BLUEGRASS COMMUNITY AND

TECHNICAL COLLEGE

WORKBOOK FOR BIO 112

INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY

PART 3 of 4

Copyright 2017
Norm Strobel, Instructor

Bluegrass Community and Technical College

is an Equal Opportunity Institution
 2

HOMEWORK ON CHAPTER 25 10Q

1.For humans, homeostasis is best defined as the tendency of organisms to
a. vary their internal environment to match their metabolic needs
b. tailor their inner environment to the specific spot where they live
c. keep critical aspects of their internal environment nearly constant despite differences in the
external environment
d. keep aspects of their internal environment matched to the external environment

2. When humans become too hot they thermoregulate (cool down) by physiological responses
that include which one of the following?
a. slowing of the heart rate
b. constriction of blood vessels in the skin
c. contraction of muscles
d. increased blood flow to the skin
e. retention of water

3. Recall that both water and salts tend to move from an area of high concentration to an area of
low concentration. When a freshwater fish maintains homeostasis via osmoregulation it must
a.hold onto scarce water while dumping excess salts (ions)
b.hold onto scarce salts (ions) while dumping excess water

4.The nitrogenous waste materials excreted by humans, fish, and birds (in that order) are
a.ammonia, urea, uric acid b.urea, ammonia, uric acid c.uric acid, urea, ammonia

5. Which of the following is not a function of the excretory system?

a. elimination of nitrogenous wastes
b. maintenance of salt balance
c. elimination of undigested foods
d. maintenance of water balance
e. production of urine

6. Which of the following classes of nutrients produce the largest amounts of nitrogenous wastes
when broken down during metabolism?
a. carbohydrates b. fats c. cholesterol d. proteins e. vitamin C

7.When human kidney function fails a common treatment to help maintain normal blood
composition is
a.transfusion b.dialysis c.blood removal by leeches

8.Alcohol inhibits the release of the hormone _______, which may result in excessive urinary
water loss and dehydration. a.ATP b.TPA c.PTA d.ADH e.ADHD

9.Ectotherms are warmed mostly by the heat they generated via cell respiration. a.true
b.false

10.The gills of both freshwater and saltwater fish have membrane proteins to help them achieve
sodium homeostasis. For which type of fish does this involve active transport of sodium?
a.freshwater fish b.saltwater fish c.both types of fish d.neither type of fish
 3

Chapter 25 Learning objectives

Homeostasis

What is homeostasis and why is it necessary? 429, 508

Give examples of factors organisms must respond to in order to maintain homeostasis.

508-513

Define thermoregulation, and explain how the human body accomplishes this regulation.
510-511

How is thermoregulation accomplished by the following organisms? 510-511

Plants

Fish

Reptiles

Mammals

Define osmoregulation and explain how the human body accomplishes this regulation.
512, 514
 4

How do freshwater and saltwater fish accomplish osmoregulation? 512

Define excretion and explain briefly how various animals (513) and the human body accomplish
this regulatory process. 513-517

When normal excretion is impaired in humans, what substitute procedure must be used to
maintain health, and how does this substitute procedure work? (Hint: what is the role of diffusion
in this process?) 517
 5

HOMEWORK ON CHAPTER 26 10Q

1.Hormones are secreted by ______________ glands.

a.sebaceous b.scent c.salivary d.overactive e.endocrine

2.Which type of hormone passes directly through the cell membrane, penetrating to the nucleus
where it interacts with specific receptor proteins? a.water-soluble b.fat-soluble

3.The hormone calcitonin is produced by the __________ gland(s) and causes the calcium ion
concentration in the blood to ____________.
a.thyroid, decrease b.thyroid, increase c.parathyroid, decrease d.parathyroid,
increase

4.Which hormone causes release of calcium from the bone to the blood?
a.calcitonin b.parathyroid hormone (PTH)

5.Which endocrine gland produces the hormones that most directly regulate blood glucose
levels?
a.thyroid b.pancreas c.liver d.testis

6.The effect of insulin is to promote a(n) ________of blood glucose level by triggering _________
of glucose by the liver.
a.increase, uptake b.increase, release c.decrease, uptake d.decrease,release

7.The stress hormones epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol are produced by which
gland(s)?
a.thyroid b.pancreas c.adrenals d.testes e.ovaries

8.Which hormones are water soluble and govern the short-term stress response?
a.epinephrine and norepinephrine b.corticosteroids

9.Prolonged use of high-dose glucocorticoids for medical (or other!) purposes is potentially
dangerous, as they may cause side-effects such as
a.weakened immune system b.weak bones c.weight gain d.all of the preceeding

10.The short-term stress response is also known as the __________ response.

a.fight-or-flight b.relaxation
 6

Chapter 26 Learning objectives

Hormones

What are hormones? 522

What are the overall functions of hormones in the human body? 522

Where are hormones produced? 522

How do hormones reach their target organs? 522

What makes target organs responsive to certain hormones and unresponsive to others? 523

Recognize examples of steroid and non-steroid hormones and explain how they trigger cellular
responses. 523
 7

What body functions do the thyroid hormones thyroxine and calcitonin regulate? 528, 525

Why/how does iodine deficiency result in the development of a “goiter”? How is this prevented?
(Hint: what is the role of negative feedback in the normal condition of the thyroid?)
528

What are hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism? What symptoms are associated with these
conditions? What are some potential causes of these altered physiological states? 528

Hyperthyroidism

Hypothyroidism

Which hormones produced by the thyroid and parathyroid glands cooperate to regulate blood
calcium levels? How is this regulation accomplished? What specific changes in calcium
metabolism does each hormone cause to accomplish its effects on blood calcium levels?
525
 8

Which two hormones regulate blood sugar levels? Where are they produced? 530

How are blood sugar levels regulated? 530-531

When blood sugar levels get too high…..

When blood sugar levels get too low….

What are Type I and type II diabetes? 531

Type I

Type II

What are some of the negative effects of diabetes? 531

What lifestyle factors are associated with development of Type II diabetes? Not in textbook.

How is diabetes treated? 531

 9

Which hormones, produced by the adrenal glands, regulate short-term stress? 532

Which adrenal hormones regulate long-term stress responses? 533

What bodily changes are associated with short-term stress? 532

What bodily changes are associated with long-term stress? 533

 10

HOMEWORK ON CHAPTER 28 10Q

1.Which part of the nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord?
a.central nervous system(CNS) b.peripheral nervous system (PNS)

2.Which function of the nervous system is accomplished by the CNS?

a.sensory input b.integration c.motor output

3.The autoimmune disorder known as multiple sclerosis (MS) attacks which structure of a
neuron?
a.dendrite b.cell body c.myelin sheath d.synaptic terminals

4.Signalling within a neuron is _____________ in nature, while signaling between neurons is

________ in nature? a.electrical, chemical b.chemical, electrical

5.The electrical signal propagated along the length of an axon is called a nerve impulse or
_________ potential. a.action b.reaction c.inaction d.olfaction
e.retraction

6.Sensory input and motor output signals are carried by separate neurons in the peripheral nervous
system. a.true b.false

7.Which division of the autonomic nervous system produces relaxation?

a. sympathetic b. parasympathetic

8. What gland would an efferent nerve in the autonomic nervous stimulate during a short-term
stress event and which hormone would that gland secrete?
a. pancreas, insulin b. pancreas, digestive enzymes c. adrenal, epinephrine d.adrenal,
cortisol

9.Which type of neuron permits control over the reflexive jerking away from a pin prick?
a. dorsal b. interneuron c. inhibitory d. salutatory

10.Prozac interferes with the reuptake of which neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft?
a. glutamate b. dopamine c. serotonin d. substance P
 11

Chapter 28 Learning objectives

The nervous system

What are the three functions of the nervous system? What portions of the human nervous system
carry out these functions? (CNS or PNS?) 568

What is a neuron? 569

Know the functions of the parts of a neuron (see figure 28.2 on page 569).

How are signals carried within individual neurons? 570-572

Why is nerve function impaired in a person with multiple sclerosis (MS)? 504, 569

How are signals transmitted across the gap (synapse) between two adjacent neurons? 573

What are the neurochemical bases of the effects of caffeine and alcohol on the human nervous
system? 575
 12

What is the chemical basis for the antidepressant effects of Prozac and related medications known
as SSRIs? 575 Are they effective? See controversy on page 576!

Nervous systems changed over time (evolved). 577

What are the two basic functions of the peripheral nervous system? 578

Afferent nerves carry signals to the CNS, and efferent nerves carry signals away from the CNS.

To which divisions of the PNS do these two types of neurons (afferent, efferent) correspond? 579

What are the somatic and autonomic nervous systems, and what do they govern? 579

Somatic

Autonomic

What do the divisions of the autonomic nervous system (sympathetic, parasympathetic, and
enteric) govern? 579 How does this information tie in to what we learned about hormones and
stress in chapter 26?
 13

What makes a knee-jerk reflex different from more complex responses, such as when the will can
be used to keep you from pulling away from the pain associated with heat or being poked with a
needle? 564, image on page 589 The book does not explore this in as much detail as I would like.
The answer is that the will (a control center in your brain) connects to and can activate an
inhibitory neuron in the spinal cord, which then suppresses the simple reflexive jerking away
from pain. If you were surprised by such pain, you would reflexively pull away from it. But if
you are aware the pain is coming, and are focused on not pulling away, you can reduce your
otherwise stronger reflexive response to a milder twitch. This allows people to stay in
painful/fearful situations. Based on outcomes you might then be labeled as a “hero” or as a
“fool”.

How do we know which brain functions are governed by particular portions of the brain? 582-
583. How does this governance relate to the selective loss of brain function due to strokes?
587. Also note that certain gene combinations can predispose people to neurodegenerative
diseases, but that environmental factors such as stress, trauma, and lifestyle, also contribute to
their development and severity.

Is the functional brain map (such as seen above) always the same from one person to the next?
Why or why not? Answer: no, because if injury to the “usual” brain area occurs before the
“learning” that “wrote” the function to an area, that function will be “written” to another area. For
an extreme example, see the following:

https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn12301-man-with-tiny-brain-shocks-doctors/
 14

HOMEWORK ON CHAPTER 24 15 QUESTIONS! SOME ON NEXT PAGE

1.Which of the following is a major component of our innate (nonspecific) defense system?
a. active immunity b. inflammatory response c. passive immunity d. cell-mediated
immunity

2.When you cut yourself, the damaged cells immediately release which of the following chemical
alarm signals? a. interferon b. complement c. histamine d. antihistamine

3.Which of the following is not an immediate response to histamine released at a wound site?
a. dilation of local blood vessels
b. increased leakiness of local blood vessels
c. increased blood flow to the area
d. increased systemic blood pressure
e. local swelling of the tissue

4.The major result of a successful inflammatory response is to

a. initiate the production of antibodies
b. disinfect and clean damaged tissues
c. initiate cell-mediated immune responses
d. initiate humoral-mediated immune responses
e. initiate the production of killer cells

5. Antibodies are made by a. phagocytes b. B cells c. T cells

6.A substance that can elicit (trigger) acquired immunity (immune response) is called
a. a complement b. an interferon c. a histamine d. an antibody e. an antigen

7.Antibodies are a. amino acids b. lipids c. carbohydrates d. proteins e. nucleic acids

8.The secondary response in humoral immunity occurs when memory cells bind to
a. particular hormones b. particular antibodies c. antigen d. plasma cells

9.Which of the following is not an effector activity of antibodies?

a. neutralization of antigenic particles
b. agglutination of antigenic particles
c. phagocytosis of antigenic particles
d. precipitation of dissolved antigens

10.The immune system can mount specific responses to particular microorganisms because
a. lymphocytes are able to change their antigen specificity as required to fight infection
b. stem cells determine which type of B and T cells to make
c. the body contains an enormous diversity of lymphocytes, each with a specific kind of antigen
receptor
d. stem cells make different antigen receptors depending on the invading microorganism
e. stem cells are able to change their antigen specificity as required to fight infection
GO TO NEXT PAGE!
 15

CHAPTER 24 HOMEWORK CONT’D

11.Which of the following types of cells does HIV preferentially infect?

a. cytotoxic T cells b. helper T cells c. plasma cells d. memory cells

12.Which of the following cell types is specifically responsible for cell-mediated immunity?
a. T cells b. B cells c. leukocytes d. cytotoxic T cells e. lymphocytes

13.Which of the following substances does a cytotoxic T cell secrete in order to destroy a target
cell?
a. interferon b. complement c. antibodies d. interleukin-2 e. perforin

14.Which of the following compounds are mast cells specialized to secrete?

a. interferon b. complement c. allergens d. histamine

15.Anaphylactic shock is an example of

a. an autoimmune disease b. a local allergic response c. a systemic allergic response

Chapter 24 Learning objectives

The immune system

An important part of an organism’s ability to maintain health and homeostasis is the ability to
protect itself from infectious agents such as pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and viruses. The human
immune system is capable of detecting and responding defensively to these and other nasty
“bugs” that might otherwise kill us. The speed and effectiveness of response to foreign entities
can be increased through vaccinations. But the immune system can also have a dark side, as when
it attacks our own cells, or responds vigorously to allergens, blood transfusions, or transplanted
organs.

What is the inflammatory response? Is it specific or nonspecific? 491

What role does histamine play in this response? 491

What localized physical symptoms are associated with an inflammatory response? 491
 16

What is the outcome if the inflammatory response is successful? What if it is unsuccessful? 491

What is the immune response, and what is the basis for its specificity? 492

Define antigen, and provide examples. 492, 495

What are antibodies, and what is the physical/chemical basis of their interaction with antigens?
Are antigen-antibody interactions specific or nonspecific? 492, 495

What is the role of B cells in the immune response? 494

How do antibodies help to restrict disease development? 499

Distinguish between passive immunity and active immunity. 492

 17

How do vaccinations increase our resistance to disease? 492, 496-497

How do T cells function in the immune response? 501-502

How does AIDS make people more susceptible to pathogens? What type of immune cells does
HIV preferentially infect and deplete? 502-503

What are the most effective ways to prevent AIDS? To treat AIDS? 502-503

Indicate the origins and consequences of the following autoimmune disorders. 504

Lupus erythematosus

Type I diabetes

Rheumatoid arthritis

Multiple sclerosis
 18

How are most autoimmune disorders presently treated? 504

The normal function of which organ ordinarily prevents the maturation of cells that produce
antibodies that would attack “self”? (Answer: thymus)

What is the basis of allergic reactions, and how can they be controlled? 505 Note the role of
histamine, which we also saw in the inflammatory response.

How can diet and lifestyle influence the immune system? 505 (Hint: recall our earlier discussions
of the roles of various nutrients in the body, e.g. protein, and the effects of stress hormones, e.g.
corticosteroids, on immune functions)
 19

BIO 112 Norm Strobel, Instructor Targeted review for exam #3

Immune system
Which is the nonspecific component of the immune system?

What chemical signal triggers inflammation? See fig 24.2

What changes occur in tissues undergoing a local inflammatory response?

What is the main function or purpose of the inflammatory response?

What is the specific component of the immune system?

What is the basis of the specificity of the immune response?

What are antibodies? What do we call a substance that can elicit (trigger) antibody formation as
part of the immune response?

Is that specificity normally changed in response to infection by a “new” pathogenic organism?

See fig 24.6, be able to label it.

How to antibodies help to limit infections?

What are the functions of phagocytes (fig 24.2 and 24.7) and B cells, helper T cells, and cytotoxic
T cells (fig 24.7, 24.12, 24.13)?

What is vaccination, and what aspect of the immune response does it help to speed up when a
person is challenged by an infectious organism he/she has been vaccinated against?
See fig 24.8B

In full-blown AIDS, reduced numbers of which particular cell type is associated with extreme
immunodeficiency?

How can the HIV virus be transmitted?

Besides AIDS, what other factors might make the immune response (and vaccinations) less
effective?

What chemical signal released by the human body triggers the familiar symptoms of hay fever?
What are those symptoms? What external material (from the environment) often triggers the
release of this chemical signal by the body?

What is anaphylactic shock? What can trigger it, and why is it life-threatening? What are the
correct treatments for local allergies and anaphylactic shock?

What are the common autoimmune diseases?

What goes on in the immune system of a person who is rejecting a transplanted organ? What
steps may be taken to suppress that rejection? The foreign proteins on a transplanted organ serve
as antigens when they trigger the recipient’s immune response.
 20

Homeostasis and hormones

What is homeostasis?

When a human body gets too hot, what physiological changes occur to help it cool itself?

What is the osmoregulatory challenge faced by a freshwater or saltwater fish? Fig 25.4.

What are the functions of the kidneys?

Breakdown products of what food macromolecule (if eaten in excess) can result in kidney
burden/damage? (Protein!) (Also creatine consumed in excess as an “energy booster”)

What forms of nitrogenous waste are eliminated by different types of animals? See figure 25.5B.

What determines where a hormone has an effect in the body?

See fig 26.4, know the hormones produced by thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, pancreas, and the
effects of those hormones.

What are some possible causes and effects of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism? How might
these conditions be treated by a doctor?

What are the causes and effects of a goiter? Is this a hyperthyroid or hypothyroid condition?

What pairs of antagonistic hormones did we discuss?

Which hormone raises blood sugar, and which lowers it? What organ produces these hormones?
Which hormones regulate/govern short-term and long-term stress? What physiological changes
may occur in the body as a result of each type of stress? See fig 26.8 (sugar) and fig 26.10
(stress).

What are the similarities and differences between Type I and Type II diabetes with respect to age
of onset, underlying relationship to insulin, treatment, and potential harmful effects on the body if
not successfully brought under control by treatment?

Nervous system
Be able to identify the functions of the various parts of the neuron (fig. 28.2).

What is multiple sclerosis? How does it arise, and what are its effects?

What are the location of release, and the function, of neurotransmitters? Be able to recognize the
names of some neurotransmitters.

What are the functions of the CNS and the PNS? Which is most affected by drugs like alcohol?
How are input and output signals carried by the PNS (same nerves or different nerves)?
What are the effects of activation of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?

Are maps of brain function invariant across medical conditions? What determines what functions
may be lost as the result of a stroke?
 21

Review questions for exam #3

Chapter 25
Homeostasis

1. Which of the following is a physiological response that takes place in humans when they get too hot?
a. slowing of the heart rate
b. constriction of blood vessels in the skin
c. contraction of muscles
d. increased blood flow to the skin
e. retention of water

2. Which of the following osmoregulatory challenges is (are) faced by a freshwater fish but not by a
saltwater fish?
a. the need to maintain different relative proportions of specific ions in the cells and interstitial fluid than
in the surrounding environment
b. the tendency to take up excess water, particularly through the gills
c. the tendency to lose necessary solutes to the surrounding water
d. the tendency to lose water, particularly through the gills and urine
e. both b and c

3. Which of the following classes of nutrients produce the largest amounts of toxic compounds when broken
down during metabolism?
a. carbohydrates
b. fats
c. cholesterol
d. proteins
e. vitamins

4. What is the main component of the white material in bird droppings?

a. urea
b. ammonia
c. lactic acid
d. sodium chloride
e. uric acid

5. Which of the following excrete their nitrogenous wastes entirely as ammonia?

a. birds
b. tropical insects
c. fish
d. garden snails
e. insects

6. Which of the following is not a function of the excretory system?

a. elimination of nitrogenous wastes
b. maintenance of salt balance
c. elimination of undigested foods
d. maintenance of water balance
e. production of urine
 22

Chapter 26
Hormones

1. How are hormones distributed to tissues, and what determines which cells are affected by a hormone?
a. They are carried throughout the body by the bloodstream, and each hormone affects the target cells
responsive to it
b. They are carried to specific organs by lymphatic vessels and affect the cells in those organs.
c. They are carried to specific organs by ducts and affect the cells in those organs.
d. They are delivered by neurosecretory cells to specific tissues and cells, which are affected.
e. They are distributed locally in the interstitial fluid and affect nearby responsive target cells.

2. Which of the following statements is not true of steroid hormones?

a. They bind to proteins on the cell surface.
b. They diffuse through cell membranes.
c. They cause the synthesis of new proteins.
d. They enter the cell nucleus.
e. They bind to specific nuclear receptor proteins.

3. Which of the following would not be a likely consequence of a dietary iodine deficiency?
a. goiter
b. weight gain
c. fatigue
d. feeling cold
e. feeling hot

4. Which of the following represents a pair of antagonistic hormones?

a. T3 and T4
b. calcitonin and parathyroid hormone
c. insulin and glucagon
d. a, b, and c
e. b and c only

5. Which of the following hormones causes a rise in the concentration of sugar in the bloodstream?
a. insulin
b. glucagon
c. melatonin
d. calcitonin
e. oxytocin

6. Which gland exerts primary control over the level of sugar in the blood?
a. liver
b. pituitary
c. pineal
d. pancreas
e. parathyroid

7. Which of the following glands secrete hormones that enable the body to respond to stress?
a. pancreas
b. adrenal
c. pineal
d. pituitary
e. parathyroid
 23

8. Which of the following is not a response to epinephrine?

a. release of glucose from the liver
b. increased heart rate
c. increase in blood pressure
d. increased absorption of glucose by the digestive tract
e. increased breathing rate

9. Which of the following hormones can make a person susceptible to infection

when administered to suppress the immune system?
a. glucagon
b. mineralocorticoids
c. glucocorticoids (such as cortisol)
d. antidiuretic hormone
e. androgens

Chapter 24
Immune system

1. Which of the following is a major function of cytotoxic T cells?

a. to attack and kill pathogenic microorganisms in a nonspecific way
b. to attack virus-infected cells in a nonspecific way
c. to attack virus-infected cells in an antigen-specific way
d. to tag pathogen cells with antibodies
e. to engulf and digest microorganisms that have been tagged with antibodies

2. Which of the following is a major component of our nonspecific defense system?

a. active immunity
b. inflammation
c. passive immunity
d. cell-mediated immunity
e. mobilization of erythrocytes to the affected cells

3. When you cut yourself, the damaged cells immediately release which of the following
chemical alarm signals?
a. interferon
b. complement
c. histamine
d. antihistamine
e. anti-interferon

4. Which of the following is not an immediate response to histamine released at a wound site?
a. causing local blood vessels to dilate
b. causing local blood vessels to become leakier
c. increasing blood flow to the area
d. increasing systemic blood pressure
e. causing local swelling of the tissue

5. The major result of the inflammatory response is to

a. initiate the production of antibodies
b. disinfect and clean damaged tissues
c. initiate cell-mediated immune responses
d. initiate humoral-mediated immune responses
e. initiate the production of killer cells
 24

6. A substance that can elicit an immune response is called

a. a complement
b. an interferon
c. a histamine
d. an antibody
e. an antigen

7. Which of the following cell types is specifically responsible for cell-mediated immunity?
a. T cells
b. B cells
c. leukocytes
d. cytotoxic T cells
e. lymphocytes

8. Which of the following is the main factor that causes lymph to move through lymphatic vessels?
a. blood pressure
b. osmotic pressure
c. wavelike contractions of the lymph vessels
d. contractions in body muscles near lymph vessels
e. diffusion

9. The immune system is capable of mounting specific responses to particular microorganisms because
a. lymphocytes are able to change their antigen specificity as required to fight infection
b. stem cells determine which type of B and T cells to make
c. the body contains an enormous diversity of lymphocytes, each with a specific kind of antigen receptor
d. stem cells make different antigen receptors depending on the invading microorganism
e. stem cells are able to change their antigen specificity as required to fight infection

10. The secondary response in humoral immunity occurs when memory cells bind to
a. particular hormones
b. particular antibodies
c. antigen
d. plasma cells

11. Antibodies are

a. amino acids
b. lipids
c. carbohydrates
d. proteins
e. nucleic acids

12. Which of the following is not an effector activity of antibodies?

a. neutralization of antigenic particles
b. agglutination of antigenic particles
c. phagocytosis of antigenic particles
d. precipitation of dissolved antigens

13. Which of the following substances does a cytotoxic T cell secrete in order to destroy a target cell?
a. interferon
b. complement
c. antibodies
d. interleukin-2
e. perforin
 25

14. Which of the following diseases is not thought to be an autoimmune disease?

a. cancer of the bone marrow
b. insulin-dependent diabetes
c. rheumatoid arthritis
d. systemic lupus erythmatosis

15. Which of the following compounds are mast cells specialized to secrete?
a. interferon
b. complement
c. allergens
d. histamine

16. Anaphylactic shock is an example of

a. an autoimmune disease
b. an immunodeficiency
c. an allergic response
d. an acquired immunodeficiency disease
e. an acquired autoimmune disease

17. The AIDS virus can be transmitted by

a. shaking hands with infected people
b. breathing contaminated air
c. blood and semen from infected people
d. contaminated food
e. bacteria

18. Which of the following types of cells does HIV preferentially infect?
a. cytotoxic T cells
b. helper T cells
c. plasma cells
d. memory cells

Chapter 28
Nervous system

1. What is the functional unit of the nervous system?

a. dendrite
b. cell body
c. neuron
d. axon
e. synapse

2. The _________ carry signals to the _________ of a neuron, and the signals (as action potentials)
are carried
toward the next neuron by the _________.
a. dendrites, cell body, axon
b. cell body, dendrites, axon
c. axon, cell body, dendrites
d. cell body, axon, dendrites

3. In a chemical synapse, what is the type of signal that is released into the synaptic cleft?
a. hormone
b. protein
c. neurotransmitter
d. vasopressin e. potassium
 26

4. What is the most commonly used depressant drug?

a. valium
b. aspirin
c. alcohol
d. caffeine

5. Symptoms of impaired nerve function in a person with MS result from autoimmune destruction of
a. neurotransmitter
b. axons
c. dendrites
d. myelin sheaths

6. ___________ nerves carry information from sensory cells to the ___________ nervous system, where
this
information is _________.
a. Afferent, peripheral, digested
b. Efferent, peripheral, integrated
c. Afferent, central, integrated
d. Efferent, central, integrated

7. Which division of the autonomic nervous system produces relaxation?

a. sympathetic b. parasympathetic

8. What gland would an efferent nerve in the autonomic nervous stimulate during a short-term stress event
and which hormone would that gland secrete?
a. pancreas, insulin
b. pancreas, digestive enzymes
c. adrenal, epinephrine
d.adrenal, cortisol

9. Which type of neuron permits control over the reflexive jerking away from a pin prick?
a. dorsal
b. interneuron
c. inhibitory
d. saltatory

10. Which of the following is not a function of the hindbrain?

a. control of breathing
b. coordination of body movement
c. emotional responses
d. control of digestion
e. control of swallowing

11. Prozac interferes with the reuptake from the synaptic cleft of which neurotransmitter?
a. glutamate
b. dopamine
c. serotonin
d.substance P