the weaker of the two interface strengths. accomplished by the ionic attachment of drug particles,
It was concluded that G had a complicated dependence to a modified balloon surface. Surface graft
upon sticker group concentration, receptor group polymerisation of ionic monomers to a HDPE substrate
concentration, their interaction strength, molecular is performed using UV methods. Acrylic acid (AAc) and
weight, bonding time, and temperature. 48 refs. 2(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) are
USA successfully grafted onto PE surfaces. Surface grafting is
Accession no.773212 verified by contact angle, X-ray photoelectron

spectroscopy and zeta potential measurements. The adhesion, irrespective of the percentage of TCI and the
amount of ARG adsorbed onto the modified PE surface solvent used in the chlorinating solution. 31 refs.
is highly dependent on the pH of the drug media for both EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN;
anionic and cationic grafted monomers. The efficacy of WESTERN EUROPE
local drug delivery to the arterial wall is analysed using Accession no.772226
drug-immobilised PE balloon catheters in the rabbit
common carotid artery model. High concentrations of
Item 100
ARG (280 nmol/g tissue) are found within the ballooned
Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology
arterial segment immediately after angioplasty, followed
14, No.4, 2000, p.493-506
by a decrease after blood flow is restored. 34 refs.
ROLE OF ADDITIONAL SILANE COUPLING
JAPAN
AGENT TREATMENT IN OXYGEN PLASMA-
Accession no.772288 TREATED UHMPE FIBRE/VINYL ESTER
COMPOSITES
Item 99 Moon S I; Jang J
Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology Seoul,National University
14, No.4, 2000, p.561-81 Ultra-high modulus PE (UHMPE) fibre is treated with
CHLORINATION OF VULCANISED STYRENE- oxygen plasma and a silane coupling agent in order to
BUTADIENE RUBBER USING SOLUTIONS OF improve the interfacial adhesion between the UHMPE
TRICHLOROISOCYANURIC ACID IN fibre and vinyl ester resin. The oxygen plasma and
DIFFERENT SOLVENTS gamma-methyl methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane
Paster Blas M M; Ferrandiz-Gomez T P; Martin- (gamma-MPS)-treated UHMPE fibre/vinyl ester
Martinez J M composites show a slightly higher interlaminar shear
Alicante,University strength than the oxygen plasma-treated UHMPE fibre/
The chlorination of vulcanised SBRs with vinyl ester composites. The interfacial adhesion of the
trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCI) is studied. The solvent oxygen plasma-treated UHMPE fibre/vinyl ester
used to apply the TCI chlorinating solutions on the rubber composites is mainly due to mechanical interlocking
plays an important role in the effectiveness of the between the micropits formed by the oxygen plasma
treatment since the solvent determines the degree of treatment and the vinyl ester resin. The gamma-MPS
penetration of TCI into the rubber and also different molecules adsorbed onto the UHMPE fibre surface neither
chlorinating species are produced depending on the nature affect the morphology of the UHMPE fibre surface, nor
of the solvent. Surface modifications produced on a reduce the extent of mechanical interlocking. The
synthetic sulphur-vulcanised SBR using TCI solutions in improved interfacial adhesion by the gamma-MPS
ethyl acetate (EA), methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) and EA + treatment is due to enhanced wettability and chemical
MEK mixtures are compared. Furthermore, the effects of interaction through the chemically adsorbed gamma-MPS
a solvent wipe with EA or MEK prior to the chlorination molecules, as detected by Fourier transform infrared
process are also considered. Surface modifications (FTIR) spectroscopy. The gamma-MPS molecules
produced by the treatments are analysed using ATR-IR adsorbed onto the ultra-high molecular weight PE
spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and (UHMWPE) plate surface also reduce the ageing effect
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Adhesion is of the oxygen plasma-treated UHMWPE surface. 28 refs.
obtained from the T-peel strength of treated rubber/PU KOREA
adhesive joints. TCI/MEK solutions produce a higher Accession no.772222
degree of surface modification than TCI/EA solutions,
but TCI/EA solutions are more effective in removing zinc
Item 101
stearate from the rubber surface. When high TCI
percentages (5-7 wt.%) in EA solutions are used, a weak
76, No.8, 23rd May 2000, p.1359-65
boundary layer (WBL) is created on the rubber surface
INFLUENCE OF FUNCTIONALISED
as a consequence of the deposition of an excess of
POLYOLEFIN ON INTERFACIAL ADHESION
chlorinating agent on the rubber surface and of by-
OF GLASS FIBRE-REINFORCED
products (cyanuric and/or isocyanuric acid). The
POLYPROPYLENE
formation of the WBL leads to a lack of adhesion in the
Zhou X; Dai G; Guo W; Lin Q
rubber towards the PU adhesive. When MEK is used as a
East China,University of Science & Technology
solvent for TCI, this WBL is not produced on the rubber
surface, and thus adhesion is considerably higher even Glass fibres were surface treated with functionalised
when high concentrations of TCI/MEK are used. Similar polyolefins grafted with maleic anhydride and the treated
effects are produced using EA + MEK mixtures as the fibres used as reinforcement in a PP matrix. The interfacial
solvent for TCI. The wiping of the rubber surface with shear strengths of the composites were measured using a
MEK prior to the chlorination treatment leads to good single-filament fragmentation technique. The effects of

the type of fibre coating, degree of grafting, compounding FLAME MODIFICATION OF THE SURFACE
time and temperature, coupling agent and cooling LAYER OF PLASTICS PRODUCTS
procedure on interfacial adhesion were assessed and the Zenkiewicz M
benefits of using this treatment indicated. 22 refs.
A review is presented covering the general objectives of
CHINA
surface modification of plastics articles with particular
Accession no.772095 reference to the flame modification technique.
Hydrocarbon combustion conditions and the flame
Item 102 modification parameters are described. Flame
Journal of Applied Polymer Science modification effects exercised on various, mostly
76, No.8, 23rd May 2000, p.1207-16 polyolefinic, (PE and PP) products are synthetically
SURFACE MODIFICATION OF analysed. The flame technique is shown to be
POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE WITH advantageous and complementary to the corona-discharge
TETRAETHOXYSILANE BY USING REMOTE technique. The effects of the polypropylene modification
ARGON/DINITROGEN OXIDE MICROWAVE conditions on the oxygen content, the wetting angle for
PLASMA water, the free surface energy and the resistance of
Chun T I; Choi S C; Taschner C; Leonhardt A; adhesion bonds are described. 33 refs.
Kaufmann R; Rehwinkel C; Rossbach V Accession no.771858
Dong-eui University; Pusan,National University;
Dresden,Institute for Solid State & Material Research;
Item 105
Deutsches Wollforschungsinstitut; Dresden,Technische
Kautchuk und Gummi Kunststoffe
Universitat
53, No.4, April 2000, p.194-9
The results are reported of a study of the use of remote INFLUENCE OF MOULDING TEMPERATURE
microwave plasma for the polymerisation and deposition ON THE STRENGTH OF NATURAL RUBBER TO
of tetraethoxysilane on the surface of PTFE. The effect METAL BONDED JOINTS
of microwave power on the deposition rate of the Fernando M S D; Cudby P E F; Cook S
tetraethoxysilane and the structure of the interface Malaysian Rubber Producers’Research Assn.
between the deposited polymer film and the PTFE The influence of moulding temperature on the peel
surface, as determined using SEM equipped with energy strength of a bonded joint is investigated for a sulphur
dispersive X-ray analysis, are discussed. The chemical cured semi-EV NR vulcanisate. A higher peel force is
composition of the surface of the organosilicone recorded at the higher moulding temperature. The effect
polymer, as determined using ATR-FTIR and XPS is also of vulcanisation temperature on peel strength is thought
considered. 24 refs. to arise from a change in the physical properties of the
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; rubber and modifications of the rubber near the bonded
WESTERN EUROPE interface as a result of active species migration during
Accession no.772080 vulcanisation. A series of parallel investigations are
conducted to find supporting evidence for these findings.
Item 103 From these studies it is concluded that it is a combination
Popular Plastics and Packaging of changes in the mechanical properties of the NR
45, No.3, March 2000, p.80-1 vulcanisate and any changes induced by the migration
POLARIZED FLAME TREATMENT mechanisms that determines the final strength of the
DMT bonded assembly. 4 refs.
It is explained that BOPP packaging films need an increase WESTERN EUROPE
of surface adhesion for printing, lamination, metallisation, Accession no.771760
and coating. The required level of adhesion can be
obtained efficiently by a process known as polarised flame
treatment. This article fully describes the process and its Item 106
benefits. Polymers & Polymer Composites
8, No.2, 2000, p.131-8
ESSECI EFFECT OF SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS
INDIA
FIBRES ON ADHESION TO POLYPROPYLENE
Accession no.771987 RESIN
Chou S; Lin L; Yeh J
Item 104 Taiwan,National University of Science & Technology
Polimery A study is made of the treatment of glass fibres to improve
45, No.2, 2000, p.81-8 their adhesion to PP resin. The glass fibres were treated
Polish with four types of coupling agents and then with maleic

anhydride grafted PP, (MAPP) emulsion. The surface techniques in the treatment of SBR and styrene-butadiene-
characteristics and bond strength were analysed by styrene block copolymer samples for bonding with water-
scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron based PU adhesives is described. Surface analysis showed
spectroscopy and a microbonding pull-out test. that the pretreatments introduced oxygen and chlorine into
Mechanical properties of the composites were also tested. the rubber surface, allowing satisfactory bonding with the
The coupling agent molecules reacted with the glass fibre PU adhesives. Correlation was established between the
surface and the MAPP emulsion respectively to form results of adhesion tests and chemical changes introduced
chemical bonds, and since the MAPP emulsion possesses to the surfaces. 4 refs.
good compatibility with the PP, an interphase was formed EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
while melt blending, which improved the glass fibre/PP WESTERN EUROPE
bonding. Test results indicate that the tensile strength of Accession no.765333
those composites reinforced with glass fibres treated with
coupling agent and MAPP emulsion was 38% higher than
Item 109
that of the composites reinforced by untreated glass fibres.
Adhesion ’99. Conference Proceedings.
12 refs.
Cambridge, UK, 15th-17th Sept.1999, p.395-400
TAIWAN
CHANGES AND CONTROL OF PLASMA
Accession no.768268 MODIFIED SURFACE ENERGY OF
POLYPROPYLENE WITH AGING TIME AND
Item 107 TEMPERATURE
Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology Sako N; Matsuoka T; Sakaguchi K
14, No.5, 2000, p.619-34 Doshisha,University
DIFFERENT SURFACE TREATMENTS TO (IOM Communications Ltd.)
IMPROVE THE ADHESION OF Interfacial adhesion in glass fibre-reinforced PP was
POLYPROPYLENE improved by the oxygen plasma treatment of PP sheet prior
Zeiler T; Kellermann S; Muenstedt H to its lamination to glass cloth. The deterioration of surface
Erlangen-Nurnberg,University energy with ageing time and temperature was studied and
Specimens of injection moulded PP were subjected to modelled on the basis of Arrhenius’s law. 2 refs.
oxygen plasma and sandblasting/coating surface treatments EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; JAPAN; UK;
and the effect of these treatments on the adhesion behaviour WESTERN EUROPE
of the PP investigated. The treated surfaces were analysed Accession no.765331
by ESCA, contact angle measurements and SEM and the
stability of the pretreatments evaluated by examining Item 110
ageing, storage in air or water and environmental testing. Adhesion ’99. Conference Proceedings.
The lap shear strength and failure mode of single lap shear Cambridge, UK, 15th-17th Sept.1999, p.375-9
joints produced using an epoxy resin adhesive as was the SURFACE PRETREATMENTS FOR HYPALON
adhesion strength of an acrylic lacquer to the PP. The results Tod D A; Wylie P D
for the two different treatments are compared. 22 refs. DERA
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; (IOM Communications Ltd.)
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.767749 Chlorosulphonated PE was exposed to different levels of
corona discharge and UV/ozone treatment to promote its
adhesion to propellants in rocket motor construction. Butt
Item 108 and peel tests showed that 5 minutes’ exposure to UV/
Adhesion ’99. Conference Proceedings. ozone treatment gave a superior initial bond to a typical
Cambridge, UK, 15th-17th Sept.1999, p.407-12 propellant compared to the other surface treatments
SOLVENT-FREE SURFACE MODIFICATIONS considered. Even though ageing at 60C for 10 weeks
FOR BONDING RUBBER MATERIALS caused a significant reduction in the bond’s performance,
Abbott S G; Brewis D M; Dahm R H; Mathieson I; it still maintained the greatest bond strength. 1 ref.
Oliver N E; Thompson D J EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
Loughborough,University; SATRA Technology Centre WESTERN EUROPE
(IOM Communications Ltd.) Accession no.765327
Details are given of two solvent-free surface modification
techniques developed for the adhesion promotion of Item 111
rubbers in footwear manufacture, one consisting of an Journal of Plastic Film & Sheeting
electrochemical oxidation process and the other involving 15, No.3, July 1999, p.235-55
the application of a water-based solution containing an SURFACE MODIFICATION OF POLYMER
organic chlorine donor. The application of these WEBS BY OXYFLUORINATION

Hruska Z; Lepot X Item 113

Solvay SA; Alkor Draka SNC Journal of Applied Polymer Science
75, No.1, 3rd Jan.2000, p.10-5
An industrial application of the oxyfluorination process
SURFACE ENERGY ANALYSIS OF POLYESTER
to polymer webs is described. Controlled oxyfluorination
FIBRES MODIFIED BY GRAFT FLUORINATION
of polymer surfaces is a solventless, highly efficient and
Chenaim A; Elachari A; Louati M; Caze C
cost-effective technique of surface modification. The
Ecole Nationale Superieure des Arts & Ind.Text.
adhesive properties of oxyfluorinated PP films are largely
improved so that a variety of solvent- and water-based PETP fibres were modified by the grafting (using benzoyl
printing inks used in contact printing technology can be peroxide as initiator) of 2-perfluorooctylethyl acrylate
used. It is confirmed that, in many cases, the necessity to monomer (AC8) as described in another article. This
employ an expensive top-coating process that uses acrylic modification of the PETP fibre surface to render as higher
primers to optimise the film printability, can be avoided. degree of hydrophobicity by graft fluorination involved
The oxyfluorination process with its long lasting effect is a surface layer of only a few nanometers thickness. The
a competitive alternative to the simple corona discharge relatively low fraction of the modified surface layer
treatment. The oxyfluorination Alkor Surfox process can presents difficulties in surface analysis. However, surface
be described as an environmentally responsible free energy characterisation is of high importance in the
technology that delivers a broad range of products evaluation of the degree of water repellency. A discussion
possessing many exceptional surface properties. 16 refs. is given of the advantages of using wettability studies
BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; according to the Wilhelmy method to evaluate the degree
WESTERN EUROPE of surface graft modification and its effects on the wetting
Accession no.765212 properties. Surface free energies and contact angle data
were obtained for the liquids water, glycerol, polyethylene
glycol 400, tricresyl phosphate and 1-bromonaphthalene
Item 112 using a microbalance and fine monofilaments of length
SPE Automotive TPO. Conference proceedings. 5-6 mm. The investigations showed that wettability
Troy, Mi., 20th-22nd Sept.1999, paper 37 studies according to the Wilhelmy method can give
PROCESS IMPROVEMENTS FOR TREATMENT qualitative and quantitative indications about the degree
OF TPOS FOR ENHANCED ADHESION OF of water repellency and of the surface free energy
PAINTS, SEALANTS AND ADHESIVES distribution in a graft-modified surface. The variability
Gutowski W S; Wu D Y; Li S in wetting force, the calculated averages of the advancing
CSIRO and receding forces, and the hysteresis between these
(SPE,Detroit Section) values provide information on the surface heterogeneities
A range of engineering and automotive TPO substrates is and on the extent of the graft yield on the fibre surface.
treated using a novel surface treatment process SICOR 14 refs.
(Silane-on-CORona treated polymer) in order to enhance EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
the adhesion with a range of structural adhesives, sealants, WESTERN EUROPE
self-adhesive tapes and automotive paints. The process Accession no.764049
comprises two steps, i.e. surface oxidation implemented
by corona discharge, flame or other type of oxidative Item 114
treatment followed by application of an organofunctional Journal of Materials Science
graft chemical, e.g. silane or other polyfunctional 34, No.24, 15th Dec.1999, p.6189-99
chemical. The incorporation of surface hydroxyl groups SURFACE MODIFICATION AND ADHESION
onto the polymer surface enables graft chemical to create MECHANISM IN WOODFIBER-
the hydrogen or covalent bonds with the oxidised surface. POLYPROPYLENE COMPOSITES
The enhancement of the strength, and in particular the Kazayawoko M; Balatinecz J J; Matuana L M
durability, of adhesion in bonding with adhesives, tapes Huber J.M.,Corp.; Toronto,University;
and sealants with the new process, is significant. Michigan,Technological University
Frequently the strength increases more than 200% when
Results are presented of studies conducted with the aim
compared with the more common processes, such as
of elucidating the interaction between the anhydride
corona discharge, flame treatment or chlorinated TPO
groups of maleated PP and the hydroxyl groups of wood
primer. The adhesion and durability of automotive paints
fibre and to clarify the mechanisms responsible for the
is comparable to that of currently used chlorinated
interfacial adhesion between wood fibre and PP matrix.
primers, and significantly better than after flame
Modification techniques used were bulk treatment in a
treatment. The process is also shown to be as good as, or
thermokinetic reactive processor and solution coating in
better than, plasma treatment. 12 refs.
xylene. The observed effectiveness of maleated PP in
AUSTRALIA
improving the mechanical properties (particularly TS) of
Accession no.764219 the composites was attributed to the compatibilisation

effect which was accomplished by reducing the total wood The adhesive strength between LDPE and PETP was
fibre surface free energy, improving the polymer matrix evaluated by a 180 degree peel test, and the contribution
impregnation, improving fibre dispersion, improving fibre of functional groups to adhesion was determined by
orientation and enhancing the interfacial adhesion through multivariate analysis. 2 refs.
mechanical interlocking. There was no conclusive EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; JAPAN; UK;
evidence of the effects of ester links on the mechanical WESTERN EUROPE
properties of the composites. 22 refs. Accession no.761639
CANADA; USA
Adhesion ’99. Conference Proceedings.
Item 115 Cambridge, UK, 15th-17th Sept.1999, p.19-24
Adhesion ’99. Conference Proceedings. WETTABILITY AND ADHESION REVISITED
Cambridge, UK, 15th-17th Sept.1999, p.251-6 Sharpe L H
FRACTURE MECHANICS APPROACH TO Journal of Adhesion
FAILURE OF RUBBER-RIGID SUBSTRATE (IOM Communications Ltd.)
JOINTS The relationship between adhesion and wettability is
Fernando M S D; Lake G J; Lawrence C C; Ostman E; examined on the basis of work undertaken by Schonhorn
Persson S; Southern E; Thomas A G et al to investigate the influence of different oxidative
Tun Abdul Razak Research Centre; East and non-oxidative surface treatments of PE films on their
London,University; Svedala-Skega AB; SK Bearings adhesion to aluminium using an epoxy resin adhesive.
(IOM Communications Ltd.)
The results suggested that the strength of the adhesive
A fracture mechanics approach based on strain energy joints was governed by the mechanical properties of
release rate was applied to the study of failure in NR/ surface layers or interphases produced in PE by different
steel joints bonded with solvent-, water- and isocyanate- processes, and not by wettability as measured by the
based adhesives. The effects of different bonding systems, critical surface tension of the material. 10 refs.
metal surface treatments, test geometries and EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; USA;
environmental conditions were examined. Constant force WESTERN EUROPE
peel tests at different peel angles in the range of 10-90 Accession no.761617
degrees showed peel rate-energy relationships that varied
with angle, and the rate showed a strong dependence on
Item 118
energy at all angles. Constant deformation tests in simple
Journal of Materials Science Letters
shear gave results lying mainly towards the lower end of
18, No.24, 15th Dec.1999, p.2007-8
the range, while tests in pure shear showed the opposite
ATMOSPHERIC-PRESSURE PLASMA
trend. Variations in failure locus and fracture surface
TREATMENT OF ULTRAHIGH MOLECULAR
roughness with test geometry broadly paralleled the
WEIGHT POLYETHYLENE FIBRES
energy variations. Immersion in water had some effect
Stefecka M; Rahel J; Cernak M; Hudec I; Mikula M;
on failure rate at room temperature and a much larger
Mazur M
effect at elevated temperature. 14 refs.
Comenius,University; Slovak Technical University
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; UK; WESTERN EUROPE Ultra-high-molecular-weight PE fibres were treated with
Accession no.761656 a nitrogen plasma at atmospheric pressure and the effect
of plasma treatment on the adhesion of treated and
Item 116 untreated fibres to a BR blend was investigated using the
Adhesion ’99. Conference Proceedings. H-peel test. Zeta potential measurements were also
Cambridge, UK, 15th-17th Sept.1999, p.149-54 performed on the treated fibres to provide further insight
CHARGE DENSITY DISTRIBUTION OF into adhesion behaviour and EPR spectrometry used to
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS AND THEIR verify the formation of free radicals on the surface of the
CONTRIBUTION TO ADHESION PROPERTIES treated fibres. 14 refs.
Ogawa T; Sato T; Osawa S SLOVAK REPUBLIC; SLOVAKIA
Kanazawa,Institute of Technology Accession no.760998
(IOM Communications Ltd.)
A study was made of the contribution of functional groups Item 119
on oxygen plasma treated LDPE sheet to its adhesion to Macromolecules
a PETP film. The treated LDPE surface was analysed by 32, No.24, 30th Nov.1999, p.8183-8
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and the content of SURFACE MODIFICATION OF
carboxyl, carbonyl and hydroxyl groups was determined. POLY(TETRAFLUOROETHYLENE) FILM BY

CONSECUTIVE GRAFT COPOLYMERIZATION TEMPERATURE CASCADE ARC TORCH AND

WITH 4-VINYLANILINE AND ANILINE RADIO-FREQUENCY PLASMAS
Ji L Y; Kang E T; Neoh K G; Tan K L Yu Q S; Reddy C M; Meives M F; Yasuda H K
Singapore,National University Missouri,University
Surface modification of argon plasma-pretreated PTFE PTFE films are treated with a low-temperature cascade
film, by UV-induced graft copolymerisation with 4- are torch (LTCAT) and radio-frequency (RF) plasmas of
vinylaniline(4-VAn), followed by oxidative argon and hydrogen. The plasma treatment effect on the
copolymerisation of the aniline moiety of the grafted 4- PTFE surface was studied with contact angle
VAn polymer with aniline, was carried out to render the measurement and scanning electron spectroscopy (SEM).
PTFE surface-conductive. The surface compositions of LTCAT argon plasma, which is recognised as a beam of
the graft-modified PTFE films were studied by X-ray excited argon neutrals, is very efficient at improving the
photoelectron spectroscopy. The yield of the initially surface hydrophilicity of PTFE. For both the LTCAT and
grafted 4-VAn polymer increased with increasing RF operation, argon plasma is more effective at modifying
monomer concentration and UV graft copolymerisation the surface wettability of PTFE films than hydrogen
time. The efficiency of the subsequent surface oxidative plasma. Furthermore, the sample positions (inside or
copolymerisation with aniline (and thus the resulting beyond the glow region) have a strong impact on the
surface conductivity) was enhanced by the high efficiency of the plasma treatment. SEM surface images
concentration of the 4-VAn polymer from the initial graft indicate that no significant morphology change is induced
copolymerisation. The surface resistivity of the PTFE on the PTFE films exposed to a LTCAT and RF argon
films was reduced to the order of 1,000,000 ohm/square plasmas. 14 refs.
by the two consecutive surface graft copolymerisation USA
processes. The doping-undoping behaviour of the Accession no.760369
surface graft copolymerised aniline polymers was
similar to that of the aniline homopolymer or polyaniline.
44 refs. Item 122
SINGAPORE
13, No.11, 1999, p.1331-42
Accession no.760883 SURFACE MODIFICATION OF ULTRA-HIGH
STRENGTH POLYETHYLENE FIBRES FOR
Item 120 ENHANCED ADHESION TO EPOXY RESINS
Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials USING INTENSE PULSED HIGH-POWER ION
12, No.6, Nov.1999, p.477-97 BEAM
BAGASSE FIBER-POLYPROPYLENE BASED Netravali A N; Caceres J M; Thompson M O; Renk T J
COMPOSITES Cornell University; Sandia National Laboratories
Vazquez A; Dominguez V A; Kenny J M
The effects of intense pulsed high power ion beam treatment
Mardel Plata,University; Perugia,University
of ultra-high strength PE (UHSPE) fibres on the fibre/epoxy
The processing and properties of bagasse fibre- resin interface strength are studied. Argon ions are used to
polypropylene composites are studied and the effect of treat Spectra 1000 (UHSPE) fibres in vacuum. Chemical
surface modification of the fibres with different and topographical changes of the fibre surfaces are
treatments, on the interfacial adhesion to the characterised using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
polypropylene matrix, is reported. The effect of the in attenuated total reflectance mode (FTIR-ATR), X-ray
treatment reactions on the chemical structure of the fibres photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), dynamic wettability
is analysed by infrared spectroscopy. The effects of the measurements and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
fibre chemical treatment on the tensile properties of the The fibre/epoxy resin interfacial strength (IFSS) is
moulded composite, produced by different processing evaluated by the single fibre pull-out test. The FTIR-ATR
routes, is also analysed and creep measurements are and XPS data indicate that oxygen is incorporated onto the
discussed. 30 refs. fibre surface as a result of the HPIB treatment. The
ARGENTINA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; wettability data indicate that the fibres became more polar
ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE
after HPIB treatment and also more wettable. Although
Accession no.760392 the total surface energy increases only slightly after
treatment, the dispersive component decreases significantly
Item 121 while the acid-base component increases by a similar
Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry amount. SEM photomicrographs reveal that the surface
Edition roughness of the fibres increases following the HPIB
37, No.23, 1st Dec.1999, p.4432-41 treatment. The single fibre pull-out test result indicate that
SURFACE MODIFICATION OF HPIB treatment significantly improves the IFSS of UHSPE
POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE BY A LOW- fibres with epoxy resin. This enhancement in IFSS is

attributed to increased roughness of the fibre surface, Anfimov B N; Belov G P

resulting in mechanical bonding and in increased interface Lomonosov,Academy of Fine Chemical Technology;
area, increased polar nature and wettability, and an Russian Academy of Sciences
improvement in the acid-base component of the surface The introduction of active functional groups into
energy after HPIB treatment. 26 refs. macromolecules of an adhesives on quantities not
USA appreciably affecting the properties is demonstrated to
Accession no.760202 be an effective method for improving adhesion interaction
in polyolefins. Ethylene was copolymerised with a small
Item 123 quantity of acetylene, thereby introducing double bonds
156th ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Fall 1999. into the polyolefin chain. The polyacetylene part of the
Conference preprints. macromolecule was capable of entering into chemical
Orlando, Fl., 21st-23rd Sept.1999, paper 82 reactions of a radical nature and as a result, adhesive joints
SURFACE CHARACTERISATION OF of copolymers with rubbers, vulcanised with either
VULCANISED SBR RUBBER TREATED WITH sulphur or peroxide, were capable of being formed. 4 refs.
SULPHURIC ACID: INCIDENCE ON ADHESION RUSSIA
TO POLYURETHANE ADHESIVE Accession no.759581
Cepeda-Jimenez C; Pastor-Blas M M; Torro-Palau A
M; Martin-Martinez J M Item 125
Alicante,Universidad; INESCOP Polymer
(ACS,Rubber Div.) 40, No.26, 1999, p.7417-22
Modifications produced on a vulcanised SBR surface by SOME PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
treatment with sulphuric acid are assessed using contact OF PLASMA SURFACE MODIFIED CARBON
angle measurements, IR-ATR spectroscopy and scanning BLACK IN THE (SBR) MATRIX
electron microscopy. Adhesion is obtained from T-peel Akovali G; Ulkem I
tests of surface treated R1 rubber/PU adhesive joints. The Middle East,Technical University
incidence of several experimental variables are considered Performance of carbon black reinforced elastomers
on the effectiveness of the treatment, such as length of strongly depend on the adhesion at the filler-matrix
treatment (immersion time), reaction time, neutralisation interface. Surface characteristics of carbon blacks can be
with and without ammonium hydroxide and concentration changed by use of a number of different techniques each
of sulphuric acid. The treatment of R1 rubber with with certain advantages and disadvantages and as regards
sulphuric acid produces a noticeable decrease in contact to these. Plasma surface modification is a novel one. The
angle which is mainly ascribed to an increase in surface limits of applicability of plasma surface modification of
energy due to the formation of sulphonic acid moieties carbon black to be used in the tyre manufacturing industry
and C=C bonds, and the removal of zinc stearate. The are checked. For this purpose, RF range cold plasma is
rubber surface swells and becomes brittle by the used in styrene or butadiene atmospheres. Tensile
treatment and when flexed microcracks are created. strengths and percent elongations of vulcanisates are
Treatment with sulphuric acid is not restricted to the found to respond differently if modified fillers are used
surface but bulk modification is produced with a as compared with those prepared by the unmodified fillers.
consequent decrease in tensile strength and elongation Glass transition temperatures of vulcanisates are found
at break values. The treatment enhances the T-peel to correlate well with the results of mechanical properties.
strength of R1 rubber/PU adhesive joints and the locus Findings are also supported by the SEM pictures. 18 refs.
of failure is cohesive in the rubber. The optimum
TURKEY
immersion time is less than 1 min., and the reaction time
is not found to be critical. Neutralisation with ammonium Accession no.758995
hydroxide and the high concentration of the sulphuric
acid (95 wt.%) are essential to produce adequate Item 126
effectiveness of the treatment. 12 refs. Addcon World ’99. Conference proceedings.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN; Prague, 27th-29th Oct.1999, paper 1, pp.16
WESTERN EUROPE DEVELOPMENTS IN HINDERED AMINE
Accession no.759677 CHEMISTRY PROMOTE POLYOLEFIN
GROWTH OPPORTUNITIES
Solera P; Capocci G
Item 124
Ciba Speciality Chemicals Corp.
International Polymer Science and Technology
(RAPRA Technology Ltd.)
26, No.7, 1999, p. T/47-9
ADHESION OF ETHYLENE-ACETYLENE A combination of experimental data and cited information
COPOLYMERS TO RUBBERS are used to highlight some of the more recent

developments in hindered amine chemistry (as heat and Brief details are given of a project which assessed nine
light stabilisers) that impact the growth of polyolefins. different test methods used to evaluate the durability of
Topics discussed include (a) the development of adhesive bonded joints. Three of these methods are
synergistic blends of hindered amines for maximum UV commonly used for composite and plastic adherends and
protection of thick section parts and high surface area are reported here. They are single lap shear, T peel and
applications, (b) techniques to minimise loss of colour wedge cleavage test. Adherends used were (a)polyester
strength and increase light stability in pigmented GRP subjected to abrasion, washing, grit blasting and
formulations, (c) the elimination of hindered amine blow cleaning pretreatments and (b) PP as thick moulded
deactivation with the use of low basicity hindered amines plates, film or sheets and subjected to chromic acid
(performance of tertiary amines and secondary amines treatment, water washing and oven drying. Some PP was
are compared and the advantages of N-alkoxy groups are treated with Hardlen chlorinated polyolefin primer in
pointed out), and (d) improvements in light stability toluene solution. Adhesives were a two-component PU
(particularly with dialkylhydroxylamine co-stabilisers) (Scotch-Weld 3532 B/A from 3M), a toughened acrylic
and ancillary properties (such as adhesion of paints to adhesive (Permabond F241 from Permabond Adhesives
pigmented polyolefins and acid rain resistance of TPO Ltd) and a two-part epoxy adhesive (Araldite 2001 from
surfaces) with the latest hindered amine stabiliser Ciba). It was concluded that although the tests were
developments. Data refers to thick sections of TPO (PP/
reliable indicators of the efficacy of surface preparation
EPDM thermoplastic olefinic elastomer), pigmented PP
techniques, they did not always reflect true long term
fibres, PE greenhouse film and TPO automotive trim.
performance of adhesive and adherend combinations.
Chemical structures and Trade Names are tabulated for a
Adhesives which have been proved to give good long
number of phenolic, hydroxylamine and hindered amine
term performance in practice sometimes gave poor results
compounds (low molecular weight and polymeric) that
in short term tests. Simple tests, i.e. single lap shear, were
are used in stabilisation. 23 refs.
able to distinguish between a durable joint and a not
USA
durable joint, but could not distinguish between a durable
Accession no.758459 joint and a very durable joint. 7 refs.
Item 127 WESTERN EUROPE
Joining and Repair of Plastics and Composites. Accession no.758449
Conference Proceedings.
London, 16th-17th March 1999, p.185-92
Item 129
PLASTICS PIPELINE JOINTING METHODS IN
156th ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Fall 1999.
THE UTILITIES
Conference preprints.
Hill D J
Orlando, Fl., 21st-23rd Sept.1999, paper 26
Durapipe Ltd.
EFFECT OF CURE SYSTEM ON NATURAL
(Institution of Mechanical Engineers)
RUBBER BONDING
Techniques used by the gas and water industries to join Halladay J R; Krakowski F J
and repair pipelines are discussed. The main jointing Lord Corp.
methods for PE, PP, rigid PVC, ABS and GRP are listed. (ACS,Rubber Div.)
Listed too are the main techniques for welding and
It is perceived within the rubber industry that the choice
mechanical joints. Detailed descriptions and evaluations
of cure system may have an influence on the ease of
are given of butt fusion, electrofusion socket welding,
bonding of general-purpose elastomers. The effect on
spigot and socket jointing (with elastomeric O-rings or
bonding of varying sulphur level combined with
lip seals as sealing means) and flange adaptors. It is
accelerator level and type in a NR formulation is
pointed out that techniques used at installation are not
investigated using designed experiments. Bond integrity
always suitable for repairing pipes. 4 refs.
is evaluated using ASTM D 429 Method B and buffer
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; specimens (proposed Method F) with various commercial
WESTERN EUROPE
solvent based and aqueous adhesives. The results
Accession no.758456 contradict some conventional wisdom with respect to
bonding. 13 refs.
Item 128 USA
Joining and Repair of Plastics and Composites. Accession no.758324
Conference Proceedings.
London, 16th-17th March 1999, p.87-98
DURABILITY TESTS. WHAT DO THEY TELL US Item 130
McCarthy J; Eckold G Pitture e Vernici
AEA Technology Plc 75, No.19, 15th-30th Nov.1999, p.55-8
(Institution of Mechanical Engineers) Italian; English

CHALLENGES OF FORMULATING HOT MELT is relatively simple. There are also several substrate
ADHESIVES FOR LABELLING APPLICATIONS polymer products designed for use in coextrusions and
Cole I; Costello C blends that give the line operator, foreman, or plant
process engineer several items to examine when faced
There are many demands placed on today’s hot melt bottle
with an adhesion issue or when developing an adhesion
labelling adhesive. PP labels are typically used to label
specification for a new or existing application. Emphasis
PETP bottles. Many factors can affect the adhesive’s
is placed on the products and process techniques
ability to adhere a label to a container. These factors
associated with those products available today to improve
include the substrate, labeller, machinability of the adhesion. Some troubleshooting solutions to obtaining
adhesive, the labelling conditions and the end-use adhesion to the more difficult substrates increasingly used
conditions. The product must be tested under conditions today are presented, including clay-coated recycled board,
that are representative of production. The lab labeller foil or metallised film, and non-surface modified OPP or
allows for the parameters of open time, set time, and PETP. 12 refs.
application amount and pattern to be adjusted. USA
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.756324
Accession no.758054
Item 133
1998 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Conference.
Item 131
Book 2. Conference proceedings.
Macromolecules
San Francisco, Ca., 30th Aug.-3rd Sept.1998, p.769-77
32, No.20, 5th Oct.1999, p.6800-6
STUDY OF RHEOLOGY AND ADHESION IN
ULTRAHYDROPHOBIC POLYMER SURFACES
EXTRUSION COATING OF DIFFERENT
PREPARED BY SIMULTANEOUS ABLATION OF
POLYETHYLENES
POLYPROPYLENE AND SPUTTERING OF
Kuusipalo J; Savolainen A; Vaha-Nissi M
POLY(TETRAFLUOROETHYLENE) USING
Tampere,University of Technology
RADIO FREQUENCY PLASMA
(TAPPI)
Youngblood J P; McCarthy T J
Massachusetts,University An attempt is made to compare more or less linear PEs
(HDPE and LLDPE) and branched LDPEs in extrusion
The preparation of ultrahydrophobic surfaces exhibiting
coating. Adhesion, water vapour barrier and rheological
high advancing and high receding water contact angles,
properties are studied. Rheological properties, in this
by simultaneous etching of PP and sputtering of PTFE
context, include draw down and neck-in in extrusion
using inductively coupled radio frequency argon plasmas
coating and rheological determinations with a slit-die
is described. The toughened and fluorinated PP surfaces
rheometer. Rheological parameters, such as viscosity and
were characterised by water contact angle, X-ray
Power law constant n, are determined at the same
photoelectron spectroscopy, SEM and atomic force
temperatures (295 and 315 deg.C) as the resin melt
microscopy. The surface chemistry and topography of the
temperatures in the extrusion coating experiments. The
treated samples are discussed and the relevance of these
results indicate that the linear polymers used (HDPE and
surface properties to hydrophobicity is considered. 34 refs.
LLDPE) provide much broader neck-in and higher viscosity
USA
than the three LDPEs. Clearly, linear LLDPE and HDPE
Accession no.756394 show much greater draw ratios than branched LDPEs. This
enables faster line speeds with thinner coatings. Both
Item 132 corona and corona and ozone pretreatments improve
1998 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Conference. substantially adhesion between PE and paper. The
Book 2. Conference proceedings. improvement of corona is more pronounced at higher (315
San Francisco, Ca., 30th Aug.-3rd Sept.1998, p.119-25 deg.C) temperatures whereas the ozone promotes adhesion
SURVEY OF COMMON PROCESS AND best at lower (295 deg.C) temperatures. These results are
PRODUCT PARAMETERS DESIGNED TO caused by the oxidation of the polymer films. 10 refs.
IMPROVE ADHESION OF POLYETHYLENE FINLAND; SCANDINAVIA; WESTERN EUROPE
Krame B; Jerdee G Accession no.756287
Chevron Chemical Co.LLC
(TAPPI)
Item 134
Over the past several years, various auxiliary items have International Polymer Science and Technology
been designed to increase adhesion of PE to various 26, No.3, 1999, p.71-4
substrates. Most notably these include corona and flame IMPROVEMENT IN ADHESIVE CAPACITY OF
treaters, ozone applicators and priming systems. Many POLYETHYLENE BY OZONISATION
of these systems have been perfected so that installation Nikitina N; Viikna A

Tallinn,Technical University Suezer S; Argun A; Vatansever O; Aral O

Bilkent,University; Polinas AS
Low density polyethylene (LDPE) powder was
characterised by measurements of melting point and degree The effects of corona treatment and ageing on corona-
of swelling in toluene, following ozonisation. The adhesive discharged PP films were followed by surface-sensitive
strength of the LDPE, applied to fabric strips and pressure- roughness analysis by atomic force microscopy(AFM),
bonded, was determined by tensile tests. Short-term water contact angle and X-ray photoelectron
ozonisation (1-5 min) increased the adhesion by a factor spectroscopic(XPS) measurements. Roughness analysis
of 1.5-2, whilst retaining essential physicochemical by AFM gave similar results for both untreated and
properties and the structural integrity of the initial polymer. corona-treated samples. The measured water contact angle
9 refs. Translation of Plasticheskie Massy, No.7, 1998, p.42. decreased after corona treatment but increased with
ESTONIA ageing. XPS results showed that corona treatment caused
Accession no.756165 an increase in the O-containing species on the surface of
the films, but the measured O/C atomic ratio decreased
with ageing. The angle dependence of the observed XPS
Item 135 O/C atomic ratio further revealed that surface
Polymer Engineering and Science modifications by the corona treatment were buried into
39, No.9, Sept.1999, p.1597-603 the polymer away from the surface as a function of ageing.
PERFORMANCE OF POLYETHYLENE/ This was attributed to a surface rearrangement of the
ETHYLENE-VINYL ALCOHOL COPOLYMER/ macromolecules in agreement with the results obtained
POLYETHYLENE MULTILAYER FILMS USING by Garnessi et al. on oxygen-plasma-treated PP. 14 refs.
MALEATED POLYETHYLENE BLENDS
TURKEY
Villapando-Olmos J; Sanchez-Valdes S; Yanez-Flores I G
CIQA Accession no.754169
Blends of LLDPE and LLDPE grafted with maleic

Item 137
anhydride (LMPE-gMA) are used to promote adhesion
Adhesives Age
between LLDPE and EVOH in a coextruded three layer
42, No.10, Oct.1999, p.29/32
flat film, trying to avoid the use of a tie layer. These
DOUBLE-EDGED SWORD
particular films could be an option when equipment for a
Chen G
five-layer system is not available. The effect of the
Ashland Specialty Chemical Co.
modified polymer on the surface of cast films is
characterised through contact angle measurements. T-peel Adhesion to low energy polyolefin surfaces is examined
strength, and oxygen and water vapour transmission rate with reference to the technical and practical challenges it
of the multi-layer films are measured as a function of presents. This paper discusses the thermodynamic aspects
LLDPE-gMA content. Compressed films with 0%, 0.03% of adhesion to polyolefin surfaces, with the aim of finding
and 0.08% of maleic anhydride (MA) are also analysed the most favourable thermodynamic terms to give
by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The increased T-peel maximum adhesion. The Young equation is considered,
strength observed when using MA contents higher than and the relationship between surface tensions redefined.
0.08% suggests good interfacial adhesion between layers. New equations are formulated which take into account
This increase could be associated with specific the reversible work of adhesion of liquid and solid phases.
interactions between the LLDPE-gMA and the EVOH, 12 refs.
as the development of covalent bonds through the reaction USA
of the anhydride with the EVOH hydroxyl groups across Accession no.753340
the interface. This is proved by IR analysis that shows an
increase in the ester band absorbance with an increase on
the maleated polymer content and bonding time indicating Item 138
that a chemical reaction occurred, at the interface. The Industria della Gomma
observed changes in the oxygen and water vapour barrier 43, No.6, July/Aug.1999, p.16-20
properties of the films are not significant. 13 refs. Italian
MEXICO
NEW THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMERS AND
NEW TECHNOLOGIES FOR INNOVATIVE
Accession no.755453
APPLICATIONS
Delanaye J L
Item 136 Advanced Elastomer Systems NV/SA
A review is presented of developments by Advanced
74, No.7, 14th Nov.1999, p.1846-50
Elastomer Systems in Santoprene EPDM/PP
XPS AND WATER CONTACT ANGLE
thermoplastic elastomers, including grades with enhanced
MEASUREMENTS ON AGED AND CORONA-
adhesion to EPDM and polyamides, low moisture
TREATED PP
absorption and improved colourability, and high flow for

the production of complex injection moulded parts. Item 141

Details are also given of a robotised extrusion process Polyolefins XI. Conference proceedings.
and a coextrusion process for water blown foams, Houston, Tx., 21st-24th Feb.1999, p.705-12
respectively developed in collaboration with Gepoc SLIP AGENTS FOR POLYOLEFIN FILMS
Verfahrenstechnik and Berstorff. 8 refs. PRINTED WITH WATER-BASED INKS
GEPOC VERFAHRENSTECHNIK GMBH; Chen B L
BERSTORFF H.,MASCHINENBAU GMBH; Witco Corp.
ADVANCED ELASTOMER SYSTEMS (SPE,South Texas Section; SPE,Thermoplastic
BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; Materials & Foams Div.; SPE,Polymer Modifiers &
GERMANY; USA; WESTERN EUROPE Additives Div.)
Accession no.752775 New slip agents, N-erucyl lactamide and N-(2-hydroxyethyl)
erucamide, have been developed for polyolefin films. These
Item 139 new slip agents provide greatly improved ink adhesion
Kauchuk i Rezina (USSR) compared to the conventional slip agent such as erucamide,
No.2, 1999, p.18-20 as well as good slip properties for polyolefin films,
Russian particularly for printing with water-based inks. The new slip
DEVELOPMENT OF WEATHER-RESISTANT agents are evaluated in polyolefin films for slip, printability
VULCANISATES WITH IMPROVED LOW- and ink adhesion properties with water-based ink. In addition,
TEMPERATURE AND ADHESION PROPERTIES coefficient of friction and surface tension measurements are
Govorova O A; Vishnitskii A S; Chubarova G V; used to correlate the surface changes induced by slip agents
Morozov Yu L and corona treatment in PE films with respect to water-based
ink adhesion and printability. These new slip agents are found
The development is described of weather-resistant rubbers
to migrate to the PE surface at slower rates than erucamide,
for application in roofing materials and for weather-
resulting in more effective corona treatment and better water-
resistant rubber-metal dampers. The rubbers tested were
based ink adhesion while maintaining good slip properties.
ethylene-propylene, butyl rubber, polychloroprene and
The slip agents can also be used in combination with a finely
propylene oxide rubbers. Articles from this journal can
divided inorganic filler for enhanced results. 6 refs.
be requested for translation by subscribers to the Rapra
USA
produced International Polymer Science and Technology.
RUSSIA Accession no.751146
Accession no.751630
Item 142
Journal of Materials Science Letters
Item 140
18, No.15, 1st Aug.1999, p.1205-8
CHARACTERIZATION OF ADHESION OF
74, No.4, 24th Oct.1999, p.1009-16
COPPER TO
FRACTURE TOUGHNESS OF INTERFACE OF
POLY(TETRAFLUOROETHYLENE)
POLYETHYLENE MODIFIED IN BULK
Sonwane C G; Bhatgadde L G; Bellare J R; Li Q
Hojko P; Cifra P; Bleha T; Chodak I
Queensland,University
Slovak Academy of Sciences
Results are presented of a study in which the electroplating
The fracture toughness of the interface of self-healed
of copper onto PTFE was conducted with simultaneous
joints of PE (Bralen RA 2-19) was measured using the
monitoring of the properties of the sample at each
wedge method. The samples of PE modified by mixing
deposition stage by means of techniques such as X-ray
with three prototypes of additives were investigated. By
powder diffraction, SEM, surface roughness
welding at a temp. close to the PE m.p., the results showed
measurement, inductively-coupled plasma technique and
that the concepts derived for interface fracture toughness
adhesive strength measurement. Correlations between the
of glassy polymers were transferable to the semicrystalline
various surface properties are discussed. 5 refs.
PE. In the partially-healed joints of weak and intermediate
AUSTRALIA
strength, the presence of an additive in all cases enhanced
the fracture toughness of a joint for a given welding time Accession no.750966
and the rate of development of adhesion strength. The
interface strength appeared to be controlled by two Item 143
mechanisms, i.e. the chain interpenetration represented 155th ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Spring 1999.
by the fracture toughness of the interface versus square Conference Preprints.
root of time and the (co)crystallisation influenced Chicago, Il., 13th-16th April 1999, Paper 58, pp.7
primarily by the rate of cooling. 16 refs. DEVELOPMENT OF VOC COMPLIANT FLOCK
SLOVAK REPUBLIC; SLOVAKIA ADHESIVE FOR EPDM WEATHERSTRIP
Accession no.751531 Alwani D W; Klapsinos G M

Lord Corp. discharges is increased. 27 refs. Articles from this journal

(ACS,Rubber Div.) can be requested for translation by subscribers to the Rapra
produced International Polymer Science and Technology.
An account is presented of the development by Lord of
EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND
Flock-Lok 501/502, a high-solids, two-part PU adhesive
of low VOC content for use in bonding flock to EPDM Accession no.747688
weather stripping. Experiments undertaken to assess the
influence on adhesion of adhesive composition, corona Item 146
treatment of EPDM, processing parameters, heat ageing Plasticheskie Massy
and water exposure are reported. No.2, 1999, p.14-6
USA Russian
Accession no.749871 ADHESION OF ETHYLENE-ACETYLENE
COPOLYMERS TO RUBBERS
Anfimov B N; Belov G P
Item 144
Russian Academy of Sciences
Antec ’99. Volume II. Conference proceedings.
New York City, 2nd-6th May 1999, p.1849-53. 012 The copolymerisation of ethylene with a small amount
POLYMER-POLYMER ADHESION IN MELT- of acetylene is shown to result in a significant
PROCESSED LAYERED STRUCTURES improvement in the adhesion of the ethylene polymer to
Cole P J; Macosko C W various kinds of vulcanised rubbers. 4 refs. Articles from
Minnesota,University this journal can be requested for translation by subscribers
(SPE) to the Rapra produced International Polymer Science and
Technology.
Improving the adhesion of polyolefins to glassy polymers
RUSSIA
is complicated by the semi-crystalline nature of the
polyolefins. Traditional methods used in glassy polymers Accession no.747680
to increase the interlayer adhesion, including the addition
of a diblock copolymer or the formation of a copolymer Item 147
through in situ reaction are still successful with Journal of Materials Science Letters
semicrystalline polymers. However, melt miscibility of 18, No.13, 1st July 1999, p.1055-7
the adhesion promoting molecules is no longer sufficient; EFFECT OF AGEING ON ADHESION
they must also co-crystallise. Even when co-crystallisation BEHAVIOUR OF DISCHARGE PLASMA-
is achieved, the reactive method is shown to provide TREATED BIAXIALLY ORIENTED
greater fracture toughness than the addition of a pre-made POLYPROPYLENE
diblock copolymer. In the latter case, the formation of Novak I; Florian S
micelles limits the efficiency of the diblock copolymer. Slovak Academy of Sciences
Finally, significant adhesion enhancement is attainable
in reactive systems with contact times as short as 45 A study was made of the influence of ageing phenomena
seconds as demonstrated through a multilayer coextrusion on the adhesive behaviour of corona discharge plasma-
of amorphous nylon against a PP-maleated PP blend. 16 treated biaxially oriented, isotactic PP films. Very low
refs. changes in free surface energy (FSE) values and a decrease
USA
in the polar contribution to FSE, polar fraction and
mechanical work of adhesion to PVAc were detected.
Accession no.748731
After 30 days of ageing, FSE values were suitable for
printing. A correlation was established between
Item 145 mechanical work of adhesion to PVAc and polar fraction
Polimery of the modified PP. 14 refs.
44, No.4, 1999, p.246-54 SLOVAK REPUBLIC; SLOVAKIA
Polish Accession no.745940
USE OF PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY
IN STUDIES OF THE DEPTH PROFILE OF
POLYPROPYLENE FILM Item 148
Zenkiewicz M; Golebiewski J Journal of Materials Science Letters
Metalchem Plastics Processing Institute 18, No.14, 15th July 1999, p.1131-3
SURFACE PROPERTIES OF PHOSPHORYL
The physical fundamentals of photoelectron spectroscopy CHLORIDE-MODIFIED POLYPROPYLENE
are reviewed and the range of applications is given. Three Novak I; Chodak I
PP films were examined and the depth of oxidation was Slovak Academy of Sciences
found to be in the nanometer range. The oxidation level of
the external layer increases as the specific energy of corona Isotactic PP was surface modified in vapours of
phosphoryl chloride under UV irradiation to increase its

adhesive properties. The free surface energies of the Polymers, Laminations & Coatings Conference, San
polymer were measured by a direct goniometric method Francisco, Sept.1998)
using a contact angle meter and the mechanical work of FINLAND; SCANDINAVIA; WESTERN EUROPE
adhesion was determined by a 90 degree peel test. The Accession no.744005
effect of the time of UV irradiation on the free surface
energy of the modified PP and the effect of the distance
of the UV light source on the polar component of free Item 151
surface energy are discussed and the dependence of the Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology
mechanical work of adhesion of the modified PP towards 13, No.8, 1999, p.903-30
PVAc on the time of modification is assessed. 15 refs. CHLORINATION OF SBS RUBBERS WITH
DIFFERENT STYRENE CONTENTS USING
TRICHLORO-ISOCYANURIC ACID
Accession no.745936 Iniesta-Jaen J; Pastor-Blas M M; Mahiques-Buanda M
M; Martin-Martinez J M; Dillard J G
Item 149 Alicante,Universidad; Virginia,Polytechnic Institute &
Plastiques Modernes et Elastomeres State University
51, No.5, June/July 1999, p.10
In order to improve their adhesion to PU adhesives, three
French
unvulcanised block SBS rubbers with styrene contents
SAUVAGNAT: GARDEN FURNITURE GOES
between 33 and 55% are surface treated with solutions of
OVER TO PLASMA TREATMENT
2 wt.% trichloro-isocyanuric acid (TCI) in ethyl acetate.
Guyard C
The joint strength is estimated using T-peel tests and the
A plasma treatment process used by Sauvagnat of France failed surfaces analysed to assess the locus of failure. The
to promote the adhesion of paints to its PP garden furniture failed surfaces are analysed using ATR-IR spectroscopy,
is examined. Technical features of the equipment used, contact angle measurements, XPS and SEM. An
manufactured by ATEA, are also described. unexpected trend in the joint strength is obtained because
SAUVAGNAT; ATEA the locus of failure depends on both the styrene content
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; and the mechanical properties of each SBS rubber. A
WESTERN EUROPE mixed mode of failure is obtained in joints, produced with
Accession no.745831 S1 rubber (33 wt.% styrene content), whereas failure in
the chlorinated layer is observed with S3 rubber (55 wt.%
styrene content); cohesive failure in the adhesive is found
Item 150
for the joints produced with S2 rubber (44 wt.% styrene
Journal of Coated Fabrics
content). 19 refs.
Vol.28, Jan.1999, p.210-27
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN; USA;
STUDY OF RHEOLOGY AND ADHESION IN WESTERN EUROPE
EXTRUSION COATING OF DIFFERENT
Accession no.743659
POLYETHYLENES
Kuusipalo J; Vaha-Nissi M; Savolainen A
Tampere,University of Technology Item 152
Chinese Journal of Polymer Science
A comparison was made between the extrusion coating
17, No.3, 1999, p.237-44
properties (adhesion, water vapour barrier and rheological
STUDIES OF THE INTERFACIAL ADHESION
properties) of more or less linear PEs (HDPE and LLDPE)
BETWEEN FUNCTIONALISED
and branched LDPEs. The rheological properties included
POLYPROPYLENE AND POLYAMIDE 1010
draw-down and neck-in in extrusion coating and
Zhang X; Yin Z; Song Y; Yin J
rheological determinations with a slit-die rheometer.
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Rheological parameters, such as viscosity and power law
constant, were determined at the same temps. (295 and The interface behaviour of polyamide 1010 (PA 1010)
315C) as the resin melt temps. in the extrusion coating and PP is studied. In order to improve their interfacial
experiments. The results indicated that the HDPE and adhesion, functional PP is prepared by means of grafting
LLDPE provided much broader neck-in and higher glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) on PP main chains and used
viscosity than the three LDPEs. Linear LLDPE and HDPE instead of plain PP. Several technological
clearly showed much greater draw ratios than branched characterisations are performed on their interfaces. ESCA
LDPEs, which enabled faster line speeds to be used with is used to confirm that some kind of reaction occurs
thinner coatings. Both corona and corona/ozone between end groups of PA1010 and epoxy species of PP-
pretreatments significantly improved the adhesion g-GMA. The peel test is adopted to measure interfacial
between PE and paper. The improvement of corona was adhesion. It is found that the fracture energy of interfaces
more marked at higher temps., whereas the ozone between PA1010 and PP-g-GMA is dramatically
promoted adhesion best at lower temps. 10 refs. (TAPPI, increased with the content of GMA. Their interfaces are

observed as being blurred by using SEM and TEM and a highly isotactic). The crystalline structure of this PP is found
crack that can be seen in the case of the interfaces of the to consist of the alpha- and the gamma-modifications, the
PA1010 and the plain PP disappears. 18 refs. latter passing into the former when exposed to plasma. The
CHINA UV component of the plasma is believed to be responsible
Accession no.743171 for the modifications observed. 14 refs.
RUSSIA
Item 153 Accession no.743121

Chinese Journal of Polymer Science
17, No.3, 1999, p.221-9 Item 155
SURFACE MODIFICATION OF ACS Polymeric Materials Science &
POLYPROPYLENE MICROFIBRE BY PLASMA- Engineering.Volume 80.Conference proceedings.
INDUCED VAPOR GRAFTING WITH ACRYLIC Anaheim, Ca., Spring 1999, p.581-2
ACID VINYL ACETATE-ETHYLENE EMULSIONS:
Liang H; Sun Q; Hou X EFFECT OF POLYMER RHEOLOGY ON
Chinese Academy of Sciences ADHESION
Daniels C L; Vratsanos M S; Lorenz R J
The hydrophilicity, dyeing and antistatic ability of PP
Air Products Polymers; Air Products & Chemicals Inc.
microfibre (PPMF) are improved by plasma-induced vapour
grafting with acrylic acid. The effects of plasma discharge
time, power, liquid phase acrylic acid temperature and The adjustment of polymer architecture of vinyl acetate-
environmental temperature on grafting yield are investigated. ethylene copolymer emulsions, to give changes in
The existence of grafted polyacrylic acid (PAA) is verified polymer rheology and adhesion, was studied using
by ESCA and ATR FT-IR. The morphology of grafted PAA dynamic mechanical analysis and peel tests. The adhesive
is directly observed by SEM. The wicking test shows that performance of the emulsions was shown to be directly
the hydrophilicity of modified PPMF is greatly enhanced. related to their rheological properties. The modulus-
The dyeability test of modified PPMF is carried out using temperature data above the glass transition temperature
Dispersion Yellow. It is found that the dye uptake ratio is provided insight into the time-dependent properties of the
linear to the weight percent of grafting. The antistatic ability polymer and their adhesive performance. Changes in the
is indicated by specific resistance. The specific resistance of modulus-temperature properties were accomplished
modified PPMF is reduced, thus the antistatic ability is through changes in processing conditions, without
considerably improved. 15 refs. changing the composition of the polymer. 2 refs.
CHINA USA
Item 154 Item 156

Popular Plastics and Packaging Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology
44, No.7, July 1999, p.76-80 13, No.6, 1999, p.669-678
MODIFICATION OF POLYPROPYLENE ADHESION OF ETHYLENE-ACRYLIC ACID
STRUCTURE BY LOW-FREQUENCY GLOW COPOLYMERS AND THEIR BLENDS WITH
DISCHARGE PARAFFIN TO ALUMINIUM
Rishina L A; Vizen E I; Shibryaeva L S; Sosnovskaya L Lion X; Geuskens G
N; Veretennikova A A; Lodygina T A; Gilman A B Bruxelles,Universite
The adhesion of four ethylene-acrylic acid (EAA)
PP prepared (a) over a heterogeneous catalytic system in copolymers and of their blends with paraffin to aluminium
the presence of hydrogen and (b) rac-Et(Ind)2ZrCl2- is measured by T-peel testing. The peel strength of EAA
methylalumoxane homogeneous system, is modified by increases with the square of its acrylic acid content. For
low-frequency glow discharges in air. Functional groups each EAA, the addition of paraffin first results in an increase
containing oxygen are found to appear in a thin surface of the peel strength up to a maximum when the failure
layer. Under some conditions changes of the whole structure switches from adhesional to cohesive. Two relationships
of PP are determined, evident in a great increase in the are found between the peel strength of EAA-paraffin blends
molecular mass (M) and melting temperature (Tm). The and the tensile strength of the blends: one valid in the case
structural modification is especially considerable for the of adhesional failure and the other in the case of cohesive
PP synthesised with the metallocene system b.M rose by a failure. Both allow very good prediction of the adhesion
factor of ~10, the melting temperature rose from 130 deg.C of EAA-paraffin blends to aluminium. 8 refs.
to 164 deg.C, stereoregularity parameters enhanced and BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
the fractional composition changes. The boiling n-heptane WESTERN EUROPE
soluble fraction increases from 7 to 96% (PP becomes Accession no.741745

Item 157 The hydrophilic character obtained was, however, found

Popular Plastics and Packaging to diminish with time, due to molecular motion in the
44,,No.5, May 1999, p.67-70 polymer. It was found that the ageing process was strongly
RECENT BOPP FILM DEVELOPMENTS IN affected by the environment and temp. in which the
INDIA surfaces were stored. A hydrophobic environment and
Mannan S M high temps. promoted faster recovery of the original
Cosmo Films Ltd. properties of PTFE than at lower temps. Nevertheless, a
hydrophilic environment, even at high temps., prevented
Developments in biaxially oriented PP film for packaging
the surface from losing the polar character obtained from
applications in India, are reviewed. Such developments
the plasma treatment, stopping the ageing process.
are said to be driven by the needs of customers, with films
Furthermore, this process was reversible as the character
with specific properties developed to cater to the needs
of the treated surface changed when the environment
of the products and machine developments. Details are
changes, i.e. from water to air. The hydrophilicity of the
given of metallised matte film, double sided corona-
surfaces was evaluated by contact angle measurements
treated, metallised film, low heat seal temperature film,
of a droplet of water. 18 refs.
including pearl film, film for labels, film for in-mould
PERU; SOUTH AMERICA
labelling, films for soapwrap, film for twistwrap, matte
film for print lamination, BOPP/CPP laminates, and the Accession no.738400
use of cold seal adhesives for pouching a BOPP film.
INDIA Item 160
Accession no.739883 Modern Plastics International
29, No.7, July 1999, p.27-8
NANOSILICATE OFFERS LOW COST IN HIGH-
Item 158
BARRIER AUTO FUEL TANKS
Mapleston P; Graff G
13, No.7, 1999, p.819-35
ADHESION ENHANCEMENT OF THERMALLY New ways of reducing hydrocarbon emissions from
EVAPORATED ALUMINUM TO SURFACE automotive fuel tanks are in advanced stages of
GRAFT COPOLYMERIZED development. Plastic Omnium is developing a low-cost
POLY(TETRAFLUOROETHYLENE) FILM coating system, using nanosilicates coated onto monolayer
Zhang M C; Kang E T; Neoh K G; Tan K L HDPE tanks, that has barrier properties superior to those
Singapore,National University of coextruded tanks. The coating is applied by spray or
dip on tanks pretreated by an argon/oxygen plasma to
The surface modification of argon plasma-pretreated
key the surface. The tanks are post-treated to get the
PTFE film was carried out via UV-induced graft
coating to polymerise and bond to their surface.
copolymerisation with glycidyl methacrylate and 1-
Meanwhile, Shell Chemicals says it is making good
vinylimidazole to enhance the adhesion of evaporated
progress with injection moulded tanks made from its
aluminium metal to PTFE film. Physicochemical
Carilon polyketone.
parameters affecting the adhesion between the evaporated
aluminium and surface graft copolymerised PTFE film, PLASTIC OMNIUM
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
such as the graft concentration, the plasma post-treatment
WESTERN EUROPE
of the graft copolymerised surface prior to metallisation
and the thermal post-treatment after metallisation, were Accession no.737456
investigated. The chemical compositions of the surface-
modified PTFE films were characterised by X-ray Item 161
photoelectron spectroscopy. 33 refs. Journal of Applied Polymer Science
SINGAPORE 72, No.12, 20th June 1999, p.1583-7
Accession no.738404 SURFACE GRAFTING OF POLY(VINYLAMINE)
ONTO POLY(ETHYLENE) FILM BY CORONA
DISCHARGE-INDUCED GRAFTING
Item 159 Seto F; Muraoka Y; Akagi T; Kishida A; Akashi M
Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology Kagoshima,University
13, No.7, 1999, p.753-61
AGEING OF PLASMA-TREATED Polyvinylamine(PVAm) was grafted onto a PE film
POLY(TETRAFLUOROETHYLENE) SURFACES surface via the surface graft polymerisation of N-
Nakamatsu J; Delgado-Aparicio L F; Da Silva R; vinylformamide(NVF) and N-vinylacetamide(NVA)
Soberon F and the subsequent hydrolysis of the grafted polymers.
Pontificia,Universidad Catolica del Peru The surface was characterised by X-ray photoelectron
spectroscopy and measurements of contact angle,
Highly hydrophobic PTFE surfaces were modified with moisture absorption and leakage of electrostatic charge
an air glow discharge plasma to improve their wettability.

from the films. PNVF and PNVA were introduced onto EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
the surface of the PE film successfully, despite the fact WESTERN EUROPE
that the initiator for polymerisation was a peroxide Accession no.736107
group. The grafted amounts of PNVF and PNVA were
dependent on the grafting time. A PVAm-grafted Item 164
surface was obtained via the hydrolysis of the grafted European Polymer Journal
PNVF. The grafted PNVA was not hydrolysed under 35, No.6, June 1999, p.1149-52
mild hydrolysis conditions. The obtained PVAm- LOW-PRESSURE PLASMA TREATMENT OF
grafted surface appeared to be useful for various PTFE (POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE) WITH
applications, such as protein immobilisation or SULPHUR DIOXIDE AS PROCESS GAS
chemical modification. 22 refs. Caro J C; Lappan U; Simon F; Pleul D; Lunkwitz K
JAPAN Dresden,Institute of Polymer Research
Accession no.736603
Low-pressure plasma treatments of PTFE films using
sulphur dioxide as process gas were carried out in order
Item 162 to insert functional groups containing sulphur and oxygen
Composites Science & Technology into the inert polymer surface. By modifying the plasma
59, No.6, 1999, p.879-82 parameters of gas flow rate, power and treatment time,
COMPOSITES OF ULTRA-HIGH-MOLECULAR- the optimum plasma conditions for surface modification
WEIGHT POLYETHYLENE FIBRES IN A LOW- could be found. An increase of the wettability, in terms
DENSITY POLYETHYLENE MATRIX. II. FIBRE/ of having the lowest static contact angle, could be detected
MATRIX ADHESION after the plasma treatment. ESCA and FTIR spectra (ATR
Devaux E; Caze C and transmission) of selected treated samples completed
Laboratoire Gemtex the characterisation methods. 28 refs.
The interfacial shear stress of composites of UHMWPE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
fibres in a LDPE matrix were measured by means of a
micromechanical test. The results obtained showed that Accession no.734672
the adhesion was markedly increased when PE fibres were
substituted for glass fibres in a PE matrix. Furthermore, Item 165
chemical treatment of the PE fibre surface favoured Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology
adhesion by eliminating the weak boundary layer present 13, No.5, 1999, p.573-92
on the surface. Nevertheless, the thermal processing EFFECTS OF NITROGEN PLASMA
conditions of the composite material and the surface TREATMENT OF PRESSURE-SENSITIVE
treatment caused a slight reduction in the mechanical ADHESIVE LAYER SURFACES ON THEIR PEEL
behaviour of the reinforcing filler. 6 refs. ADHESION BEHAVIOUR
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; Kawabe M; Tasaka S; Inagaki N
WESTERN EUROPE Shizuoka,University
Accession no.736524
The influence of surface modification of pressure-
sensitive adhesive tapes on their adhesion behaviour was
Item 163 investigated. Polybutyl acrylate and polyisobutylene
Adhasion Kleben & Dichten adhesives were chosen as pressure-sensitive adhesives and
41, Nos.1-2, 1997, p.28/33 nitrogen plasma was used for surface modification of the
German adhesives. The peel force of polybutyl acrylate and
PLASMA TREATMENT OF POLYMERS polyisobutylene adhesive/stainless steel joints was
Friedrich J evaluated. Mechanism of the changes in adhesion
Berlin,Bundesanstalt fur Materialforschung behaviour caused by the nitrogen plasma was discussed.
14 refs.
Many polymers, especially polyolefins and
JAPAN
fluoropolymers, are difficult to wet, to glue together, to
print on or to coat with metal. In comparison with Accession no.733529
conventional chemical, mechanical, thermo-oxidative
advance treatment or application of bonding agents, Item 166
plasma methods are very workable, quick, clean and Macromolecular Chemistry & Physics
almost universally applicable. Properties of different 200, No.5, May 1999, p.989-96
plasmas are examined including cracking and molecular REACTIVITY OF SURFACE GROUPS FORMED
structure. Examples of particle bombardment are ONTO A PLASMA TREATED
discussed along with plasma oxidation and the effects of POLY(PROPYLENE) FILM
oxygen plasmas on polymers. 12 refs. Poncin-Epaillard F; Brosse J C; Falher T

Maine,Universite Item 169

Plasticheskie Massy
Cold plasma treatments of polymers (dry processes) can
No.8, 1998, p.11-5
be used to obtain either hydrophilic or hydrophobic
Russian
surfaces. A PP film treated in nitrogen plasma, for example,
STUDY OF THE ADHESION PROPERTIES OF
exhibited a surface having a hydrophilic and basic character
PLIED-UP POLYMERIC PACKAGING
as amino groups were attached onto the surface during the
MATERIALS
treatment. The treatment induced an increase of the surface
Kiselev V Ya; Vlasov S V
tension of the polymeric material, which could sometimes
Lomonosov Academy of Fine Chemical Technology
be destroyed by an ageing effect. For the treatment of PP
in nitrogen plasma, the ageing was mainly due to a motion The purpose of the study was to investigate the influence
of attached groups from the surface to the bulk of the of the amount of vinyl acetate in vinyl acetate-
material and some oxidation of radicals formed during polyethylene copolymer and of the nature, medium and
plasma treatment. The surface radicals formed and used rate of breakdown on the ply separation resistance
for a post-reaction such as grafting were characterised in between similar polymers. The materials studied were a
terms of nature, density and reactivity. 26 refs. polypropylene film substrate and adhesives of ethylene-
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; vinyl acetate copolymer. 21 refs.
WESTERN EUROPE RUSSIA
Item 167 Item 170

Advances in Polymer Technology Plasticheskie Massy
18, No.2, Summer 1999, p.171-80 No.7, 1998, p.42-4
CORONA TREATMENT OF POLYOLEFIN Russian
FILMS - REVIEW IMPROVING THE ADHESION OF
Sung C Q; Zhang D; Wadsworth L C POLYETHYLENE BY OZONISATION
Tennessee,University Nikitina N; Viikna A
Corona discharge introduces polar groups into the Tallinn,Technical University
polymeric surfaces and, as a consequence, improves the The characteristics of the physicochemical changes in
surface energy, wettability and adhesion characteristics. The amorphous-crystalline low-density polyethylene
main chemical mechanism of corona treatment is oxidation. subjected to the action of ozone were utilised to obtain
Some special problems that are related to corona treatment polyfunctional adhesive textile materials. Data are given
of polyolefin films are covered by reviewing the recent on the adhesion strength as a function of the time of
developments in this field, such as effect of corona ozonisation. 9 refs.
treatment on adhesion, effect of resin additives on corona ESTONIA
treatment, insufficient treatment and over-treatment of
Accession no.731588
corona discharge, ageing and retreatment. 34 refs.
USA
Item 171
Accession no.732362 Antec ’99.Volume 1.Conference proceedings.
New York City, 2nd-6th May 1999, p.34-40 .012
Item 168 INFLUENCE OF STRESS ON PEEL STRENGTH
Coloring Technology for Plastics. OF ACID COPOLYMERS TO FOIL
New York, N.Y., Plastics Design Library, 1999, p.271- Morris B A
5. 52 DuPont Packaging & Industrial Polymers
FEASIBILITY OF AUTOMOTIVE COATINGS (SPE)
DESIGNED FOR DIRECT ADHESION TO TPO
MATERIALS An ethylene acrylic acid copolymer was extrusion coated onto
Mikulec M aluminium foil under various processing conditions. The air
Ford Motor Co. gap, line speed and die gap were varied, whilst the coating
Edited by: Harris R M thickness, deckled die width and chill roll temperature were
kept constant. The peel strength of the copolymer to foil was
The discovery that adhesion to untreated non-polar TPO can measured, and the copolymer was characterised by
be achieved directly through olefinic colour coats based on measurements of contact angle, tensile strength, and wide angle
low viscosity functional liquid polymers might be considered X-ray scattering. It was concluded that the residual stresses
the breakthrough for the TPO industry. Feasibility of the imposed upon the copolymer during its application could
colour coats at bumper plants is also discussed. 4 refs. adversely affect the peel strength. 7 refs.
USA USA

Item 172 corresponding improvement of mechanical properties. It

Composites Part B: Engineering is shown that unmodified polyamide/PP sandwich
30B, No.3, 1999, p.309-20 specimens can display a relatively high strength, and
EFFECT OF FIBRE SURFACE TREATMENT ON modulus. This is mainly explained by the special interface
THE FIBRE-MATRIX BOND STRENGTH OF instability formed during the mould filling, giving
NATURAL FIBRE REINFORCED COMPOSITES mechanical interlocking between the two phases. The type
Valadez-Gonzalez A; Cervantes-Uc J M; Olayo R; of interface instability observed in the unmodified
Herrera-Franco P J polyamide/PP specimens was mainly viscous finger
Yucatan,Centro de Investigacion Cientifica; formation. Injection moulding was done with a 110 ton
Iztapalapa,University K110 S 2F machine from Ferromatix Milacron. It had
two injection units. Potential for using recycled polymers
The interfacial shear strength between natural fibres
as core material is pointed out. 25 refs.
(henequen fibres) and a thermoplastic matrix (HDPE) was
SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN EUROPE
improved by the morphological and silane chemical
modification of the fibre surface. The three surface Accession no.729191
modifications were (1) treatment with alkaline solution,
(2) surface treatment with vinyltris(2-methoxy- Item 174
ethoxy)silane (Silane A-172 from Union Carbide), and International Polymer Science and Technology
(3) pre-impregnation with a dilute solution of HDPE in 25, No.9, 1998, p.T/40-2
xylene. The alkali treatment improved the interfacial shear RUBBER-TO-METAL CORD ADHESION
strength by increasing the surface roughness to give better PROMOTERS CONTAINING
mechanical interlocking and increased the amount of HEXACHLOROPARAXYLENE
cellulose on the surface to increase the number of possible Kandyrin K L; Potapov E E
reaction sites. The pre-impregnation gave better fibre Moscow,Lomonosov Institute
wetting. Surface silanisation resulted in better interfacial
load transfer efficiency, but did not seem to improve the Theories for the influence of hexachloroparaxylene on
wetting of the fibre. The results obtained from the single the bond strength and bond stability in rubber-to-brass
fibre fragmentation test gave better agreement with the bonding are summarised. It is also pointed out that, when
effective mechanical properties of composite material than hexachloroparaxylene is used, another substance, such
those obtained by pull-out test. 27 refs. (See also next as an amine, should be present to neutralise any hydrogen
paper, this journal, p.321-31) chloride released. Data on the bond strength (H-method)
of breaker rubber to metal cord and tensile properties of
MEXICO
the same rubbers (polyisoprene) containing various
Accession no.729210 adhesion promoting systems (including four containing
hexachloroparaxylene) reveal that the use of a diamine
Item 173 plus hexachloroparaxylene system makes it possible to
Journal of Injection Molding Technology produce a high modulus rubber with high adhesion
2, No.4, Dec.1998, p.166-75 characteristics. 11 refs.
COINJECTION MOULDING. RUSSIA
COMPATIBILISATION OF POLYAMIDE- Accession no.729166
POLYPROPYLENE SANDWICH STRUCTURES
Selden R
Swedish Institute for Fibre & Polymer Research Item 175
Sandwich plates were coinjected from polyamide 6 25, No.9, 1998, p.T/37-9
(Durethan B 30S from Bayer) and talc-filled PP INFLUENCE OF DIFFUSION OF MODIFIER RU-
(Hostacom M2 U01 from Hoechst). The polyamide skin 1 FROM THE CARCASS INTO THE BREAKER
was coloured black with 1% masterbatch, to identify the OF A CAR TYRE ON THE RUBBER-TO-METAL
interface between the materials. Mechanical properties CORD BOND STRENGTH
were studied as a function of compatibiliser (Orevac CA Shmurak I L
100 maleic anhydride grafted PP from AtoChem) Russia,Scientific Research Institute of the Tyre Industry
concentration. The compatibiliser, was blended with the
PP granulate before injection moulding. The properties The radial car tyre which was studied had the breaker
evaluated included flexural modulus and flexural strength reinforced with brass-coated metal cord (4L22) and
parallel and perpendicular to flow, and falling weight contained modifier RU-1 (resorcinol-containing adhesion
impact strength. The adhesion between skin and core as promoter) initially in the carcass rubber. Diffusion into
a function of compatibiliser content was measured by a the breaker of the tyre was confirmed by the colour
peel test. The addition of a relatively low concentration reaction between resorcinol-containing compounds and
of compatibiliser is adequate for obtaining a sufficient iron (III) chloride. Model systems as well as real tyre
degree of adhesion between skin and core and a specimens were studied. Rubber-cord adhesion was tested

by the H method. The results confirmed the reduction in injection moulding in the presence of a commercial
the bond strength of metal cord to breaker rubber under bonding system. Peel energies are calculated from the peel
the influence of RU-1 conversion products diffusing from force results by allowing for the elastic energy stored in
the carcass rubber. A degradation mechanism involving the detached rubber strip. Peeling at an angle of 90 deg
breakdown of copper-sulphur bonds by ammonia is gives a high peel energy (30 kJ m-2). A slip-stick
proposed. Reduction in bond strength can be avoided by oscillation of the force during peeling is observed which
replacing the hexamethylene tetramine component of correlates with fracture features on the substrate. This
modifier RU-1 with hydroxymethyl derivatives of behaviour is modelled mathematically on the basis of a
melamine, which do not detach ammonia, or by adding critical force for propagation and arrest of the peel front.
substances to the rubber mix that contain an epoxy or an When allowance is made for hysteresis of the rubber, good
isocyanogen group. Rubbers involved were synthetic correspondence is obtained between the model and the
polyisoprene and NR. 14 refs. observed peel trace. The peel energy is much smaller ((5
RUSSIA kJ m-2 ) at lower angles of peel, such as 45 deg., and the
Accession no.729165 peel trace steady. Finite element analysis applied to the
strain field ahead of the peel front shows significant
differences between results at the two angles which
Item 176 enables the different types of behaviour to be rationalised.
International Polymer Science and Technology 15 refs.
25, No.9, 1998, p.T/5-8
IMPROVING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF USING WESTERN EUROPE
FIBRE FILLERS IN VULCANISATES Accession no.728994
Nesiolovskaya T N
Yaroslavl’,State Technical University
Item 178
Fibre-reinforced rubber vulcanisates were prepared from Modern Plastics Encyclopedia
polyamide fibres and butadiene-methylstyrene copolymer 75, No.12, 1998, p.F3-5
rubber or polyisoprene. Adhesion between the fibre and BOND STRENGTH DATA EASES CHOICE OF
rubber was improved by two methods, (1) adding an HIGHER PERFORMANCE ADHESIVES
adhesion promoter to the rubber, and (2) treating the fibres Serenson J A
with oligodienes under intense mechanochemical action. Loctite Corp.
The composites were tensile tested under static and
dynamic conditions. The adhesion promoter reacted The three major categories of high performance
mainly with the elastomer and only partially migrated to engineering adhesives most commonly used by OEMs
the phase boundary. The strength of the composite was are discussed. Cyanoacrylate adhesives are one-part,
increased under static conditions, but decreased under solvent-free, room temperature curing adhesives. Two-
dynamic conditions. The treatment of the fibres with part, no-mix acrylics adhesives offer increased thermal
oligomers (butadiene-piperylene copolymer, cis-1,4- stability, chemical resistance and peel and impact strength
polybutadiene, and NBR) resulted in grafting. There was over cyanoacrylates. Light curing acrylics are one-part,
hardly any change in the properties of the matrix, but there solvent-free liquids available in a wide range of
was a change in the properties of the boundary layer. The viscosities. For 35 of the most commonly used plastics, a
strength was increased under static and dynamic table presents block shear strengths achieved using six
conditions. Some results relate to polyester fibre and adhesive types.
viscose fibre. 6 refs. USA
RUSSIA Accession no.728702
Accession no.729158
Item 179
Item 177 Composites Science & Technology
Finite Element Analysis & Elastomers. 59, No.4, March 1999, p.487-93
London, Professional Engineering Publishing Ltd., EFFECT OF THE OXYGEN PLASMA
1999, p.251-63. 9511 TREATMENT OF UHMWPE FIBRE ON THE
PEELING OF VULCANISED NATURAL RUBBER TRANSVERSE PROPERTIES OF UHMWPE-
FROM STEEL: MATHEMATICAL MODELLING FIBRE/VINYL ESTER COMPOSITES
AND FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS Sung In Moon; Jyongsik Jang
Jarosz R; Turner D M; Cook J W; Packham D E Seoul,National University
Avon Rubber plc; Bath,University The UHMWPE fibre/vinyl ester unidirectional laminates
Edited by: Boast D; Coveney V A were prepared with untreated and oxygen plasma treated
The peel test has been used to study the adhesion achieved UHMWPE fibre. The oxygen plasma treatment of the
between a simple NR compound and mild steel by UHMWPE fibre increased transverse tensile strength and

failure strain of the composites and changed the failure Frankfurt, 7th-8th Dec.1998, paper 19. 012
initiation site from the interface to the interior of the STUDIES IN RUBBER TO METAL ADHESION
UHMWPE fibre, and introduced micro-pits on the fibre Cook J W; Edge S; Packham D E
surface; these micro-pits improved interfacial adhesion Bath,University
in the composites through mechanical interlocking (Rapra Technology Ltd.; European Rubber Journal)
between the micro-pits and the vinyl ester resin. Finite
Two fundamental aspects of the adhesion produced by
element modelling was performed to investigate the effect
the vulcanisation bonding of a simple NR compound to
of micro-pits on stress transfer in the composite. Stress
mild steel are examined. Adhesion is measured using a
transfer was correlated with the improved transverse
45 deg. peel test. When the NR is bonded, using a
properties and transition of the failure initiation site after
proprietary bonding agent (Chemlok 205/220), to ‘smooth
oxygen plasma treatment. 25 refs.
steel’ (acid etched) or to ‘rough’ steel (phosphated) similar
SOUTH KOREA
values of peel energy (around 5 kJm-2) are obtained, with
Accession no.726476 failure cohesive within the rubber, so it appears that for
these, surface topography per se has little effect on peel
Item 180 energy. These topographical differences appear to have
Polymer little effect on the bond durability, as little or no
40, No.14, June 1999, p.4087-91 deterioration of adhesion is observed after immersion of
SURFACE MODIFICATION OF coated steel in water for periods up to 60 days. The nature
POLY(TETRAFLUOROETHYLENE) BY of the layer formed in the interfacial region by interaction
PLASMA PRETREATMENT AND ADSORPTION between bonding system and rubber is investigated using
OF POLYELECTROLYTES a chlorinated rubber as a ‘model compound’ representing
Lappan U; Buchhammer H M; Lunkwitz K the adhesive and uncompounded NR to represent the
Dresden,Institute of Polymer Research rubber. When a blend of the two is heated in air at 150
Adsorption of polyelectrolytes onto plasma-pretreated deg.C, evidence is found of a solid state chemical reaction
PTFE surfaces was reported as a method for fluoro- in which carbonyl groups are incorporated into the blend
polymer surface modification. PTFE was treated in which became visually homogeneous. Further evidence
oxygen or ammonia plasmas to introduce oxygen- points to the relevance of this change to adhesion in rubber
containing and nitrogen-containing groups, respectively, to metal bonding. 18 refs.
which increase the free surface energy and make possible EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
the adsorption of polyelectrolytes via the electrostatic
interactions. The adsorption of poly(diallyldimethyl- Accession no.725097
ammonium chloride) and poly(sodium styrenesulphonate)
on the plasma-pretreated PTFE was investigated. Item 183
Modification effects were evaluated by contact angle and Rubber Bonding Conference. Conference proceedings.
streaming potential measurements. 21 refs. Frankfurt, 7th-8th Dec.1998, paper 18. 012
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; THE INFLUENCE OF MOULDING
WESTERN EUROPE TEMPERATURE ON THE STRENGTH OF
Accession no.726441 NATURAL RUBBER TO METAL BONDED
JOINTS
Item 181 Fernando M S D; Cudby P E F; Cook S
Revue Generale des Caoutchoucs et Plastiques Tun Abdul Razak Research Centre
No.770, Sept.1998, p.37-8 (Rapra Technology Ltd.; European Rubber Journal)
French
Bond formation in a rubber to metal assembly is a complex
THERMOPLASTIC POLYOLEFINS PUT THE
subject and is influenced by the nature of the metal and
TURBO IN INTERIOR TRIM
how its surface has been prepared, the composition of
Wolf F; Khalil J; Roussel M
the adhesive, primer, elastomer, the filler type or level
Alveo AG; Pennel & Flipo SA
and the cure system. Proprietary chemical bonding agents
Applications of thermoplastic polyolefin elastomer foams are used in these bonding operations and these consist of
and sheeting in interior automotive trim are examined. reactive ingredients suspended or dissolved in organic
Properties of these materials and methods used in their solids. Commonly used bonding systems consist of a
preparation are discussed. primer and an adhesive and are cured during vulcanisation
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; of the rubber. Post vulcanisation bonding is also used in
SWITZERLAND; WESTERN EUROPE some instances. Bonded units are subjected to quality
Accession no.726302 control tests after production and in such tests, failure
often occurs in the rubber close to the bonded interface.
Item 182 It has been suggested that during vulcanisation a boundary
Rubber Bonding Conference. Conference proceedings. layer is created in the rubber near the interface with

properties that differ from those of the bulk rubber. The whose surfaces need coating, painting, printing,
formation of this modified rubber layer near the bond line lacquering or bonding with foams. The process from
is a result of diffusion of certain species from the bonding Arplas changes the surface structure of standard
agent to the rubber during vulcanisation. The influence polyolefin powder by means of a cold oxygen or nitrogen
of moulding temperature on the bond strength is assessed plasma treatment. A polyolefin powder surface, which is
for a sulphur-cured NR vulcanisate as a means of non-polar and hydrophobic, becomes polar-hydrophilic
addressing the proposed mechanisms that occur in the in the plasma bath.
interfacial regions of a bonded rubber to metal assembly. ARPLAS
Experimental data are presented which elucidate the role EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
of the different mechanisms involved in the formation of WESTERN EUROPE
a reliable bond and the resulting creation of a boundary Accession no.724566
layer near the interface, which determines the locus of
failure, that is so often observed in quality control tests
Item 186
and in some types of service failures. 4 refs.
Polymer Plastics Technology and Engineering
38, No.1, 1999, p.71-86
WESTERN EUROPE
EFFECT OF THE ADHESION SYSTEM ON THE
Accession no.725096 PHYSICOMECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL
PROPERTIES OF STYRENE BUTADIENE
Item 184 RUBBER/POLYESTER SHORT FIBRE
ACS Polymeric Materials Science & Engineering. COMPOSITES
Volume 74. Conference proceedings. Ismail M N; Ghoneim A M
New Orleans, La., Spring 1996, p.302-3. 012 Cairo,National Research Centre
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF FACTORS
Short fibres have attracted the attention of several
AFFECTING ADHESION OF SOLVENT-BASED
researchers due to their good dispersion as well as their
AMINOPLAST CURED COATINGS TO
advantages on the physicomechanical and dielectric
CHLORINATED POLYOLEFIN PRIMED
properties. A systematic study of the electrical and
POLYPROPYLENES
physicomechanical properties of SBR reinforced with
Land J M; Aubuchon J; Pundmann C; Dechent W L;
polyester short fibres is presented. The influence of the
Stoffer J O
adhesion system HRH (hydrated silica, resorcinol, and
Missouri-Rolla,University
hexamethylene-tetramine), fibre concentration and ageing
on these properties of the investigated samples is outlined.
Experimental designs have been used in agriculture and The permittivity E’ and the dielectric loss E” for the
biology for nearly five decades. Designs provide investigated samples are determined in the frequency range
researchers in these areas a means to gather quantitative 100 Hz to 10 MHz. It is found that the addition of the tri-
information with a minimum number of experiments. component adhesion system HRH to SBR-polyester fibre
Furthermore, since the early eighties, experimental vulcanisates improves the physicomechanical properties
designs coupled with regression analysis have been as well as the permittivity E’, whereas the dielectric loss
applied to coatings and resins. Work has been done to E” is not affected. The addition of semi-reinforcing furnace
characterise adhesion of paints to PP and thermoplastic carbon black facilitates the compounding of the polyester
olefin (TPO) using chlorinated polyolefin (CPO) adhesion short fibre with SBR. The study of the temperature
promoters. This work uses a saturated four variable, two dependence of the dielectric properties of the samples
level design to identify and quantify the variables affecting shows an improvement through the measured temperature
adhesion of a solvent based aminoplast crosslinked high range (20-60 deg.C). The presence of the fibre and the
solids polyester coating to CPO primed PP and TPO adhesion system greatly improves the ageing resistance of
substrates. 10 refs. the rubber composites. 39 refs.
USA EGYPT
Item 185 Item 187

Modern Plastics International ACS Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering.Fall
29, No.4, April 1999, p.33-4 Meeting 1997.Volume 77.Conference proceedings.
NOVEL PLASMA METHOD TREATS POLYMER Washington, D.C., 1997, p.402-3. 012
RATHER THAN PART METALLIZATION ON
Colvin R POLY(TETRAFLUOROETHYLENE)
SUBSTRATE BY EXCIMER-LASER-INDUCED
A novel plasma technology for polyolefins has been
SURFACE REACTION AND CHEMICAL
developed which treats resins rather than finished parts
PLATING

Japan,National Institute of Materials & Chemical Sentinel Products Corp.

Research (Pressure Sensitive Tape Council)
The traditional production and applications of crosslinked
The surface of poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) was polyolefin foams is reviewed and the advantages of
modified using ArF excimer laser irradiation, which polyolefins produced by metallocene catalysts is pointed out.
rendered the surface sufficiently hydrophilic to be They can be crosslinked by silanes to give uniform materials.
metallised by chemical plating. The laser-treated PTFE Densities can be half and strengths double those of
surface was characterised by water contact angle conventional foams. As adhesive tapes they can be used as
measurements, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, adhesive carriers and facilitators in bonding of dissimilar
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and secondary ion and non-uniform surfaces. Examples are double faced
mass spectrometry. The PTFE was subsequently plated mounting tapes, EKG pads and use in attaching body side
with nickel or copper, the highest resolution for line and mouldings in cars. CMR (Continuous Metallocene Rubber
space of nickel being 100 micrometres. 3 refs. from Sentinel Products Corp.) is a roll product of 100%
JAPAN elastomeric metallocene polymer. EMR (Elastomeric
Accession no.724152 Metallocene Rubber from Sentinel Products Corp.) is a bun
product that contains over 50% elastomeric metallocene
polymers. Of the three products from Sentinel Products Corp.
Item 188 it exhibits the greatest elastomeric properties as well as
Tech XXI. Conference proceedings. superior thermoforming properties. MPO (Metallocene
Orlando, Fl., 6th-8th May,1998, p.185-9. 6A7 Polyolefin Blend from Sentinel Products Corp.) is a blend
STRAIN-INDUCED CRYSTALLISATION IN of elastomeric metallocene with conventional polyolefins.
NATURAL RUBBER-RESIN ADHESIVES It is designed to bridge the gap between PVC foams and
Aubrey D W; Bader J; Subramaniam K conventional PE foams. Currently it has replaced a significant
North London,University share of EVAc adhesive tape foams and PVC foams.
(Pressure Sensitive Tape Council) Considerable data are shown to explain the technology and
An investigation was performed to determine whether the materials’ advantages over conventional crosslinked
strain-induced crystallisation is likely to occur during the polyolefin, cellular neoprene, cellular EPDM, cellular SBR
deformation of rubber-resin compositions of the type used and cellular NBR/PVC blend. Peel strength data compares
in pressure sensitive adhesives and, if it does occur, how peel adhesion on steel for competitive PE foam and Sentinel
important it is in influencing adhesive behaviour. The MPO. Brief food contact and toxicity information is included.
approach used was to first cause NR to undergo cis-trans USA
isomerisation (by treatment with AIBN and butadiene Accession no.724129
sulphone) to an extent sufficient to inhibit strain-
crystallisation, then to compare stress-strain properties,
Item 190
adhesive tack and peel adhesion (primed polyester backed
Adhesive Technology
pressure sensitive adhesive tape on glass) behaviour of
16, No.1, March 1999, p.10/5
isomerised rubber-resin blend with those of unmodified
BONDING ON POLAR SUBSTRATES
rubber-resin blends. The resin was Sta-tac 100.
Wey H G
Isomerisation clearly reduced tack. Peel adhesion tests
Creanova Spezialchemie GmbH
showed regions of viscous cohesive separation and
regions of rubbery adhesive separation, but the transition A new range of raw materials has been developed to
between the two regions was more sudden in the case of overcome the problems associated with bonding to polar
the isomerised NR. The differences are attributed to the surfaces. The hot melt adhesives are based on silane-
presence (in NR) or absence (in isomerised NR) of strain grafted amorphous polyalpha-olefin grades of Vestolen
strengthening, through crystallisation, of the extending 206 V and 206 B. The superior adhesion is a result of the
filaments of adhesive in the separation zone. 6 refs. formation of strong chemical bonds between the silane
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; groups of Vestoplast 206 V and OH functions on the
WESTERN EUROPE substrate surfaces. In addition, the crosslinking of the
Accession no.724136 polymer chains of the material with one another under
the influence of moisture is reported to cause an increase
in the cohesion of the adhesive base material.
Item 189
Tech XXI. Conference proceedings. WESTERN EUROPE
Orlando, Fl., 6th-8th May,1998, p.111-24. 6A7
Accession no.723038
PERFORMANCE BENEFITS OF FLEXIBLE
METALLOCENE FOAMS IN PRESSURE
SENSITIVE TAPE APPLICATIONS Item 191
Smith S C Polymer Degradation and Stability

64, No.1, 1999, p.67-73 EFFECTS OF SURFACE MODIFICATION BY

EFFECT OF A COLD HELIUM PLASMA AT - REMOTE HYDROGEN PLASMA ON ADHESION
180C ON POLYOLEFIN FILMS. II. IN PTFE/COPPER COMPOSITES
CHEMILUMINESCENCE COMPONENT Inagaki N; Tasaka S; Umehara T
Tiemblo P; Gomez-Elvira J M; Teyssedre G; Massines Shizuoka,University
F; Laurent C
PTFE sheet was modified by remote hydrogen plasma,
Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologia de Polimeros;
and the effect of the modification on adhesion to copper
Laboratoire de Genie Electrique de Toulouse
was investigated. Interfacial properties are discussed. 10
After treatment with cold helium plasma at -180C, LDPE refs.
and PP films were shown to emit light. This plasma-induced JAPAN
luminescence(PIL) exhibited three components, one of which Accession no.720464
had been identified previously as chemiluminescence(PIL-
CL). The chemiluminescence(CL) component in PIL of PP
and LDPE was compared with isothermal CL spectra Item 194
obtained on heating PP in air at 165C and strong similarities Journal of Applied Polymer Science
were found. Furthermore, on increasing plasma treatment 71, No.6, 7th Feb.1999, p.1029-38
time or heating time, a similar development in the PIL-CL PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF POLAR
and isothermal CL spectra occurred, rendering the spectra POLYPROPYLENE BLENDS CONTAINING
broader and shifting them to higher wavelength. 14 refs. (Pt.I, PHENOLIC RESIN
ibid, p.59-66) Tae Won Son; Jun Ho Park; Dong Won Lee; Kwang
Hyun Park; Kang Koo; Sang Kyoo Lim
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
SPAIN; WESTERN EUROPE Yeungnam,University
Accession no.721911 To overcome the low water absorption and moisture
permeability of PP, it was blended with Novolak phenolic
Item 192 resins. Contact angle measurements were made to
Polymer Degradation and Stability determine whether blending had made the polymer more
64, No.1, 1999, p.59-66 hydrophilic. Other properties investigated were density,
EFFECT OF A COLD HELIUM PLASMA AT - melting temperature, crystallisation temperature,
180C ON POLYOLEFIN FILMS. I. PLASMA morphology and tensile properties. 33 refs.
INDUCED LUMINESCENCE FEATURES OF KOREA
POLYETHYLENE AND POLYPROPYLENE Accession no.718709
Tiemblo P; Gomez-Elvira J M; Teyssedre G; Massines
F; Laurent C
Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologia de Polimeros; Item 195
Laboratoire de Genie Electrique de Toulouse Kautchuk und Gummi Kunststoffe
51, No.12, Dec.1998, p.849-54
Plasma-induced luminescence(PIL) recorded from LDPE EFFECT OF CARBON BLACK
films 25 m thick and from oxidised 50 micrometre PP CONCENTRATION ON THE ADHESION
films was compared with previous observations on PIL BETWEEN NITRILE RUBBER AND NYLON
of 20 micrometre unoxidised PP films. The features of CORD
PIL, decay kinetics and luminescence spectra were shown Darwish N A; Lawandy S N; Abou-Kandil A I
to be very similar in both PP samples and in LDPE. As in Egypt,National Institute for Standards
the unoxidised PP sample, PIL was found to be composed
of phosphorescence at about 450 nm, chemiluminescence The effect of GPF carbon black concentration on the
near 400 nm and an emission due to radiative adhesion between two grades of NBR (Krynac 40/40
recombination of charges implanted on the surface which containing 38.5% acrylonitrile and Krynac 34/50
appeared around 500 nm. The decrease in the PIL containing 33% acrylonitrile) and nylon 66 cords was
chemiluminescence component as consecutive plasma studied. The static adhesion for mixes containing 60 ph
treatments were performed on the same sample, which GPF achieves higher adhesion levels and for both grades
had been found in unoxidised PP samples, was again of NMR the undipped nylon cords showed better adhesion
found both in LDPE and in oxidised PP. 17 refs. strength than the dipped ones. Ageing improved the
adhesion with samples of higher carbon black loading.
SPAIN; WESTERN EUROPE On exposure to radiation, reasonable adhesion results were
Accession no.721910 obtained when NBR 40/50 mixtures were bonded to
dipped nylon cords and NBR 34/50 bonded to undipped
ones. Adhesion testing was by H-pullout tests. Maximum
Item 193
adhesion levels were achieved using 60 phr carbon black
for both grades of nitrile rubber. There was a critical
71, No.13, 28th March 1999, p.2191-200

crosslink density at which the adhesion force was a photoelectron spectroscopy revealed the introduction of
maximum. The tricomponent HRH (hexamethylene polar groups like carboxyl, carbonyl and hydrogen
tetramine/resorcinol/hydrated silica) system was added sulphonate on the etched LDPE film surface. Printability
to the rubber mixes to promote adhesion between rubber by Brightflex Blue 20 ink was improved, as was the
and textile cord. If dipping solutions were used, the latex permanence of the printing (scratch/nail hardness).
was 100% vinyl pyridine. 17 refs. Etching also enhanced adhesion with epoxy resin. The
EGYPT mechanical properties (EB and TS) of laminates of the
Accession no.718674 two specimens of the same film sample with epoxy resin
were also measured. Some results of etching by fuming
nitric acid are discussed for comparison. Relevance to
Item 196 packaging laminates is suggested. 20 refs.
INDIA
71, No. 7, 14th Feb. 1999, p.1089-1100
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND Accession no.718452
BIODEGRADABILITY OF LDPE BLENDS WITH
FATTY ACID ESTERS OF AMYLOSE AND Item 198
STARCH Polymers for Advanced Technologies
Bikiaris D; Aburto J; Alric I; Borredon E; Botev M; 10, Nos.1-2, Jan.-Feb.1999, p.20-9
Betchev C; Panayiotou C SURFACE MODIFICATION OF POLYMERS FOR
Thessaloniki,Aristotle University; Ecole Nationale ADHESION ENHANCEMENT
Superieure de Chimie de Toulouse; Sofia,University of Kang E T; Neoh K G; Shi J L; Tan K L; Liaw D J
Chemical Technology & Metallurgy Singapore,National University; Taiwan,National
University of Science & Technology
A series of LDPE blends with different amounts of fatty
esters of amylose and starch were prepared in a Haake- Surface modification of LDPE and PTFE films via graft
Buchler Reomixer. The tensile as well as the dynamic copolymerisation with acrylic acid, sodium styrenesulphonate,
thermomechanical (DMTA) properties of the blends were N,N-dimethylacrylamide, 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl
measured. It was found that as the amount of the esters methacrylate, glycidyl methacrylate(GMA), acrylamide and
increased in the blends, the TS and, especially, the 3-dimethyl(methacryloylethyl)ammonium propanesulphonate
elongation at break, decreased nonlinearly. SEM was used was carried out in order to improve the adhesion. Using X-
to assess the interfacial adhesion between LDPE and the ray photoelectron spectroscopy, it was shown that graft-
corresponding esters. The incompatibility of the blends modified LDPE and PTFE films were capable of exhibiting
was also verified with DMTA and DSC. From the adhesive-free adhesion or auto-adhesion. The GMA-grafted
biodegradation studies of the blends during exposure in PTFE surfaces adhered strongly to one another when brought
activated sludge, it was found that all esters were into direct contact and cured either in the presence of an epoxy
biodegradable, although to a much lesser degree compared adhesive or in the presence of a diamine curing agent alone. It
to pure starch. The biodegradation rate of the composites was also shown that the ozone-pretreated LDPE films and the
is relatively small due to the low biodegradation rate of argon plasma-pretreated PTFE films readily underwent
the pure esters. 47 refs. photografting or thermal grafting with concurrent lamination
BULGARIA; EASTERN EUROPE; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; when lapped together in the presence of a small amount of the
EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; GREECE; WESTERN EUROPE monomer solution. The simultaneous graft copolymerisation
Accession no.718458 and lamination process could be carried out under atmospheric
conditions and in the complete absence of an added initiator
or system degassing. 40 refs. (7th International Symposium
Item 197
on Fine Chemistry and Functional Polymers, Hebei University,
Baoding, China, Aug.1997)
71, No. 7, 14th Feb. 1999, p.1041-8
SINGAPORE; TAIWAN
CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF LDPE FILM
Bag D S; Kumar V P; Maiti S Accession no.715512
Indian Institute of Technology
LDPE (FS-300 from IPCL, Baroda) blown film was Item 199
chemically modified by chromic acid treatment to Modern Plastics International
generate polar groups on the surface. The film samples 29, No.2, Feb.1999, p.28-9
were etched by chromic acid with variation of temperature CORONA SYSTEMS KEEP PACE WITH END-
at constant time (30 minutes) and variation of time at USE DEMANDS
constant temperature (room temp., i.e. 26C). The variation Gabriele M C
of weight and thickness of the film samples before and Corona surface treatment systems have improved to keep
after etching was measured. The surface morphology of pace with the growing market demands on processors to
the etched films was studied by SEM. IR and X-ray produce PE blown films with enhanced properties for

printing, decorating and laminating. Surface treatment is density and exposure time and type of PP. A rapid increase
a critical issue in order to accommodate water-based inks in surface energy was noted for current densities ranging
and coatings. from 0.4 to 0.6 milli amps. The change in free surface
USA; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL energy was rapid for extruded PP (from 33 to 49 milli
Accession no.714483 Joules per sq. m.) but much slower for modified biaxially
orientated PP (from 30 to 39). Reducing the exposure time
of the foil had the same effect as reducing the current
Item 200 density. 12 refs.
Kauchuk i Rezina (USSR)
No.1, 1998, p.14-7
Russian Accession no.712613
EFFECT OF THE TYPE OF METAL IN AN
INORGANIC ACTIVATOR COMPOUND ON THE Item 203
ADHESION OF VULCANISATES BASED ON Composites Part A: Applied Science and
NATURAL RUBBER TO METAL CORD Manufacturing
Kostrykina G I; Sudzilovskaya E N; Koshel’ G N; 30A, No.1, 1999, p.19-25
Sergeeva N L; Galybin G M TAILORING THE INTERFACE IN
Yaroslavl’,State Technical University POLYETHYLENE FIBRE/MATRIX
COMPOSITES: SURFACE-ENTANGLED
The effect of inorganic adhesion activators containing
INTERFACIAL LAYER
cobalt, nickel and molybdenum on the physico-
Cohen Y; Rein D M; Vaykhansky L E; Porter R S
mechanical properties of rubber mixes based on natural
Technion-Israel Institute of Technology; PolyEitan
rubber at different temperatures is studied. 2 refs. Articles
Composites; Amherst,Massachusetts University
from this journal can be requested for translation by
subscribers to the Rapra produced International Polymer The material properties of ultra-high molecular weight
Science and Technology. PE (UHMWPE) and of high-performance fibres
RUSSIA fabricated from it are unique among polymeric materials
Accession no.713875 which exhibit high modulus and strength. However, the
joint utilisation of UHMWPE fibres and matrix in a
composite suffers from several drawbacks. Most notable
Item 201 is the poor adhesion between fibres and matrix. A physical
Rubber Technology International method for the improvement of the interfacial adhesion
1998, p.47-51 between UHMWPE fibres and matrix is investigated,
RELATIONSHIP OF MOONEY VISCOSITY AND based on the formation of an interfacial layer, which is
TG TO THE PRESSURE SENSITIVE physically entangled with the surface of the fibre and
PROPERTIES OF HOT SBR LATEX crystallised on it together with the matrix material. As a
Kord J M; Wykoff A E result, strong interfacial adhesion is obtained, which
Ameripol Synpol Corp. allows utilisation of all-UHMWPE composites having
The impact of Mooney viscosity/molecular weight and unique properties. 14 refs.
glass transition temperature/bound styrene content of hot- ISRAEL; USA
polymerised SBR latex are examined in standard PSTC Accession no.712112
testing. Results are extended to performance at sub-
ambient and elevated temperatures and to specific
Item 204
applications.
USA
No.1, 1997, p.24-7
Accession no.713203 Russian
INFLUENCE OF RUBBER-FILLER
Item 202 INTERACTION ON THE ADHESION
Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie CHARACTERISTICS OF ELASTOMERIC
260, Nov.1998, p.47-51 COMPOSITIONS. III. EFFECT OF CONTENT OF
ADHESION OF POLY(PROPYLENE) MODIFIED POLYMERIC FILLERS ON THE ADHESION
BY CORONA DISCHARGE PROPERTIES OF ELASTOMERIC
Novak I; Chodak I COMPOSITIONS
Bratislava,Polymer Institute Kiselev V Ya; Vnukova V G
Moscow,Lomonosov Institute
The surface of isotactic poly(propylene)(PP) foils was
oxidised by corona discharge plasma with the object of A study is described of the adhesion properties of SKN-
improving the adhesion characteristics. The degree of 40 butadiene-acrylonitrile and PIB-200 polyisobutylene
surface modification was related to the corona current rubbers containing powdered fillers of fluoroplastic,

polypropylene, polystyrene, polycarbonate and polyamide Information is given on the theory and equipment of
6. 14 refs. Articles from this journal can be requested for corona discharge surface treatment, preparation of
translation by subscribers to the Rapra produced surfaces prior to corona discharge treatment, changes of
International Polymer Science and Technology. the polymer surface (nylon film) resulting from corona
RUSSIA discharge, treatment of NR/SBR vulcanisate surfaces, and
Accession no.711982 new developments in corona discharge treatment. 20 refs.
Articles from this journal can be requested for translation
by subscribers to the Rapra produced International
Item 205 Polymer Science and Technology.
JAPAN
No.1, 1997, p.22-4
Russian Accession no.710434
EFFECT OF RESINS AND PLASTICISERS ON
THE ADHESION PROPERTIES OF DIENE- Item 208
STYRENE THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMERS Plasticheskie Massy (USSR)
Glagolev V A; Lyusova L R; Filimonov A V; Agayants I M No.5, 1996, p.7-10
Russian
A study is described of the adhesive properties of diene- MODIFIED POLYOLEFIN BINDERS WITH
styrene thermoplastic elastomers modified with ENHANCED ADHESION PROPERTIES,
coumarone-indene resin, glycerol ester of colophony SYNTHESISED IN THE SOLID PHASE
modified with formaldehyde, and dibutyl phthalate. The Sizova M D; Volkov V P; Bunina L O; Zelenetskii S N;
influence of these modifiers on the bond strength of a Artem’eva N Yu; Nikol’skaya V P
non-polar butadiene-methylstyrene rubber is studied. 10
refs. Articles from this journal can be requested for Polypropylene or low-density polyethylene powders were
translation by subscribers to the Rapra produced mixed with powder-form maleic anhydride or acrylic acid
International Polymer Science and Technology. and benzoyl peroxide and mixed in a laboratory mixer
with comminuted wood particles to make a composite.
RUSSIA
Physico-mechanical and adhesion properties are
Accession no.711981 described. 9 refs. Articles from this journal can be
requested for translation by subscribers to the Rapra
Item 206 produced International Polymer Science and Technology.
Automotive Engineering RUSSIA
107, No.1, Jan.1999, p.99-101 Accession no.710080
BASECOATS WITH DIRECT ADHESION TO
TPO Item 209
Kondos C A; Kahle C F Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi
PPG Industries Inc. 70, No.1, 1997, p.50-6
The use of PP for both exterior and interior automotive Japanese
applications continues to increase. The best way to impact ADHESION BETWEEN NATURAL RUBBER AND
a high quality appearance to TPO is to coat the substrate NICKEL-PLATED STEEL CORD DURING
with a pigmented basecoat followed by a clearcoat. Use VULCANISATION
of a basecoat with direct adhesion to the TPO allows a Hachisuka S; Takahashi O; Mori K; Hirahara H; Oishi Y
manufacturer to eliminate the adhesion-promoting step Tokyo Sekiyo Co.Ltd; Iwate,University
and its contribution to the coated part’s cost. A solvent- Direct adhesion between natural rubber and nickel-plated
based 1K basecoat, modified with an olefinic diol, which steel cords during vulcanisation was investigated with a
has the ability to adhere directly to TPO and meet view to developing new types of steel cord for tyres. Poor
automotive elastomeric requirements is described. adhesion was found with NR compounds containing
USA sulphur and sulphenamide type accelerators, and good
Accession no.711259 adhesion was found when the cords were treated with
monosodium salt of triazine trithiol. 10 refs. Articles from
Item 207 this journal can be requested for translation by subscribers
Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi to the Rapra produced International Polymer Science and
70, No.6, 1997, p.333-9 Technology.
Japanese JAPAN
SURFACE MODIFICATION BY CORONA Accession no.710061
DISCHARGE
Saito D Item 210
Bridgestone Co.Ltd. Kauchuk i Rezina (USSR)

No.4, 1996, p.34-6 nitrogen is blown leads to a clear improvement in

Russian adhesion. The plastics tested were polypropylene,
EFFECT OF THE INTERACTION BETWEEN polypropylene with 30% glass fibre, PP with talc and 20%
THE RUBBER AND FILLER ON THE ADHESION rubber, polybutylene terephthalate, a compound of PBT
CHARACTERISTICS OF FILLED ELASTOMER and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer and
COMPOSITIONS. II. EFFECT OF OXIDES AND polyphenylene sulphide. Articles from this journal can
FLUORIDES OF ALKALINE EARTH METALS be requested for translation by subscribers to the Rapra
ON THE ADHESION PROPERTIES OF produced International Polymer Science and Technology.
ELASTOMER COMPOSITIONS EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
Kiselev V Ya; Vnukova V G WESTERN EUROPE
Data are given on the adhesion properties and mechanical Accession no.707981
properties of PIB-200 polyisobutylene and SKN-40
butadiene-acrylonitrile rubber filled with oxides and Item 213
fluorides of alkaline earth metals. 15 refs. Articles from Journal of Applied Polymer Science
this journal can be requested for translation by subscribers 71, No.2, 10th Jan.1999, p.319-31
to the Rapra produced International Polymer Science and ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE PLASMA
Technology. TREATMENT OF POLYETHYLENE VIA A
RUSSIA PULSE DIELECTRIC BARRIER DISCHARGE:
Accession no.708329 COMPARISON USING VARIOUS GAS
COMPOSITIONS VERSUS CORONA
Item 211 DISCHARGE IN AIR
Kauchuk i Rezina (USSR) Lynch J B; Spence P D; Baker D E; Postlethwaite T A
No.3, 1996, p.25-8 Cryovac North America; Tennessee,University
Russian Using an atmospheric pressure plasma unit with a
STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF THE INTERACTION dielectric barrier discharge generated using an asymmetric
BETWEEN RUBBER AND FILLER ON THE pulse voltage, the effects of different gases, powers and
ADHESION CHARACTERISTICS OF linespeeds on PE surface treatment were studied. The
ELASTOMER COMPOSITIONS. 1. INFLUENCE results obtained showed that atmospheric pressure plasma
OF THE CONTENT OF INDUSTRIAL FILLERS could be used to achieve higher long-term wettability,
ON THE ADHESION PROPERTIES OF higher surface oxygen and nitrogen, and a greater range
ELASTOMER COMPOSITIONS of surface chemistries with better robustness versus
Kiselev V Ya; Vnukova V G standard corona treatment. Atomic force microscopy
The study relates to the effect of the nature of the fine solid results suggested significant differences in the mechanism
filler particles introduced into rubbers on the adhesion and of surface functionalisation versus etching and ablation
autohesion characteristics of the resulting elastomer depending on the gases used. 31 refs.
compositions. The rubbers studied were SKN-40 polar USA
butadiene-acrylonitrile rubber with an acrylonitrile content Accession no.706506
of 40%, non-polar polyisobutylene, and amorphous
polycarbonate and polypropylene were used as polymeric Item 214
substrates. The inactive fillers were magnesium carbonate Journal of Applied Polymer Science
and calcium carbonate, and the active fillers were carbon 71, No.2, 10th Jan.1999, p.243-9
black and silica. 17 refs. Articles from this journal can be EFFECTS OF FUNCTIONAL GROUPS AND
requested for translation by subscribers to the Rapra SURFACE ROUGHNESS ON INTERFACIAL
produced International Polymer Science and Technology. SHEAR STRENGTH IN ULTRAHIGH
RUSSIA MOLECULAR WEIGHT POLYETHYLENE
Accession no.708281 FIBER/POLYETHYLENE SYSTEM
Ogawa T; Mukai H; Osawa S
Item 212 Kanazawa,Institute of Technology
Gummi Fasern Kunststoffe
Corona discharge treatment was conducted for
49, No.8, 1996, p.630-1
UHMWPE fibre and the functional groups and surface
German
roughness of the PE fibre surface were determined by
ADHESION TESTS WITH CORONA-
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and atomic force
PRETREATED PLASTICS
microscopy. The interfacial shear strength of
Matousek P; Krueger G; Hennemann O-D
UHMWPE fibre with HDPE film was determined by a
Tests are described showing how surface treatment of microbond pull-out method and was shown to increase
plastics with a corona beam into which air, helium or on corona treatment. The effects of the chemical and

physical factors on the interfacial shear strength were concentration of the amide, the porosity of the substrate
also examined, based on the results of multivariate and the thickness of the coating. 14 refs.
regression analysis. The results indicated that the EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN;
contribution of functional groups and surface roughness WESTERN EUROPE
to the interfacial shear strength was expressed as 50 Accession no.702526
and 50%, respectively. 39 refs.
JAPAN Item 217
Accession no.706497 European Polymer Journal
34, No.10, Oct.1998, p.1429-34
SURFACE GRAFT COPOLYMERISATION OF
Item 215
LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENE FILMS AND
International Journal of Adhesion & Adhesives
ITS RELEVANCE TO AUTOADHESION
18, No.5, 1998, p.351-8
Shi J L; Kang E T; Neoh K G; Tan K L; Liaw D J
STRENGTH OF ADHESIVE JOINTS FROM
Singapore,National University; Taiwan,National
FUNCTIONALIZED POLYETHYLENE AND
Institute of Technology
METALS
Pesetskii S S; Jurkowski B; Kuzavkov A I The surfaces of ozone-pretreated LDPE films were subjected
Belarus Academy of Sciences; Poznan,University of to further modification via thermal graft copolymerisation
Technology with a zwitterionic sulphobetaine monomer, 3-
dimethyl(methacryloylethyl)ammonium propanesulphonate
LDPE and functionalised LDPE (LDPE-g-itaconic
(DMAPS). It was demonstrated that the DMAPS graft
acid(IA)) adhesive interaction with copper, steel and
aluminium was studied. Differences in LDPE and LDPE- copolymerised LDPE films were capable of exhibiting
g-IA adhesive capability were found to be determined by adhesive-free adhesion with each other. Furthermore, when
oxidative transformations occurring at the metal-adhesive two ozone pretreated LDPE films were lapped together at
interface at the stage of the contact formation, rather than elevated temperature in the presence of a small quantity of
by their physical structure. Carboxylic group grafting to aqueous DMAPS solution, thermal grafting with concurrent
LDPE macromolecules resulted in acceleration of the lamination could occur in the complete absence of a
macromolecules’ oxidation in the adhesive boundary polymerisation initiator and system degassing. The graft
layers on copper and steel and also in its inhibition. When copolymerised surfaces in both cases were characterised by
adhesive joints from functionalised PE and metal were X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. 29 refs.
broken, a predominantly cohesive character was observed SINGAPORE; TAIWAN
along the adhesive boundary layer. A change in the Accession no.702207
adhesive strength of LDPE-g-IA under varying
technological conditions was caused mainly by the altered Item 218
concentration of low molecular substances in the contact Journal of Applied Polymer Science
zone. 36 refs. 70, No.3, 17th Oct.1998, p.457-63
BELARUS; BELORUSSIA; EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND EFFECT OF MOLECULAR STRUCTURE IN
Accession no.704886 BRANCHED POLYETHYLENE ON ADHESION
PROPERTIES WITH POLYPROPYLENE
Yamaguchi M
Item 216
TOSOH Corp.
Revista de Plasticos Modernos
74, No.496, Oct.1997, p.357-68 The adhesion properties between two types of branched
Spanish PE (one a LLDPE and the other a high pressure LDPE)
MODIFICATION OF THE SURFACE and isotactic PP were studied by means of a peel test and
PROPERTIES OF FILMS THROUGH THE USE SEM. The adhesive strength of LLDPE/PP was much
OF SLIP AND ANTI-BLOCKING AGENTS higher than that of LDPE/PP. Adhesive strength was hardly
Barrales-Rienda J M affected by the formation of PE influxes between PP
Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologia de Polimeros spherulites. The interfacial tension was found to be 1.0 mN
The effects of fatty acid amide slip and anti-blocking for LLDPE/PP and 2.1 mN for LDPE/PP, indicating that
agents on polymer surface properties are examined, and the interfacial thickness of the former was about twice that
studies of the use of these additives in PE films and of the latter. The results were discussed. 22 refs.
extrusion coatings are reported. It is shown that the surface JAPAN
properties of a film containing an amide are determined Accession no.701928
by the type of amide used, its concentration and the
thickness of the film, and that the ability of a slip agent to Item 219
reduce the coefficient of friction of a coating supported Pitture e Vernici
on a porous substrate depends on the type and 74, No.17, Oct.1998, p.43/50

CHLORINATED POLYOLEFINS (CPOS) AND SURFACE MODIFICATION OF HIGH DENSITY

THE ADHESION OF COATINGS TO PLASTICS POLYETHYLENE AND POLYPROPYLENE BY
SUBSTRATES DC GLOW DISCHARGE AND ADHESIVE
Perdomo G R BONDING TO STEEL
Eastman Chemical Co. Bhowmick S; Ghosh P K; Ray S; Barthwal S K
Roorkee,University
The difficulties in obtaining adhesion of a coating to
plastic substrates, such as PE, PP, thermoplastic Surface modification of HDPE and PP was carried out
polyolefins (TPOs) and others, has been known for many by exposure to a DC glow discharge in air at different
years, as well as several means to overcome this. Plastic power levels of 5.28, 11, and 13 W. The surface energies
substrates can be coated, if treatments such as flame, of polymers exposed to glow discharge were estimated
corona chemical etching or adhesion promoters are used. by measuring the contact angles of two test liquids:
The availability of Eastman’s CPOs as adhesion promoters deionised water and formamide, whose surface energy
dates back to the 1970s, when CP-343-1, CP-515-2 and components are known. Lap shear tensile strength of an
CP-153-2 were commercialised. However there is limited adhesive joint of HDPE and PP with a mild steel sheet
knowledge about the mechanism by which CPOs promote was determined for unexposed, optimally exposed, and
the adhesion of coatings to plastic substrates. There is overexposed surfaces of the polymers after measuring
interest in determining this mechanism, since this their surface energy. 23 refs.
knowledge may serve as a basis for improved adhesion INDIA
promoters, improved adhesion of coatings to plastics and Accession no.697994
thus greater use. This is of great importance as the use of
plastics is continually increasing.
Item 222
USA
Accession no.699799 12, No.11, 1998, p.1141-80
MULTILIQUID APPROACH TO THE SURFACE
Item 220 FREE ENERGY DETERMINATION OF FLAME-
Journal of Polymer Science : Polymer Physics Edition TREATED SURFACES OF RUBBER-
36, No.14, Oct.1998, p.2483-92 TOUGHENED POLYPROPYLENE
SURFACE PROPERTIES OF OXIDIZED LDPE della Volpe C; Deimichei A; Ricco T
BY SCANNING FORCE MICROSCOPY WITH Trento,University
CHEMICALLY MODIFIED PROBES
Rubber-toughened PPs (TPOs) with different properties
Schonherr H; Vancso G J
of the rubbery phase, consisting of different degrees of
Twente,University
rubber dispersion and different levels of rubber
The surface of chromic acid-oxidised low-density crystallinity, were considered. The flame-treated surfaces
polyethylene was investigated using scanning force of these materials and their interfaces with a commonly
microscopy and contact angle measurements. At first used primer were studied by dynamic contact angle
stacks of lamellae were exposed, and later a granular analysis using seven liquids and by scanning probe
morphology was observed. During the first 10 minutes microscopy. The contact angle data were analysed using
of oxidation the sample roughness increased from the concepts and the equations of the surface free energy
approximately 20 nm to 50 nm. Gold-coated scanning acid-base component theory. A new approach consisting
force microscopy probes, which had been functionalised in the use of a large number of probe liquids and of a
with self-assembled monolayers, were used to determine proper mathematical method is proposed: it allows higher
the pull-off force characteristics in ethanol. However, precision in the determination of the surface free energy
variations in the contact area between the tips on the components and the work of adhesion. 45 refs.
polymer surface affected the results. Annealed samples, EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;
with less roughness, gave better correlation with measured WESTERN EUROPE
contact angles. There was an approximately linear Accession no.697993
relationship between the normalised pull-off force and
cosine of the contact angle, for carboxylic acid-modified
Item 223
tips and smooth samples. 25 refs.
NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE
12, No.10, 1998, p.1105-19
EFFECTS OF THE SURFACE MODIFICATION
Accession no.699618
BY REMOTE HYDROGEN PLASMA ON
ADHESION IN THE ELECTROLESS COPPER/
Item 221 TETRAFLUOROETHYLENE-
Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology HEXAFLUOROPROPYLENE COPOLYMER
12, No.11, 1998, p.1181-204 (FEP) SYSTEM

Inagaki N; Tasaka S; Park Y W Item 226

Shizuoka,University Euradh ’96. Adhesion ’96. Volume One. Conference
proceedings.
FEP sheets were modified with a remote hydrogen plasma
Cambridge, 3rd-6th Sept.1996, p.325-30. 9(12)4
and the effects of the modification on the adhesion between
ADHESION IMPROVEMENT OF SILICA
a copper layer and FEP were investigated from the
LAYERS ON POLYPROPYLENE AND
viewpoint of special reactions in the remote plasma. 8 refs.
POLYCARBONATE INDUCED BY PLASMA
JAPAN
TREATMENTS
Accession no.697193 Vallon S; Hofrichter A; Drevillon B; Klemberg-Sapieha
J E; Martinu L; Poncin-Epaillard F; Schalchli A;
Item 224 Benattar J J
International Polymer Science and Technology CNRS-UPR; Montreal,Ecole Polytechnique; CNRS-
25, No.3, 1998, p.T/1-9 URA; CE-Saclay
ADHESIVES IN MODERN TECHNOLOGIES (Institute of Materials; Societe Francaise du Vide;
Vabrik R; Lepenye G; Tury I; Rusznak I; Vig A Dechema Institut)
Adhesion theories are reviewed, including mechanical In order to improve the adhesion of plasma-deposited
bonding, adsorption, electronic, and diffusion theories. silica layers, plasma treatments of PP and polycarbonate
Adhesives are classified according to their chemical (PC) are performed. Treatments in Ar and in an (Ar, N2)
structure and method of cure. Those derived from natural mixture are studied by in situ IR ellipsometry, contact
materials include proteins, cellulose, starch, latices, resins angle measurements, and adhesion is estimated using a
and waxes. Synthetic adhesives include vinyl derivatives, micro-scratch test. The Ar plasma treatment improves
epoxy resins, polyurethanes, phenolic plastics, amino adhesion on PP, due to surface crosslinking, while the
plastics and synthetic rubbers. Chemical curing processes further improvement achieved by the dilute N2 treatment
include polymerisation, polyaddition, and is attributed to polar nitrogen-containing groups grafted
polycondensation. Pressure sensitive, solvent-based and onto the polymer surface. In the case of PC, these
melt adhesives cure by physical processes. Potential phenomena are accompanied by the appearance of
applications of modern adhesive are briefly reviewed. 21 phenolic groups acting as acidic sites. 10 refs.
refs. Translation of Muanyag es Gumi, No. 1, 1998, p.20 CANADA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE
EASTERN EUROPE; HUNGARY
Item 225 Item 227

Journal of Applied Polymer Science Euradh ’96. Adhesion ’96. Volume One. Conference
70, No.2, 10th Oct.1998, p.383-7 proceedings.
INVESTIGATION ON THE MODIFICATION OF Cambridge, 3rd-6th Sept.1996, p.161-6. 9(12)4
POLYPROPYLENE BY GRAFTING OF MALEIC ARGON PLASMA TREATMENT OF
ANHYDRIDE BASED ON THE ASPECT OF POLYPROPYLENE AND POLYCARBONATE
ADHESION STUDIED BY IN SITU
Chi-Wen Lin; Wei-Lun Lee SPECTROELLIPSOMETRY AND PROTON NMR
Taiwan,National Yunlin University of Science & SPECTROSCOPY
Technology Vallon S; Hofrichter A; Drevillon B; Poncin-Epaillard
F
Isotactic PP was modified by chemical grafting of maleic CNRS-UPR; CNRS-URA
anhydride in the molten state. The degree of grafting, (Institute of Materials; Societe Francaise du Vide;
ranging from 0.078-0.368%, was determined by a titration Dechema Institut)
method. Isotactic PP modified by chemical grafting of
maleic anhydride was used as an adhesive in bonding The exposure of PP and polycarbonate (PC) to an argon
cold-rolled steel shafts for the correlation of its plasma is studied by in situ spectroscopic ellipsometry
bondability. It was found that the maximum adhesive from the UV to the IR, and the results are correlated to
strength of 159 kg/sq cm was obtained from a degree of proton NMR spectroscopy. UV-visible real-time
grafting of 0.217%. A higher degree of grafting was ellipsometry reveals the formation of an overlayer with
detrimental not only to the initial adhesive strength, but higher refractive index, attributed to a densification of
also to the durability aged in a wet environment. ESCA the polymer surface due to crosslinking. The reaction
was used to analyse the failure loci because the joint was mechanisms are investigated using NMR and in situ IR
separated by shearing. 10 refs. ellipsometry. The crosslinking mechanism for PP involves
the abstraction of methyl groups. In the case of PC,
TAIWAN
crosslinking seems to be also related to a decrease in
Accession no.696871 methyl groups, while a second reaction also takes place,

involving carbonate bond breaking and photo-Fries VTT Building Technology; Helsinki,University of
rearrangements. 12 refs. Technology; Wisconsin,University; USDA Forest
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; Products Laboratory
WESTERN EUROPE
Results of detailed experimental investigations of the
Accession no.696357 above, carried out using atomic force microscopy and
contact angle measurements, are presented and discussed.
Item 228 32 refs.
Euradh ’96. Adhesion ’96. Volume One. Conference USA
proceedings. Accession no.695540
Cambridge, 3rd-6th Sept.1996, p.41-51. 9(12)4
FAILURE ANALYSIS OF JOINTS OF SURFACE
TREATED UNVULCANISED SBS-RUBBER/ Item 230
POLYURETHANE ADHESIVE Polymer
Pastor-Blas M M; Torregrosa-Macia R; Martin- 39, No.24, 1998, p.5939-48
Martinez J M; Dillard J G FUSION BONDING OF MALEIC ANHYDRIDE-
Alicante,Universidad; Virginia Tech GRAFTED POLYPROPYLENE-POLYAMIDE 6
(Institute of Materials; Societe Francaise du Vide; BLENDS TO POLYAMIDE 6
Dechema Institut) Bidaux J E; Smith G D; Manson J A E; Plummer C J G;
Hilborn J
Chlorination with trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCI) is a Lausanne,Ecole Polytechnique Federale
common surface treatment to improve the adhesion of
synthetic vulcanised SBR to PU and epoxy adhesives. A series of bonds between maleic anhydride-grafted PP-
polyamide-6 blends and polyamide-6 was manufactured.
The modifications produced on the rubber surface by
The interfacial fracture energy of the resulting interfaces
a treatment with TCI were previously analysed, and it
was measured for bonding temps. varying from the
was established that the improvement of the adhesion
melting temp. of the grafted PP to above that of the
properties is due to creation of surface heterogeneities,
polyamide-6. The interfacial fracture energy was then
existence of C-Cl and C-O polar groups, increase in
compared with that obtained between homopolymers of
surface energy and removal of anti-adherent
the blend constituents. Optical microscopy and TEM
compounds on the rubber surface. However, in another
were used to investigate the morphology of the blends
study based on the analysis of failed rubber surfaces in the bulk and at the interface, in an attempt to
after a T-peel test, the results showed that the values understand its effect on the interfacial fracture energy.
of joint strength obtained were influenced by the locus ESCA was used to determine the exact locus of failure.
of failure in the joints, being this affected by the Measurements by DSC were also performed to
mechanical and physical properties of the rubber. The investigate melting-crystallisation behaviour of the
influence of several compounding ingredients on the respective polymers. 25 refs.
effectiveness of the chlorination treatment of synthetic SWITZERLAND; WESTERN EUROPE
vulcanised rubber surface led to the use of model rubber
Accession no.695349
compounds to analyse the nature of the modifications
produced on their surface. The analysis of the failed
surfaces, after T-peel testing would provide a better Item 231
understanding of the effects produced by chlorination Euradh ’96. Adhesion ’96. Volume Two. Conference
with TCI. The effects produced by different amounts proceedings.
of chlorinating agent applied to the rubber surface are Cambridge, 3rd-6th Sept.1996, p.629-33. 9(12)4
considered. 6 refs. ADHESIVE PROPERTIES OF OLEFIN
POLYMERS EXPOSED TO
WESTERN EUROPE FUNCTIONALISATION AND AQUEOUS MEDIA
Accession no.696336 Pesetskii S S; Kasperovich O M; Kuzavkov A I
Belarus Academy of Sciences; Belorussian,State
University
Item 229 (Institute of Materials; Societe Francaise du Vide;
International Journal of Adhesion & Adhesives Dechema Institut)
18, No.4, 1998, p.283-97
EFFECT OF OXYGEN AND Polyolefine macromolecules do not contain polar
HEXAMETHYLDISILOXANE(HMDSO) functionalised groups capable of forming comparatively
PLASMA ON MORPHOLOGY, WETTABILITY strong adhesive bonds with metal. Due to this fact, the
AND ADHESION PROPERTIES OF technique of producing strong and durable adhesive bonds
POLYPROPYLENE AND LIGNOCELLULOSICS between polyolefine compounds and metals is based on
Mahlberg R; Niemi H E M; Denes F; Rowell R M the introduction of adhesively powerful functionalised

groups into the chemical structure. The method based on temperature. The greatest changes were observed in the
functionalised groups grafting to polyolefine polypropylene samples which had been prepared using a
macromolecules in the process of chemical reactions metallocene system, where the molecular weight
occurring in the polymer melt is considered to be increased 10 fold and the melting temperature increased
promising. 5 refs. from 130 to 164 C. The plasma induced transformation
BELARUS; BELORUSSIA from the gamma to the alpha form. This was attributed to
Accession no.694815 the ultraviolet component of the plasma irradiation. 13
refs.
RUSSIA
Item 232
Euradh ’96. Adhesion ’96. Volume Two. Conference Accession no.694386
proceedings.
Cambridge, 3rd-6th Sept.1996, p.601-6. 9(12)4 Item 234
PRIMER TO IMPROVE THE ADHESION OF EVA Antec ’98. Volume III. Conference proceedings.
MATERIALS Atlanta, Ga., 26th-30th April 1998, p.2667-71. 012
Martinez-Garcia A; Lopez-Martinez J; Martin- WHAT IS GAS PLASMA AND SHOULD YOU
Martinez J M CARE?
Alicante,Toy Research Institute; Alicante,Universidad Kaplan S L
(Institute of Materials; Societe Francaise du Vide; (SPE)
Dechema Institut)
Plasma surface treatment of plastics is not new, nor is it
EVAs are materials commonly used in the footwear (as commonplace. A plasma is defined, together with what it
sole material) and in the toy manufacturing, among other is capable of achieving. A plasma is an excited gas, not
industries. For some applications, these materials need unlike the aurora borealis. The excited particles that
to be joined with adhesives. The VA content in the EVA comprise the plasma bombard materials placed within
determines their adhesion properties and considering that, their environment causing permanent change to their
in general, the copolymer possess a maximum of about surface properties. By the judicious selection of process
20 wt.% VA (i.e. high PE content), they exhibit a serious gas(es) and process parameters, the surface can be re-
lack of adhesion. In the footwear industry EVA is used engineered to fit specific needs. Quantitative analytical
for shoe soling produced either as a cross-linked data are presented on the chemical changes to the surface
microcellular material or as a thermoplastic, and it is of PE subjected to a plasma. 3 refs.
bonded with PU or with polychloroprene adhesives. USA
Adhesion of microcellular EVA, especially with PU Accession no.692803
adhesives, gives very poor bonds. Possible causes for this
are oxidation of the EVA surface, low reactivation
temperature and the fact that the excess of peroxide in Item 235
the EVA may degrade the PU. The performance of a new Journal of Materials Science
liquid reactive primer applied to EVA copolymers with 33, No.13, 1st July 1998, p.3419-25
different VA content is studied, with emphasis on the FACTORS AFFECTING THE INTERFACIAL
influence of the immersion and reaction time of the primer ADHESION OF ULTRAHIGH-MODULUS
with the EVA surface. 7 refs. POLYETHYLENE FIBRE-VINYLESTER
COMPOSITES USING GAS PLASMA
WESTERN EUROPE TREATMENT
Accession no.694810 Sung In Moon; Jyongsik Jang
Seoul,National University
Item 233 The interfacial adhesion of UHMWPE fibre-vinyl ester

European Polymer Journal composites was improved by the oxygen plasma treatment
34, No.7, July 1998, p.1013-22 of the UHMWPE fibre. The chemical functional group
THE MODIFICATION OF POLYPROPYLENE formations on the UHMWPE fibre surface by oxygen
STRUCTURE BY LOW-FREQUENCY GLOW plasma treatment were analysed using diffuse reflectance
DISCHARGE FTIR spectroscopy and the morphological changes on the
Rishina L A; Vizen E I; Sosnovskaya L N; Lodygina T UHMWPE fibre surface by plasma etching were observed
A; Shibryaeva L S; Veretennikova A A; Gilman A B by SEM. 23 refs.
Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow,Karpov SOUTH KOREA
Institute of Physical Chemistry Accession no.692064
Polypropylene was modified by low-frequency glow
discharge in both air and nitrogen, resulting in significant Item 236
increases in both molecular weight and melting Macromolecules

31, No.15, 28th July 1998, p.4791-97 undecane sulphate (S11(:)) or sodium dodecane sulphate
TWO-STEP SURFACE MODIFICATION OF (SDS) on the PE surface using an argon plasma treatment.
CHEMICALLY RESISTANT POLYMERS. BLEND The synthesis of S11(:) was outlined. X-ray photoelectron
FORMATION AND SUBSEQUENT CHEMISTRY spectroscopy confirmed the presence of the sulphate
Rajagopalan P; McCarthy T J groups on the PE surfaces. The efficiency of the
Massachusetts,University immobilisation process was improved by the presence of
Supercritical fluid carbon dioxide processing was studied an unsaturated alkyl bond in the alkyl chain of the
as a new route to polymer surface modification. Three surfactant. At an optimal plasma treatment time of 5 s,
fluoropolymer substrates were studied, namely, PTFE, about 25% and 6% of the initial amount of sulphate groups
PCTFE and FEP, using a two-step modification procedure. in the coated S11(:) layer and SDS layer respectively were
In the first step, blends or semi-interpenetrating networks retained at the PE surface. The maximum surface density
were prepared by carrying out a free radical of sulphate groups on the PE samples was one group per
polymerisation of styrene (or styrene with divinylbenzene 45 and 127 sq. Angstrom units respectively. 48 refs.
or triallyl cyanurate) within the supercritical fluid-swollen EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
polymer substrate. The second step involved sulphonating NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE
the PS using heterogeneous (solution-solid) sulphonation Accession no.686426
conditions. Composition of the surfaces was determined
by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and wettability was Item 239
assessed using water contact angle measurements. Polymer Engineering and Science
Depressed advancing and receding contact angles indicate 38, No.6, June 1998, p.965-70
increased wettability of all of the fluoropolymer samples. MECHANISM OF CORONA TREATMENT ON
25 refs. POLYOLEFIN FILMS
USA Zhang D; Sun Q; Wadsworth L C
Accession no.690711 Tennessee,University
A brief review is presented of the mechanisms of corona
Item 237 treatment of polyolefin films with emphasis on the
European Polymer Journal chemical and physical changes of the process and the self-
34, Nos.5/6, May/June 1998, p.855-61 adhesion mechanism. 49 refs.
SURFACE MODIFICATION AND EVALUATION USA
OF POLYETHYLENE FILM Accession no.686405
Bag D S; Ghosh S N; Maiti S
Indian Institute of Technology Item 240
LDPE and a blend of LDPE and LLDPE (50/50) films Composite Interfaces
were etched by hot fuming nitric acid in order to introduce 5, No.3, 1998, p.201-23
polar groups on the film surfaces. The presence of polar IMPROVED INTERACTIONS IN CHEMICALLY
groups, mainly -COOH, :C=O, -NO2 and -NO, was MODIFIED PINEAPPLE LEAF FIBRE
confirmed by IR spectroscopic studies. Deconvolution of REINFORCED POLYETHYLENE COMPOSITES
the ESCA peaks also supported the generation of active George J; Bhagawan S S; Thomas S
polar groups. The surface morphology of the etched films Mahatma Gandhi,University
was studied by SEM. The mechanical performance of Mechanical properties of pineapple leaf fibre reinforced
laminates of these active films with epoxy resin (Araldite) LDPE composites were studied with special reference to
was tested by tensile property measurements. 13 refs. the effects of interface modifications. Various chemical
INDIA treatments using reagents such as sodium hydroxide,
Accession no.687803 poly(methylene)poly(phenyl) isocyanate (PMPPIC), silane,
benzoyl peroxide, dicumyl peroxide and potassium
Item 238 permanganate were carried out to improve the interfacial
Polymer bonding. IR spectroscopy and SEM were used to characterise
39, No.15, 1998, p.3437-44 the interface and the modified fibre surface. 30 refs.
INTRODUCTION OF SULFATE GROUPS ON INDIA
POLY(ETHYLENE) SURFACES BY ARGON Accession no.685319
PLASMA IMMOBILIZATION OF SODIUM
ALKYL SULFATES Item 241
Lens J P; Terlingen J G A; Engbers G H M; Feijen J Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology
Twente,University 12, No.7, 1998, p.731-48
Sulphate groups were introduced on to PE surfaces by ENHANCED INTERFACIAL ADHESION OF
immobilising a precoated layer of either sodium 10- ULTRA-HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT

POLYETHYLENE (UHMWPE) FIBRES BY that is, the time it takes the polymer to freeze-off once it
OXYGEN PLASMA TREATMENT has exited the die. Process time experiments allow for
Seung-Goo Lee; Tae-Jin Kang; Tae-Ho Yoon the trade-off between peel strength and output to be
Chungnam,National University; Seoul,National quantified.
University; Kwangju,Institute of Science & Technology EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
WESTERN EUROPE
UHMWPE fibres were subjected to oxygen plasma
treatment to improve interfacial adhesion. The treated Accession no.682026
fibres were characterised by contact angle analysis, X-
ray photoelectron spectroscopy, SEM, atomic force Item 244
microscopy, and mercury porosimetry. The interfacial Macromolecules
shear strength of UHMWPE fibres to vinylester resin was 31, No. 10, 19th May 1998, p.3230-4
measured by micro-droplet tests and exhibited an PEROXY RADICAL FORMATION FROM
increasing trend, believed to result fron the increased PLASMA-INDUCED SURFACE RADICALS OF
surface area, the surface free energy, and the oxygen- POLYETHYLENE AS STUDIED BY ELECTRON
containing moieties due to the plasma treatment. 25 refs. SPIN RESONANCE
SOUTH KOREA Kuzuya M; Kondo S; Sugito M; Yamashiro T
Accession no.684881 Gifu,Pharmaceutical University
The nature of peroxy radical formation from plasma-
Item 242 induced surface radicals of PE, both LDPE and HDPE,
Journal of Applied Polymer Science was studied by ESR with the aid of systematic computer
69, No.3, 18th July 1998, p.435-41 simulations. Peroxy radical formation varied with the
SURFACE MODIFICATION OF PTFE BY structure of component radicals of plasma-irradiated PE,
COBALT GAMMA-RAY IRRADIATION both LDPE and HDPE. Among three plasma-induced
Tian Jun; Xue Qunjl radicals of PE, dangling bond sites undergo an instant
Lanzhou,Institute of Chemical Physics conversion into the corresponding peroxy radicals in
contact with oxygen, while the midchain alkyl radical is
Carboxyl groups formed at the surface of poly(tetra- of very low reactivity with oxygen in both LDPE and
fluoroethylene) (PTFE), when it was gamma-irradiated HDPE. Computer simulations disclosed that ESR spectra
using cobalt-60, were detected using Fourier transform of peroxy radicals are similar to each other in LDPE and
infra-red spectroscopy. The contact angles were measured HDPE, both being composed of two types of spectra, a
and used to calculate the dispersive and polar components partial g-averaging anisotropic spectrum and a nearly
of the surface free energy using the two-liquid method. isotropic single line spectrum due to different molecular
The radiation caused increases in the concentration of motional freedom at the trapping sites of peroxy radicals.
carboxyl groups, the wettability, the friction, the 9 refs. (See also previous paper, this journal, p.3225-9).
dispersive and polar components of the surface energy
JAPAN
and the crystallinity of the surface; whilst the particle size
of the PTFE was decreased. A 20 kGy dose modified the Accession no.681738
surface of PTFE, rendering it suitable for anti-friction,
anti-corrosion, anti-fouling, lubrication and noise- Item 245
reduction coatings. 20 refs. Macromolecules
CHINA 31, No. 10, 19th May 1998, p.3225-9
Accession no.684058 PLASMA-INDUCED SURFACE RADICALS OF
LOW-DENSITY POLYETHYLENE STUDIED BY
ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE
Item 243 Kuzuya M; Yamashiro T; Kondo S; Sugito M; Mouri M
Macplas International Gifu,Pharmaceutical University
Feb.1998, p.58-60
IMPORTANCE OF PROCESS TIME IN BLOWN ESR spectra of plasma-induced LDPE radicals were
FILM COEXTRUSION compared with ESR spectra of HDPE. The observed ESR
Schenk H; Wollak H spectra of plasma-irradiated LDPE are largely different
DuPont De Nemours International SA in pattern from those of HDPE. The systematic computer
simulation disclosed that such observed spectra consist
How polymers are processed into films and parts can of three kinds of radicals, namely, midchain alkyl radical
influence their properties. Processing variables such as (I), allylic radical (2) as discrete radical species, and a
melt temperature and contact time between layers are large amount of dangling bond sites (3) at an intra- and
known to affect the peel strength performance in intersegmental crosslinked region. All those component
coextrusion. One processing parameter that has only radicals are essentially identical to those of HDPE. One
recently been given considerable attention is process time, of the most special features unique to plasma-irradiated

LDPE, however, is the fact that the thermally stable exchange. The resulting surfaces are investigated by XPS,
dangling bond site is the major component radical instead enabling the characterisation of the modified polymer
of the midchain alkyl radical in HDPE. This can be surfaces as parameters are varied to optimise the
ascribed to the difference in polymer morphology between modification techniques. 2 refs.
LDPE and HDPE, i.e. branched structure with a large USA
amount of amorphous region for LDPE and linear Accession no.681469
structure with a large amount of crystalline region for
HDPE. Since one of the characteristics of plasma
irradiation is the fact that it is surface-limited, LDPE Item 247
would undergo the radical formation preferentially on the 20th Annual Anniversary Meeting of the Adhesion
surface-branched structural moiety followed by facile Society. Conference proceedings.
cross-link reactions resulting in the formation of dangling Hilton Head Island, S.C., 23rd-26th Feb.1997, p.607-9.
bond sites. Thus, the nature of radical formation of PE 8(10)
was found to be affected by the polymer morphology in a EFFECT OF SMALL MOLECULES ON
very sensitive manner. Computer simulations of the ESR POLYMER/POLYMER ADHESION
spectra were performed with a 32 bit microcomputer. 7 Sime K J; Sutherland I; Butters A
refs. (See also next paper, this journal, p.3230-4). Loughborough,University; ICI Imagedata
Edited by: Drzal L T; Schreiber H P
JAPAN
(US,Adhesion Society)
Accession no.681737
Polymer/polymer adhesion between commercially
available polymers is investigated under unusual joint
Item 246
forming conditions. The polymers are brought together
20th Annual Anniversary Meeting of the Adhesion
Society. Conference proceedings. at high temperatures (200-300 deg.C) for a short time.
Hilton Head Island, S.C., 23rd-26th Feb.1997, p.641-3. The normal requirements for bond forming conditions are
8(10) sample wetting, good contact and absence of weak
UTILISING X-RAY PHOTOELECTRON boundary layers. In this instance the time span is so short
SPECTROSCOPY TO INVESTIGATE MODIFIED there is probably insufficient time for an equilibrium to
POLYMER SURFACES be achieved at the interface, and as a result the joint
Weitzsacker C L; Dontula N; Centeck A; Ricj M J; strength could be determined by a variety of non-
Drzal L T equilibrium factors. Emphasis is placed on the effect of
Michigan,State University small molecules in the samples and their subsequent effect
Edited by: Drzal L T; Schreiber H P on the adhesion. The presence of small molecules to a
(US,Adhesion Society) polymer may have a plasticising effect which would
enhance contact between the two polymers; alternatively
The goal of surface modifying polymers is to raise the
they may produce a weak boundary layer and adversely
energy of the polymeric surface, enabling stronger
affect adhesion. The results obtained are rationalised in
bonding with the desired coating. Methods of
modification include treatment by flame, corona terms of surface migration and compatibility of the small
discharge, UV light, ozone or wet chemical treatments molecules present in the two polymers. 6 refs.
such as sulphonation. In most treatments, the polymer EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
surface is oxidised, leaving more energetic oxygen
functional groups available at the surface for chemical Accession no.681461
reaction with subsequent coatings or adhesive agents. To
understand, develop and improve bonded or coated Item 248
polymer systems, the surfaces of each component and 20th Annual Anniversary Meeting of the Adhesion
the resulting interface between components needs to be Society. Conference proceedings.
well characterised. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy Hilton Head Island, S.C., 23rd-26th Feb.1997, p.541-3.
(XPS or ESCA) is an excellent tool to investigate the 8(10)
topmost surface and interfaces between polymers to the LOCUS OF FAILURE IN JOINTS PRODUCED
depth of the first several nanometers. XPS is able to BETWEEN SURFACE CHLORINATED SBS
determine the surface atomic composition of materials RUBBERS WITH DIFFERENT STYRENE
as well as identifying surface functionality. Changes in CONTENT
the surface of polymers such as increases in surface Pastor-Blas M M; Iniesta-Jaen J; Martin-Martinez J M;
oxygen, sulphur or nitrogen content as well as determining Torro-Palau A; Fernandez-Garcia J C; Orgiles-Barcelo
changes in the bonding between carbon and these A C; Dillard J G
heteroatoms can be determined using XPS. Polycarbonate Alicante,University; INESCOP; Virginia Tech
and PP are investigated after exposure to either UV light Edited by: Drzal L T; Schreiber H P
or chemical modification by sulphonation and ion (US,Adhesion Society)

Halogenation with trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCI) is a Hilton Head Island, S.C., 23rd-26th Feb.1997, p.101-3.
common surface treatment used to promote the adhesion 8(10)
strength of synthetic rubbers. Most of previous studies FLAME TREATMENT OF POLYOLEFIN
have been carried out using synthetic vulcanised SBR MATERIALS: CHARACTERISATION OF GAS
rubbers containing a relatively high number of ingredients, PHASE PHENOMENA
which made it difficult to establish the nature of the Sullivan N; Branch M C; Ulsh M; Strobel M
modifications responsible of the enhanced joint strength Colorado,University; 3M Corporate Research
generally obtained. It is not easy to characterise SBRs Edited by: Drzal L T; Schreiber H P
with simple formulations because the lack of mechanical (US,Adhesion Society)
properties obtained. These materials do not need
Flame treatment was first applied to polyolefin films
vulcanisation and have a block copolymer structure which
in the 1950s as a means to improve wetting and
can be easily varied by changing their styrene content.
adhesion properties. After resolving manufacturing
Furthermore, the SBS rubbers selected only contain the
concerns of safety, reliability, and practicality, the
polymer and an antioxidant, and the objective is to analyse
process has received renewed interest over the last
the surface modifications produced by halogenation with
decade. Knowledge of the temperature field and
TCI. To detect the nature of the locus of failure in the
chemical composition throughout the flame zone is
joints, which is related with the peel strength value
required to optimise the flame treatment process. By
measured, the effects of the chlorination are analysed on
comparing the combustion characteristics with surface
the failed surfaces obtained after T-peel tests. 3 refs.
properties of the treated film, the most important
treatment species can be identified and optimised. The
WESTERN EUROPE
use of a computational technique in conjunction with
Accession no.681445 experimental methods in understanding the combustion
phenomena is briefly reviewed. 7 refs.
Item 249 USA
20th Annual Anniversary Meeting of the Adhesion Accession no.681104
Society. Conference proceedings.
Hilton Head Island, S.C., 23rd-26th Feb.1997, p.505-7.
8(10) Item 251
LOW POWER PLASMA MODIFICATION OF 20th Annual Anniversary Meeting of the Adhesion
FLUORINATED POLYMERS Society. Conference proceedings.
Pringle S; Joss V; Jones C Hilton Head Island, S.C., 23rd-26th Feb.1997, p.89-91.
Liverpool,University 8(10)
Edited by: Drzal L T; Schreiber H P AFM AND FTIR-ATR IN STUDY OF UV/OZONE
(US,Adhesion Society) MODIFIED SURFACES OF POLYETHYLENE
TEREPHTHALATE AND POLYPROPYLENE
Plasmas are routinely used to chemically modify polymer Walzak M J; Hill J M; Huctwith C; Wagter M L;
surfaces usually to increase the hydrophilicity or the Hunter D H
adhesive properties of their surfaces. Many studies have Western Ontario,University
been focused on how the chemistry, surface energy and Edited by: Drzal L T; Schreiber H P
topography of polymer surfaces change as a function of (US,Adhesion Society)
input power, gas flow and type of gas used. A series of
polymers - PTFE, PVdF, polyvinyl fluoride and PE - is Printing and adhesion problems are often encountered in
subjected to a plasma generated in a half-wave helical the commercial use of many polymers and this is a direct
resonator. The unique design of this cell permits plasmas result of the inherently low surface energy of polymers.
to be ignited at very low input powers. The input power Gas-phase surface modification processes such as corona
for all the treatment in this study is kept constant at 3.2W, discharge, plasma treatment and flame treatment are used
which translates to 6.6mW of r.f. power being transmitted to oxidise polymer surfaces, making them more wettable.
to resonator coil. The pressure within the plasma cell is There are drawbacks to each of these surface modification
also kept constant at 0.1 mbar. An rf. compensated methods. Corona discharge treatment is the method of
Langmuir probe and an energy selective mass choice for modifying commodity polymer film because
spectrometer are used to characterise the plasma. 5 refs. it is an effective process for high-speed, in-line
applications. Corona treatment, however, is difficult to
WESTERN EUROPE use on non-flat objects. Plasma treatment can be very
Accession no.681436 effective in treating non-flat objects, but this technique
requires a high-vacuum environment, and, as a result, has
higher capital costs than corona or flame treatments.
Item 250 Flame treatment is a relatively low-cost process, but it
20th Annual Anniversary Meeting of the Adhesion can be uneven when used on three-dimensional objects
Society. Conference proceedings. and may not be suitable for thermally sensitive materials.

Awareness of these limitations has highlighted the need performance engineering adhesives most commonly used
for additional surface modification techniques. 3 refs. by OEMs. These are the cyanoacrylates, two-part no-mix
CANADA acrylics and the light curing acrylics. For 35 of the most
Accession no.681101 commonly used plastics, a table presents block shear
strengths achieved using six adhesive types.
USA
Item 252
20th Annual Anniversary Meeting of the Adhesion Accession no.680795
Society. Conference proceedings.
Hilton Head Island, S.C., 23rd-26th Feb.1997, p.41-4. Item 254
8(10) Journal of Applied Polymer Science
TAILORING THE SIOX-POLYPROPYLENE 68, No.11, 13th June 1998, p.1845-55
INTERFACE THROUGH PLASMA INFLUENCE OF THERMOPLASTIC
PRETREATMENTS: A TEST CASE FOR THE ELASTOMERS ON ADHESION IN
ACID-BASE CONCEPT POLYETHYLENE-WOOD FLOUR
Bodio F; Compiegne N; Kohler L; Pireauz J J; Caudano R COMPOSITES
Notre-Dame de la Paix,University Oksman K; Lindberg H
Edited by: Drzal L T; Schreiber H P Lulea,University of Technology
(US,Adhesion Society)
A maleated triblock styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene
A better understanding and thus control of the adhesion (SEBS-MA) compatibiliser was added to recycled low-
between a ceramic and a polymer depends on specific density polyethylene/wood flour (LDPE/WF) composite
tailoring and characterisation of the physicochemical to improve its mechanical properties. Maximum strength
properties of the interfaces. Dedicated tools like X-ray of the composites occurred with a 4wt% addition. Impact
photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), IR spectroscopy in the strength and elongation at break were also improved, but
ATR mode, contact angle measurements are the the stiffness was decreased. The interfacial adhesion
techniques used to probe the chemical composition, and between the different phases was characterised using
energetic properties of different PP surfaces. As with most dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, a lap shear
polymers, PP has a low surface energy. To promote the adhesion test and scanning electron microscopy. There
adhesion of SiOx onto PP, pretreatment of the polymer is was interaction between the ethylene/butylene part of the
required. The influence of different parameters of an ex- copolymer and the wood flour. The shear lap test showed
situ RF plasma discharge on the grafting of new chemical that the adhesion between the wood and SEBS-MA was
functions at the surface of the polymer is studied with the better than between the wood and SEBS. Investigation
use of XPS and FT-IR spectroscopies. The reactivity of of the fracture surfaces confirmed good adhesion between
different treated and untreated PP for SiOx coverage is the wood particles and the LDPE/SEBS-MA matrix. 26
then compared: XPS is used to analyse the chemical refs.
characteristics of the in-situ SiOx deposits. Finally, on SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN EUROPE
the basis of contact angle measurements and XPS analysis, Accession no.680615
it is explained why different interface qualities with the
different plasma gases are obtained. 1 ref.
Item 255
WESTERN EUROPE Polymer
Accession no.681089 39, No.12, 1998, p.2429-36
SURFACE MODIFICATION OF POLYMER
FILMS BY GRAFT COPOLYMERISATION FOR
Item 253 ADHESIVE-FREE ADHESION
Modern Plastics Encyclopedia Kang E T; Neoh K G; Li Z F; Tan K L; Liaw D J
74, No.13, 1998, p.F3-5 Singapore,National University; Taiwan,National
RESIN-ADHESIVE BOND STRENGTH DATA University of Science & Technology
EASES CHOICE WHEN JOINING PLASTICS
Serenson J A The surfaces of LDPE, polycarbonate, PTFE and
Loctite Corp. emeraldine (EM) base films of polyaniline were modified
by graft copolymerisation with hydrophilic monomers
The availability of so many adhesives, coupled with the such as acrylic acid (AA), sodium salt of styrene sulphonic
virtually limitless grades of plastics, make it nearly acid (NaSS), N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMAA) and 3-
impossible to locate bond strength data for specific dimethyl(methacryloylethyl)ammonium propane
adhesive/plastic combinations. Other factors to be sulphonate (DMAPS). The surface composition and
considered are cure speed, environmental resistance, microstructure of the graft modified films were studied
thermal resistance and suitability for automation. This using angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
article focuses on the three major categories of high The graft copolymerised films showed “adhesive-free”

adhesion to each other when brought together in the evaluate the adhesion between rubber and coating. The
presence of water and then dried. The development of failure surfaces are analysed with scanning electron
the lap shear adhesion strength depended to a large extent microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray
on the degree of entanglement, which was related to the analysis. 6 refs.
graft concentration, the contact adhesion (drying) time, AUSTRALIA
the nature of the substrate, the microstructure the graft Accession no.679816
copolymerised surfaces and the degree of molecular
interaction among the graft chains at the lap junction. Lap
shear adhesion strengths greater than 90 N/sq.cm. were Item 257
achieved between films graft copolymerised with DMAPS Polymer International
and between a DMAPS graft copolymerised EM film and 46, No.1, May 1998, p.33-41
an AA graft copolymerised PTFE film. The failure mode CORRELATION BETWEEN POLYPROPYLENE
of the graft-induced adhesive-free adhesion was MICROSTRUCTURE, COLD PLASMA
discussed. 30 refs. INTERACTION AND SUBSEQUENT
LUMINESCENT EMISSION
SINGAPORE; TAIWAN
Tiemblo P; Gomez-Elvira J M; Teyssedre G; Massines
Accession no.680065 F; Laurent C
Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologia de Polimeros;
Item 256 Toulouse,Universite Paul Sabatier
Polymer Technology for the New Millennium.
The effect of polymer structure on the plasma-induced
Conference proceedings.
luminescence of PP was studied. The spectral features of
Blue Mountains, Australia, 12th-15th Oct.1997, paper
the light emission following plasma treatment at liquid
22. 012
nitrogen temp. were analysed on commercial and
ADHESION BETWEEN EPDM RUBBER
laboratory-made PP films of different structure. It was
COMPOUND AND COATING
observed that, for the less crystalline sample, the
Choudhury N R; Ginic-Markovic M; Dimopoulos M;
magnitude of the chemiluminescent component, which
Matisons J; Williams D R G
peaked at 400 nm, was initially lower than for the others,
South Australia,University; Adelaide,University
but that it was less sensitive to the accumulation and the
(Australasian Plastics & Rubber Institute)
duration of the treatments. This feature was explained by
Rubber compounds are often coated to minimise the formation of more isolated carbonyl groups in the case
friction, achieve high abrasion resistance and release of this sample, which would result from a deeper
properties in various applications, e.g. automotive penetration of active species created by the plasma
seals. However, it is very difficult to achieve a desired discharge, or a larger fraction of amorphous regions
level of adhesion of the rubber compound with the associated with a larger proportion of oxygen in the bulk.
coating. Emphasis is placed on EPDM compound; the A parallel effect was seen in the luminescent component
hydrocarbon nature of EPDM leads to relatively poor ascribed to charge recombination on conjugated
chemical reactivity and dictates low polarity and chromophores, with wavelength emission in the range
surface energy of the compound and hence is difficult 500-600 nm. 17 refs.
to bond. On the contrary, coating materials are EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
relatively polar and have high surface energy. Various SPAIN; WESTERN EUROPE
modification techniques such as corona and glow Accession no.679140
discharge, flame and plasma treatment and surface
modification improve bonding owing to the
Item 258
introduction of polar group, but it leads to an additional
Polimeros: Ciencia e Tecnologia
processing step and also introduction of weak boundary
7, No.1, Jan./March 1997, p.44-7
layer which are sometimes disadvantageous. Therefore,
Portuguese
to improve adhesion it is necessary to make the EPDM
ADHESION OF PHOTOOXIDISED
rubber surface polar. Blending with a polar polymer is
POLYPROPYLENE
one of the routes to achieve strong adhesion. Adhesion
Vasconcellos A S; Stocker C H F; Baumhardt-Neto R
between the EPDM compound and the coating is varied
Rio Grande do Sul,Universidade Federal
using maleic anhydride modified EPDM as adhesion
promoter. Adhesion performance is evaluated by Photooxidation by UV irradiation was examined as a
various methods. Wettability and surface characteristics means for promoting the adhesion of PP surfaces. Treated
are determined by dynamic contact angle measurement PP plates were bonded to leather using a polychloroprene
and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Peel tests adhesive. The results of peel tests indicated increased
are performed to assess adhesion strength. Coating adhesion as a result of surface functionalisation. 11 refs.
cracking tests are also carried out to evaluate the stress BRAZIL
at crack. Dynamic mechanical analysis is used to Accession no.679096

Item 259 (TAPPI)

TAPPI 1997 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings
The performance of Affinity PF 1200 polyolefin plastomer
Conference. Conference Proceedings. Book 2.
(Dow Chemical) in monolayer films for the packaging of
Toronto, Ontario, 24th-28th Aug.1997, p.681-93. 012
fresh-cut fruit and vegetables having high respiration rates
BARE ROLL TREATERS VERSUS COVERED
is examined and compared with that of a number of other
ROLL TREATERS: MAKE THE RIGHT CHOICE
polymers. This resin provides high oxygen transmission
Lawson D; Greig S
rates and sufficient stiffness for use in vertical form-fill-
Sherman Treaters Inc.
seal operations, combined with other key characteristics
(TAPPI)
such as good optical properties, low coefficient of friction,
Factors influencing the adhesion of printing inks to low heat seal initiation temperature and high hot tack
polyolefin films are examined, and the use of corona strength. Good adhesion of printing inks can be achieved
treatment of films as a means for promoting adhesion is through corona treatment of the films. Extrusion
discussed. The construction and applications of bare and conditions for this resin are also reviewed. 5 refs.
covered roll corona treatment equipment are described. 4 CANADA; USA
refs. Accession no.679021
CANADA; USA
Item 260 Conference. Conference Proceedings. Book 2.
TAPPI 1997 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Toronto, Ontario, 24th-28th Aug.1997, p.559-66. 012
Conference. Conference Proceedings. Book 2. ADHESION IN EXTRUSION COATING OF
Toronto, Ontario, 24th-28th Aug.1997, p.649-55. 012 DISPERSION COATED PAPER/PAPERBOARD
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTS OF Vaha-Nissi M; Kimpimaki T; Kuusipalo J; Savolainen A
OZONE ON ADHESION IN THE EXTRUSION Tampere,University of Technology
COATING PROCESS (TAPPI)
Cheney G; Benson M; Markgraf D A
A study was made of the adhesion of LDPE applied by
Millennium Petrochemicals Inc.; Enercon Industries
extrusion coating to paper and paperboard substrates
(TAPPI)
coated with styrene-butadiene and styrene-acrylate
A two-level fractional factorial design consisting of 64 copolymer dispersions. The effects of wax modification
experimental runs was used to study the effects of and corona treatment of the dispersion coatings were
extrudate ozone treatment and a number of processing investigated. In general the adhesion improved with
variables on adhesion and heat seal strength in structures increasing filler content in the dispersions, probably due
formed by extrusion coating Kraft paper with LDPE. to the surface topography which was found to have an
Logistic regression was used to study the factors affecting effect on peel strength. Contact angle measurements and
adhesion, and ordinary linear regression techniques were calculated surface energies of the dispersion coated
applied to quantify the effects of the variables on heat surfaces proved useful in predicting wettability and
seal strength. Variables found to have a statistically adhesion. 5 refs.
significant effect were corona treatment of the substrate, CANADA; FINLAND; SCANDINAVIA; USA; WESTERN
ozone treatment of the extrudate, melt temperature, air EUROPE
gap, line speed and coating weight. Combined ozone Accession no.679020
treatment of the extrudate and corona treatment of the
substrate gave acceptable adhesion at lower melt
Item 263
temperatures and air gaps than are typically used in
extrusion coating, and heat seal strength was higher for
samples subjected to both treatments. 3 refs.
CANADA; USA
ACHIEVING LDPE COATING ADHESION TO
Accession no.679028 CLAY COATED BOARD USING CALCIUM
CARBONATE ADDITION
Item 261 Ruiz F A
TAPPI 1997 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Heritage Plastics Inc.
Conference. Conference Proceedings. Book 2. (TAPPI)
Toronto, Ontario, 24th-28th Aug.1997, p.567-75. 012 LDPE based pelleted calcium carbonate concentrates were
NEW RESINS FOR FRESH-CUT PRODUCE used to add up to 30 wt% of fine ground, surface treated
PACKAGING mineral to LDPE, and the dry blends were extrusion
Wooster J J coated onto flame treated, clay coated board. Polymer
Dow Chemical Co. melt temperature and coating air gap were varied to

determine the effects of mineral addition on adhesion and of hot tack and heat seal strength in comparison
response to variations in these process conditions. The with some other polymers. 7 refs.
combined flame treatment of the board and addition of CANADA; USA
30 wt% of calcium carbonate to the coating resin yielded Accession no.679002
adhesion levels which prevented coating removal without
fibre tear. This adhesion was achieved without major
changes in extrusion conditions or web neck-in. Mineral Item 266
addition also reduced the water vapour transmission rate Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie
and coefficient of friction of the coatings. 6 refs. Vol.255, March 1998, p.33-6
INFLUENCE OF THERMAL TREATMENT ON
CANADA; USA
THE ADHESION OF POLYPROPYLENE/
Accession no.679019 ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE COPOLYMER
INTERFACES
Item 264 Guangxin Lin; Wenig W; Petermann J
TAPPI 1997 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Duisburg,Gerhard-Mercator University;
Conference. Conference Proceedings. Book 2. Dortmund,University
The effect of thermal treatment on the adhesion between
SURFACE PROPERTIES OF CORONA TREATED
isotactic PP and ethylene-propylene copolymer was
POLYETHYLENE FILMS CONTAINING N-2-
studied. The adhesive force between the polymer films
HYDROXYETHYL ERUCAMIDE AS SLIP
was measured by performing peel tests. It was found that
AGENT FOR ENHANCED ADHESION OF
an interface layer was formed. Its structure and thickness
WATER-BASED INK
were dependent on the thermal history of the sample, the
Chen B L
peel strength increasing with annealing temp. and time
Witco Corp.
and also being affected by the cooling rate. The method
(TAPPI)
of preparing the isotactic PP films also had an effect on
A study was made of the oxidation by corona discharge the adhesion of the sandwich sample.
of LDPE films containing different slip agents, and EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
dynamic contact angle and coefficient of friction WESTERN EUROPE
measurements were used to correlate the surface changes Accession no.677830
with adhesion of water-based inks and printability. A polar
slip agent, N-2-hydroxyethyl erucamide, was found to
Item 267
migrate to the film surface at a moderate rate, resulting
in more effective corona treatment and greatly enhanced
ink adhesion without affecting the slip properties. This
slip agent could also be used in combination with a finely
KEYS TO GOOD ADHESION IN COEXTRUSION
divided inorganic filler such as diatomaceous earth for
COATING: INTERACTIONS BETWEEN TIE
enhanced ink adhesion and slip properties. 6 refs.
RESIN NATURE AND PRETREATMENTS
CANADA; USA
Leclere I N; Dinelli B; Kuusipalo J
Accession no.679005 Elf Atochem North America Inc.; Elf Atochem SA;
Tampere,University of Technology
Item 265 (TAPPI)
TAPPI 1997 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings A study was made of adhesion in multi-layer structures
Conference. Conference Proceedings. Book 2. formed by coextrusion coating EVOH and LDPE onto
Toronto, Ontario, 24th-28th Aug.1997, p.397-415. 012 paper. The effects of tie layers based on various ethylene
COATINGS AND LAMINATES OF IMPROVED copolymers and terpolymers and of corona, flame and
ETHYLENE-ALKYL ACRYLATE COPOLYMER ozone treatments were investigated. 5 refs.
WITH POLYPROPYLENE AND POLYESTER CANADA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
Schmidt R FINLAND; FRANCE; SCANDINAVIA; USA; WESTERN
Chevron Chemical Co. EUROPE
(TAPPI) Accession no.677507
Properties of ethylene-methyl acrylate (EMA)
copolymers with higher melting points and increased Item 268
adhesion are examined and compared to those of TAPPI 1997 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings
conventional EMA copolymers used in flexible Conference. Conference Proceedings. Book 1.
packaging applications. Results are presented of studies Toronto, Ontario, 24th-28th Aug.1997, p.183-5. 012
of the adhesion of the improved EMA copolymers to NOVEL METHOD FOR THE PROMOTION OF
oriented and unoriented PP and saturated polyester films POLYMER ADHESION TO ALUMINUM FOIL

McKee G Item 271

(TAPPI) British Plastics and Rubber
March 1998, p.43-6
A mechanical technique for promoting the adhesion of
BARE ROLL TREATERS VS COVERED ROLL
polymers to aluminium foil in extrusion coating operations
TREATERS
is described. This consists of brushing the foil surface with a
Lawson D; Greig S
wire brush just before the coating nip section. Results are
Sherman Treaters Inc.
presented of tests of the improvements in adhesion between
aluminium foil, LDPE and an ethylene-acrylic acid For cast and blown polyolefin film, corona is used as the
copolymer. It is shown that brushing does not adversely affect adhesion promoter. The theory of adhesion and corona
the moisture vapour transmission rate of foil laminations. discharge treatment, including design of the equipment, are
CANADA; USA discussed in some detail. The factors to be considered when
Accession no.677504 choosing between bare and covered roll treaters are presented.
USA
Conference. Conference Proceedings. Book 1. Item 272
Toronto, Ontario, 24th-28th Aug.1997, p.93-109. 012 Polymer Engineering and Science
FLAME, CORONA, OZONE: DO WE NEED ALL 38, No.3, March 1998, p.478-84
PRETREATMENTS IN EXTRUSION COATING? EFFECT OF EPITAXIAL CRYSTALLISATION
Laiho E; Ylanen T ON ADHESIVE STRENGTH IN IMPACT
Borealis Polymers Oy TOUGHENED ISOTACTIC POLYPROPYLENE
(TAPPI) Kestenbach H-J; Loos J; Petermann J
Sao Carlos,Universidade Federal; Dortmund,University
A study was made of the effects of flame, corona and
ozone treatments on adhesion in structures produced by The influence of the epitaxial crystallisation of the PE
extrusion coating paper and aluminium foil substrates with content on the adhesive interface strength of impact-
LDPE, PP and an ethylene-methyl acrylate copolymer. toughened isotactic PP (iPP) is investigated. The
To obtain adequate adhesion it was necessary to pretreat morphologies and crystal arrangements of four different
the substrates by flame or corona methods, and to oxidise matrix/rubber combinations are observed by transmission
the coating resins by ozone treatment. It was shown that electron microscopy and are correlated with the interface
the combined effect of flame and corona treatments was strengths measured by a peel test. It is found that the
no better than that of either treatment used on its own. adhesion is best at interfaces, where an epitaxial
The influence of ozone treatment on the organoleptic morphology of the PE is observed. 15 refs.
properties of the coated structures was also examined. BRAZIL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
CANADA; FINLAND; SCANDINAVIA; USA; WESTERN
EUROPE Accession no.676541
Accession no.677494
Item 273
Item 270 Journal of Materials Science
Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 33, No.6, 15th March 1998, p.1461-4
40, No.2, May 1998, p.180-6 SURFACE PROPERTIES AND ADHESION OF
PLATELET ADHESION ONTO CHARGEABLE MALEINISED POLYETHYLENE FILMS
FUNCTIONAL GROUP GRADIENT SURFACES Bongiovanni R; Gagnor B; Malucelli G; Priola A;
Jin Ho Lee; Gilson Khang; Jin Whan Lee; Hai Bang Lee Pollicino A
Hannam,University; Korea,Research Institute of Torino,Politecnico; Catania,Universita
Chemical Technology Surface properties of PE films grafted with maleic
Gradient surfaces of chargeable functional groups anhydride and hydrolytic modification were investigated.
(carboxylic acid and sulphonate groups, both negatively The influence of the maleic anhydride content on the
chargeable, and amine groups that were positively wettability of the films and their adhesion on various
chargeable) were prepared on LDPE sheets by corona substrates is also reported. 11 refs.
discharge treatment and graft copolymerisation of acrylic EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;
WESTERN EUROPE
acid, sodium p-styrene sulphonate and N,N-
dimethylaminopropyl acrylamide, respectively. The effect Accession no.674761
of surface functional groups and their density on platelet
adhesion was investigated. 31 refs. Item 274
KOREA
67, No.5, 31st Jan.1998, p.855-63
Accession no.677183

LOW-TEMPERATURE CASCADE ARC TORCH Item 276

TREATMENTS FOR ENHANCED ADHESION OF Composites Science & Technology
PRIMER TO THERMOPLASTIC OLEFINS 57, No.8, Aug.1997, p.853-7
Lin Y S; Yasuda H K WHY THE FIBRE/POLYMER INTERFACE CAN
Missouri,University APPEAR TO BE STRONGER THAN THE
POLYMER MATRIX
The surface properties of plasma-treated thermoplastic
Piggott M R
olefins were evaluated by determining the polarity and
Toronto,University
wettability for deionised water and primer on thermoplastic
olefins, and these parameters were related to adhesion Both fragmentation tests and pull-out tests have
performance. Wettability of primer and deionised water to produced results suggesting that the fibre/polymer
thermoplastic olefins were evaluated by contact angle interface can be nearly 10 times stronger than the
measurements. Surface morphology was measured by polymer shear strength. Since this appears to be
SEM. The surface composition was characterised by ESCA. nonsensical, it is concluded that current understanding
The mechanism of improvement of primer adhesion to of polymer shear failure and interface shear failure is
thermoplastic olefins was discussed. 13 refs. inadequate. The first step in resolving this problem is to
USA hypothesise that shear failure does not occur in polymers.
Accession no.670286 Instead, they fail in tension at 45 degrees to the shear
axes. There is much evidence to support this hypothesis.
Item 275 Adoption of the hypothesis requires a completely new
Composites Science & Technology failure process for sheared controsymmetric interfaces
57, No.8, Aug.1997, p.937-43 such as in fibre-reinforced plastics. A failure process
MECHANISM OF FAILURE IN involving tension only, with a fuzzy failure front is
MICROCOMPOSITES CONSISTING OF SINGLE proposed. It occurs right at the interface, explains the
GLASS FIBRES IN A THERMOPLASTIC anomaly, and rules out two-way debonding. Failure
MATRIX should probably be analysed by using an energy criterion
Pisanova E V; Zhandarov S F rather than a stress criterion. Unfortunately, a need for
Belarus,Transport University; Belarus,Metal-Polymer this approach, together with other difficulties, introduces
Research Institute; Belarus Academy of Sciences such a degree of uncertainty in the fibre fragmentation
test than its abandonment may be advisable. Data for
The adhesion of thermoplastic matrices to E-glass fibres some reinforced thermoplastics shows a near constant
was investigated by means of the fragmentation, ratio for punch shear strength/TS. Micrographs of failed
microtension and three-fibre tests. In neither the PE and epoxy resin CFRPs are shown. 14 refs.
microtension nor the fragmentation test did fibre/matrix (Presented at 6th Int. Conf. on Composite Interfaces,
debonding occur in the region of matrix elastic deformation Microphenomena in Advanced Interfaces, Zichron
for most of the glass/polymer systems studied. Yaacov, Israel, 5th-8th May 1996).
Nevertheless, adhesional failure was achieved in pull-out CANADA
techniques by using the three-fibre method, and in the
Accession no.669939
fragmentation test by stretching the thermoplastic matrices
until the formation of a neck of maximum possible length.
The fibre/matrix bond strengths calculated for the neck Item 277
obtained from the Kelly formula are greater than those Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology
obtained from the three-fibre test extrapolated to zero 12, No.1, 1998, p.47-58
embedded length according to Greszezuk’s model. It can SURFACE CHEMISTRY OF POLYETHYLENE
be considered as a local (ultimate) adhesional strength. For GRAFTED WITH HYDROPHILIC MONOMERS:
all the matrices investigated, the interfacial shear strength XPS AND TOF-SIMS STUDIES
exceeded the matrix shear strength. To account for this Pleul D; Schneider S; Simon F; Jacobasch H-J
result, a two-stage model of failure of a single-fibre Dresden,Institute of Polymer Research
composite is proposed which involves matrix shear at some PE powders are grafted by acrylic acid or maleic
distance from the fibre surface (at the matrix/interphase anhydride/styrene monomers. The elemental surface
boundary) and subsequent interphase debonding from the composition is determined by means of X-ray
fibre. Fibres were E-glass of Russian manufacture. Matrices photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Time-of-flight
were HDPE, PP, PVDF, PCTFE, polycarbonate, secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS)
polysulphone and PEEK. Data include glass/epoxy investigations are carried out to obtain information
systems. 31 refs. (Presented at 6th Int. Conf. on Composite about the molecular build-up of the grafted polymers.
Interfaces, Microphenomena in Advanced Interfaces, XPS measurements show the presence of oxygen-
Zichron Yaacov, Israel, 5th-8th May 1996). containing functional groups on the PE particle surface.
BELARUS; BELORUSSIA The TOF-SIMS spectra give evidence for polymer
Accession no.669946 chains with alternating maleic anhydride and styrene

units. In addition, fragments of PS block segments are components (LDPE) in order to affect the degree of
found. 18 refs. compatibility, different monomers such as carbon
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; tetrachloride and vinyl chloride being used. Tensile test
WESTERN EUROPE results for all the blend samples, with and without plasma-
Accession no.668527 treated LDPE, were compared. The surface energy results
of blends prepared from untreated and treated LDPE-PVC
showed significant differences, with marked increases for
Item 278
the latter, indicating an increase in the work of adhesion
Modern Plastics International
as a result of the plasma surface modifications applied.
28, No.2, Feb.1998, p.46
The tensile test results and the measured surface energies
“COLD-PLASMA” SYSTEM TAKES ON
exhibited similar parallel behaviour. 19 refs.
COMPLEX POLYOLEFIN PARTS
TURKEY
Gabriele M C
Accession no.666756
Lectro Engineering’s plasma surface treatment technology
is providing a much-needed lift in the ability to coat, bond
and paint polyolefin parts. The Lectro-Treat system uses Item 281
a “suppressed discharge” made by capacitive electrode International Polymer Science and Technology
plates and is suitable for treating three-dimensional and 24, No.6, 1997, p.T/78-9
other complex parts. DETERMINATION OF THE MECHANICAL AND
CHEMICAL COMPONENTS OF ADHESION
LECTRO ENGINEERING CO.
USA
DURING SEPARATION OF METAL COATING
FROM ABS PLASTIC
Accession no.668134
Bikul’chyus G D
The adhesion between ABS sheets and metal coatings
Item 279
(copper and nickel) was investigated by artificial
European Polymer Journal
elimination of one of the components of adhesion,
33, Nos.10-12, Oct.-Dec.1997, p.1731-4
specifically the chemical component. The results obtained
ADHESION OF POLYPROPYLENE TREATED
indicated that the main contribution to adhesion was from
WITH NITRIC AND SULFURIC ACID
the mechanical bonds which, for the case studied,
Vasconcellos A S; Oliveira J A P; Baumhardt-Neto R
comprised about 2/3 of all possible bonds between the
Rio Grande do Sul,Universidade Federal
metal coating and the ABS. 4 refs. (Full translation of
The surface treatment of PP to improve its adhesion Plast.Massy, No.6, 1996, p.27)
capacity was investigated. The effect of nitric and CIS; COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES
sulphuric acid treatments of polymer plates was studied Accession no.663044
under various experimental conditions and the adhesive
strength of the samples joined to leather was measured
using commercial polychloroprene adhesive. The Item 282
experiments followed a factorial design and the results Macplas International
showed an increase in the adhesivity of the material in No.9, Aug. 1997, p.39-41
comparison with untreated samples. The IR spectra of ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY FOR OPP
nitric acid treated samples changed in relation to the PACKAGING FILM
original material, whereas sulphuric acid treatment did Scarati M A
not affect the IR spectra. 24 refs. Bimo Italia
BRAZIL The technology for the production of oriented
Accession no.666886 polypropylene packaging film is described with reference
to recent developments in both machinery and materials.
Details are given of the types of resins used and
Item 280
appropriate additives, the extrusion process, thickness
Polymer
control, stretching, and surface treatments to facilitate
39, Nos.6-7, 1998, p.1363-8
printing and laminating.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND SURFACE
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;
ENERGIES OF LOW DENSITY WESTERN EUROPE
POLYETHYLENE-POLYVINYL CHLORIDE
Accession no.660556
BLENDS
Akovali G; Torun T T; Bayramli E; Erinc N K
Middle East,Technical University Item 283
IRC ’97. Conference proceedings.
A series of blends of PVC and LDPE was prepared and
Kuala Lumpur, 6th-9th Oct.1997, p.632-3. 012
examined. Plasma treatment was applied to one of the

ELECTRON SPIN ECHO STUDY OF THIOKOL containing NR, which have been masticated with and
RUBBER TO COPPER ALLOY BONDING without peptisers based on 2,2'-dibenzamido-
Nefed’ev E S; Mirakova T Y; Kadirov M K; Petrov O diphenyldisulphide (DBD) I and pentachlorothiophenol
V; Orlinskii S B; Rakhmatullin R M; Aupov M I (PCTP) 2 respectively, is investigated in general, and
Kazan,State Technological University; JSC rubber-to-steel cord adhesion specifically. According to
(Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia) the test data obtained, it can be stated that specifically
activated DBD I is an appropriate substitute for activated
It has long been established that brass-plated metal
PCTP 2. 4 refs.
surfaces have a promoted adhesion to NR. It is believed
that the high adhesion strength between rubber and brass
WESTERN EUROPE
is caused by a presence of copper sulphide film formed
during sulphur vulcanisation. In the case of polysulphide- Accession no.658322
based sealants, the formation of copper sulphide is
accompanied by that of (CuS4)2+ paramagnetic Item 286
complexes, the concentration of which is found to 152nd ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Fall 1997.
correlate inversely with adhesion strength. An attempt is Conference Preprints.
made to determine a structure of sulphur-contained Cleveland, Oh., 21st-24th Oct.1997, Paper 49, pp.19.
ligands as well as dynamics of the complex by the ESE 012
method. 3 refs. ADHESION OF NATURAL RUBBER TO STEEL
RUSSIA SUBSTRATES: THE USE OF PLASMA
Accession no.658345 POLYMERIZED PRIMERS
Boerio F J; Tsai Y M; Kim D K
Cincinnati,University; Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co.
Item 284 (ACS,Rubber Div.)
IRC ’97. Conference proceedings.
Kuala Lumpur, 6th-9th Oct.1997, p.604-7. 012 A study was made of the mechanisms responsible for
INFLUENCE OF EPOXY GROUPS PRESENT IN adhesion at the interface between NR and a plasma
POLYMERS ON ADHESION OF FIBRES TO polymerised polyacetylene primer deposited on a steel
RUBBER MATRIX substrate. Interactions between NR and the primer were
Parasiewicz W; Zaborski M; Slusarski L simulated using model systems containing squalene or
Instytut Przemyslu Gumowego Stomil Piastow; squalane, carbon black, sulphur, stearic acid, N,N-
Lodz,Technical University dicyclohexyl benzothiazole sulphenamide, cobalt
(Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia) naphthenate and diaryl-p-phenylenediamine. The
primer films were analysed before and after reaction
The effects of epoxidised NR and epoxy resin on adhesion
with the model systems using reflection-absorption and
of rubber mixture applied in the tyre industry to polyamide
transmission IR spectroscopy. There was little reaction
and polyester fibers, firstly tyre cords, are examined.
of the squalane based system with the primers, but
Epoxides are added in varying amounts to the typical
extensive reaction was observed for the squalene based
rubber mix, and the force needed to pull out of the fibre
systems. It was concluded that an intermediate formed
from the ‘H’ sample measured. Improvement in adhesion
in the reaction was responsible for crosslinking
is observed. Additional spectroscopic investigations to
explain the mechanism of reaction occurring in the system between squalene and the primer in the model system,
are performed. 4 refs. and for adhesion at the NR/primer interface in an actual
bond. 12 refs.
EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND
USA
Accession no.658341
Accession no.658303
Item 285
IRC ’97. Conference proceedings. Item 287
Kuala Lumpur, 6th-9th Oct.1997, p.451-7. 012 152nd ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Fall 1997.
INFLUENCE OF PEPTISERS ON RUBBER-TO- Conference Preprints.
STEEL CORD ADHESION Cleveland, Oh., 21st-24th Oct.1997, Paper 20, pp.20. 012
Buding H; Ruetz L COMPOUNDING WITH SELECTED ADDITIVES
Bayer AG TO PROMOTE ADHESION BETWEEN
(Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia) DISSIMILAR ELASTOMERS
Costello M S; Drake R E
Skim compounds for rubber-to-steel cord adhesion used Ricon Resins Inc.
in radial truck and passenger car tyres are based on NR. (ACS,Rubber Div.)
To improve the flowability of NR skim compounds, the
NR must first be masticated to reduce its viscosity. The Ricobond 1756 maleinised polybutadiene resin (Ricon
technological profile of vulcanised skim compounds Resins) was evaluated as an adhesion promoter for

bonding nitrile rubber (NBR) to barrier materials and SURFACE PHOTOGRAFTING OF LOW
cover stocks in fuel hoses. When compounded into NBR, DENSITY POLYETHYLENE FILMS AND ITS
this resin gave improved adhesion to corona treated PTFE. RELEVANCE TO PHOTOLAMINATION
It was also shown that using this resin in one elastomer Wang T; Lim W P; Kang E T; Neoh K G; Fuh J Y H;
while using a resorcinol-formaldehyde or phenolic resin Lu L; Nee A Y C
in another promoted adhesion between NBR and EPDM, Singapore,National University
chlorinated PE and polychloroprene. It was postulated
Surface modifications of pristine and ozone-pretreated
that esterification reactions were responsible for the
LDPE films are carried out via UV-induced graft
observed promotion of adhesion. 13 refs.
copolymerisation with a photoinitiator-containing, epoxy-
USA
based commercial monomer and also with a
Accession no.658274 photoinitiator-free acrylic acid (AAc). The chemical
composition and microstructure of the graft
Item 288 copolymerised surfaces are studied by angle-resolved X-
Polymer ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The concentration
38, No.25, 1997, p.6243-9 of surface grafted polymer increases with UV illumination
ADHESION IMPROVEMENT OF EPOXY RESIN/ time and the monomer concentration. For LDPE films
PE JOINTS BY PLASMA TREATMENT OF PE graft copolymerised with the epoxy-based monomer,
Choi D M; Park C K; Cho K; Park C E surface chain rearrangement is not observed or is less well
Pohang,University of Science & Technology pronounced, due to the partial crosslinking of the grafted
LDPE and HDPE were plasma treated with nitrogen and chains. Simultaneous photografting and photolamination
oxygen plasma. The wettability and polar component of between two LDPE films, or between a LDPE film and a
surface free energy of plasma-treated PE were investigated PETP film, in the presence of either monomer system,
are also investigated. 32 refs.
by contact angle measurement. The concentration of
SINGAPORE
functional groups formed by plasma treatment was
measured using ATR-FTIR. The adhesion strength of Accession no.656269
epoxy resin/plasma treated PE joints was examined by a
peel test. 28 refs. Item 291
KOREA Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology
Accession no.657416 11, No.10, 1997, p.1321-42
INFLUENCE OF CONCENTRATION OF
Item 289 TRIMETHYLOL PROPANE TRIACRYLATE ON
Macromolecules ELECTRON BEAM INDUCED SURFACE
30, No.18, 8th Sept.1997, p.5429-36 MODIFICATION OF EPDM RUBBER
ATMOSPHERIC NON-EQUILIBRIUM PLASMA Sen Majumder P; Bhowmick A K
TREATMENT OF BIAXIALLY ORIENTED Indian Institute of Technology
POLYPROPYLENE EPDM is surface- and bulk-modified with varying
Boyd R D; Kenwright A M; Badyal J P S; Briggs D concentrations of trimethylol propane triacrylate
Durham,University; ICI PLC (TMPTA) in the presence of an electron beam at a constant
The chemical and physical effects incurred at the surface irradiation dose of 100 kGy. The surface properties of
of biaxially oriented PP film during silent discharge the modified rubber are characterised by contact angle
plasma treatment were investigated using X-ray measurements, surface energy and thermodynamic work
photoelectron spectroscopy, NMR, time-of-flight of adhesion, IR spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron
secondary ion mass spectrometry, and atomic force spectroscopy. The surface energy of EPDM increases from
microscopy. Chain scission accompanied by oxidation 44.8 to 53.8 mJ/m2 on modification with 10% TMPTA,
attack led to the formation of a low molecular weight due to the increased contribution of gamma s and gamma
s AB. With increasing TMPTA concentration, gamma s
oxidised material which agglomerated into globules at
and gamma s AB show an optimum value at 10%
the surface due to a large difference in interfacial free
concentration. The IR studies indicate increased peak
energy between the underlying hydrophobic substrate and
absorbances at 1730, 1260, 1120 and 1019 cm-1 and hence
the oxygenated overlayer. 49 refs.
increased -C(=O)- and C-O-C concentrations. These
results are further supported by XPS data. 19 refs.
WESTERN EUROPE
INDIA
Accession no.657185
Accession no.656252
Item 290
Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology Item 292
11, No.9, 1997, p.1211-27 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology

11, No.10, 1997, p.1269-88 not greatly improve its adhesion to epoxy; it does,
SULPHONATION OF POLYMER SURFACES. II. however, significantly reduce the scatter in the ultimate
CHEMICAL CHANGES ON POLYPROPYLENE strength values. Excess sulphonation treatment reduces
AND POLYSTYRENE SURFACES AFTER GAS the lap-shear strength for both polymers. X-ray
PHASE SULPHONATION photoelectron spectroscopic examination of the locus of
Asthana H; Erickson B L; Drzal L T failure of tested joints shows that failure occurs in a weak
Michigan,State University boundary layer for these surface-treated polymers. 38 refs.
USA
The chemical changes effected on the surface of PP and
PS as a result of sulphonation using an SO3-air mixture Accession no.656248
(1% SO3 V/V) are investigated. PP is a purely aliphatic
system and is characterised by the tertiary carbon on its Item 294
backbone. On the other hand, PS is characterised by an Macromolecular Symposia
aromatic ring on its backbone. Different surface analytical Vol.119, July 1997, p.277-82
techniques (XPS, FTIR-ATR and contact angle FTIR AND ATR ANALYSES ON A
measurements) are used to quantify the changes. It is POLYPROPYLENE (PP) SURFACE AFTER
concluded that the formation of sulphonic acids is the PLASMA TREATMENT IN THE STUDY OF
main chemical change occuring on the surfaces of PP and CHITOSAN SURFACE GRAFTING TO
PS. Besides sulphonic acids, there is an indication of IMPROVE PP DYEING BEHAVIOUR
several side reactions occurring in the case of PP while Rochery M; Lam T M; Crighton J S
PS does not show any such side reactions. The surfaces GEMTEX-ENSAIT; Leeds,University
of both polymers reach a state of treatment saturation
(~6.5% for PP and 7% for PS). Sulphonation of PP beyond The treatment of a PP film surface to improve its dyeing
the saturation limit leads to degradation, as manifested behaviour was studied. A plasma treatment was carried
by a highly sulphonated layer of PP which sloughs off out to try to create oxidising groups on this surface, so
during neutralisation. However, intense sulphonation of that it could be then easier to apply a specific
PS does not show any conspicuous degradation. 24 refs. polysaccharide chitosan which is reported to be much
more reactive than PP and easy to dye. A study about the
USA
various parameters of the plasma instrument was
Accession no.656249 necessary to find the optimal treatment. The possible
formed oxidising groups were emphasised by FTIR and
Item 293 ATR analyses. Chitosan was applied after the plasma
Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology treatment and the dyeing result which was then observed
11, No.10, 1997, p.1249-67 was quite encouraging in certain conditions. 8 refs.
SULPHONATION OF POLYMER SURFACES. I. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; UK;
IMPROVING ADHESION OF POLYPROPYLENE WESTERN EUROPE
AND POLYSTYRENE TO EPOXY ADHESIVES Accession no.653741
VIA GAS PHASE SULPHONATION
Erickson B L; Asthana H; Drzal L T
Item 295
Michigan,State University
Macromolecules
A new method for surface treating polymers and polymer 30, No.15, 28th July 1997, p.4415-20
composites based on gas phase sulphonation is shown to COLD PLASMA TREATMENT: SURFACE OR
quickly and effectively increase wettability and adhesion BULK MODIFICATION OF POLYMER FILMS
to epoxy. A gas mixture containing a low concentration Poncin-Epaillard F; Brosse J C; Falher T
of sulphur trioxide in nitrogen (- 1% v/v) is used to treat Maine,University
the surfaces of PP and PS films. The sulphonated surfaces
Illustrations of morphological transformations are given
are then neutralised with ammonium hydroxide. The
for the cold nitrogen plasma treatment of isotactic PP.
effectiveness of sulphonation on the adhesion of these
42 refs.
polymers to an epoxy adhesive is investigated using
mechanical testing of sandwich lap-shear specimens. The WESTERN EUROPE
lap-shear adhesive joint strength of epoxy to sulphonated
Accession no.653344
PP is compared with PP treated with currently accepted
surface treatments including chromic acid etching and
flame treatment. Sulphonation greatly improves the Item 296
adhesion of PP to epoxy compared with other surface Composite Interfaces
treatment techniques as measured by lap-shear strength. 4, No.6, 1997, p.401-15
An optimum sulphonation treatment level is shown to EFFECT OF INTERFACE ON FRACTURE
exist for PP. For PS surfaces, it is shown that while MECHANISM OF GF/PP COMPOSITES USING
sulphonation immediately increases wettability, it does O2 PLASMA TREATMENT

Sako N; Matsuoka T; Sakaguchi K Rio de Janeiro,Universidade Federal

Doshisha,University
Polypropylene/wood fibre composites were prepared at
PP sheets are treated with oxygen plasma for the three different temperatures: 170, 180 and 190 C. The
interfacial control of glass fibre/PP composites. The surface of wood fibres was modified using silane coupling
interfacial strength between glass fabric and PP resin is agents and/or coating with PP or maleated PP. The fibre
estimated by the T-peel test method. The evaluation of T- coating was performed by propylene polymerisation in
peel test data is carried out by both the T-peel strength the presence of wood fibres or by immersion in an o-
method and the T-peel amplitude method. The T-peel dichlorobenzene polypropylene (or maleated PP) solution.
strength value and T-peel amplitude value are respectively Tensile and three-point bending tests were performed to
increased to about 50% and 120% compared with each evaluate the adhesion between matrix and wood fibres.
value of non-treated specimens. The T-peel strength 13 refs.
relates to the surface energy on the PP-sheet and the T- BRAZIL
peel amplitude relates to the fracture pattern of the Accession no.650316
delamination surface. From SEM observations on the
delamination surface, many voids in the space enclosed
with fibre bundles are observed in the case of non-treated Item 299
specimen and no void and fibre bridging are observed on International Polymer Science and Technology
the plasma treated specimens. It is found that interfacial 24, No.3, 1997, p.T/101-4
properties between fibre and resin are improved by this MODIFIED POLYOLEFIN BINDERS WITH
plasma process. 12 refs. ENHANCED ADHESION PROPERTIES,
SYNTHESISED IN SOLID PHASE
JAPAN
Sidova M D; Volkov V P; Bunina L O; Zelenetskii S N;
Accession no.652487 Artem’eva N Y; Nikol’skaya V P
The potential demand of the national economy for
Item 297
polymeric materials is high. To satisfy this demand it is
Macromolecular Chemistry & Physics
necessary to create a wide range of polymeric materials
198, No.8, Aug.1997, p.2439-56
based on base stock polymers. Polyolefins have the
ILLUSTRATION OF SURFACE CROSSLINKING
cheapest and broadest feedstock base. However, a great
OF DIFFERENT POLYMERS TREATED IN
shortcoming of polyolefins, significantly narrowing the
ARGON PLASMA
areas of their application, is their low adhesion properties
Poncin-Epaillard F; Vallon S; Drevillon B
in relation to metals, glass, wood, and other materials.
Maine,Universite; Palaiseau,Ecole Polytechnique
This shortcoming can be eliminated by chemical
The effect of argon plasma on polycarbonate(PC) and PP modification of the polymer, for example by introducing
was studied in terms of structural changes and reaction polar groups into macromolecules of the polyolefin. A
mechanisms. In-situ UV-visible ellipsometry revealed solid-phase method has been developed for producing
formation of a surface layer with a higher refractive index modified polyolefins with a reduced degree of
than the untreated polymer. The increase in the refractive crosslinking and degradation and high adhesion
index was attributed to polymer densification, which was properties. The initial reactants - the polyolefin, the free-
assigned to crosslinking. A decrease in the average radical initiator and the reactive unsaturated monomer -
molec.wt. of the PC was, however, also observed and two are subjected to mechanical and heat effects in solid phase.
populations of macromolecules of different size were The influence of the type of equipment and the schedules
detected by light scattering measurements, revealing for producing modified polyolefins on the degree of
competition between crosslinking and degradation. The grafting of the monomer are investigated, the adhesion
reaction mechanisms were investigated using proton and deformation and strength of the initial and wood
NMR and in-situ IR ellipsometry. 26 refs. waste-modified polyolefins are studied, and the cross-
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; breaking strength, density, water absorption and swelling
WESTERN EUROPE of these compositions are also examined. 9 refs.
Accession no.650608 RUSSIA
Accession no.647885
Item 298
Journal of Applied Polymer Science Item 300
65, No.6, 8th Aug.1997, p.1227-35 Polymer
POLYPROPYLENE-WOOD FIBRE 38, No.14, 1997, p.3591-9
COMPOSITES: EFFECT OF TREATMENT AND PLASMA TREATMENT OF POLYOLEFINS:
MIXING CONDITIONS ON MECHANICAL INFLUENCE OF MATERIAL COMPOSITION: 2.
PROPERTIES LACQUER ADHESION AND LOCUS OF
Coutinho F M B; Costa T H S; Carvalho D L FAILURE

Nihlstrand A; Hjertberg T; Johansson K rubber was found at about 800 nm than at about 200 nm.
Chalmers University of Technology; Most of the samples showed a lower degree of surface
Stockholm,Institute for Surface Chemistry crystallinity in the topmost 200 nm than in the first 800
nm and a higher mould temperature resulted in a higher
The adhesion properties achieved after oxygen plasma
degree of crystallinity. The water contact angles and
treatments of ten PP and thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO)
oxygen content were little affected by power-to-gas
materials of different compositions were studied. The
pressure (P/G) ratios up to 2.5. At higher ratios, all samples
adhesion between a polyurethane lacquer and plasma
were more oxidised. At P/G=0.25, only minor differences
treated materials was strongly influenced by the plasma
in water contact angles and oxygen content resulted from
treatment conditions and chemical composition of the
material composition. At higher P/G ratios, the differences
materials. Generally, a lower power-to-gas pressure (P/
were more pronounced with materials with the lowest
G) ratio during plasma treatment and a high ethylene
ethylene content being less oxidised. 22 refs.
content, preferably in the form of blocks, and/or the
presence of double bonds in the surface region were
favourable for adhesion properties. The TPOs were less Accession no.647770
sensitive to changes in the treatment conditions than the
corresponding PPs. The adhesion properties were Item 302
determined mainly by the PP matrix but the type and Journal of Adhesion
properties of the rubber were also important. All failures 63, Nos 1-3, 1997, p.121-40
were found to be located in the substrate, below the SURFACE CHARACTERISATION OF
oxidised surface layer, the only difference being the depth CHLORINATED SYNTHETIC VULCANISED SBR
of failure. Fracture surfaces of apparently interfacial RUBBER USING CONTACT ANGLE
failures (lower peel forces) generally showed a more PP- MEASUREMENTS, IR SPECTROSCOPY AND XPS
like composition than fracture surfaces that were clearly Pastor-Blas M M; Martin-Martinez J M; Dillard J G
cohesive in the substrate (higher peel forces). This Alicante,University; Virginia,Polytechnic Institute
indicated that the lacquer adhesion was determined by The surface of SBR was treated with ethyl acetate solutions
the extent to which chain scission reactions occurred in containing different amounts of trichloroisocyanuric acid.
the near-surface region of the substrate during the plasma The modified surfaces were characterised using contact
treatment. 22 refs. angle measurements, IR spectroscopy, and X-ray
SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN EUROPE photoelectron spectroscopy. 37 refs.
Accession no.647771 EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN; USA;
WESTERN EUROPE

Polymer
38, No.14, 1997, p.3581-9 Item 303
PLASMA TREATMENT OF POLYOLEFINS: 1996 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Conference:
INFLUENCE OF MATERIAL COMPOSITION: 1. Book 1. Conference proceedings.
BULK AND SURFACE CHARACTERIZATION Boston, Ma., 8th-12th Sept.1996, p.101-4. 012
Nihlstrand A; Hjertberg T; Johansson K TROUBLESHOOTING FLAME PLASMA
Chalmers University of Technology; SURFACE TREATING SYSTEMS - Q & A
Stockholm,Institute for Surface Chemistry APPROACH
DiGiacomo J; Pezzuto J
Injection moulded plates of ten PP and thermoplastic Flynn Burner Corp.
polyolefin materials with varying material composition (TAPPI)
(different type of rubber, varying degree of ethylene etc.)
were characterised before and after oxygen plasma Problems encountered during flame plasma surface
treatment. Untreated materials were studied using DSC, treatment are outlined, together with their solutions. Aspects
size exclusion chromatography (SEC), FTIR covered include the generation of plasmas for industrial
spectroscopy, attenuated total reflectance (ATR) and applications, the need for surface modification, adhesion
transmission measurements. The effect of plasma promotion in polyolefins, measurement of the effect of
treatment conditions was followed by X-ray photoelectron treatment, critical variables, the cause of packaging odours,
spectroscopy and contact angle measurements. SEC variation in ink adhesion and safety. 5 refs.
analysis showed only minor differences between the USA
materials while the DSC and FTIR results confirmed that Accession no.645400
the differences were to be expected as a result of variation
in material composition. FTIR-ATR showed a gradient
Item 304
in material composition in all materials. The samples were
generally more PP-rich at the outermost surface and a
17, No.2, May 1997, p.133-41
greater extent of the ethylene-modified material and/or

FAILURE ANALYSIS OF SURFACE-TREATED Item 306

UNVULCANISED SBS RUBBER/ Antec 97. Volume III. Conference proceedings.
POLYURETHANE ADHESIVE JOINTS Toronto, 27th April-2nd May 1997, p.2817-21. 012
Pastor-Blas M M; Torregrosa-Macia R; Martin- ADHESION AND PAINTABILITY OF
Martinez J M; Dillard J G METALLOCENE PLASTOMER-BASED
Alicante,University; Virginia Tech THERMOPLASTIC OLEFINS
Yu T C; Mikulec M J
The surface of an unvulcanised SBS rubber was chlorinated
Ford Motor Co.
with 0.5-7 wt % trichloroisocyanuric acid(TCI) solutions.
(SPE)
The adhesion strength of surface-treated SBS rubber/PU
adhesive joints was obtained from T-peel tests. The failed Metallocene plastomers are a new generation of impact
surfaces after peeling were characterised by ATR IR modifiers for PPs. Both commercially available solvent-
spectroscopy, contact angle measurements, SEM coupled borne and water-borne adhesion promoters are evaluated
with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis and X-ray with two different types of metallocene plastomers as well
photoelectron spectroscopy. The untreated SBS rubber as with two different types of ethylene-propylene rubbers
showed no adhesion because of a lack of compatibility with in a benchmark composition. A proprietary aggressive
the PU adhesive. Chlorination of SBS rubber with 0.5 wt % tape adhesion test is first used to measure the cohesive
TCI produced a noticeable increase in T-peel strength which strength of different adhesion promoters applied to the
was due to the formation of C-Cl and C-O species on the substrate. A second test, hot Taber scuff, is next used to
rubber surface, the failure of the joint being produced at the examine the adhesive strength between adhesion promoter
chlorinated surface (weak boundary layer). Treatment of SBS and base coat. Paint panels are prepared and standard tests
rubber with greater concentrations of TCI, up to 2 wt %, including water humidity resistance, water immersion,
resulted in a decrease in the joint strength because the locus gasoline drip and thermal shock and cold temperature
of failure was directed deeper into the chlorinated layer. impact are performed. All four types of paint panels easily
Treatment of SBS rubber with 7 wt % TCI, on the other pass these tests. A more discriminating test, the Ford Stat
hand, produced different joint strength values in replicate Ram, distinguishes the ethylene-butene plastomer as
joints that were tested under similar experimental conditions, bringing superior paintability to all other plastomers and
mainly owing to differences in the locus of failure in the elastomers. 2 refs.
joints. Failure occurred randomly throughout the adhesive, USA
the interface or the surface chlorinated layer. 13 refs. Accession no.640422
WESTERN EUROPE
Antec 97. Volume III. Conference proceedings.
Toronto, 27th April-2nd May 1997, p.2775-9. 012
Item 305
FEASIBILITY OF AUTOMOTIVE COATINGS
DESIGNED FOR DIRECT ADHESION TO TPO
37, No.5, May 1997, p.845-55
MATERIALS
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE INTERFACIAL
Mikulec M
BOND IN PAPER-PROPYLENE LAMINATES
Ford Motor Co.
AND THE EFFECTS OF AGEING UNDER
(SPE)
SERVICE CONDITIONS
Somodi P J; Eby R K; Scavuzzo R J; Wilson G R The discovery that adhesion to untreated non-polar
Akron,University,Inst.of Polym.Engineering; thermoplastic (TPO) can be achieved directly through
Akron,University,Institute of Polym.Science; Sherwin- olefinic colour coats based on low viscosity functional
Williams Co. liquid polymers might be considered a breakthrough for
the TPO industry. Feasibility of olefinic colour coats at
The behaviour of paper-propylene-paper laminate while
bumper plants is also discussed. 4 refs.
ageing in hot oil in the absence of voltage stress was
USA
studied. The results provide an understanding of both the
quality of the interfacial bond and the performance of the Accession no.640415
bond during service. PPP laminate samples were subjected
to oil absorption and swelling experiments at 90 deg.C. Item 308
XPS of peeled laminates, Weibull analysis of the peel Polymer
strength data and finite element analysis of the internal 38, No.13, 1997, p.3295-305
stresses generated within one of the laminates were carried SURFACE MODIFICATION OF HALOGENATED
out. The effects of the ageing treatments on the interfacial POLYMERS: 1.
bond strength are discussed. 39 refs. POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE
USA Brace K; Combellas C; Dujardin E; Thiebault A;
Accession no.641410 Delamar M; Kanoufi F; Shanahan M E R

ESPCI; ENSMP Item 311

151st ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Spring 1997,
Solvated electrons were generated in a magnesium
Conference Preprints.
tetrafluoroborate solution by an electrochemical
Anaheim, Ca., 6th-9th May 1997, Paper 43, pp.7. 012
procedure. Both before and after surface treatment with
THERMOPLASTIC RUBBER AS A SHOE
the magnesium solutions, PTFE remained white and
SOLING
after treatment, the surface was not destroyed and
Carter A R; Turner R H
presented a controlled hydrophilic character. However,
SATRA Footwear Technology Centre
when treated with solutions of solvated electrons in the
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
presence of sodium, the sample became black and
porous. 23 refs. Applications of styrene-butadiene-styrene block
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; copolymer thermoplastic elastomers in shoe soles are
WESTERN EUROPE examined. Injection moulding conditions and
Accession no.638573 compounding techniques aimed at optimising properties
are discussed, and methods for measuring wear resistance,
coefficient of friction and flex cracking resistance are
Item 309
described. A surface chlorination process developed by
Journal of Adhesion
SATRA to promote bonding with PU adhesives is also
62, Nos.1-4, 1997, p.187-211
outlined. 1 ref.
WETTABILITY OF SURFACE
OXYFLUORINATED PP FIBRES AND ITS
WESTERN EUROPE
EFFECT ON INTERFACIAL BONDING WITH
CEMENTITIOUS MATRIX Accession no.636051
Tu L; Kruger D; Wagener J B; Carstens P A B
Johannesburg,Rand Afrikaans University; South Item 312
Africa,Atomic Energy Corporation Revue Generale des Caoutchoucs et Plastiques
No.748, March 1996, p.61-3
The surface of high molecular weight PP monofilament
French
fibre was modified using an oxyfluorination method.
MULTIFLEX, A COMPLETE RANGE OF
Contact angles were obtained by dynamic contact angle
THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMERS
measurements using three liquids of known dispersion,
Milest D; Bayet A
acid and base surface free energy components. Surface
Multibase SA
free energies were calculated. Surfaces were observed
using SEM and photoacoustic IR spectroscopy. Interfacial The properties, processing and applications of the
shear bond strengths between the cementitious matrix and Multiflex range of styrene-ethylene butylene-styrene
the PP fibres were determined by fibre pull-out tests. block copolymer thermoplastic elastomers (Multibase) are
Correlations between shear bond strengths and surface examined. Particular attention is paid to insert moulding,
free energy components were established. 30 refs. coinjection moulding and coextrusion applications where
SOUTH AFRICA adhesion to plastics is of importance.
Accession no.638485 EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.636013
Item 310
Journal of Adhesion
62, Nos.1-4, 1997, p.23-43 Item 313
SURFACE ANALYSIS OF DEBONDED Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology
CHLORINATED VULCANISED SBR RUBBER 11, No.4, 1997, p.447-70
JOINTS INFLUENCE OF THE NATURE AND
Pastor-Blas M M; Martin-Martinez J M; Dillard J G FORMULATION OF STYRENE-BUTADIENE
Alicante,University; Virginia,Polytechnic Institute RUBBER ON THE EFFECTS PRODUCED BY
SURFACE TREATMENT WITH
An SBR was treated with trichloroisocyanuric acid to TRICHLOROISOCYANURIC ACID
improve adhesion in joints prepared with a one- Pastor-Blas M M; Martin-Martinez J M; Dillard J G
component, solvent-based polyester urethane adhesive. Alicante,University; Virginia Polytechnic Institute &
T-peel tests were carried out and surfaces of debonded State University
rubber were analysed using X-ray photoelectron
spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, SEM, and contact angle The surfaces of two synthetic sulphur-vulcanised styrene-
measurements. 27 refs. butadiene rubbers which had been chlorinated with
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN; USA; trichloroisocyanuric acid solutions in ethyl acetate were
WESTERN EUROPE analysed using different experimental techniques (IR-ATR
Accession no.638477 spectroscopy, contact angle measurements, SEM, and X-

ray photoelectron spectroscopy). The depth of penetration significant effect. The removal of low molec.wt. materials
of the chlorination agent into the rubber using X-ray significantly reduced the wettability of the treated
photoelectron spectroscopy was also considered. 29 refs. materials, but did not impair the adhesion increased by
USA the plasma treatment. 36 refs.
Accession no.635967 CHINA
Accession no.635199
Item 314
Journal of Applied Polymer Science Item 316
64, No.10, 6th June 1997, p.1913-21 Rubber Asia
SURFACE MODIFICATION OF 11, No.3, May-June 1997, p.27-8
POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE BY AR+ HOW TO DEVELOP BETTER NR SOLUTION
IRRADIATION FOR IMPROVED ADHESION TO ADHESIVES
OTHER MATERIALS Varghese L; Matthew N M
Seok-Keun Koh; Sung-Chul Park; Sung-Ryong Kim;
Factors affecting the bond strength of natural rubber
Won-Kook Choi; Hyung-Jin Jung; Pae K D
solution adhesives are examined. Tests were carried out
Korea,Institute of Science & Technology; Sam Yang
on constant viscosity rubber (ISNR 3 CV) and evaluated
Co.; Rutgers,University
for rubber-to-rubber bonding using samples sheets
The surface of thin square PTFE samples was irradiated moulded from a tread type formulation. The effects of
with argon ions at 1 keV with varying ion doses with and mastication, different solvents, plasticisers, fillers and
without an oxygen environment. The irradiated surface antioxidants are discussed.
of the samples was examined by SEM for surface textural ASIA
changes and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy for Accession no.634886
changes in chemical structure. A wettability test was
conducted on the irradiated samples of PTFE samples by
water droplets. A Scotch tape adhesion test, after a thin Item 317
film of copper or aluminium was evaporated on the Macromolecules
irradiated surface and a tensile test after irradiated samples 30, No.7, 7th April 1997, p.2102-9
were glued to sample holders by an adhesive glue (Crystal ENHANCED ADHESION BETWEEN
Bond) were also run. It was found that argon ion POLYPROPYLENE AND POLYAMIDE-6. ROLE
irradiation of PTFE led to a dramatic improvement of OF INTERFACIAL NUCLEATION OF THE
adhesion of PTFE to aluminium and copper films and an BETA-CRYSTALLINE FORM OF
adhesive cement (Crystal Bond) and also to worsening POLYPROPYLENE
of wettability of PTFE with water. Possible mechanisms Boucher E; Folkers J P; Creton C; Hervet H; Leger L
for the improved adhesion properties of PTFE are given. Paris,College de France; ESPCI
20 refs. Previous work in which the interface between PP and
KOREA polyamide-6 was reinforced by the addition of maleic
Accession no.635219 anhydride functionalised PP (number average molecular
weight 22600) is repeated using a higher molecular weight
maleic anhydride functionalised PP (number average
Item 315
molecular weight 43000). At a reaction temperature above
220C, very close to the melting point of polyamide-6,
11, No.5, 1997, p.655-63
and above a given areal density, the measured fracture
EFFECTS OF SOLVENTS ON THE SURFACE
toughness of the interface became 4 times higher than
PROPERTIES OF OXYGEN PLASMA-TREATED
that for reaction temperatures below 220C, where the
POLYETHYLENE AND POLYPROPYLENE
observed fracture toughnesses were identical to what had
FILMS
been measured for the low molecular weight maleic
Xiao G Z
anhydride functionalised PP. The interfacial fracture
Beijing,Institute of Materials Technology
toughness is therefore no longer uniquely dependent on
The effects of solvents on the surface properties of oxygen areal density. Crystallographic analysis on the PP side of
plasma-treated PE and PP films were studied by ESCA, the interface showed a correlation between the presence
contact angle measurement and adhesion testing. The of the PP beta-phase in the 20 micrometres near the
results showed that oxygen plasma treatment produced interface and a high toughness. This crystalline phase was
some low molec.wt. materials on the treated surfaces, not present in the samples prepared at 220C or less or
which could be removed, to some extent, by solvents. It with the low molecular weight maleic anhydride
appeared that the low molec.wt. materials had different functionalised PP which always exhibited a low toughness
solubilities in different solvents. Among the solvents used even for samples prepared above 220C. It is argued that
(water, acetone and 2-propanol), acetone had the most the presence of this beta phase of the PP is the main factor

responsible for the very high fracture toughness, first Four different PP based copolymers with ethylene or an
evidence of the influence of the crystallinity of a semi aliphatic, non-conjugated diene with allylic hydrogens as
crystalline polymer on its adhesive properties. 44 refs. comonomer were subjected to oxygen plasma treatment.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; The static water contact angle was used to measure the
WESTERN EUROPE change in wettability, and adhesion between plasma
Accession no.634536 treated copolymer plates and a two-component PU lacquer
was studied using a 90 degree peel test. Neither the
material composition nor the plasma treatment conditions
Item 318
appeared to have any significant effect on the degree of
Journal of Polymer Science : Polymer Physics Edition
wettability. The lacquer adhesion, however, was highly
35, No.4, March 1997, p.615-22
dependent on the processing parameters and the peel force
AUTOHESION OF CROSSLINKED
deteriorated significantly as the discharge power
POLYETHYLENE
increased. The effect of the gas pressure was less clear.
Gent A N; Kim E G; Ye P
For all the processing conditions used, the lacquer
Akron,University
adhesion was greatly improved as the diene content in
Thin strips of crosslinked linear HDPE (Escorene HD the copolymer was increased. The results were discussed.
8760 from Esso Chemical Co., Canada, crosslinked with 23 refs.
dicumyl peroxide during compression moulding) were SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN EUROPE
melted and then crystallised in contact by cooling at room Accession no.630820
temperature. The work required to peel the strips apart
by pulling one strip away from the other at 90 degrees
was found to be remarkably high, 5 to 30 kJ/sq.m, and in Item 320
some cases the strips could not be separated in this way. Polymer International
42, No.3, March 1997, p.307-14
However, adhesion measured in T-peeling was much
PROPERTIES OF BLENDS PREPARED FROM
lower, about one tenth as large. Adhesion was also fairly
SURFACE-MODIFIED LOW-DENSITY
small, 200 to 600 J/sq.m, using other test methods
POLYETHYLENE AND POLY(VINYL
designed to minimise bending strains. Thus, most of the
CHLORIDE)
work of separation is normally expended in bending,
Akovali G; Torun T T
probably in plastic yielding of the outer layers of bent
Edited by: Middle East,Technical University
strips. However, even when bending energy losses were
minimised, the residual adhesion was much greater than Improvement in adhesion between LDPE and PVC in their
expected for Van der Waals bonding (about 0.05 J.sq.m). blends was attempted by plasma modification of their
Apparently, cocrystallisation of molecular strands lying surfaces. A series of different plasma treatments, vinyl
on either side of the interface greatly enhances the chloride or carbon tetrachloride plasma for PE and
intrinsically low level of autohesion of amorphous PE, acetylene plasma for PVC, were used. An oligomeric
probably by local yielding processes around the line of copolymer of PE-PVC was also tested in the blend. After
separation. Some effects of test temperature were also modification, different degrees of improvement were
examined in T-peeling. Adhesion passed through a obtained in mechanical properties, ranging from slight
pronounced maximum at temperatures of 75-100C before for acetylene plasma-modified samples to high for the
reducing to very low values in the melted state. This vinyl chloride plasma-modified samples and samples with
maximum was absent in tests with reduced bending. It is, added oligomeric copolymer. 4 refs.
therefore, attributed to extra work expended in plastic TURKEY
bending over a narrow range of temperature, probably Accession no.630079
due to lower yield stress at these temperatures and not to
an increase in the actual adhesion. 10 refs. Item 321
USA Composites Science & Technology
Accession no.634209 57, No.2, 1997, p.197-203
STUDY OF THE IMPACT PROPERTIES OF
Item 319 SURFACE-MODIFIED UHMPE FIBRE/VINYL
Polymer ESTER COMPOSITES
38, No.7, 1997, p.1557-63 Moon S; Jang J
ADHESION PROPERTIES OF OXYGEN Seoul,National University
PLASMA-TREATED POLYPROPYLENE-BASED Ultra-high-modulus PE fibres were treated with oxygen
COPOLYMERS plasma and silane coupling agent to improve interfacial
Nihlstrand A; Hjertberg T; Johansson K adhesion between the fibres and a vinyl ester resin. Factors
Chalmers University of Technology; Sweden,Institute affecting interfacial adhesion and impact properties are
for Surface Chemistry discussed. 21 refs.

KOREA Yamagata,University; Tohoku Rubber Co.Ltd.;

Accession no.629844 Takasaki Radiation Chemistry Res.Establishment;
Japan,Atomic Energy Research Institute
Item 322 The surfaces of thin sheets of EPM and polychloroprene
Composites Science & Technology were modified by UV irradiation and sputter ion etching
57, No.1, 1997, p.67-79 treatments. This resulted in a rapid increase in adhesion
EFFECT OF SURFACE TREATMENTS ON THE and a simultaneous decrease in tackiness. The mechanism
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF LOW-DENSITY of surface modification was studied by SEM, ESCA,
POLYETHYLENE COMPOSITES REINFORCED Fourier transform IR spectroscopy and related interfacial
WITH SHORT SISAL FIBRES analytical procedures. It was shown that surface roughening
Paul A; Joseph K; Thomas S with a thin layer of surface oxidation was a key factor in
India,Bharrata Mata College; Mahatma the development of decreased tackiness. 10 refs.
Gandhi,University JAPAN
The electrical properties of short sisal fibre-reinforced Accession no.624452

LDPE composites were studied. Various surface
treatments such as alkali, CTDIC, stearic acid, peroxide, Item 325
permanganate and acetylation were carried out on the sisal European Industrial Adhesives Conference. Conference
fibres to improve interfacial bonding. The treated surfaces proceedings.
were characterised by IR spectroscopy. 21 refs. Brussels, 26th-28th April 1995. Paper 24. 6A1
INDIA ADHESION AND FAILURE MECHANSIMS OF
Accession no.629028 MODEL HOT MELT ADHESIVE BONDED TO PP
Tse M F
Exxon Chemical Co.
Item 323
(Exxon Chemical Europe Inc.)
Journal of Adhesion
60, Nos.1-4, 1997, p.223-31 A model hot-melt adhesive (HMA) based on Escorez
MAXIMUM PEEL STRENGTH OF PRESSURE- EVA, hydrocarbon tackifier and a wax is used to bond
SENSITIVE STYRENE-BUTADIENE EMULSION together PP films under a controlled condition to give
POLYMERS equilibrium bonding. Peel strength of this HMA/PP
Spitzer J J assembly is determined over a broad range of peel rates
BASF Corp. and test temperatures. It is found that peel strength of
this model adhesive to PP is both rate and temperature
The peel strengths of five pressure-sensitive styrene-
dependent. However, contrary to the behaviour of rubbery
butadiene emulsion polymers, having different amounts
adhesives, the influence of peel rate and test temperature
of gel and different Tgs, were determined as a function
on peel adhesion of this semi-crystalline adhesive is not
of temp. and peel rate. For each peel rate, the peel strength
equivalent, causing failure of rate-temperature
reached a maximum at a particular temp. and this
superposition and multiple transitions in failure locus. At
maximum peel strength was associated with the change
different test temperatures, the dependence of peel
of the mode of failure from cohesive to adhesive. The
strength on peel rate shows some resemblance with the
maximum peel strength was found to be largely
dependence of loss tangent of the bulk adhesive on
independent of the gel level and possibly of the Tg of the
frequency. This is consistent with a previous result that
polymer within the domain of pressure-sensitive
the HMA debonding term, D, varies with the loss tangent
polymeric properties. The maximum peel strength
of the HMA at T-peel debonding frequency. 11 refs.
appeared to be dependent on the type of substrate and the
USA
stabilisation system of the emulsion polymers (surface
free energy properties of the bonded interfaces). 14 refs. Accession no.621882
USA
Plast’ 21
No.49, Feb.1996, p.43-5
Item 324
Spanish
COEXTRUSION AND PRINTING PROBLEMS
63, No.12, 21st March 1997, p.1625-33
Herranz M
SURFACE MODIFICATION PROCESSING OF
Interflexo SA
SYNTHETIC RUBBERS BY ULTRAVIOLET
IRRADIATION AND SPUTTER ION ETCHING The coextrusion process is described, and factors to be
TREATMENT taken into account in enhancing the printability of
Minagawa M; Saito T; Fujikura Y; Watanabe T; coextruded PE films are discussed.
Iwabuchi H; Yoshii F; Sasaki T

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN; had a deleterious effect on bonding, and an increased
WESTERN EUROPE rubbery response in the stick-slip region, which tended
Accession no.621154 to strengthen joints. 8 refs. (Pt.I, ibid, p.323-31)
USA
Journal of Polymer Science : Polymer Chemistry
Edition
Item 329
35, No.1, 15th Jan.1997, p.137-42
SYNTHESIS AND PHOTOCHEMICAL SURFACE
63, No.3, 18th Jan.1997, p.323-31
FIXATION OF HYDROXYLATED CASCADE
PEEL ADHESION AND VISCOELASTICITY OF
MOLECULES
POLY(ETHYLENE-CO-VINYL ACETATE)-
Sugawara T; Matsuda T
BASED HOT MELT ADHESIVES. I. EFFECT OF
Japan,National Cardiovascular Center Research
TACKIFIER COMPATIBILITY
Institute
Shih H H; Hamed G R
A supramolecularly assembled surface architectural Akron,University
method was developed, which involved a self-assembling
A series of EVA-based hot melt adhesives containing
process of amphiphilic molecules and a subsequent
either a rosin or a hydrocarbon (C5-C9) tackifier was
photochemical process. The specially-designed molecules
prepared in order to investigate viscoelastic properties
were cascade ‘tree’ molecules composed of a phenylazido
and peel adhesion. Fracture energies were determined by
group as root, an aliphatic hydrocarbon chain as stem,
the use of a T-peel geometry (two PP films bonded with
and two or three tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane
model EVA adhesives). The rosin had only one Tg but
groups as leaves. Using a horizontal lifting method,
the C5-C9 resin had two Tgs, indicating phase separation.
unimolecular assemblies which formed at an air/water
The rosin had better compatibility with EVA than did the
interface were transferred to PE surfaces. Upon UV
C5-C9 resin. The bond strength of tackified EVA to PP
irradiation, these molecules were covalently fixed on the
depended not only on compatibility, but also on
surfaces due to the photochemical reactivity of the
viscoelastic properties. A higher storage modulus resulted
phenylazido group. Treated surfaces became wettable with
in a higher T-peel strength. Under certain test conditions,
water, indicating that hydrophilic hemispheres were
glassy C5-C9-rich domains acted as reinforcing filler,
located at the outer surface region of the PE surfaces.
resulting in a higher storage modulus. A C5-C9-tackified
Bimolecular assemblies composed of cascade molecules
EVA adhesive had higher T-peel strength than did one
and non-cascade molecules with a hydroxyl group at one
containing rosin. 15 refs.
end exhibited lower advancing and receding contact
USA
angles and reduced hysteresis than those of unimolecular
ones, indicating that these bimolecular assemblies had a Accession no.618824
well-structured molecular organisation with a high degree
of packing. 17 refs. Item 330
JAPAN Plastics Engineering
Accession no.619952 52, No.9, Sept.1996, p.35-8
HOW MOULDING CONDITIONS AFFECT
ADHESION OF COATINGS TO TPSS
Item 328
Ryntz R A; McNeight A; Ford A
Ford Motor Co.; Exxon Chemical Co.
63, No.3, 18th Jan.1997, p.333-42
PEEL ADHESION AND VISCOELASTICITY OF The effect is studied of injection moulding conditions on
POLY(ETHYLENE-CO-VINYL ACETATE)- the adhesion of coatings to thermoplastic polyolefins by
BASED HOT MELT ADHESIVES. II. varying the melt temperature, injection speed, gate
INFLUENCE OF WAX dimensions and part thickness in relation to the physical
Shih H H; Hamed G R attributes of subsequent plastic parts. Optical
Akron,University birefringence, surface microhardness, dye penetration,
and adhesion of paint on topcoated parts are among the
The effect of wax on the viscoelasticity and peel adhesion
attributes examined. 6 refs.
of EVA-based hot melt adhesives was evaluated. Wax did
USA
not affect the Tg of a homogeneous EVA/rosin blend but,
for a heterogeneous EVA/rosin blend, wax addition Accession no.618474
increased the EVA-rich phase portion, resulting in a higher
rubbery response. The T-peel fracture energies of EVA/ Item 331
tackifier/wax blends bonded to PP film were controlled Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology
by two factors, i.e. a weak boundary layer of wax, which 10, No.12, 1996, p.1383-99

EFFECTS OF HYDROCARBON TACKIFIERS studied by in situ IR ellipsometry, X-ray photoelectron

ON ADHESIVE PROPERTIES OF CONTACT spectroscopy and contact angle measurements. N2 plasma
ADHESIVES BASED ON POLYCHLOROPRENE. treatments induced a significant nitrogen grafting, leading
II. NATURE OF HYDROCARBON TACKIFIER to an increase in the electron-acceptor and the electron-
Ferrandiz-Gomez T D P; Fernandez-Garcia J C; donor components of the surface free energy. In contrast,
Orgiles-Barcelo A C; Martin-Martinez J M dilute NH3 plasma treatment seemed to result in weak
INESCOP; Alicante,University bonding of the nitrogen atoms to the surface, as deduced
from a comparison of measurements performed in situ
50 phr each of three hydrocarbon resins of different
after this treatment, after ageing, and after an additional
aliphatic-aromatic nature was added to a solvent based
SiH4 plasma treatment. 22 refs.
polychloroprene adhesive. The hydrocarbon resins were
CANADA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
characterised using IR spectroscopy and differential
scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements. The
properties and compatibility of the polychloroprene/resin Accession no.617581
blends were studied using thermal mechanical analysis
(TMA), DSC, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Item 333
rheology. Tack measurements were carried out, and the Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology
joint strength was obtained from T-peel tests of roughened 10, No.11, 1996, p.1165-97
SBR-polychloroprene adhesive joints. The addition of TIME-OF-FLIGHT SIMS AND IN-SITU XPS
aromatic hydrocarbon resins produced a compatible resin- STUDY OF O2 AND O2-N2 POST-DISCHARGE
polychloroprene blend, whereas an incompatibility was MICROWAVE PLASMA-MODIFIED HIGH-
obtained between an aliphatic hydrocarbon resin and the DENSITY POLYETHYLENE AND
polychloroprene. The compatibility of aromatic HEXATRIACONTANE SURFACES
hydrocarbon resin-polychloroprene blends was Leonard D; Bertrand P; Scheuer A; Prat R; Hommet J;
responsible for the enhanced tack and improved adhesion Le Moigne J; Deville J P
to roughened rubber materials. On the other hand, the Louvain,Universite Catholique; Strasbourg,Institut de
incompatibility of aliphatic hydrocarbon resin- Physique et Chimie des Materiaux
polychloroprene blends produced reduced tack, phase The O2 and O2-N2 ((N2) less than 15%) post-discharge
separation and reduced practical adhesion. Viscoelastic microwave plasma modifications of HDPE and
properties were affected differently depending on the hexatriacontane (HTC) surfaces are studied as a function
temperature and the frequency of the experiments and of the distance from the discharge and the gas composition.
also on the aliphatic-aromatic nature of the resin. 17 refs. They are compared in terms of the in-situ XPS OIC ratios
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN; and C 1s components, and the ex-situ ToF-SIMS O-/CH-
WESTERN EUROPE ratios and relative intensifies of series of peaks. The results
Accession no.617586 of effect of distance from the discharge showed a clear
correlation between in-situ XPS results and O2 post-
Item 332 discharge modelling, exhibiting the double role of oxygen
Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology atoms: functionalisation initialisation by creating radicals
10, No.12, 1996, p.1313-32 (which react with molecular oxygen) and degradation due
ADHESION MECHANISMS OF SILICA LAYERS to the energy released by the oxygen atom recombination
ON PLASMA-TREATED POLYMERS. II. process. 87 refs.
POLYPROPYLENE BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
Vallon S; Brenot R; Hofrichter A; Drevillon B;
Gheorghiu A; Senemaud C; Klemberg-Sapieha J E; Accession no.617501
Martinu L; Poncin-Epaillard F
CNRS; Montreal,Ecole Polytechnique; Item 334
Maine,University Journal of Applied Polymer Science
62, No. 8, 21st. Nov. 1996, p.1263-75
The influence of plasma pretreatment in various gases HOT-MELT PRESSURE-SENSITIVE ADHESIVE
(Ar, NH3, N2) on the adhesion of plasma-deposited silica BASED ON STYRENE-BUTADIENE-STYRENE
layers to PP is investigated. UV-visible ellipsometry RUBBER. EFFECT OF ADHESIVE
measurements enabled the detection of crosslinking at the COMPOSITION ON THE PROPERTIES
polymer surface. All treatments, and especially the Ar- Galan C; Sierra C A; Gomez Fatou J M; Delgado J A
diluted N2 treatment, induced crosslinking in the surface Repsol SA
layer. The adhesion of silica to PP, as measured by the
micro-scratch test, was improved by every treatment. In Hot-melt pressure-sensitive adhesives based on styrene-
the case of Ar, the adhesion improvement is attributed to butadiene block copolymers (Calprene from Repsol
crosslinking, and possibly to surface activation by radical Quimica) with aliphatic and aromatic tackifying and
formation. In addition, surface functionalisation was plastifying oils were analysed. The importance of the resin

structure in the compatibility with the block copolymers MODIFICATION OF POLYPROPYLENE BY

and the influence of the different paraffinic-naphthenic LOW-FREQUENCY GLOW DISCHARGE IN AIR
character of the oil in pressure-sensitive adhesive Visen E I; Gil’man A B; Shibryaeva L S; Sosnovskaya
performance are shown. Ternary systems with a fixed L N; Rishina L A
polymer content (30%) and with variable resin and oil Semenov N.N.,Institute of Chemical Physics;
contents show a good miscibility over the whole range of Moscow,Karpov Institute of Physical Chemistry
compositions and only one Tg was found for each
The treatment of isotactic PP with glow discharge in air
composition. The relationship between chemical
resulted in the appearance of oxygen-containing
composition and bulk performance are expressed in terms
functional groups similar to those formed in the case of
of the viscoelastic behaviour of the adhesives, measured
radical oxidation of PP. Plasma treatment also affected
by DMTA. It was shown that at at given resin content there
the m.p. of PP. It was shown that the initial PP synthesised
is a minimum in the loss tangent peak vs temperature, the
with titanium trichloride-diethylaluminium chloride
melt viscosities present a plateau region and the tack
catalytic system in the presence of hydrogen as a transfer
strength shows a maximum. An important conclusion is
agent consisted of two crystalline structures with m.p.s
that phase separation is not a requirement for maximum
equal to 150.8 and 159.4C. The m.p. of the lower
tack. Some restricted miscibility is enough. 32 refs.
molec.wt. and less stereoregular fraction of the polymer
decreased and sometimes this crystalline structure even
WESTERN EUROPE
disappeared completely. 12 refs. (Full translation of
Accession no.617177 Vys.Soed.A, 38, No.8, 1996, p.1297-301)
CIS; COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES; RUSSIA
62, No. 8, 21st. Nov. 1996, p.1205-10 Item 337
ANHYDRIDE CONTENT OF SOME Journal of Coatings Technology
COMMERCIAL POLYPROPYLENE-GRAFT- 68, No.857, June 1996, p.83-91
MALEIC ANHYDRIDE COPOLYMERS. FTIR EXAMINATION OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF A
AND TITRATION TPO ADHESION PROMOTER MATERIAL IN A
Sclavons M; Carlier V; de Roover B; Franquinet P; PAINTED TPO SYSTEM
Devaux J; LeGras R Prater T J; Kaberline S L; Holubka J W; Ryntz R A
Louvain,Universite Catholique Ford Motor Co.
A set of anhydride-grafted polypropylenes was collected A chlorinated polyolefin material that is a principal
from various companies. Titration against potassium constituent of the adhesion promoter was found to
hydroxide was used to determine the anhydride contents distribute itself within the top few microns of the TPO
or raw, heated and washed samples. The deconvolution of surface when analysed by imaging SIMS and fluorescent
the IR spectra of washed anhydride-grafted polypropylenes microscopy of labelled chlorinated polyolefin. The
revealed two types of grafted anhydride, succinic anhydride diffusion of the adhesion promoting materials into the
form and polymaleic anhydride form. All in all, four forms TPO substrate is studied, and the subsequent effect of
of anhydride functions were detected, two grafted and two this diffusion on the adhesion robustness of the painted
free, each being either on monomeric or polymeric forms. system is examined. 10 refs.
Nevertheless, one brand (Hercoprime G from Himont Inc.)
USA
can be distinguished by its very high grafting level. The
other materials were Modic F300H, Modic P300M, Modic Accession no.614793
P300F (from Mitsubishi Petrochemical Co. Ltd., Brussels),
Admer QF500E (from Mitsui Petrochemical Industries Item 338
Ltd., Brussels), Polybond 3002 (from British Petroleum Macromolecules
Co., Amsterdam), Orevac PP-CH (from ATOchem, Paris) 29, No.21, 7th Oct.1996,p.6872-9
and Exxelor 1015 (from Exxon Chemical, Brussels). It is SURFACE MODIFICATION AND
concluded that only a fraction of the anhydride content in FUNCTIONALISATION OF
commercial PP contributes to the adhesion or to the POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE FILMS
compatibiliser formation. 13 refs. Kang E T; Tan K L; Kato K; Uyama Y; Ikada Y
WESTERN EUROPE Argon plasma-pretreated PTFE films were subjected to
Accession no.617171 further surface modification by near-UV light induced graft
copolymerisation with acrylic acid, sodium salt of
Item 336 styrenesulphonic acid and N,N-dimethylacrylamide. The
Polymer Science Series A surface compositions and microstructures of the modified
38, No.8, Aug.1996, p.835-8 films were characterised by angle-resolved X-ray

photoelectron spectroscopy. A stratified surface injection moulding process was studied by varying melt
microstructure with a significantly higher substrate-to-graft temperature, injection speed, gate dimensions, and part
chain ratio in the top surface layer than in the subsurface thickness in relation to the physical attributes of
layer was always obtained for PTFE coated with a subsequent plastic parts afforded. Attributes examined
substantial amount of the hydrophilic graft. The stratified included optical birefringence, surface microhardness, dye
surface microstructure was consistent with the observed penetration, and adhesion of paint on top-coated parts.
hysteresis in advancing and receding water contact angles. Correlations to mould filling analysis indicate that shear,
The graft yield increased with argon plasma pretreatment as effected by melt temperature, injection speed, and gate
time and monomer concentration. Covalent immobilisation dimensions, plays a significant role in the ability to
of trypsin on the acrylic acid polymer-grafted PTFE films achieve paint adhesion to the moulded article. 6 refs.
was facilitated by water-soluble carbodiimide. Solution- USA
coating of the polymeric acid-modified PTFE films with Accession no.609023
the emeraldine base of polyaniline readily resulted in an
interfacial charge transfer interaction and a semiconductive
PTFE surface. 40 refs. Item 341
Journal of Adhesion
JAPAN; SINGAPORE
59, Nos.1-4, 1996, p.75-86
Accession no.614733 ADHESION BETWEEN PLASMA-TREATED
POLYPROPYLENE FILMS AND THIN
Item 339 ALUMINIUM FILMS
Antec ’96. Vol.I. Conference Proceedings. Nakamura Y; Nakamae K
Indianapolis, 5th-10th May 1996, p.1219-24. 012 Shiga Prefecture,Industrial Research Centre;
LASER SURFACE MODIFICATION OF Kobe,University
POLYMERS TO ENHANCE ADHESION. I.
PP film was treated with radiofrequency-induced oxygen
POLYOLEFINS
plasma, followed by the vacuum deposition of an
Tavakoli S M; Riches S T
aluminium thin film. The peel strength of the obtained
TWI
Al/PP was measured. The effect of plasma treatment
(SPE)
conditions on the peel strength of Al/PP was also
The surfaces of HDPE, LDPE, PP and glass fibre- investigated. The surfaces of PP film treated with plasma
reinforced PP samples were treated with xenon chloride, and the interfaces of Al/PP obtained as a result of the
arsenic fluoride and krypton fluoride excimer lasers to peel test were analysed. The mechanism involved in the
enhance adhesion. Single lap shear joints were prepared adhesion between plasma-treated PP films and Al thin
using a polycyanoacrylate adhesive. The failure position film is discussed. 17 refs. (Adhesion Society of Japan,
for many samples tested was within the adherend. SEM 30th Anniversary Meeting, Yokohama, Japan, Nov.1994)
studies showed little or no physical effect on the surfaces, JAPAN
particularly at low frequencies, but X-ray photoelectron Accession no.608814
spectroscopy revealed some chemical changes.
Specimens stored for up to 15 days after laser treatment
retained their surface reactivity and could still be Item 342
effectively bonded. 5 refs. Journal of Adhesion
59, Nos.1-4, 1996, p.25-37
WELDING INSTITUTE
HYDROGEN BONDING AND THE
WESTERN EUROPE INTERFACIAL COMPONENT OF ADHESION:
Accession no.609263 ACID/BASE INTERACTIONS OF CORONA-
TREATED POLYPROPYLENE
Good R J; Li Kuang Shu; Hung-Chang Chiu; Yeung C K
Item 340 New York,State University
Antec ’96. Volume III. Conference proceedings.
Indianapolis, 5th-10th May 1996, p.2707-11 The effect of activation of the surface of PP sheet by a
EFFECT OF MOULDING CONDITIONS ON THE corona discharge upon the contact angles of liquids and
ADHESION OF COATINGS TO on the surface free energy parameters was determined.
THERMOPLASTIC OLEFINS The test liquids were water, glycerol, formamide,
Ryntz R A; McNeight A; Ford A diiodomethane and alpha-bromonaphthalene. Both
Ford Motor Co.; Exxon Chemical Co. advancing and retreating contact angles were measured.
(SPE) The acid/base theory of the components of surface free
energy was used. 19 refs. (Adhesion Society of Japan,
Processing of thermoplastic olefins (TPOs), which are 30th Anniversary Meeting, Yokohama, Japan, Nov.1994)
mostly blends of polyolefins and elastomers, is generally USA
accomplished through the use of injection moulding. The
Accession no.608810

Item 343 Takagi K; Fujimatsu H; Usami H; Ogasawara S

Journal of Applied Polymer Science Shinshu,University
62, No.1, 3rd Oct.1996, p.1-8
The adhesive effect of LLDPE gels in organic solvents
ADHESION OF UV-TREATED RUBBERS TO
such as decalin, tetralin and o-dichlorobenzene on HDPE
EPOXY ADHESIVES
mouldings was investigated by shearing tests and DSC
Kondyurin A; Klyachkin Y
measurements. For all the gels, the temp. at which the
heated gel started to exhibit the adhesive effect was about
The adhesive joint strength behaviour of vulcanised rubbers 70C, which was similar to the result for LDPE gel. In
with epoxy adhesives during the UV treatment of rubber particular, when heated at 110C, LLDPE gel in tetralin
surfaces was studied. The change in rubber surfaces and showed such a strong bond strength that PE plates of 3mm
the interphase layer structure of joints was investigated. A thickness and 20mm width gave rise to necking. It was
model for the joint strength behaviour was proposed, which found that LLDPE gel behaved as though LDPE gel was
could be used to predict the appropriate use of UV treatment added to HDPE gel, i.e. LDPE-like components in LLDPE
of rubber surfaces to improve the joint strength. The main resin exerted the adhesive effect at lower heating temp.,
reason for increased joint strength during UV treatment while HDPE exerted the strong adhesive effect at higher
was found to be the increase in concentration of polymer heating temp. 9 refs.
network crosslinks of substrate and adhesive, when the JAPAN
concentration of active oxygen-containing groups on the Accession no.605708
substrate surface was enhanced. 16 refs.
CIS; COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES; RUSSIA
Item 346
Accession no.607050 Journal of Polymer Science : Polymer Chemistry
Edition
Item 344 34, No.12, 15th Sept.1996, p.2299-310
Polymer Engineering and Science REACTIONS OF POLYETHYLENE SURFACES
36, No.14, July 1996, p.1849-55 WITH THE DOWNSTREAM PRODUCTS OF AN
EFFECT OF ROUGHNESS AS DETERMINED BY AIR PLASMA: GAS PHASE AND SURFACE
ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY ON THE SPECTROSCOPIC STUDIES
WETTING PROPERTIES OF PTFE THIN FILMS Kill G; Hunter D H; McIntyre N S
Miller J D; Veeramasuneni S; Drelich J; Yalamanchili Western Ontario,University
M R; Yamauchi G
Using absorption and emission spectroscopies, the gas
Utah,University; NTT Technical Assistance & Support
phase downstream products of an air glow discharge were
Center
measured as a function of plasma power, air flow rate
The effect of film roughness on the wetting properties of and distance from the plasma. In addition, the reaction of
vacuum-deposited PTFE thin films was investigated using these products with a LLDPE polymer surface was
atomic force microscopy(AFM) and contact angle followed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS).
goniometry. Surface roughness was characterised by AFM At higher air flow rates, the primary reactive species was
in terms of RMS roughness and fractal dimensions. A confirmed to be O(3P) atomic oxygen. At low flow rates,
contact angle correlation with surface roughness, as the concentration of O(3P) was significantly depleted at
determined by AFM, was evident from these results, the sample position, but other atomic states became more
which are discussed on the basis of wetting theory. The prominent. O(5S) and O(3S) were two states which were
results also confirmed that the high water contact angles identified. XPS studies of the PE surface reacted at high
(as high as 150 degrees) recently observed at the surface flow rates showed oxygen functionalities that were
of a new water repulsive coating material (mixture of probably the result of initiation by hydrogen abstraction.
PTFE and binder) were a result of surface roughness. Such At low flow rates, the products suggested initiation by
measurements clarified the effect of nanometre-size oxygen insertion. Changes in flow rate could thus result
surface asperities on the wetting properties of hydrophobic in major changes to the polymer surface chemistry. 41
coatings. 24 refs. refs.
JAPAN; USA CANADA
Item 345 Item 347

Polymer Gels & Networks Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie
4, No.3, 1996, p.229-40 Vol.239, July 1996, p.55-62
ADHESIVE EFFECT OF LINEAR LOW- ADHESIVE PROPERTIES OF SOME PRESSURE-
DENSITY POLYETHYLENE GELS ON SENSITIVE ADHESIVE AGENTS CONTAINING
POLYETHYLENE MOULDINGS OLIGOMER ADDITIVES

Florian S; Novak I of interfacial and adhesive processes. From these

Slovak Academy of Sciences experiments, the following is concluded: that at the
outermost surface of NR, substitution reactions of
The influence of oligomers, specifically propylene oil and
TCICA predominate, but a minor amount of addition is
butylene oil, of different molec.wts. on the adhesive
also evident; that addition and substitution reactions
properties of atactic PP and its mixtures with styrene-2-
compete on the surfaces of the butadiene-containing
ethylhexyl acrylate(S-EHA) copolymer was studied. The
polymers, BR and SBR; that no detectable
mechanical work of adhesion of the mixture containing
functionalisation by TCICA takes place on EPDM or
atactic PP and oligomer increased with the molec.wt. of
CIIR - polymers which lack sufficient olefinic sites for
the oligomer, which was more significant in the case of
surface modification; that isocyanuric acid or other
propylene oil. For ternary mixtures of atactic PP-S-EHA
nitrogenous residues are present on treated surfaces
copolymer/oligomer, a maximum of adhesion could be
before washing; that reconstruction of functionalised
observed if the content of the S-EHA copolymer in the
surfaces may occur upon swelling for extended periods;
mixture reached about 30 mass %. In the absence of
and that surface oxygen levels in these experiments is
oligomers in the mixture, a minimum of adhesion could
variable, and cannot be relied upon as indicators of the
be observed for this composition, which could be
functionalisation chemistry. 13 refs.
attributed to the incompatibility of the remaining
USA
components. 8 refs.
SLOVAK REPUBLIC; SLOVAKIA Accession no.603438
Accession no.604234
Item 350
MRS Bulletin
Item 348
21, No.8, Aug.1996, p.43-5
Pitture e Vernici
MODIFICATION OF POLYMERIC SURFACES
72, No.9, Sept.1996, p.15/24
WITH PLASMAS
Italian; English
Coates D M; Kaplan S L
FINISHING PRODUCTS FOR THE DIRECT
ADHESION ON UNTREATED Key features of plasma processing of polymer surfaces
POLYPROPYLENE are outlined including breakdown of surface oils, etching,
Begard J-M; Descarpentries K; Dimitrakakis N; Jouve H surface activation, and deposition of surface coatings.
Emphasis is given to capacitively coupled radio-frequency
Results of tests carried out to improve the paint adhesion
plasmas. 13 refs.
of untreated polypropylene, are discussed. The binder
system consisted of an hydroxy-acrylic based binder and Accession no.603241
a chlorinated polyolefin, (CPO) type binder. The research
aimed at adjusting the CPO according to the vehicle which Item 351
would react with other isocyanate groups of the hardener Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology
in order to achieve a simple coating formulation for use 10, No.9, 1996, p.833-45
on low energy polymers. EFFECTS OF HYDROCARBON TACKIFERS ON
INOPLAST SA THE ADHESIVE PROPERTIES OF CONTACT
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; ADHESIVES BASED ON POLYCHLOROPRENE.
WESTERN EUROPE I. INFLUENCE OF THE AMOUNT OF
Accession no.603920 HYDROCARBON TACKIFIER
Ferrandiz-Gomez T D P; Fernandez-Garcia J C;
Item 349 Orgiles-Barcelo A C; Martin-Martinez J M
Rubber Chemistry and Technology INESCOP; Alicante,University
69, No.2, May/June 1996, p.245-52 An aromatic hydrocarbon resin was added at levels
CHEMICAL MODIFICATIONS OF RUBBER between 20 and 120 phr to a solvent-based
SURFACES: XPS SURVEY OF REACTIONS OF polychloroprene adhesive. The properties and
TRICHLOROISOCYANURIC ACID AT THE compatibility of the polychloroprene/resin mixtures were
SURFACE OF VULCANISED ELASTOMERS studied using contact angle measurements, mechanical
Lawson D F; Kim K J; Fritz T L tests, DSC, thermal mechanical analysis and rheological
Bridgestone/Firestone Inc. studies. Two levels of compatibility between
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS or ESCA) is polychloroprene and aromatic hydrocarbon resin could
used to examine the outermost 100 A of selected de distinguished, depending on the resin content. For
elastomer substrates, and to classify the predominant amounts lower than 50 phr, there was improved cohesion,
reactions that occur there between the substrates and tack and mechanical, thermodynamic, rheological and
trichlororoisocyanuric acid (TCICA). About four adhesion properties of polychloroprene adhesives. A resin
monolayers deep, this surface region represents the locus content higher than 50 phr resulted in a decrease in the

adhesion, tack and mechanical properties of the adhesives EVA samples having vinyl acetate contents up to 18 wt.%.
which could be ascribed to a loss of compatibility between Also, calculations using Flory-Huggins theory indicated
the hydrocarbon resin and the polychloroprene. 8 refs. that copolymers of low wt.% vinyl acetate or acrylic acid
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN; should be miscible with low molecular weight PE at
WESTERN EUROPE elevated temperatures. Optical microscopy of ethylene-
Accession no.602824 acrylic acid copolymer or EVA interfaces with PP showed
the formation of influxes of copolymer into the PP side of
the interface, resulting in a mechanically interlocked
Item 352
interface. Relevance to compatibilisers for blends of waste
Journal of Adhesion
plastics is indicated. 36 refs.
57, Nos.1-4, 1996, p.203-25
USA
ADHESION OF STYRENE-BUTADIENE
RUBBERS WITH DIFFERENT SILICA Accession no.599752
CONTENT
Torro-Palau A; Fernandez-Garcia J C; Orgiles-Barcelo Item 354
A C; Martin-Martinez J M Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology
INESCOP; Alicante,University 10, No.7, 1996, p.651-75
The influence of silica content of four styrene-butadiene PLASMA TREATMENT AND ADHESION
rubbers on their adhesion to PU adhesives was studied. PROPERTIES OF A RUBBER-MODIFIED
The effectiveness of physical (roughening), chemical POLYPROPYLENE
(halogenation, fumaric acid) and physical plus chemical Nihlstrand A; Hjertberg T; Schreiber H P; Klemberg-
surface treatments to promote adhesion of rubber was Sapieha J E
discussed. 9 refs. Chalmers University of Technology; Ecole
Polytechnique de Montreal
WESTERN EUROPE Cold, glow discharge plasmas were used as a pretreatment
Accession no.601377 method for the lacquering of rubber-modified PP
(‘thermoplastic polyolefin’, TPO) plates. The effects of
Item 353 plasma treatments at radio(RF)- and microwave(MW)
Macromolecules frequencies and in combined MW-RF modes were
29, No.12, 3rd June 1996, p.4258-66 studied, as were the effects of plasma power-to-gas flow
INTERFACIAL INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ratios and of discharges in oxygen, nitrogen, air, argon
POLYETHYLENE AND POLYPROPYLENE AND and hydrogen. The adhesion between a two-component
SOME ETHYLENE-CONTAINING PU lacquer and plasma-treated TPO plates was evaluated
COPOLYMERS by 180 degree peel testing. 48 refs.
McEvoy R L; Krause S CANADA; SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN EUROPE
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Accession no.599413
Annealed interfaces between HDPE, LDPE and PP and
some ethylene-co-vinyl acetate and ethylene-co-acrylic acid Item 355
copolymers were examined using optical microscopy, SEM Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology
and electron microprobe analysis. Transcrystalline zones 10, No.6, 1996, p.515-39
were observed in a polarising microscope on the copolymer FLAME SURFACE MODIFICATION OF
side of the interface between EVA copolymers with up to POLYPROPYLENE FILM
18 wt.% vinyl acetate or ethylene-acrylic acid copolymers Strobel M; Branch M C; Ulsh M; Kapaun R S; Kirk S;
with up to 6.5 wt.% acrylic acid and HDPE or LDPE when Lyons C S
the samples were heated above the melting points of both 3M Co.; Colorado,University
polymers and allowed to cool slowly to room temperature. Contact angle measurements, the ASTM standard wetting
The crystallisation temperatures in the transcrystalline test for polyolefin films, and X-ray photoelectron
zones were all above those of the bulk copolymers and, in spectroscopy (XPS or ESCA) were used to characterise
some cases, above the melting points of the bulk flame treated PP films. Two combustion models,
copolymers. Electron microprobe data on EVA-HDPE STANJAN and PREMIX, were then used to determine
freeze fractured interfaces showed a percentage of vinyl the chemical and physical properties of the flames used
acetate less than that in the bulk copolymer in the region to treat the PP films. An overview is given of all the
corresponding to the transcrystalline zone on the copolymer relevant flame treatment literature, followed by a
side of the interface. The data indicated that PE migrated discussion of those aspects of combustion science most
into the transcrystalline zone. This was confirmed by optical pertinent to flame treatment of polymer films. 66 refs.
microscopy which showed that some PE oligomers with
USA
molecular weights up to 507 were completely miscible with
Accession no.595114

Item 356 ENERGY DISPERSIVE X-RAY(EDX) STUDIES

Journal of Applied Polymer Science OF THE INFLUENCE OF A COBALT ADHESION
60, No.13, 27th June 1996, p.2377-85 PROMOTER ON THE INTERFACE BETWEEN
CONVERSION OF PLASTIC/CELLULOSE RUBBER SKIM COMPOUNDS AND TYRE
WASTE INTO COMPOSITES. II. IMPROVING STEEL CORD
ADHESION BETWEEN POLYETHYLENE AND Chandra A K; Biswas A; Mukhopadhyay R; Bhowmick
CELLULOSE USING OZONE AK
Hedenberg P; Gatenholm P J.K.Industries Ltd.; Indian Institute of Technology
Chalmers University of Technology
The failed interfaces between NR skim compounds and
The interfacial adhesion between regenerated cellulose tyre steel cord used as tyre cord adhesion test specimens
fibres and LDPE was shown to be increased by treating were studied by SEM and EDX analysis in order to
LDPE with ozone. Both LDPE and regenerated cellulose understand the influence of cobalt boroacylate in the
were oxidised during the ozone treatment, which resulted rubber compound as an adhesion promoter. SEM studies
in the formation of carbonyl and hydroperoxide. The indicated a mixture of cohesive failure in the rubber and
carbonyls on LDPE were mainly ketones and carboxyls. interfacial failure between the rubber and the brass
The improved adhesion was thought to be the result of coating. Cobalt boroacylate led to more cohesive failure
both hydrogen and covalent bonding. Carbonyls on LDPE of the rubber, due to its degradative effects on rubber.
could interact with hydroxyl groups on cellulose, and EDX analysis of the failed cord and rubber surfaces at
hydroperoxides might decompose during processing to various points gave the concentrations of copper, zinc,
form strong bonds between the materials. Chain scission cobalt, iron, silicon, sulphur, oxygen and carbon.
took place for both materials when exposed to ozone, but Assuming van Ooij’s model of interfacial sulphide film
the physical and mechanical changes were limited as long formation over the brass layer and analysing the EDX
as the treatment was not extended. 27 refs. results, it was clear that the failure occurred at the Cu/Zn
SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN EUROPE and CuxS/ZnS sub-layers. 25 refs.
Accession no.593626 INDIA
Accession no.591296
Item 357
International Journal of Adhesion & Adhesives Item 359
16, No.2, May 1996, p.109-12 China Synthetic Rubber Industry
ADHESION AT THE POLYPROPYLENE/LIQUID 19, No.3, 1996, p.168-70
CRYSTALLINE POLYMER BLEND-GLASS Chinese
INTERFACE GRAFT MODIFICATION OF CHLOROPRENE
Lipatov Y S; Shumsky V F; Babich V F RUBBER WITH POLYMETHYL
Ukraine,Academy of Sciences METHACRYLATE MACROMONOMER
Pang Zhengzhi; Jiang Guoqiang
The adhesion of a blend of LCP with PP to the surface of
Beijing,University of Chemical Technology
glass fibres was investigated over the whole range of blend
compositions. It was found that the composition PMMA macromonomers of different molec.wts. were
dependence of the adhesion strength was characterised synthesised and the graft modification of chloroprene
by a sharp increase when the amount of LCP in the blend rubber with the PMMA macromonomer was investigated.
exceeded a definite limit corresponding to phase The results showed that the graft rate increased with the
inversion. The results were explained by the formation increase of initiator concentration and reaction time, with
near the interface of two adhesion layers, the first being a maximum value of 4%. The peel strength for bonding
composed of pure LCP and had a higher surface tension, to soft PVC sheet reached its maximum value when the
whereas the second layer represented the blend of varying molec.wt. of PMMA macromonomer was between 6,100
composition. At small amounts of LCP, adhesion failure and 11,300. 8 refs.
proceeded in the interphase between the LCP and the CHINA
blend. After phase inversion, where the adhesion strongly Accession no.590629
increased, adhesion failure proceeded near the interface
between the LCP and the glass. 11 refs.
UKRAINE
Item 360
Rubber Chemistry and Technology
Accession no.591305
69, No.1, March-April 1996, p.48-58
MECHANISM BY WHICH PRECIPITATED
Item 358 SILICA IMPROVES BRASS-COATED WIRE-TO-
Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology NATURAL RUBBER ADHESION
10, No.5, 1996, p.431-60 Waddell W H; Evans L R; Goralski E G; Snodgrass L J
SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY(SEM)/ PPG Industries Inc.

Quantitative determination of elements in the Item 362

interfacial growth layer formed on brass-coated wire IRC ’95 Kobe International Rubber Conference.
tyre cord when reacted in squalene suspensions Conference proceedings.
containing carbon black and curing agents, with and Kobe, 23rd-27th Oct.1995, p.432-5. 012
without precipitated silica and an organocobalt EFFECT OF DISCHARGE TREATMENT ON
adhesive, was carried out. Techniques used included VULCANISED RUBBER SURFACES
SEM with energy dispersive X-ray analysis, auger Kusano Y; Noguchi T; Yoshikawa M; Kato N; Naito K
electron spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron Bridgestone Corp.
spectroscopy and proton-induced X-ray emission (Japan,Society of Rubber Industry)
spectroscopy. The effects on elemental changes in the
Several discharge treatments are applied to vulcanised
interfacial growth layer upon addition of silica and/or
NR, SBR and NBR compounds which show different
cobalt neodecanoate to the squalene suspensions were
adhesion properties. After the treatments NR does not
statistically analysed. As the mechanism for silica
adhere to urethane adhesives, whereas SBR improves
improvement of brass-coated wire-to-rubber adhesion
slightly. In the case of NBR, corona treated surface shows
was previously shown not to be a simple effect of
poor bonding. These results are related to the functional
improving rubber physical properties, a chemical
groups and the damage of the surfaces. 5 refs.
mechanism was proposed involving silica to reduce the
JAPAN
thickness of the interfacial growth layer and to change
the relative concentration of compounds formed in the Accession no.586238
interfacial growth layer. 46 refs. (ACS Rubber
Division, Fall Meeting, Cleveland, Ohio, USA, Item 363
Oct.1995) International Journal of Adhesion & Adhesives
USA 16, No.1, 1996, p.29-31
Accession no.589974 IMPROVED ADHESION TO POLYMERS BY UV/
OZONE SURFACE OXIDATION
Mathieson I; Bradley R H
Item 361
Loughborough,University of Technology
Polymer
37, No.7, March 1996, p.1129-36 A UV-ozone oxidation process is shown to be an effective
FUSION BONDING OF MALEIC ANHYDRIDE adhesion pretreatment for PE and PEEK. The data
GRAFTED POLYPROPYLENE TO POLYAMIDE obtained indicate that the treatment gives considerable
6 VIA IN SITU BLOCK COPOLYMER oxidation and improved wettability for PE and PEEK
FORMATION AT THE INTERFACE surface types. Treated surfaces were analysed using X-
Bideaux J E; Smith G D; Bernet N; Manson J A E; ray photoelectron spectroscopy and water contact angles.
Hilborn J X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was also used to follow
Lausanne,Ecole Polytechnique Federale the chemistry and mechanism of the oxidation. Adhesion
with a two-component epoxy resin was measured for PE
The effects of bonding temperature and time on the critical
and PEEK, and was observed to improve significantly
strain energy release rate (measured by wedge test in an
after pretreatment. 11 refs.
asymmetric double cantilever beam geometry) of the
bonds were studied. ESCA and SEM observations of the WESTERN EUROPE
fracture surfaces were used to provide detailed
Accession no.586029
information on the locus of failure and the failure
mechanism. An increase of critical strain energy release
rate with bonding temperature was observed with two well Item 364
defined transitions corresponding to the melting Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology
temperatures of the grafted PP and the polyamide 6. Below 10, No.2, 1996, p.123-50
the melting point of the grafted PP there was no significant PLASMA POLYMERISATION OF ALLYL
adhesion due to the absence of intimate contact between ALCOHOL ON POLYOLEFIN-BASED
the adherends. Above this temperature, the critical strain MATERIALS: CHARACTERISATION AND
energy release rate increased gradually with temperature. ADHESION PROPERTIES
Optimal bonding required melting of both polymers and Nihlstrand A; Hjertberg T; Johansson K
resulted in the highest critical strain energy release rate Chalmers University of Technology; Sweden,Institute
value. Analysis of the fracture surfaces showed that failure for Surface Chemistry
was cohesive in the grafted PP (PP containing grafted
Hydroxyl-rich surfaces were obtained through the plasma
EPR) and accompanied by significant plastic deformation.
polymerisation of allyl alcohol on various polyolefin-
Explanations are suggested. 21 refs.
based substrates. The influence of plasma parameters
SWITZERLAND; WESTERN EUROPE (deposition time and power), the type of substrate, and
Accession no.588658 water washing on the chemical structure of the formed

plasma polymers was investigated. The characterisation Middle East,Technical University; Azerbaijan,Academy
involved contact angle measurements, X-ray of Sciences
photoelectron spectroscopy and FTIR analyses. The
The plasmochemical modification of a PE film surface
adhesion between plasma-polymerised layers and a two-
by monomers such as vinyltriethoxysilane,
component PU lacquer was evaluated by a 90 degree peel
hexamethyldisiloxane, 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane,
test. 27 refs.
tetraethylstannane and hexabutyldistannoxane was
studied. The structure and properties of the plasma
Accession no.584629 polymers obtained and the plasma-modified PE film
surfaces were studied by FTIR and photoacoustic FTIR
Item 365 spectroscopies and by use of surface energy and swelling
Macromolecules measurements. It was shown that the structure of plasma
29, No.2, 15th Jan.1996, p.774-82 polymers formed either on the inorganic non-active or
EFFECTS OF THE FORMATION OF on the organic active surfaces did not differ much from
COPOLYMER ON THE INTERFACIAL each other. In the structure of the organosilicon surface
ADHESION BETWEEN SEMICRYSTALLINE plasma polymers, mainly polysiloxane type fragments
POLYMERS emerged, while for organotin analogues carboxylate
Boucher E; Folkers J P; Hervet H; Leger L; Creton C fragments predominated. The plasma of organosilicon and
Paris,College de France; Ecole Superieure de Phys.et organotin compounds were used to modify PE film
Chim.Industrielles surfaces to produce thin hydrophobic, biologically active
and inactive surfaces. The results of surface energy studies
The relationship between the fracture toughness and the as followed by the interaction with methylene iodide and
real density of diblock copolymer at the interface was ethylene glycol and degree of swelling studies for both
investigated for joints between PP and polyamide-6, two unmodified and plasma-modified PE films in xylene
incompatible, semicrystalline polymers. Diblock showed a decrease in the latter and an increase of
copolymers were formed in situ by reaction between hydrophobic components, as expected. 29 refs.
succinic acid groups terminally grafted onto 5% of the
AZERBAIJAN; TURKEY
PP chains and the amine ends of the polyamide-6 chains.
Fracture toughnesses were measured using an asymmetric Accession no.582842
double cantilever beam test. After the bulk polyamide-6
had been completely rinsed from an adhered sample, X- Item 367
ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to measure the Journal of Applied Polymer Science
areal density of copolymer at the interface. Above the 59, No.10, 7th March 1996, p.1651-7
melt temperatures of PP, but below that of polyamide-6, MODIFICATION OF POLYOLEFIN SURFACES
reaction at the interface was limited by diffusion of the BY PLASMA-INDUCED GRAFTING
reactive PP chains. By controlling the temperature and Johnsen K; Kirhorn S; Olafsen K; Redford K; Stori A
the time of formation, the fracture toughness could be SINTEF Materials Technology
varied in the range from 5 to 100 J/sq.m. Dissipation
Polar monomers were grafted onto polyolefin surfaces
during fracture was observed to occur by plastic
using inert gas plasma. In the first stage, an inert gas
deformation in the PP, and failure of the joint was
plasma (argon plasma) was used to generate free radicals
determined to occur by chain scission of the PP part of
on the polyolefin surface. In the second stage, the plasma
the copolymer. The fracture toughness was found to vary
generator was turned off and a vinyl monomer introduced
as the square of the areal density of copolymer at the
as a vapour. Monomer was surface grafted by free radical
interface, a relationship similar to that observed and
polymerisation. After cleaning and drying, the samples
predicted for glassy polymers. This scaling behaviour
were analysed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, IR
suggests that the stresses in the fracture are concentrated
and contact angle. LDPE was successfully grafted with
over a distance on the order of 10 nm at the head of the
acrylic acid, glycidyl methacrylate, methyl acrylate, and
crack. 39 refs.
2-hydroxyethyl acrylate. The grafting of acrylic acid was
studied in more detail, and the rate of grafting was
WESTERN EUROPE
observed to increase with increasing monomer pressure
Accession no.583172 and to decrease with time. The increasing of grafting
temperature was found to reduce the degree of grafting.
Item 366 16 refs.
European Polymer Journal NORWAY; SCANDINAVIA; WESTERN EUROPE
32, No.3, March 1996, p.375-83 Accession no.581320
PLASMA SURFACE MODIFICATION OF
POLYETHYLENE WITH ORGANOSILICON
AND ORGANOTIN MONOMERS Item 368
Akovali G; Rzaev Z M O; Mamedov D G Acta Polymerica

47, No.2/3, Feb.1996, p.112-8 shown for CR. Some hints on ensuring proper mixing of
SURFACE MODIFICATION OF the short fibres in the rubber are given. Notes are given
POLYETHYLENE FIBRES TREATED IN AN on the use of short fibre reinforced rubbers in drive belts,
OXYGEN MICROWAVE PLASMA low pressure hoses, high pressure hoses, tyres (bead and
Plawky U; Londschein M; Michaeli W tread area and especially earth mover tyres) and seals such
Duisberg,Gerhard-Mercator University; HT Troplast as sealing rings and oil drilling packing. Some comments
AG; IKV are made on the processing of each type of treated fibre.
Tear propagation, abrasion resistance, compression set,
The surface modification of a commercial PE fibre treated
heat build-up, and friction coefficient data are included
in an oxygen low temperature microwave plasma was
in addition to tensile properties. 1 refs.
investigated. The change in surface chemistry was
analysed using electron spectroscopy for chemical
NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE
analysis. The dependence of the surface oxidation on gas
flux, process pressure and input energy was determined. Accession no.580302
The influence of the treatment on the mechanical
properties of a model composite was investigated by a Item 371
so-called fibre bundle pull-out method. 62 refs. Macromolecular Chemistry & Physics
197, No.1, Jan.1996, p.61-82
WESTERN EUROPE MODIFICATION OF ISOTACTIC
Accession no.581102 POLYPROPYLENE BY OXYGEN AND HELIUM
PLASMA WITH REFERENCE TO
THERMOOXIDATIVE STABILITY
Item 369 Bauer M; Rembold M; Marti E; Schneider H A;
Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology Muelhaupt R
10, No.1, 1996, p.61-77 Freiburg,University; Freiburger
CEMENTITIOUS-MATRIX COMPOSITES Materialforschungszentrum
FROM SILICON CHLORIDE-PLASMA-
ACTIVATED PP FIBRES The modification of isotactic PP films by reactive
Denes F; Feldman D; Hua Z Q; Zheng Z; Young R A (oxygen) and inert (helium) gas plasma treatment was
Wisconsin,University; Concordia University studied with reference to surface structure and
thermooxidative stability for different treatment times.
PP fibres were treated under radio frequency silicon The following effects were investigated: change of non-
chloride-plasma conditions. Comparative test data for PP helical (atactic or amorphous) content in the surface region
fibre-reinforced concrete and silicon chloride-cold and formation of vinyl and vinylidene groups by frustrated
plasma-treated PP fibre-reinforced concrete are discussed. multiple internal reflection FTIR spectroscopy, formation
32 refs. of peroxyl radicals by ESR spectroscopy and change of
CANADA; USA the invariant activation energy of degradation by TGA.
Accession no.581065 44 refs.
WESTERN EUROPE
Item 370
Accession no.575689
22, No.8, 1995, p.T/1-8
SHORT FIBRE REINFORCEMENT OF Item 372
ELASTOMERS Journal of Applied Polymer Science
van der Pol J F; de Vos L J 59, No.1, 3rd Jan.1996, p.119-24
Akzo Fibers bV INFRARED SPECTROSCOPIC
CHARACTERISATION OF PLASMA-TREATED
An overview is given of the advantages and other POLYETHYLENE
consequences of reinforcing rubber compounds by the Nitschke M; Hollander A; Mehdorn F; Behnisch J;
addition of Twaron p-aramid (polyphenylene Meichsner J
terephthalamide structure shown) short fibres. The Chemnitz,Technical University; Fraunhofer-Institut
principal effect is a significant increase in the modulus at fuer Ang.Polymerforschung
low elongation. Two methods of improving the adhesion
of the fibres to the rubber are described, specifically, the Thin PE films cast on copper or gold were treated with
production of Twaron pulp by applying shear stress to a low pressure oxygen plasma. Changes in the chemical
suspension of the fibres in water and the production of structure of these films were investigated by IR
dip coated fibres by dipping yarns prior to cutting into spectroscopy using a reflection method in combination
short fibres. Data are shown for the effects of Twaron with chemical derivatisation reactions. The potential of
pulp on the mechanical properties of NR/BR blend, CR the chemical derivatisation was demonstrated for
and EPDM. Data for each type of fibre treatment are hydroxyl groups and carbonyl groups by the reaction with

trifluoroacetic anhydride and hydrazine. The reaction BONDING POLYOLEFINS

conditions were varied to check for side reactions. The Fields J T; Garton A; Bell J P
results of the derivatisation were discussed in terms of Connecticut,University
secondary structures. 11 refs.
An acrylic adhesive was developed for formation of
strong, water-resistant structural joints with polyolefins.
WESTERN EUROPE
The two-component, lightly crosslinked, methyl
Accession no.575592 methacrylate-based adhesive consisted of an anaerobic
curing system in one part with a copper(II) salt catalyst
Item 373 in the other. Bonds formed with LDPE resulted in
Journal of Adhesion substrate failure upon block shear testing throughout the
50, No.1, 1995, p.25-42 open time of the adhesive (45 min). The interdiffusion of
FUMARIC ACID AS A PROMOTER OF the monomers into the substrates and their subsequent
ADHESION IN VULCANISED SYNTHETIC polymerisation was followed using several IR
RUBBERS spectroscopy techniques. The interphase of mixed LDPE
Pastor-Sempere N; Fernandez-Garcia J C; Orgiles- and adhesive was determined to be as thick as 1.7 mm
Barcelo A C; Torregrosa-Macia R; Martin-Martinez J M using IR microscopy. It was concluded that the strong
INESCOP; Alicante,Universidad adhesion in the joints was the result of the interpenetration
of the adhesive into the substrates. 25 refs.
The addition of dicarboxylic acids to PU adhesives in
USA
order to improve their adhesion to vulcanised synthetic
rubbers may cause the degradation of the adhesives over Accession no.551810
a period of time. To avoid the degradation of PU
adhesives, a method for surface treatment of vulcanised Item 376
synthetic rubbers with carboxylic acid solutions instead Rubber Chemistry and Technology
of adding them to the adhesives is proposed. It is shown 67, No.4, Sept-Oct.1994, p.582-601
that surface treatment of SBRs with fumaric acid solutions CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENTS OF
is effective, due to the creation of surface roughness, an NATURAL RUBBER AND EPDM
increase in surface energy, the elimination of abhesive THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMERS: EFFECTS
substances and the creation of chemical groups on the ON FRICTION AND ADHESION
surface. These modifications are shown to contribute to Ellul M D; Hazelton D R
the improvement of adhesion in these rubbers. The nature Advanced Elastomer Systems
of the solvent mixture used to apply the fumaric acid to
the rubber surface, as well as the nature of the rubber NR thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs) made by dynamic
itself, determines the effectiveness of the surface vulcanisation of NR during its mixing with PP were
treatment. 16 refs. subjected to various halogenation surface treatments. A
marked reduction in the friction coefficient was possible
WESTERN EUROPE depending on the chemical treatment used, TPE
Accession no.553751 composition and presence of a lubricant. As a result of
halogenation, there was an increase in the microroughness
and hardness of the NR TPE surface. These effects
Item 374 partially explained the large decrease in the friction
Patent Number: US 5378531 A 19950103 coefficients as the contact area was decreased. NR TPE
GAMMA RADIATION TREATED SHEET could thus be used in applications requiring low friction,
MATERIAL FOR USE AS ORTHOPAEDIC such as certain types of seals. Halogenation also increased
SPLINTS AND CASTS AND THE LIKE the surface energy of the TPE, which in turn promoted
Larson P M; Larson L M adhesion to various polar substrates. EPDM-PP TPEs
Splint materials made with thermoplastic polyester, were used as a control in this study to compare a low
particularly poly-epsilon-caprolactone having a molec.wt. unsaturation EPDM-based TPE with the high unsaturation
of over 5,000 and melting between 50 and 100C have NR TPEs in different halogenation surface treatments.
improved properties when subjected to gamma-radiation 17 refs. (ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Orlando,
in the range from 0.5 to 30 megarads. Oct.1993)
USA USA
Item 375 Item 377

Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology Progress in Organic Coatings
9, No.5, 1995, p.627-45 21, No.4, 15th March 1993, p.269-84
REACTIVE ACRYLIC ADHESIVE FOR SURFACE TREATMENTS OF POLYOLEFINS

Lane J M; Hourston D J BEHAVIOUR OF POLYETHYLENE FIBRES

Lancaster,University Tissington B;Pollard G;Ward I M
LEEDS,UNIVERSITY
A review is presented on the surface treatment of
polyolefins. Areas covered include corona discharge The effects of oxygen plasma treatment on ultra-high-
treatment (CDT), plasma treatment (nitrogen plasma modulus PE monofilaments were investigated with
treatment followed by CDT or ozone treatment), chemical particular reference to their adhesion to epoxy resins.
modification, ozonation and photooxidation. 60 refs. Adhesion strength was monitored by pull-out tests, and
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE the effects on the monofilaments was also studied by
Accession no.478416 contact angle measurements, determination of gel content
and SEM. Improvements were obtained in adhesion from
the plasma treatment: at comparatively short treatment
Item 378 times there was a general oxidation of the surface; at
Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology intermediate treatment times crosslinking of the surface
6,No.12,1992,p.1269-302 occurred, increasing the cohesive strength of the fibre
CONTACT ANGLE, WETTING, AND surface; at long exposure time there was a pitting of the
ADHESION: A CRITICAL REVIEW surface, which could give rise to a mechanical keying
Good R J effect, but may also reduce fibre strength. 22 refs.
Buffalo,State University of New York
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
The theory of the contact angle of pure liquids on solids, Accession no.454592
and of the determination of the surface free energy of
solids, is reviewed. The basis for the three components is
Item 381
developed, and an algebraic expression for these
properties in terms of measured contact angles is
5,No.3,1991,p.239-45
presented. The inadequacy of the ‘two-liquid’
ENHANCEMENT OF ADHESION TO
methodology is demonstrated. Attention is given to
POLYPROPYLENE FILMS BY
contact angle hysteresis and to film pressure. Some
CHLOROTRIFLUOROMETHANE PLASMA
recommendations are made with regard to contact angle
TREATMENT
measurements. A new treatment of hydrophilicity, and of
Corn S;Vora K P;Strobel M;Lyons C S
the scale of hydrophobic/hydrophilic behaviour, is
3M CO.
proposed. 109 refs.
USA The surface chemical modification of PP by
Accession no.469326 chlorotrifluoromethane plasma treatment was studied by
ESCA, wettability measurements and pressure-sensitive
adhesive performance tests. Improved adhesion was
Item 379 observed on PP treated under chlorotrifluoromethane
Journal of Adhesion plasma conditions that maximised Cl and minimised F and
39,No.2-3,1992,p.91-100 O incorporation. PP treated using chlorotrifluoromethane
BONDING OF VULCANISED ELASTOMERS plasmsa had a high dispersive component of surface energy,
FOR UNDERWATER USE as indicated by low diiodomethane contact angles. High
Oldfield D; Symes T E F dispersive energy was characteristic of chlorinated surfaces
Australia,Materials Research Laboratories and could contribute to the improved adhesion. 18 refs.
The durability of epoxy adhesive bonds between steel USA
substrates and vulcanised rubber is examined with Accession no.425140
particular reference to underwater applications such as
the adhesion of anechoic tiles on submarine hulls. Tests
Item 382
were carried out to show that an epoxy primer on the steel,
Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites.Conference
chlorination of the vulcanised elastomer surface, and an
Proceedings.
epoxy adhesive with a water resistant curing system,
Bled,27th-28th Sept.1989,Paper 8,pp.3. 627
proved to be the most promising adhesive system. 12 refs.
Serbo-Croatian
AUSTRALIA
MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT FOR
Accession no.465455 PROCESSING OF GLASS FIBRE-REINFORCED
COMPOSITES
Item 380 Sousek K
Composites Science & Technology POLYCHEM LTD.
44,No.3,1992,p.185-95 (Yugoslavia,Society of Plastics & Rubber Engineers)
STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF OXYGEN Machinery and equipment for gel-coat and fibre injection,
PLASMA TREATMENT ON THE ADHESION automated laminating and injection moulding are

described, together with equipment for fabrication of PU CENTRE NATIONAL DE LA RECHERCHE

foams and products based on epoxy resins. SCIENTIFIQUE; LABORATOIRE DE CHIMIE DES
AUSTRIA; WESTERN EUROPE PLASMAS; LOUVAIN,UNIVERSITE
Accession no.421191 CATHOLIQUE; PARIS,UNIVERSITY
Polypropylene films were pretreated in a nitrogen or
Item 383 ammonia low-pressure plasma in order to improve their
Polymeric Materials Science & adhesive properties towards an in-situ deposited Al
Engineering.Vol.62.Conference Proceedings. coating. The mechanisms involved in the adhesion
Boston,Ma.,Spring 1990,p.437-41. 012 phenomena were investigated using various surface
SURFACE CHARACTERISATION AND analysis techniques including X-ray photoelectron
ADHESION OF PLASMA TREATED PP spectroscopy, ISS, SSIMS, Auger and contact angle
Nowak S;Haerri H P;Schlapbach L measurements. The presence of a thin non-homogeneous
CIBA-GEIGY AG; FRIBOURG,UNIVERSITY film of light-weight hydrocarbons on the non-pretreated
(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.) PP was detected, which was removed by a cleaning
process induced by the plasma. 9 refs.
The nature of isotactic PP surfaces exposed to low-
BELGIUM; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE
pressure plasmas of air, oxygen and nitrogen was
investigated using X-ray photoelectron core-level Accession no.396806
spectroscopy. Electrostatic Langmuir probes were utilised
to examine some of the important plasma parameters of Item 386
the discharge. Modification of the polymer surfaces Journal of Adhesion
resulted in enhanced oxidation, which was attributed to 30,No.1/4,1989,p.199-218
CO functionalities, and allowed the preparation of PP- PLASMA TREATMENT FOR IMPROVED
epoxy-aluminium butt joints with improved shear BONDING: A REVIEW
strength. 11 refs. Liston E M
SWITZERLAND; WESTERN EUROPE BRANSON INTERNATIONAL PLASMA CORP.
Accession no.420500 The nature of low-pressure glow-discharge plasma,
plasma equipment and the effect of plasma on materials
Item 384 is reviewed. Examples are given of the improved adhesive
Adhesion 15. bonding of polymers after plasma treatment and of the
Barking,Elsevier Science Publishers,1991,p.69-79. surface cleaning and chemical modification that takes
9(12)4 place during plasma treatment. 50 refs.
BONDING OF POLYOLEFINS WITH USA
CYANOACRYLATE ADHESIVES Accession no.388519
McDonald D F
LOCTITE (IRELAND) LTD.
Item 387
Edited by: Allen K W
Rubber Chemistry and Technology
(City University,London,Adhesion Science Group)
61,No.4,Sept/Oct.1988,p.688-97
Various methods are discussed for a convenient to use CONTACT ANGLE AND SPECTROSCOPIC
surface treatment for polyolefins that exploits the full STUDIES OF CHLORINATED AND
benefits to be obtained from bonding with polyolefins. A UNCHLORINATED NATURAL RUBBER
brief review of relevant patents is made and the remainder SURFACES
of the paper concentrates on the performance of two Extrand C W;Gent A N
recently commercialised primers manufactured by Loctite AKRON,UNIVERSITY
denominated Polyolefin Primers 757 and 770. 20 refs.
11 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; IRELAND; WESTERN EUROPE
USA
Accession no.420491
Accession no.375351
Item 385
Item 388
Thin Solid Films
SAMPE Journal
181,No.1/2.10th Dec.1989,p.451-60
23,No.4,July/Aug.1987,p.34-7
IN-SITU METALLISATION OF PP FILMS
SURFACE PREPARATION OF POLYOLEFINS
PRETREATED IN A NITROGEN OR AMMONIA
PRIOR TO ADHESIVE BONDING
LOW-PRESSURE PLASMA
Rosty R;Martinelli D;Devine A;Bodnar M J;Beetle J
Andre V;Arefi F;Amouroux J;De Puydt Y;Bertrand
US,ARMY ARMAMENT RESEARCH,DEVELOP.&
P;Lorang G;Delamar M
ENGNG.CENTER

A study was made of the treated surface of a polyolefin Item 391

versus an untreated surface in an attempt to find an Machelen, c.1986, pp.19. 12ins. 1/5/86. 42C11C34-
alternative chemical polyolefin pretreatment to the 6P1-871
potassium dichromate/sulphuric acid/water solution ESCOR POLYMERS FOR BONDING
currently used, which is both carcinogenic and polluting. APPLICATIONS
Tests were carried out on lap shear LDPE/Al specimens ESSOCHEM EUROPE INC.
treated with bleach/detergent, lead dioxide/sulphuric acid/
Product and technical information on the range of Escor
water and potassium iodate/sulphuric acid/water solutions
bonding polymers is given. They are based on copolymers
and included weight loss studies and SEM and energy
of ethylene and carboxylic acids which can be used as
dispersive spectroscopy analyses. 7 refs.
tie-resins in coextruded structures, or as heat-seal layers.
USA
They find applications in aseptic cartons for liquid
Accession no.336644 beverages, moisture-proof sacks for chemicals, vacuum
packs, thermoformable films for food packaging, cable
Item 389 shielding and squeezable tubes.
Adhesion 10.Based on Papers presented at the 23rd BELGIUM
Annual Conference on Adhesion and Adhesives held
Accession no.312917
London,1985.
Barking,Elsevier Applied Science Publishers
Ltd.,1986,p.178-91. 9(12)4 Item 392
SURFACE TREATMENT OF BUTYL RUBBER Plastics Engineering
Cope B C;Brewis D M;Comyn J;Nangreave K R; 41,No.12,Dec.1985,p.45-8
Carne R J P CLOSER CHARACTERISATION OF CORONA-
LEICESTER,POLYTECHNIC TREATED PE SURFACES
Edited by: Allen K W Kadash M M;Seefried C G
MOBIL CHEMICAL CO.
Studies were made to find a treatment that could be
applied, on a production basis, to fully cured butyl rubber Techniques developed to characterise the surface of
mouldings for their satisfactory bonding to steel. A three- corona-discharge-treated films were used to evaluate four
fourfold improvement in bond strength in a steel-rubber- different PE films for wettability and adhesion before and
steel butt joint was looked for. New processes and the after treatment and ageing. The treatment is very effective
nature of the degradation seen with established polyolefin although the mechanisms are not yet entirely understood.
treatments were examined. Oxidising techniques proved Surface properties of the treated PE films are described.
unlikely to be successful. Mild bromination followed by USA
removal of loose material showed promise although Accession no.308343
handling was a possible problem. 32 refs.
UK
Item 393
Accession no.335039 Polymer
26,No.8,Aug.1985,p.1162-6
Item 390 ESCA STUDIES OF CORONA-DISCHARGE-
Journal of Materials Science TREATED POLYETHYLENE SURFACES BY
22,No.1,Jan.1987,p.207-12 USE OF GAS-PHASE DERIVATISATION
SURFACE EFFECT OF FLAME TREATMENTS Gerenser L J;Elman J F;Mason M G;Pochan J M
ON POLYPROPYLENE EASTMAN KODAK CO.
Garbassi F;Occhiello F;Polato F
HIMONT ITALIA SPA; ISTITUTO GUIDO Chemically specific gas-phase reactions were used to tag
DONEGANI SPA corona-discharge-induced chemical species on the surface
of PE. The tag reactions provided distinct moieties that
The effects of flame treatments on a high-impact PP were could be detected via ESCA to provide a surface count of
investigated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to induced species. Hydroxyl, epoxy, hydroperoxy,
determine surface chemical composition. Surface tension carboxylic acid and carbonyl populations are discussed
and polarity were obtained by contact angle measurements as a function of corona energy input, time after treatment
and adhesion of treated and untreated samples to paint and water washings. 28 refs.
coatings (two-component systems of polyacrylic-
USA
polyester and PU paints) was evaluated. A remarkable
agreement in the behaviour of chemical composition and Accession no.279762
polarity was found, emphasising the role of carbonyl and
carboxyl groups. 14 refs. Item 394
ITALY Journal of Adhesion
Accession no.330409 16,No.2,1983,p.77-96

SURFACE MODIFICATION OF ELASTOMERS Item 397

FOR BONDING Journal of Materials Science
Oldfield D;Symes T E F 14, No.6, June 1979, p.1344-8
AUSTRALIA,MATERIALS RESEARCH X-RAY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY
LABORATORIES STUDIES OF POLYMER SURFACES. III. FLAME
TREATMENT OF POLYETHYLENE
Studies are described of the chlorination of vulcanised
BRIGGS D; BREWIS D M; KONIECZKO M B
elastomer surfaces by an organic chlorine donor and the
bonds obtained between such surfaces using a polyamide- X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that a normal
cured epoxy adhesive. The practical parameters of this flame treatment caused a high level of oxidation in LDPE.
technique were investigated to establish the requirements 0.02% of the antioxidant, 2,6-ditertbutyl-p-cresol, did not
for reliable and effective bonding. The chlorinated reduce the degree of oxidation or the level of adhesion in
elastomer surfaces were examined and explanations are contrast to the extrusion of ldpe. It is estimated that the
offered for the changes observed. 18 refs. (Thirteenth depth of oxidation is between 40 and 90a which is much
Aust.Polymer Symp.,Canberra, Aust.,Aug.1982). less than for a moderate chromic acid treatment or with
AUSTRALIA extrusion. There were no significant changes in the xp-
Accession no.246063 spectra or adhesion levels of flame treated samples after
12 months. 23 refs.
Accession no.137524
Item 395
2,No.1,Jan.1982,p.13-7 Item 398
DERIVATISATION OF DISCHARGE-TREATED Journal of Materials Science
LDPE: AN EXTENSION OF XPS ANALYSIS AND 11, No.7, July 1976, p.1270-7
A PROBE OF SPECIFIC INTERACTIONS IN X-RAY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY
ADHESION STUDIES OF POLYMER SURFACES. I.
Briggs D; Kendall C R CHROMIC ACID ETCHING OF POLYOLEFINS
BRIGGS D; BREWIS D M; KONIECZO M B
The results of studies carried out to determine the chemical
composition of LDPE surface-modified by electrical X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to study the
discharge treatment and the effect of derivatising chromic acid etching of LDPE and PP film surfaces. Both
particular groups on the auto-adhesive behaviour of these core and valence levels were used to monitor changes in
surfaces using the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy surface composition and these results were correlated with
derivatisation technique are reported. Derivatising agents contact angle measurements. Besides the expected
employed were pentafluorophenyl hydrazine, bromine, observation of oxygenated species, the technique detects
chloroacetylchloride diisopropoxytitanium bisacetyl- a sulphur containing species. Differences in behaviour of
acetonate, sodium hydroxide and sulphur dioxide. Two the two polyolefins are discussed in connection with
independent specific interaction mechanisms were previous non-surface specific data. 25 refs.
identified. 15 refs. ICI
Item 399
Item 396 Journal of Elastomers & Plastics
Polymer 6, No.3, July 1974, p.213-7
20, No.9, Sept.1979, p.1053-4 FACTORS AFFECTING THE ADHESION OF
CHEMICAL BASIS OF ADHESION TO PAINTS TO NON-POLAR PLASTICS AND
ELECTRICAL DISCHARGE TREATED ELASTOMERS
POLYETHYLENE BRAGOLE R A
BRIGGS D; KENDALL C R
Cleaning and surface preparation of polyolefin substrates
Discharge treatment of LDPE was carried out in air using to effect a good bond with the paint coating, is discussed.
parallel-plate electrode cells. An air blower was used to Mention is made of the usm process, which uses a
replenish the air in the electrode gap to simulate film sensitised uv irradiation technique for surface preparation
movement in continuous plant treatment. Autoadhesion prior to painting. Tables are included which show the
studies were carried out on additive free alkathene 33 and results of acrylic, epoxy and urethane coatings on
printability studies on alkathene 77/11 (an additive- polyethylene, polypropylene, and EPDM. 14 refs.
containing grade). The effects of treatment by chemical
Accession no.41557
reagents on the surface groups present and hence an
autoadhesion and printability are described. 4 refs.
Journal of Adhesion

5, No.4, Oct.1973, p.333-49 Item 402

BEHAVIOUR OF URETHANE ADHESIVES ON SPE Journal
RUBBER SURFACES 28, No.12, Dec.1972, p.51-5
PETTIT D; CARTER A R PREPARING POLYOLEFIN SURFACES FOR
INKS AND ADHESIVES
Results are presented of chemical investigations into some
AYRES R L; SHOFNER D L
of the bonding problems of the footwear industry,
particular attention being paid to the importance of the Three methods of surface treatment of polyolefins, flame
substrate surfaces. The importance of the presence of treatment, chemical oxidation and electronic treatment,
metal soaps on rubber surfaces and their detrimental effect are analysed in terms of treatment parameters. Tests used
on adhesion is pointed out together with the concomitant for determining levels of surface treatment are described.
beneficial effects of solvent soap dispersing treatments 5 refs.
on subsequent adhesion. The role of free isocyanates in Accession no.27971
promoting the bond of urethane adhesives to rubber
surfaces is outlined. The practical advantages of
halogenating rubber surfaces in conferring excellent Item 403
adhesion properties on moulded rubber surfaces when Journal of Adhesion
used with urethane adhesives are pointed out. 10 refs. 4, No.1, May 1972, p.15-24
EFFECT OF ACTIVATED GAS PLASMA ON
Accession no.41368
SURFACE CHARACTERISTICS AND
BONDABILITY OF RTV SILICONE AND
Item 401 POLYETHYLENE
Journal of Applied Polymer Science SOWELL R R; DELOLLIS N J; GREGORY H J;
18, No.1, Jan.1974, p.235-43 MONTOYA O
SURFACE CROSSLINKING OF
The above was studied for varying times and conditions,
POLYETHYLENE AND ADHESIVE JOINT
both oxygen and argon being used. Changes in critical
STRENGTH
surface tension of wetting as determined by contact angle
SCHONHORN H; RYAN F W
measurements are reported. Bondability of the treated
Exposure of PE film to uv irradiation at wavelengths of surfaces is evaluated for both the aged bonds and aged
2537a or below is sufficient to induce surface crosslinking surfaces prior to bonding. Contact angles always
and to facilitate the formation of strong adhesive joints to decreased on the materials studied indicating an increase
these surfaces with conventional adhesives. Reduction of in surface energy, in contradiction to previous studies. 28
the vapour pressure in the reaction vessel to about 1 torr refs. (acs, 162nd national meeting, symposium on recent
apparently maximises the efficiency of the crosslinking advances in adhesion, sept. 1971).
process. Examination of the treated films which have been Accession no.19471
exposed for times necessary to form strong adhesive joints
has revealed an absence of surface oxidation. It appears
that crosslinking to improve the mechanical strength of
the surface region of the pe is sufficient to allow the
formation of strong adhesive joints. 12 refs.
Accession no.39134

Subject Index
Subject Index
A 378 229 241 251 289 344
AEROSPACE APPLICATION, 110 ATTENUATED TOTAL
ABRASION RESISTANCE, 50 AESTHETIC, 138 181 REFLECTION
143 181 311 312 352 370 AGEING, 10 19 24 50 55 72 79 81 SPECTROSCOPY, 2 5 11 13 18
ACCELERATOR, 14 129 209 286 100 107 109 110 136 138 143 26 27 45 46 53 68 77 95 102
ACID ETCHING, 5 147 159 166 167 225 265 267 117 164 294 300 301 304 313
ACID TREATMENT, 197 220 285 305 312 332 387 324 367 372 387
ACID-BASE INTERACTION, 49 AIR, 31 95 97 159 191 212 221 AUGER SPECTROSCOPY, 385
222 335 342 233 327 336 346 354 383 396 360
ACRYLAMIDE COPOLYMER, 31 AIR BAG, 312 AUTOADHESION, 69 217 198
95 198 270 AIR ENTRAPMENT, 61 287 255 318 395 396
ACRYLATE COPOLYMER, 262 AIR GAP, 171 259 260 262 263 AUTOMATION, 138 178 382
265 347 267 269 271 AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATION, 6
ACRYLIC ACID COPOLYMER, 2 ALUMINIUM, 22 81 117 156 158 50 54 57 80 112 138 143 160
77 156 198 255 270 338 171 215 259 268 269 314 341 168 181 189 206 287 306 307
ACRYLONITRILE-BUTADIENE 383 385 388 312 348
RUBBER, 50 59 176 189 195 ALUMINIUM FOIL, 117 216 268 AUTOMOTIVE HOSE, 287
204 362 269
ACRYLONITRILE-BUTADIENE- ALUMINIUM OXIDE, 115 117
STYRENE TERPOLYMER, 57 268
B
127 281 312 ANALYSIS, 11 14 20 25 26 48 67 BAG, 269
ACTIVATION, 1 36 342 68 73 81 102 105 107 108 109 BARRIER FILM, 267 326
ACTIVATION ENERGY, 109 120 110 116 117 118 123 131 154 BARRIER LAYER, 269 287
371 179 182 183 197 207 214 219 BARRIER PROPERTIES, 76 135
ACTIVATOR, 178 253 286 220 222 227 232 235 236 241 157 160 262 263 326
ADDITIVE, 49 78 97 110 115 125 244 245 247 258 259 260 262 BASECOAT, 206
138 140 141 143 149 181 185 265 269 273 286 287 294 304 BELT, 50 19 370
198 205 210 216 242 261 262 305 313 324 335 339 360 363 BENZOYL PEROXIDE, 208 240
263 264 268 282 285 286 287 367 368 387 388 390 394 395 BIAXIAL ORIENTATION, 31 36
311 323 325 326 328 329 331 ANNEALING, 34 69 97 220 266 41 61 76 147 157 202 289
347 351 360 396 268 BINDER, 208 299 348
ADHESION PROMOTER, 28 54 ANTENNA, 77 BINDING ENERGY, 116 165 223
59 72 89 90 91 143 174 175 ANTI-BLOCKING AGENT, 216 241 308 313
176 200 206 208 209 263 286 261 264 BIOCOMPATIBLE, 7 58 270
287 335 337 348 358 384 ANTI-FOGGING, 53 216 BIODETERIORATION, 24 68 196
ADHESIVE, 10 13 24 37 45 46 48 ANTIOXIDANT, 286 316 397 BLEACH, 388
50 59 67 70 82 83 87 96 107 ANTISTATIC PROPERTIES, 153 BLEND, 11 14 39 40 47 53 54 57
108 110 112 115 117 123 130 216 71 80 82 89 91 97 118 126 135
134 143 151 155 165 169 170 APPLICATION, 6 7 19 20 32 50 138 144 181 189 194 196 218
178 181 188 189 190 198 199 54 57 80 98 103 110 112 138 230 236 237 256 267 280 300
204 205 211 215 217 221 224 139 143 145 149 160 168 181 301 311 312 320 347 353 354
225 228 253 258 279 287 293 189 206 215 216 225 234 253 357
304 310 311 316 323 324 325 259 260 262 263 265 267 268 BLOCKING PROPERTIES, 216
328 329 331 334 339 343 345 269 287 305 306 307 311 312 264
347 351 352 359 373 375 379 323 324 328 329 344 347 359 BLOOMING, 19 138 178 253 262
381 383 394 400 375 379 391 264
ADHESIVE ENERGY, 55 AQUEOUS ADHESIVE, 108 115 BLOW EXTRUSION, 259 261 264
ADHESIVE FAILURE, 188 267 ARAMID FIBRE, 50 370 BLOW MOULDING, 160
287 ARGON, 1 65 66 67 92 102 117 BLOWN FILM, 141 197 199 216
ADHESIVE LABEL, 130 119 158 198 220 226 227 238 243 259 261 264 271 326
ADHESIVE STRENGTH, 39 57 274 297 314 354 367 403 BOARD, 263
82 84 96 134 169 170 200 204 ARMCHAIR, 149 BODY PANEL, 206
205 210 211 212 218 255 258 ARRHENIUS’S LAW, 109 120 BOND STRENGTH, 1 9 16 22 24
265 287 ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY, 32 34 37 49 54 57 76 92 93 106
ADSORPTION, 2 8 109 180 286 33 42 97 131 136 213 214 220 108 110 115 116 117 124 128

Subject Index
140 142 146 174 175 178 183 CARBON BLACK, 115 125 195 CHILL ROLL, 262 267 326
190 197 200 205 209 215 231 211 286 311 316 360 CHINA CLAY, 316
247 253 258 259 260 268 279 CARBON DIOXIDE, 61 77 95 103 CHLORINATION, 13 46 70 99
293 304 305 309 316 325 328 261 143 151 184 206 219 228 248
345 394 CARBON FIBRE-REINFORCED 287 302 304 310 311 313 337
BONDING, 19 22 24 25 32 49 52 PLASTIC, 276 348 379 381 387 394
57 67 72 87 92 93 108 110 115 CARBONYL GROUP, 53 109 116 CHLOROPRENE COPOLYMER,
116 117 128 129 143 146 174 257 258 269 324 356 372 390 359
175 181 182 183 190 195 200 CARBONYL INDEX, 269 CHLOROSULFONATED PE, 50
205 209 221 230 259 264 268 CARBOXYL GROUP, 96 109 116 110
278 283 286 287 311 324 327 242 286 356 390 396 CHROMIC ACID, 5 220 398
339 345 361 365 379 384 386 CARBOXYLATED RUBBER, 124 CLARITY, 130 253 261
388 389 394 397 400 401 402 CARTON, 391 CLAY, 263 316
403 CASING, 117 CLEANING, 367 385 386
BONDING AGENT, 13 19 45 46 CAST FILM, 21 53 69 259 261 CO-INJECTION MOULDING,
59 107 108 110 115 117 128 265 271 326 138 173 312
143 163 181 197 198 258 287 CASTING, 69 372 COATED PAPER, 84 216 260 262
304 311 324 329 339 343 345 CATALYST, 63 181 189 336 263 265 267 269
359 373 375 383 391 394 CELL ADHESION, 270 COATING, 3 6 49 50 58 61 66 80
BOTTLE, 130 CELLULAR MATERIAL, 15 77 84 89 103 107 112 115 130 149
BOUNDARY LAYER, 124 162 138 149 181 189 311 382 150 160 168 181 185 187 199
215 274 304 328 CERAMIC, 259 206 216 219 238 242 256 259
BOX, 63 CHAIN SCISSION, 61 78 289 300 260 262 263 265 267 268 269
BRANCHING, 218 244 245 261 319 356 278 281 298 300 307 311 319
265 CHAIR, 149 330 337 340 344 348 379 390
BRASS, 19 32 175 358 360 CHARACTERISATION, 11 12 13 391
BREAKER, 174 175 27 39 40 46 49 70 84 95 131 COBALT COMPOUND, 32 60 200
BUILDING APPLICATION, 139 134 142 161 164 171 187 212 242 286 358 360
312 217 220 224 240 241 274 291 COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION, 84
BUMPER, 26 168 185 206 307 296 301 322 333 352 355 360 216 242 261 262 263 264 311
BUTADIENE-ACRYLONITRILE 364 368 372 392 COEXTRUSION, 61 132 135 138
COPOLYMER, 19 50 59 176 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, 2 144 181 243 265 267 282 312
189 195 204 210 211 287 362 25 102 158 223 224 390 395 326 391
394 CHEMICAL ETCHING, 79 117 COHESION, 6 23 45 52 86 92 156
BUTADIENE- CHEMICAL MODIFICATION, 13 190 215 267 323 358
METHYLSTYRENE 30 45 46 51 70 92 99 103 111 COHESION STRENGTH, 110 138
COPOLYMER, 176 205 114 117 131 134 151 158 161 339 361
BUTADIENE-STYRENE 170 184 194 197 219 220 223 COHESIVE FAILURE, 115 188
COPOLYMER, 13 23 46 48 50 228 236 238 240 248 258 267 262 267 300 339
99 108 123 125 186 189 201 273 281 284 287 292 293 300 COINJECTION MOULDING, 138
228 262 302 310 323 331 349 301 302 304 308 309 310 311 173 312
362 373 394 313 322 335 349 365 377 386 COLD-SEAL, 157
BUTADIENE-STYRENE 387 394 COLOUR, 45 63 126 149 258 312
RUBBER, 88 207 313 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES, 7 50 COLOURABILITY, 138
BUTT JOINT, 110 383 389 58 115 138 160 178 253 289 COMPATIBILISATION, 60 93
BUTT WELD, 127 311 312 355 COMPATIBILISER, 12 114 173
BUTYL RUBBER, 139 389 CHEMICAL RESISTANCE, 7 50 254 335
58 115 138 160 178 206 253 COMPATIBILITY, 50 57 82 93
311 312 114 201 216 247 280 304 329
C CHEMICAL STRUCTURE, 25 26 331 351
CABLE, 19 50 27 43 58 116 163 218 224 233 COMPOSITE, 19 28 29 35 50 60
CALCIUM CARBONATE, 84 211 238 244 245 255 261 265 287 70 75 94 100 101 106 109 114
263 294 300 309 314 319 324 364 118 120 122 127 128 139 146
CALCULATION, 10 15 39 274 372 162 169 170 172 176 179 186
288 296 302 309 CHEMICAL TREATMENT, 117 203 204 208 210 214 224 235
CALENDERING, 181 262 197 240 254 275 276 284 296 298
CAR, 138 143 181 287 312 CHEMILUMINESCENCE, 191 309 321 322 339 356 357 368
CAR TYRE, 174 175 192 257 370 380 382

Subject Index
COMPOUNDING, 101 181 186 D DYE, 153 294

264 285 287 311 DYNAMIC CONTACT ANGLE,
COMPRESSION MOULDING, DASHBOARD, 181 185 222 264
117 149 287 DEBONDING, 70 89 106 110 275 DYNAMIC MECHANICAL
COMPRESSION SET, 138 312 310 ANALYSIS, 39 155 256 320
370 DECORATION, 47 54 199 399 402 DYNAMIC MECHANICAL
CONTACT ADHESIVE, 331 351 DEFECT, 258 311 326 339 PROPERTIES, 39 176 196 218
CONTACT ANGLE, 4 5 7 8 10 13 DEFORMATION, 47 50 75 89 115 DYNAMIC MECHANICAL
14 18 20 26 27 29 31 40 45 46 221 299 THERMAL ANALYSIS, 14
48 49 53 56 61 64 67 68 70 81 DEGRADATION, 10 19 24 50 55 196 254
95 98 107 109 111 117 121 123 56 70 79 81 100 107 109 110 DYNAMIC PROPERTIES, 39 155
130 131 135 136 137 148 159 136 138 143 147 159 165 166 176 196 218 285
161 164 165 171 180 187 193 167 191 192 225 227 231 265
194 220 221 222 223 226 228 267 285 297 299 305 312 332
229 236 238 241 242 256 259 356 358 373 387 389
E
262 264 269 271 273 274 288 DELAMINATION, 6 47 255 268 E-MODULUS, 120 137 165 240
291 292 300 301 302 304 309 296 EARTHMOVER TYRE, 370
310 311 313 315 319 327 331 DENSITY, 34 98 143 181 185 194 ELASTIC MODULUS, 120 137
332 338 342 344 351 355 363 261 270 299 311 326 165 240
364 367 378 380 381 385 387 DEPOSITION, 102 286 ELECTRICAL APPLICATION,
390 392 398 403 DEPTH, 145 308 313 324 305
CONTACT AREA, 216 376 DESIGN, 63 129 143 184 260 279 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY,
COOLING, 61 101 103 138 140 DIATOMACEOUS EARTH, 264 119 259
143 218 266 267 DICUMYL PEROXIDE, 240 ELECTRICAL DISCHARGE, 395
COPPER, 1 5 25 56 65 67 72 92 DICYCLOHEXYL 396
142 193 215 223 281 314 358 BENZOTHIAZOLE ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES, 15
372 SULFENAMIDE, 286 119 186 259 322
CORD, 59 195 200 209 DIE, 150 243 262 267 326 ELECTRODE, 109 259 271 396
CORONA, 2 10 15 18 31 36 37 41 DIELECTRIC CONSTANT, 186 ELECTROFUSION, 127
51 55 68 76 97 110 111 117 136 213 259 271 322 ELECTROLESS DEPOSITION,
141 143 145 147 150 157 161 DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING 25 65 223
167 181 199 202 207 212 214 CALORIMETRY, 2 14 91 154 ELECTRON BEAM, 291
216 239 259 260 261 262 264 196 201 230 247 295 301 325 ELECTRON MICROGRAPH, 27
265 267 269 270 271 287 326 331 345 351 69 95 218
342 362 377 392 393 396 DIFFERENTIAL THERMAL ELECTRON MICROPROBE
COST, 50 160 181 185 206 311 ANALYSIS, 2 14 91 154 196 ANALYSIS, 353
COUPLING AGENT, 28 35 67 94 201 230 247 295 301 325 331 ELECTRON MICROSCOPY, 14
100 101 106 172 298 321 345 351 28 35 48 68 70 79 99 102 106
CRACKING, 47 123 163 311 324 DIFFUSION, 91 109 175 216 262 107 120 121 153 183 256
CROSSLINKING, 78 117 165 189 263 337 375 ELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY
190 206 226 227 239 286 287 DIPPING, 50 FOR CHEMICAL ANALYSIS,
297 299 319 380 DISCOLOURATION, 258 2 5 18 31 107 109 164 225 230
CRYSTALLINITY, 2 11 44 69 94 DOMAIN, 218 311 329 237 274 315 355 361 368 369
117 218 222 233 244 245 261 DOMAIN SIZE, 40 381 393
265 295 301 317 330 340 353 DOMESTIC EQUIPMENT, 138 ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE,
CRYSTALLISATION 312 54 89 118 244 245 266 283 361
TEMPERATURE, 194 301 DOOR, 181 371
CUP, 263 DOUBLE CANTILEVER BEAM ELECTRONIC APPLICATION,
CURE RATE, 115 117 143 178 253 TEST, 30 365 234 324
287 DRAWDOWN, 150 243 ELECTROSTATIC COATING,
CURING, 14 19 92 110 117 178 DRIFT SPECTROSCOPY, 235 185 206
181 190 224 253 324 339 375 DROPLET, 3 53 159 259 ELLIPSOMETRY, 226 227 286
389 DRUG DELIVERY, 98 297 332
CURING AGENT, 78 90 110 115 DRYING, 110 262 264 311 367 ELONGATION, 50 265 287 298
129 143 198 286 287 360 DUAL INJECTION MOULDING, 324 339
CURING TEMPERATURE, 115 138 173 312 ELONGATION AT BREAK, 45 48
117 287 DURABILITY, 46 50 128 225 311 181 196 197 240 243 254 312
CYANURIC ACID, 99 379 313 320 352

Subject Index
EMISSION, 19 143 185 301 FLAME TREATMENT, 42 51 61

EMISSION CONTROL, 160 199 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN, 129 76 84 85 103 104 168 222 250
EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY, 143 184 260 279 263 267 269 282 303 307 348
121 295 346 EXPOSURE TIME, 108 109 110 355 390 397 402
EMULSION, 106 155 185 323 117 143 258 264 267 324 FLAMMABILITY, 38 312
ENERGY DISPERSIVE X-RAY EXTRUSION, 17 138 143 171 181 FLEXOGRAPHIC PRINTING,
ANALYSIS, 70 102 304 358 185 216 243 259 260 261 262 326
360 263 264 265 267 268 269 271 FLEXURAL PROPERTIES, 35
ENGINEERING APPLICATION, 282 299 312 326 397 106 254 261 298 311 369
138 312 386 EXTRUSION BLOWING, 259 261 FLOCKING, 138 143
ENGINEERING PLASTIC, 57 138 264 326 FLUORESCENCE
312 EXTRUSION COATING, 22 84 SPECTROSCOPY, 117 337
ENVIRONMENT, 19 143 133 150 171 216 260 262 263 FLUORINATED ETHYLENE-
ENVIRONMENTAL 265 267 268 269 391 PROPYLENE COPOLYMER,
RESISTANCE, 178 253 223 236
EPOXIDISED NR, 88 90 284 FLUORINATION, 117 131
EPOXY RESIN, 24 50 67 107 110
F FLUOROPOLYMER, 56 58 73 77
117 122 128 197 198 203 221 FABRIC, 19 134 170 78 119 142 158 159 163 164
228 237 259 275 276 288 290 FAILURE, 13 19 23 45 46 65 75 180 198 204 216 236 249 314
293 324 343 363 379 380 382 92 107 108 109 110 115 124 344
383 394 151 156 179 188 225 228 230 FOAM, 15 77 138 149 181 311 382
ERUCAMIDE, 216 264 248 255 262 264 267 275 276 FOAM-CORE, 63
ETCHING, 16 117 128 131 197 287 300 304 323 325 339 357 FOGGING, 181
235 237 286 324 398 358 FOIL, 202
ETHYL ACETATE, 13 99 302 313 FAILURE ANALYSIS, 70 275 276 FOOD-CONTACT
394 361 APPLICATION, 138 189 312
ETHYLENE COPOLYMER, 1 33 FAILURE MECHANISM, 115 255 FOOD PACKAGING, 68 130 157
43 53 91 92 124 146 156 161 275 276 300 361 365 216 261 265 269 391
198 215 255 265 267 269 270 FATTY ACID SALT, 216 FOOTWEAR, 108 232 311 312
319 320 391 FIBRE, 16 35 50 59 100 113 118 373 400
ETHYLENE-ACRYLIC ACID 120 126 153 179 181 203 214 FORCE, 90 216 264 311
COPOLYMER, 156 171 268 235 241 309 321 322 368 369 FORM-FILL-SEAL, 261
353 380 FOURIER TRANSFORM
ETHYLENE-BUTYL ACRYLATE FIBRE GLASS, 28 35 50 94 106 INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY,
COPOLYMER, 265 FIBRE ORIENTATION, 114 370 1 25 26 27 68 77 97 99 100 102
ETHYLENE-BUTYLENE FIBRE TREATMENT, 90 94 120 120 135 164 187 228 235 238
COPOLYMER, 82 FIBRE-REINFORCED PLASTIC, 242 247 251 286 288 292 294
ETHYLENE-METHYL 60 100 114 122 162 172 179 300 301 320 321 324 335 350
ACRYLATE COPOLYMER, 203 214 240 276 298 321 322 364 366 371
265 267 269 FIBRE-REINFORCED RUBBER, FRACTURE, 6 115 177 255 296
ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE 176 186 FRACTURE ENERGY, 30 69 152
COPOLYMER, 11 54 57 89 FILLER, 19 35 50 84 115 125 130 230 328 329
139 266 300 301 324 348 361 204 208 210 211 216 240 262 FRACTURE MORPHOLOGY, 2 5
ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE 263 264 286 299 311 316 329 14 33 35 46 56 77 94 97 121
RUBBER, 57 139 300 301 352 130 153 193 194 229 230 237
ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE- FILM, 3 5 7 12 15 17 18 21 23 25 239 241 244 245 254 274 295
DIENE TERPOLYMER, 14 19 31 34 36 37 42 43 51 53 58 61 302 308 310 327 330
40 50 57 126 138 143 189 222 62 65 68 69 71 76 79 85 92 93 FRACTURE SURFACE, 115 218
256 287 291 300 301 349 370 95 97 103 111 116 117 119 126 276 300 361
376 399 132 135 141 145 147 154 157 FRACTURE TOUGHNESS, 93
ETHYLENE-VINYL ACETATE 158 166 169 185 191 192 197 140 144 365
COPOLYMER, 78 155 169 232 216 217 218 237 239 255 257 FRAGMENTATION, 101 172 275
265 311 312 325 328 329 353 259 261 264 265 266 267 273 276
ETHYLENE-VINYL ALCOHOL 282 286 287 289 290 294 295 FREE ENERGY, 10 14 288 309
COPOLYMER, 21 135 243 267 303 315 326 338 341 355 366 FREE RADICAL, 118 166 244 245
326 378 381 385 392 396 401 258 286 367
EXCLUSION FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS, FREE SURFACE ENERGY, 147
CHROMATOGRAPHY, 91 247 179 305 148 180 202

Subject Index
FRICTION, 84 115 376 GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS, 27 I

FRICTION COEFFICIENT, 84 38 83 299
216 242 261 262 263 264 311 GREENHOUSE, 53 126 IMMERSION, 115 222 298 379
370 GRIT BLASTING, 115 128 IMPACT MODIFIER, 272 306
FUEL, 160 206 287 355 IMPACT PROPERTIES, 178 253
FUNCTIONAL GROUP, 1 81 116 254 321
214 216 235 270 273 324 336
H IMPREGNATION, 50 90 114 172
339 395 HARDNESS, 6 61 138 216 287 INFRARED SPECTRA, 2 11 13 18
FUNCTIONALISATION, 101 152 311 312 330 352 376 45 46 53 95 117 135 182 197
164 213 215 258 HAZE, 261 237 240 258 269 279 284 286
FUNCTIONALITY, 240 335 383 HEAT AGEING, 32 110 143 181 291 302 304 309 310 313 322
FUSION BONDING, 230 361 312 324
HEAT CURING, 178 253 INITIATION, 77 161 179 217
INJECTION MOULDING, 57 60
G HEAT DEGRADATION, 50 159
107 138 149 160 177 181 300
231
GAMMA-IRRADIATION, 7 195 301 311 312 339 340 382
HEAT RESISTANCE, 27 32 58 61
242 374 INK, 61 141 199 259 261 264 268
130 138 178 190 253 267 311
GAS, 61 213 300 301 319 368 271 326 402
HEAT SEAL, 61 157 260 261 265
GAS BARRIER, 62 INSERT MOULDING, 138 312
269 282 391
GAS PERMEABILITY, 261 INSTRUMENT PANEL, 181
HEAT TREATMENT, 262 268 INSULATION, 379
GAS-PHASE, 61 213 300 301 319
HEATED, 115 191 258 INTERACTION, 1 54 78 93 117
346 393
HELIUM, 16 117 191 192 212 371 215 240 257 286 366 395
GAS PIPE, 127
HEXAFLUOROPROPYLENE INTERACTION PARAMETER,
GAS PLASMA, 179 234 235
COPOLYMER, 8 56 223 88 353
GEL, 117 299 323 345 380 382
GEL PERMEATION HEXAMETHYLENEDIAMINE, INTERDIFFUSION, 375
CHROMATOGRAPHY, 165 67 INTERDIGITATION, 43
265 HEXATRIACONTANE, 333 INTERFACE, 17 33 34 69 102 179
GLASS FIBRE, 28 35 50 94 106 HIGH DENSITY 214 215 222 230 240 255 266
GLASS FIBRE-REINFORCED POLYETHYLENE, 1 4 21 29 323 327 341 342 358
PLASTIC, 35 70 75 101 109 49 60 74 92 133 150 160 172 INTERFACIAL ADHESION, 23
127 128 275 296 339 357 382 221 243 244 245 275 288 318 30 35 94 101 109 114 120 152
GLASS TRANSITION 326 333 339 345 353 392 162 173 176 179 196 203 235
TEMPERATURE, 40 125 130 HOSE, 50 138 287 370 241 254 260 266 286 342 353
190 201 323 328 329 HOT CURING, 178 253 356 357 360 361 365
GLOSS, 61 130 206 258 261 324 HOT MELT ADHESIVE, 82 87 INTERFACIAL AGENT, 176 317
GLOW DISCHARGE, 29 117 159 130 190 325 328 329 334 INTERFACIAL BONDING, 17 35
221 233 336 354 386 HOT TACK, 261 265 326 93 94 96 240 305 322 361
GLOW-DISCHARGE HULL, 379 INTERFACIAL DEBONDING,
POLYMERISATION, 1 25 58 HUMID AGEING, 72 143 275 276
62 94 102 160 286 350 364 366 HUMIDITY, 178 206 253 259 INTERFACIAL ENERGY, 96 289
GLYCIDYL METHACRYLATE HYDROCHLORIC ACID, 108 INTERFACIAL FRACTURE
COPOLYMER, 1 25 67 92 158 HYDROGEN, 56 223 336 354 TOUGHNESS, 317 361
198 HYDROGEN BOND, 116 311 342 INTERFACIAL INTERACTION,
GONIOMETRY, 27 109 319 344 356 93 117 353 361 365
GRADIENT, 78 270 301 INTERFACIAL LAYER
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE, 388
GRAFT COPOLYMER, 11 12 53 THICKNESS, 218 317
HYDROPEROXIDE, 258 356
54 71 93 95 101 113 215 230 INTERFACIAL PROPERTIES, 17
HYDROPHILIC, 4 7 20 26 31 36
255 267 361 28 30 47 93 96 117 124 125 140
44 95 153 159 166 185 187 194
GRAFT COPOLYMERISATION, 152 182 193 218 246 252 272
264 327 339 378
18 25 65 67 95 113 198 217 255 296 305 321 360
HYDROPHOBIC, 4 64 97 113 131 INTERFACIAL STRENGTH, 16
290 338
159 166 216 289 344 366 378 17 47 94 101 172 214 241 275
GRAFT POLYMERISATION, 2 7
HYDROXYL GROUP, 11 109 114 276 305
31 77 92 98 119 158 161 166
116 324 327 356 364 372 INTERFACIAL TENSION, 218
225 270 359
HYPALON, 110 INTERLAYER, 12
GRAFTING, 7 30 31 95 98 113
176 190 217 225 255 273 277 HYSTERESIS, 64 177 222 327 INTERLOCKING, 114 179 235
294 365 367 378 262

Subject Index
INTERMOLECULAR LINEAR LOW DENSITY 230 233 265 267 301 336
DIFFUSION, 337 POLYETHYLENE, 17 22 53 MEMBRANE, 27 138
INTERPHASE, 117 286 343 357 133 144 150 216 218 237 243 MERCURY LAMP, 324
375 345 346 259 345 346 392 METAL, 19 25 67 78 81 92 105
ION BEAM IRRADIATION, 79 LOW DENSITY 110 115 142 158 215 225 231
314 POLYETHYLENE, 2 7 9 10 18 259 263 286 341 360 388 394
ION ETCHING, 324 41 44 49 52 63 68 81 84 97 116 METAL ADHESION, 110 115 165
ISOCYANATE, 110 115 120 143 134 150 157 162 170 185 191 189 221 268 269 286
ISOCYANURIC ACID, 99 192 196 197 198 208 215 216 METAL COATING, 187 281
ISOPRENE RUBBER, 50 217 218 220 231 237 238 240 METALLISATION, 61 76 92 103
ISOTACTIC, 17 34 147 148 202 244 245 254 255 259 260 262 132 142 157 158 163 223 281
218 225 233 266 272 295 336 263 264 265 267 268 269 270 282 385
371 383 273 280 288 290 320 322 326 METALLOCENE, 33 181 189 306
339 345 353 356 367 375 388 METHYL ACRYLATE
392 395 396 397 398 COPOLYMER, 265 267 269
J LOW TEMPERATURE, 50 109 MICROSCOPY, 5 14 29 47 89 95
JOINT, 110 115 124 127 128 288 139 181 191 192 311 368 218 222 230 251 294 314 344
316 383 389 LUMINESCENCE, 191 192 257 MICROWAVE, 77 102 333 354
JOINT STRENGTH, 73 108 115 368
MIGRATION, 46 70 97 216 247
117 151 258 304 339 343 M 262 264 269 311
MACHINERY, 61 63 138 149 199 MINERAL FILLER, 84 263 311
K 243 251 259 261 271 278 311 MISCIBILITY, 40 82 353
326 382 386 MIXING, 53 60 181 264 298 299
KAOLIN, 316
MALEIC ANHYDRIDE, 21 106 370
KRAFT PAPER, 216 260 265 269
208 273 277 287 MODEL, 42 54 96 179 260 343
MALEIC ANHYDRIDE 355 358 368
L COPOLYMER, 12 28 35 40 53 MODIFICATION, 13 46 117 161
71 93 101 225 230 267 273 335 197 219 233 238 258 267 273
LABEL, 130 157 284 287 293 300 301 302 309
361
LACQUER, 107 268 300 311 319 310 311
MARINE APPLICATION, 379
354 364 MODIFIER, 49 80 90 205 206
MASS SPECTROMETRY, 20 187
LAMELLA, 33 69 MODULUS, 16 115 138 181 261
269 289 337
LAMINATE, 39 67 92 120 157 169 298
MASTERBATCH, 216 264 282
173 179 181 197 237 265 268 MOISTURE VAPOUR
287
305 382 TRANSMISSION, 263 268
MASTICATION, 285 316
LAMINATED FILM, 61 116 169 MOLECULAR STRUCTURE, 2
MATRIX, 25 50 101 298 300
197 265 267 326 25 26 27 43 58 96 102 116 158
MECHANICAL
LAMINATING, 51 199 163 218 223 224 233 238 244
INTERLOCKING, 114 262
LAMINATION, 61 76 103 169 181 245 255 261 265 287 294 300
MECHANICAL PART, 138 143
198 217 290 309 314 319 324 364 366 372
312
LAP JOINT, 117 128 198 273 390 393
MECHANISM, 22 34 43 114 140
LAP SHEAR, 221 254 255 MOLECULAR WEIGHT, 53 82
165 213 224 274 286 287 297
LAP SHEAR JOINT, 339 118 144 201 216 227 233 239
314 319 324 341 355 360 363
LAP SHEAR STRENGTH, 107 261 265 282 289 297 301 315
385 395 396
128 217 255 293 339 386 388 317 326 336 337 347 353 359
MEDICAL APPLICATION, 7 19
LASER, 95 187 339 374
20 98 138 253 374
LATEX, 50 201 224 316 MOLECULAR WEIGHT
MEDIUM-DENSITY
LEATHER, 108 258 279 DISTRIBUTION, 261 265 282
POLYETHYLENE, 97
LIGHT AGEING, 181 312 337
MELT, 33 78 224 225
LIGHT CURING, 178 253 MORPHOLOGICAL
MELT FLOW INDEX, 185 261
LIGHT DEGRADATION, 181 258 PROPERTIES, 2 5 14 27 33 35
263 265 267 326
312 40 46 56 69 77 94 95 97 117
MELT TEMPERATURE, 22 150
LIGHT EMISSION, 191 257 121 130 138 153 193 194 218
260 261 263 265 267 269 330
LIGHT STABILISER, 126 220 229 230 235 237 239 241
340
LIGHT TRANSMISSION, 53 312 244 245 254 274 295 302 308
MELT VISCOSITY INDEX, 185
LIGNOCELLULOSE, 229 310 311 327 330 339 340 350
190 261 263 265 267 326
LINE SPEED, 61 130 150 171 199 368 392 393
MELTING POINT, 34 134 140 194
259 260 263 265 267 269

Subject Index
MORPHOLOGY, 2 3 5 14 27 33 311 PEEL TEST, 50 69 108 110 115

35 40 46 56 69 77 94 95 97 106 ORIENTED, 62 103 265 282 116 128 183 218 258 262 263
117 121 130 138 153 193 194 OXIDATION, 5 22 36 41 42 51 61 267 287 288 300 310 318 319
197 218 220 229 230 235 237 74 78 97 108 109 133 145 154 324 334
239 241 244 245 254 274 295 163 166 215 231 258 260 263 PEROXIDE, 78 95 161 258 287
302 308 310 311 327 330 339 264 267 286 289 300 301 324 322 371
350 392 393 395 355 356 363 368 380 383 387 PHASE BEHAVIOUR, 222 295
MOTOR, 110 389 392 397 329 334 357
MOULD, 63 138 311 330 340 389 OXIDATIVE DEGRADATION, 5 PHENOLIC RESIN, 194 224 287
MOULD TEMPERATURE, 105 22 36 41 42 51 61 74 78 97 108 PHOTOACOUSTIC
183 300 301 311 109 117 133 145 154 163 166 SPECTROSCOPY, 366
MOULDING, 19 63 117 149 185 215 231 260 263 264 267 269 PHOTOELECTRON
287 330 345 389 286 289 294 300 301 324 355 SPECTROSCOPY, 1 20 25 27
MULTILAYER, 12 63 71 93 135 356 363 368 380 383 387 389 36 41 67 74 77 81 89 92 97 98
144 181 185 265 267 326 392 99 102 108 110 116 119 131
MULTILAYER FILM, 12 17 21 61 OXYFLUORINATION, 111 136 145 158 161 165 187 193
71 93 OXYGEN, 4 26 81 107 108 110 197 198 214 217 223 236 238
164 179 180 213 229 235 241 241 246 248 249 255 273 277
259 261 274 314 315 319 321 288 289 300 301 302 304 308
N 341 346 354 358 368 371 383 310 313 314 319 332 333 338
NATURAL FIBRE-REINFORCED 403 339
PLASTIC, 60 114 172 181 298 OXYGEN CONTENT, 36 110 259 PHOTOLAMINATION, 290
322 356 300 301 PHOTOOXIDATION, 258 377
NATURAL RUBBER, 19 50 70 72 OXYGEN PERMEABILITY, 62 PHOTOPOLYMERISATION, 198
88 90 115 129 175 177 182 183 261 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, 240
188 200 207 209 284 285 286 OXYGEN PLASMA 265 267 274 289 291 313 352
316 349 358 360 362 370 376 TREATMENT, 109 116 179 355 356
379 387 394 241 300 301 319 372 380 PIGMENT, 143 206 262 282
NEOPRENE, 19 124 139 189 232 OZONE, 22 50 134 170 217 260 PINEAPPLE LEAF FIBRE, 240
258 279 287 324 331 349 363 PIPE, 127
NITRIC ACID, 74 108 237 279 OZONE TREATMENT, 51 110 PLASMA, 55 160 191 192 202 223
NITRILE RUBBER, 19 204 287 134 150 170 198 260 262 267 233 235 238 286 295 320 350
394 269 356 377 PLASMA POLYMERISATION, 1
NITROGEN, 66 108 118 165 166 25 58 62 94 102 160 286 350
364 366
180 212 213 226 233 354 383 P PLASMA TREATMENT, 1 4 5 9
385
NON-POLAR, 50 259 399 PACKAGING, 61 68 76 103 111 11 16 20 24 25 26 27 36 38 52
NOVOLAK POLYMER, 194 287 132 138 141 157 169 197 199 56 60 62 63 64 65 66 67 75 77
NUCLEAR MAGNETIC 216 251 261 263 265 267 269 79 81 92 100 102 107 109 116
RESONANCE, 182 227 238 282 303 326 391 118 119 121 125 131 142 147
265 289 295 297 PAINT, 26 47 89 112 149 206 330 149 153 154 158 159 160 163
NYLON, 34 50 59 63 70 71 90 138 390 164 165 166 168 179 180 185
144 152 176 204 207 216 230 PAINTABILITY, 126 168 306 307 191 192 198 213 226 227 229
259 271 326 PAINTING, 47 63 107 126 149 278 233 234 235 238 241 244 245
NYLON-6, 34 138 173 230 317 337 367 249 252 257 273 274 278 280
NYLON-6,6, 138 195 PAPER, 84 150 157 216 260 262 289 294 295 296 297 300 301
263 265 267 268 269 305 303 307 315 319 320 332 333
PEEL STRENGTH, 6 9 12 13 17 336 338 341 346 348 350 354
O 21 22 23 25 31 33 43 45 46 48 362 366 367 368 371 372 377
49 57 65 67 75 81 82 88 92 96 380 381 383 385 386
OPTICAL EMISSION
99 105 108 110 115 116 118 PLASTICISER, 19 143 156 201
SPECTROSCOPY, 121 295
123 130 135 143 148 155 156 268 316 328
OPTICAL MICROSCOPY, 29 47
165 171 177 178 188 189 193 PLATE, 300 301 345 354
95 218 230 294 353
201 218 223 228 243 248 253 PLATING, 72 187
OPTICAL PROPERTIES, 61 149
256 258 262 263 266 267 272 PLY SEPARATION, 169
191 192 257 258 261 286 312
287 304 305 313 323 325 328 POLAR, 44 53 61 81 103 147 185
324 326 393
329 341 352 354 359 364 386 190 367 376
ORIENTATION, 22 31 34 36 41 61
394 395 POLARITY, 109 116 117 137 159
76 147 157 202 240 243 289

Subject Index
190 237 259 262 264 269 273 POLYPROPYLENE OXIDE, 139 12 28 31 34 71 91 93 225 230
274 311 339 390 POLYSTYRENE, 144 204 216 236 269 319 335
POLY-EPSILON- 277 292 293 311 PROPYLENE-ETHYLENE
CAPROLACTAM, 34 173 230 POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE, COPOLYMER, 11 54 89 266
317 3 8 20 25 64 65 67 73 77 78 79 PROTON MAGNETIC
POLYAMIDE, 34 50 59 70 71 90 102 117 119 121 131 142 158 RESONANCE, 297
138 144 152 176 204 207 216 159 164 180 187 193 198 223 PULL-OUT, 94 214 368 380
230 259 271 326 394 236 242 249 255 287 308 314 PULL-OUT TEST, 35 172 195
POLYAMIDE-11, 63 338 344 378 PULSED LASER
POLYAMIDE-12, 63 POLYTRIFLUOROCHLORO- POLYMERISATION, 95
POLYAMIDE-6, 34 138 173 230 ETHYLENE, 236 275
317 361 365 POLYURETHANE, 13 19 45 46 48
POLYAMIDE-6,6, 195 50 57 70 80 108 115 123 128
R
POLYBUTADIENE, 50 96 118 176 143 149 151 224 228 232 300 RADIAL TYRE, 32 175
287 349 370 304 311 319 348 352 354 364 RADIO FREQUENCY, 1 131 341
POLYBUTYLENE, 165 204 210 373 382 390 354
211 POLYVINYL ACETATE, 10 44 55 RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY, 11
POLYBUTYLENE 147 148 REACTION MECHANISM, 43 93
TEREPHTHALATE, 212 POLYVINYL ALCOHOL, 50 216 95 286
POLYCAPROLACTAM, 34 173 POLYVINYL CHLORIDE, 127 REACTIVE
230 317 181 189 216 247 280 320 359 COMPATIBILISATION, 93
POLYCARBONATE, 57 204 226 POLYVINYL FLUORIDE, 73 249 REACTIVITY, 104 166 244 287
227 246 255 275 297 312 POLYVINYLIDENE FLUORIDE, 327 339 375
POLYCHLOROPRENE, 19 50 124 12 249 275 RECYCLING, 173 181 254 311
139 189 232 258 279 287 324 POROSITY, 27 216 262 339 312 326 353
331 349 351 370 POST-CURE, 19 70 REFLECTANCE
POLYCYANOACRYLATE, 178 POWDER, 4 63 154 185 204 208 SPECTROSCOPY, 27
253 339 277 REFRACTIVE INDEX, 227 286
POLYDIENE, 351 PRESSURE, 16 108 109 118 164 297
POLYEPOXIDE, 24 50 67 107 110 213 259 260 263 300 301 319 REINFORCED CONCRETE, 369
117 122 128 197 198 203 221 324 367 368 383 385 REINFORCED PLASTIC, 28 35
228 237 259 275 276 288 290 PRESSURE-SENSITIVE 57 60 70 75 94 100 101 106
293 324 ADHESIVE, 83 87 130 165 188 109 114 120 122 127 128 162
POLYESTER RESIN, 50 300 319 189 201 323 334 347 381 172 179 203 208 212 214 224
390 PRETREATMENT, 25 67 68 70 73 235 240 254 275 276 296 298
POLYETHER SULPHONE, 50 77 92 107 108 110 119 158 180 309 321 322 339 356 357 380
POLYETHER-ETHER KETONE, 217 224 259 267 269 339 363 382
275 363 385 388 399 REINFORCED RUBBER, 50 118
POLYETHYLENE PRIMER, 108 115 128 132 178 176 186 284 370
TEREPHTHALATE, 9 23 66 184 222 232 253 274 286 337 REINFORCEMENT, 50 300 319
95 113 116 130 251 265 290 339 348 379 384 329
POLYFLUOROETHYLENE, 3 8 PRIMERLESS, 26 RESIDUAL STRESSES, 171 243
20 25 64 65 67 73 77 78 79 102 PRINTABILITY, 111 163 197 261 RESORCINOL-
117 119 121 131 142 158 159 264 282 326 396 FORMALDEHYDE RESIN, 50
164 180 187 193 198 223 236 PRINTING, 61 103 130 147 197 287
242 249 255 199 259 261 264 268 303 326 RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES,
POLYISOBUTYLENE, 165 204 367 50 82 130 133 138 150 155 178
210 211 PRINTING INK, 61 141 259 261 181 239 253 261 263 265 267
POLYISOCYANATE, 50 143 264 268 271 326 311 312 326 331 351
POLYISOPRENE, 88 174 175 PROCESSIBILITY, 138 185 201 RIB, 311
POLYMERIC ADHESION 326 ROCKET MOTOR, 110
PROMOTER, 286 287 335 PROCESSING, 13 16 19 31 47 54 ROLL, 61 259 271
POLYMERIC COMPATIBILISER, 61 77 92 120 149 150 155 159 ROOFING, 139
12 173 335 353 164 166 181 192 198 213 216 ROOM TEMPERATURE
POLYMETHYL 260 262 263 265 266 267 268 CURING, 87 178 253
METHACRYLATE, 12 350 375 269 279 281 297 311 312 319 ROTATIONAL MOULDING, 63
POLYPHENYLENE SULFIDE, 343 346 366 371 373 382 185
212 PROPYLENE COPOLYMER, 11 ROUGHENING, 5 24 268 324 352

Subject Index
ROUGHNESS, 46 97 115 136 142 309 339 383 329

214 220 259 262 264 324 339 SHEAR STRENGTH, 57 107 128 STORAGE TIME, 268 269 339
344 373 376 130 178 201 217 253 255 293 STRAIN, 33 179 361
RUBBER, 13 14 19 23 32 40 45 46 339 383 386 388 STRENGTH, 17 151 209 276 305
48 50 57 59 60 61 70 72 74 83 SHEET, 77 109 116 181 221 281 380
88 90 96 99 105 108 110 112 324 342 374 STRESS, 69 75 115 130 171 243
115 118 123 124 125 126 127 SHOCK ABSORBER, 139 312 298
129 138 139 143 146 151 163 SHOE, 311 312 STRESS CRACKING, 178 253
174 175 176 177 181 182 183 SHORT FIBRE, 322 370 STRESS-STRAIN PROPERTIES,
186 188 189 195 200 201 204 SILANE, 28 60 67 100 112 240 5 13 45 82 105 120 188 320
205 207 209 210 211 216 222 298 321 STRUCTURAL ADHESIVE, 87
224 228 236 248 253 256 258 SILANE GROUP, 30 189 190 375
259 262 266 275 283 284 285 SILENT DISCHARGE STYRENE-ACRYLONITRILE
286 287 291 300 301 302 304 TREATMENT, 289 COPOLYMER, 93 312
310 311 312 313 316 319 323 SILICA, 59 211 216 226 259 316 STYRENE-BUTADIENE
324 331 334 340 343 349 351 332 352 360 COPOLYMER, 50
352 353 354 358 359 360 362 SILICATE, 160 216 STYRENE-BUTADIENE
370 373 376 379 386 387 389 SILICONE RUBBER, 19 259 RUBBER, 13 23 46 48 50 88 99
394 400 SINGLE LAP BOND, 117 128 339 108 123 125 176 186 189 201
RUBBER TO METAL BONDING, SINGLE-COMPONENT, 143 178 205 207 313 228 302 310 323
19 32 72 115 174 175 182 183 253 331 349 352 362 373 394
283 286 SISAL, 60 322 STYRENE-BUTADIENE-
RUBBER-MODIFIED, 178 222 SIZE EXCLUSION STYRENE BLOCK
253 330 337 354 CHROMATOGRAPHY, 91 247 COPOLYMER, 45 108 151 304
RUBBER-TOUGHENED, 178 222 301 311 334
253 330 337 SLIP AGENT, 130 141 216 261 STYRENE-ETHYLENE
264 268 BUTYLENE-STYRENE
SMOOTHNESS, 115 259 262 311 BLOCK COPOLYMER, 39 74
S 339 83 254 312
SATURATED POLYESTER, 23 90 SOCKET FUSION, 127 SUBMARINE, 379
265 374 SODIUM HYDROXIDE, 117 240 SUBSTRATE, 85 96 117 181 216
SCANNING ELECTRON 395 396 255 260 262 265 269 273 286
MICROGRAPH, 28 35 48 68 SOFTNESS, 312 289 300 325 333 400
70 79 99 102 106 107 120 121 SOLE, 108 311 SULPHONATION, 45 236 292 293
153 256 SOLUBILITY, 8 108 216 233 264 SULPHUR, 14 110 129 164 286
SCANNING ELECTRON 315 337 313 358
MICROSCOPY, 2 5 13 14 27 SOLUTION, 8 46 95 108 180 259 SULPHUR DIOXIDE, 164 395
28 31 35 45 46 48 68 70 77 79 298 302 308 313 316 SULPHURIC ACID, 45 48 117 123
95 99 102 106 107 120 121 130 SOLUTION CASTING, 69 279 388
131 142 153 183 193 197 218 SOLVENT, 6 19 46 99 143 259 271 SUPERCRITICAL FLUID, 236
223 235 237 240 241 254 256 313 315 316 337 345 352 373 SURFACE ACTIVE AGENT, 143
262 274 276 288 304 308 309 SOLVENT-BASED, 108 115 143 216 238
310 313 314 321 324 339 350 224 259 261 264 351 SURFACE ANALYSIS, 11 20 48
352 353 358 360 361 368 380 SPORTS GOODS, 138 311 312 68 73 81 105 107 108 116 123
388 394 SPRAY DRYING, 110 262 264 311 183 197 207 220 227 236 244
SCISSION, 61 78 289 300 319 SPUTTER ETCHING, 324 245 305 339 353 367 372 383
SEAL, 50 138 143 312 370 376 SPUTTERING, 131 385 390
SEAL STRENGTH, 260 261 265 STABILITY, 27 50 58 61 190 253 SURFACE COMPOSITION, 242
SEAT, 149 181 267 311 255
SECONDARY ION MASS STANDARD, 129 222 250 355 SURFACE DEGRADATION, 242
SPECTROMETRY, 20 187 289 STARCH, 196 224 258 324
337 STEARIC ACID, 14 286 322 SURFACE ENERGY, 7 29 36 49
SELF-ADHESION, 33 43 324 STEEL, 29 32 49 72 78 110 115 68 70 80 85 86 87 102 104 109
SELF-DRYING, 110 262 264 311 165 177 215 221 225 286 358 110 115 122 130 137 143 167
SHEAR, 115 218 225 330 345 375 379 389 199 221 242 258 259 262 264
SHEAR PROPERTIES, 6 16 24 47 STEEL CORD, 174 175 209 271 280 296 326 349 366 373
57 94 101 130 162 172 178 201 STORAGE, 107 109 268 269 339 376 378 381
214 218 241 253 261 275 276 STORAGE MODULUS, 14 218 SURFACE FINISH, 3 29 138 185

Subject Index
SURFACE FREE ENERGY, 14 44 TETRAFLUOROETHYLENE ANHYDRIDE, 372

111 113 114 222 241 258 308 COPOLYMER, 8 56 67 77 119 TWO-COMPONENT, 87 128 149
323 342 158 198 223 255 178 253 300 319 363 375
SURFACE POTENTIAL, 3 TETRAFLUOROETHYLENE TWO-LAYER, 130 149 265
SURFACE PREPARATION, 24 84 POLYMER, 180 TWO-MATERIAL INJECTION
85 89 187 207 268 339 TETRAFLUOROETHYLENE- MOULDING, 57 138 312
SURFACE REACTIVITY, 104 244 HEXAFLUOROPROPYLENE TWO-PART, 87 128 149 178 253
287 339 COPOLYMER, 223 236 300 319
SURFACE STRUCTURE, 2 16 31 TEXTILE, 19 50 170 300 TYRE, 32 50 125 174 175 209 285
92 102 115 116 119 136 185 THERMAL DEGRADATION, 50 370
207 213 220 242 244 245 262 110 143 159 181 231 312 TYRE CORD, 19 32 50 59 72 90
270 297 305 324 339 343 371 THERMAL PROPERTIES, 27 109 174 175 209 284 285 358 360
SURFACE TENSION, 51 58 77 97 230 260 261 263 265 267 269 TYRE TREAD, 316
109 117 137 141 166 190 222 309 340 352 ULTRA-HIGH MODULUS, 16
238 259 261 264 269 271 291 THERMAL STABILITY, 27 32 58 235
308 326 357 381 390 61 130 138 178 190 253 267
SURFACE WETTING, 3 27 311
SURFACTANT, 143 216 238 THERMAL TREATMENT, 92 158
U
SURGICAL APPLICATION, 20 98 266 ULTRA-HIGH MOLECULAR
SWELLING, 7 123 134 284 299 THERMOGRAVIMETRIC WEIGHT POLYETHYLENE,
305 337 366 ANALYSIS, 27 38 83 299 371 69 162 179 214 235 241
SYNTHESIS, 1 2 12 30 161 238 THERMOMECHANICAL UNDERWATER APPLICATION,
299 327 359 ANALYSIS, 313 331 351 115 379 394
SYNTHETIC FIBRE- THERMOPLASTIC RUBBER, 14 UNSATURATED POLYESTER,
REINFORCED PLASTIC, 100 45 57 74 80 108 112 126 138 50 128 149 300 319 390
122 162 203 214 321 151 181 205 219 248 254 300 UV IRRADIATION, 25 44 67 68
SYNTHETIC FIBRE- 301 311 312 110 148 233 258 324 327 343
REINFORCED RUBBER, 176 THERMOSET, 48 50 56 62 80 100 363 399 401
186 370 102 108 110 115 117 122 123
UV POLYMERISATION, 92 119
SYNTHETIC RUBBER, 14 88 139 127 128 143 149 151 163 178
158
204 211 313 373 179 188 194 195 197 203 221
224 228 247 253 259 275 276
T 277 287 288 290 293 324 334 V
343 348 363 380 382 383 386
394 VACUUM DEPOSITION, 341 344
T-JOINT, 128
THICKNESS, 3 21 22 34 47 69 71 VAN DER WAALS
T-PEEL, 23 45 46
72 115 116 117 143 150 160 ATTRACTION, 117 318
TACK, 88 165 201 261 265 311
181 192 206 216 238 243 259 VAPOUR PERMEABILITY, 150
324 331 334 351
262 263 265 266 267 286 324 263 326
TACK STRENGTH, 83 261 265
TACKIFIER, 19 50 188 201 325 326 360 VEGETABLE PACKAGING, 261
328 329 331 351 THIN FILM, 3 34 344 372 VEHICLE TRIM, 126 138 181
TAPE, 87 165 189 THREE-LAYER, 265 VIBRATIONAL
TEAR STRENGTH, 287 312 370 TIE LAYER, 71 243 262 265 267 SPECTROSCOPY, 2 11 13 18
TEMPERATURE, 23 61 69 103 287 45 46 53 95 117 135 182 197
108 109 110 115 140 143 150 TOYS, 232 312 237 240 258 269 279 284 286
159 206 216 230 243 258 260 TRANSMISSION ELECTRON 291 304 310 313 322 324
261 262 266 267 269 298 311 MICROSCOPY, 28 35 47 48 68 VINYL ACETATE-ETHYLENE
312 317 323 324 345 367 69 70 79 99 102 106 107 120 COPOLYMER, 155 169
TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE, 121 153 230 256 VISCOELASTIC PROPERTIES,
21 22 43 81 82 101 155 171 TRANSMISSION 87 218 325 328 329
200 361 SPECTROSCOPY, 164 286 300 VISCOSITY, 50 82 130 138 150
TENSILE PROPERTIES, 5 27 35 301 178 253 261 312 316
45 47 48 50 53 68 69 75 82 88 TRANSPARENCY, 312 VULCANISATE, 115 186 287 324
106 109 114 120 123 125 156 TRICHLOROISOCYANURIC 349
171 174 176 179 190 194 196 ACID, 13 46 70 99 302 304 310 VULCANISATION, 14 99 105 115
197 202 206 221 237 240 243 313 349 394 123 124 129 138 143 177 284
265 273 276 280 287 298 311 TRICYCLE, 63 285 286 287 313 324 362 376
312 313 314 324 352 370 TRIFLUOROACETIC 394

Subject Index
VULCANISATION TIME, 115 117 WETTABILITY, 20 40 46 53 79 87 SPECTROSCOPY, 1 20 25 27

143 287 95 109 113 117 122 159 163 41 67 70 74 77 81 89 92 97 98
VULCANISED, 48 228 343 373 164 167 213 229 235 236 256 99 102 108 109 110 116 119
379 262 264 273 274 278 288 296 131 136 158 161 165 187 193
308 314 315 319 327 363 381 197 198 214 217 223 236 238
396 241 246 248 249 255 273 277
W WETTING, 3 27 40 49 53 97 104 288 289 293 300 301 302 304
WATER, 5 7 26 27 46 53 68 95 103 117 137 143 242 250 259 262 305 308 310 313 314 319 332
107 109 131 136 159 221 225 263 264 267 271 319 326 344 333 338 339 346 349 355 360
259 262 264 269 274 300 301 355 378 392 403 363 364 367 383 385 390 395
314 315 319 327 342 344 364 WIDE ANGLE X-RAY 397 398
388 SCATTERING, 171 X-RAY SCATTERING, 2 34 69
WATER-BASED, 61 108 115 141 WINDSCREEN, 138 142 154 171 295
185 199 261 262 264 WIRE, 360 XENON CHLORIDE, 339
WATER BLOWN, 138 WOOD, 114 208 229 254 298
WATER RESISTANCE, 49 115 WORK OF ADHESION, 37 44 222
143 375 259 267 271 280 347 Y
WATER VAPOUR WORK OF FRACTURE, 30 69 YIELD, 69 119 295
PERMEABILITY, 150 263 326 152 230 YOUNG’S MODULUS, 120 137
WAX, 46 50 185 216 224 262 328 165 240
WEAR RESISTANCE, 50 143 181 X
311 312
WEB, 263 X-RAY FLUORESCENCE
WEIGHT, 115 260 262 269 SPECTROSCOPY, 117
WELDING, 19 69 127 140 326 X-RAY PHOTOELECTRON

Subject Index

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Report 143

D.M. Brewis and I. Mathieson

Volume 12, Number 11, 2002

DOCUMENT DELIVERY SERVICE

Document Delivery Department

Report 122 Flexible Packaging - Adhesives, Coatings and

Report 123 Polymer Blends, L.A. Utracki, National Research

Report 124 Sorting of Waste Plastics for Recycling, R.D. Pascoe,

Report 125 Structural Studies of Polymers by Solution NMR,

D.M. Brewis and I. Mathieson

3. Methods Used to Study Surfaces ............................................................................................................ 6

4. Pretreatments and Primers for Polyolefin Plastics ............................................................................ 10

5. Pretreatments and Primers for Polyolefin Elastomers ...................................................................... 15

Abbreviations and Acronyms ....................................................................................................................... 25

Abstracts from the Polymer Library Database .......................................................................................... 27

Subject Index ............................................................................................................................................... 121

Schonhorn and co-workers have put forward evidence

This is the equation of a straight line where

Although the greatest contribution to the surface free

Typically a ten-fold increase in adhesion may be

Such is the case with polyolefins; the water contact angle

The elements present in the first few atomic layers can

Σ(In/Sn) = summation of I/S for all elements

Reflection infrared analysis reflection IR It is thus a routine matter to obtain a quantitative

C-O 286.5 The concentrations of the various chemical groups

Table 2 Assignment of peaks for Table 3 Concentration of different chemical

In an earlier study (395), Briggs and Kendall used

first 2-3 atomic layers; this is the basis of static SIMS.

3.4 Reflection IR n1 and n2 are the refractive indices of the

Ge 0.378 45 0.067 0.39

KRS-5 0.631 60 0.122 0.65

KRS-5 0.631 45 0.208 1.21

Table 5 Adhesion tests of polyurethane-painted flame-treated polypropylene (a.10)

It is known that additives such as slip agents and

4.4 Low Pressure Plasma Treatment

Lawson and co-workers (349) pretreated various

Table 9 Effect of pretreatment on the peel strengths (N mm-1) of NR-epoxide-NR (394)

if the structure is represented simply by

then with addition +

7 Conclusions • Additives which migrate to the surfaces of

Abbreviations and Acronyms

θ contact angle measurement

CASING Crosslinking by Activated Species of INert Gases

CPP chlorinated polypropylene

EPDM elastomeric terpolymer of ethylene, propylene and a non-conjugated diene

ESCA electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis

FTIR Fourier transform infrared analysis

HDPE high density polyethylene

LDPE low density polyethylene

MIR multiple reflection infrared

SBR styrene-butadiene rubber

SEM scanning electron microscopy

SFE surface free energy

SSIMS static secondary ion mass spectrometry

TCICA trichloroisocyanuric acid

WBL weak boundary layer

XPS X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

Abstracts from the Polymer Library Database

Item 1 to be covered with grafted acrylic acid chains. After