4.6 Design of Drainage Structures

4.
6 Design of Drainage Structures

Hydraulic Structures
The general principles adopted for the design of culverts and other drainage works are:
 On the basis of collected hydrological data, design discharges have been assessed for
some identified major waterways along the road. In cases where new structures are
required the waterway areas corresponding to the design discharges have been
determined.
 Where the condition of an existing culvert is good and can perform efficiently for the
design life of the project, it is recommended to desilt and extend
 Where new culverts are required to replace existing ones so as to fit into the new road
alignment, or where existing culverts are found to be structurally inadequate, they are
constructed to not less than the dimensions and capacities of those they replace.
 Pipe culverts less than 600mm diameter are replaced or supplemented with 600mm
diameter culverts to meet current road drainage requirements for the minimum size
required for cross-drainage pipe culverts.
 Junctions of access roads along sloping sections of the project road are drained with
either slabbed drains or with 450mm diameter concrete pipes.
Concrete and corrugated metal pipe culverts have been recommended (where appropriate).
That is, for 450mm, 600mm and 900mm diameter openings concrete pipe culverts have been
recommended; for diameters greater than 900mm, corrugated metal pipes have been recommended
for use.
Replacement, Extension and Repairs of Culverts and Bridges
The carrying capacities of the existing culverts and bridges have been checked using the
designed flows estimated by means of the recommended runoff model. For existing culverts in
good condition but inadequate with regard to their carrying capacities, appropriate additional
culvert have been recommended.
Broken down and heavily silted culverts will be replaced with adequately sized ones.
Extensions will be made to existing good culverts in places where roads are to be widened.
Table 4.4 gives the recommendations for cross culverts for approved alignment option.
Recommendations for access culverts are summarized in Annex ... – Annexes to the Main
Report.
Table 4.4 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CROSS CULVERTS
End Structures
Inlet and outlet structures have been provided to prevent scouring of the road way embankment,
to provide a transition from a channel to the culvert or vice versa, and to improve the hydraulic
performance of the culvert. For this project the composite headwall wing wall/apron structure to
be constructed in concrete has been recommended.
Energy dissipation structures will be provided at the outlet end of culverts whose outlet velocities
are 3.0 m/s and above.
Preliminary Recommendations for Roadside Drainage
Roadside drains (concrete and grouted stone-pitched) have been recommended for various
locations along the project road to collect runoff from the road surface and to intercept any water
flowing towards the road from the adjacent lands. These drains will lead the water so collected
into logical outfalls through cross-drainage structures, turnouts or through appropriate outfall
drains along the road, adequately sized for that purpose.
Concrete rectangular drains have been recommended within the …Township.
Grouted stone-pitched ditches on the other hand have been recommended for erosion prone
sections and road sections passing through settlements along the project roads.
These drains are located in sub-urban or rural portions of the road. Table 4.5 gives the
recommendations for roadside drains.
Table 4.5 ROADSIDE DRAIN RECOMMENDATIONS
Turnouts
Turnouts (see Table 4.6) are recommended along the project road at appropriate sections as
recommended by the site engineer. Existing ones are to be replaced and given the necessary
maintenance.
Table 4.6 Turnout Spacing
Spacing
Gradient
(m)
1 in 100 or less 50
1 in 100 to 1 in 50 40
1 in 50 to 1 in 20 25
1 in 20 to 1 in 10 15
More than 1 in 10 10
5 BRIDGE STUDIES AND DESIGN

5.1 Bridge Inventory
Two new bridges were identified along the project road.
See Table 5.1 for the list of bridge locations and Annex 5 for Calculation for Bridge Design.
Table 5.1 – Bridges on the Project Road

No. Bridge Name Recommended
Span(m)
1 22
2 12
5.4 Bridge Design

The clear carriageway width of the bridges has been established as 4.6m without walkways.
Walkways were found unnecessary because these are short bridges and they have been designed
for low traffic volumes.
Bridges have been aligned so as to reduce chances of scouring. Gabions and other protective
measures have been incorporated in the design. Design water levels have been determined. A
freeboard of 1m has been recommended for the design water levels of the bridges.
The results that were obtained for the hydrological studies and other relevant data were used for
the following:
 To establish optimum hydraulic opening
 To configure the bridges
 To articulate the bridges
 To standardize bridge spans
 To establish structural concepts
 To establish possible foundational level
 To estimate the costs
Design Standards/Loads
Design bridge to BS5400

Loading to BS.HA.LOAD).
Design the bridge for full HA loading
Temperature range : +8O to +51O as in MOHWC Vol 4 manual
Wind force : Mean hourly wind speed
: 21m/s bridges located up to 160km inland
Horizontal earthquake force : 0.2g ground acceleration
Free Board 1.0m
Design period for flood : 100 years.
Types of Structure
Superstructure
Reinforced concrete bridge structures have been considered at this stage. These have
been found to be cost effective as steel prices are high. Regular routine maintenance of
steel structures can be a little expensive for a developing country that has no structured
rigorous bridge maintenance system.
HYDRAULIC STUDY
CRITICAL DESIGN ELEMENTS
Element Standard Proposed Condition

1 Lane Width 2.3m Minimum, 3.8m Maximum 2.3m
Bridge Design Manual
2 Footways 1.5m Minimum, 2.0m Maximum NA
ORN9
3 Bridge Width Carriageway = 3.65m – 7.3m 4.6m
Lane 2.3m-3.8m 2.5m
Verge 1.0m 0.5m
Bridge Design Manual
ORN9
4 Maximum Grade …% Max 0%
Highway Design Manual
5 Horizontal Curvature …m Min. NA
6 Super elevation …% Max NA
7 Vertical Clearance (above 5.2m Min. NA
travelled way) Highway Design Manual
8 Travel Lane Cross Slope 8% 8%

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4.

6 Design of Drainage Structures

Table 4.4 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CROSS CULVERTS

Table 4.5 ROADSIDE DRAIN RECOMMENDATIONS

Table 4.6 Turnout Spacing

5 BRIDGE STUDIES AND DESIGN

Table 5.1 – Bridges on the Project Road

5.4 Bridge Design

Design bridge to BS5400

CRITICAL DESIGN ELEMENTS

Element Standard Proposed Condition

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