[SURVEYING II] Santosh kapar

What is a Total Station?

Total station is a surveying equipment combination of Electromagnetic Distance Measuring
Instrument and electronic theodolite. It is also integrated with microprocessor, electronic data
collector and storage system. The instrument can be used to measure horizontal and
vertical angles as well as sloping distance of object to the instrument.

Capability of a Total Station

Microprocessor unit in total station processes the data collected to compute:

1. Average of multiple angles measured.

2. Average of multiple distance measured.
3. Horizontal distance.
4. Distance between any two points.
5. Elevation of objects and
6. All the three coordinates of the observed points.

Data collected and processed in a Total Station can be downloaded to computers for further
processing.

Total station is a compact instrument and weighs 50 to 55 N. A person can easily carry it to
the field. Total stations with different accuracy, in angle measurement and different range of
measurements are available in the market. Figure below shows one such instrument
manufactured by SOKKIA Co. Ltd. Tokyo, Japan.
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Fig: Parts of total station

Important Operations of Total Station
Distance Measurement
Electronic distance measuring (EDM) instrument is a major part of total station. Its range
varies from 2.8 km to 4.2 km. The accuracy of measurement varies from 5 mm to 10 mm
per km measurement. They are used with automatic target recognizer. The distance
measured is always sloping distance from instrument to the object.

Angle Measurements
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The electronic theodolite part of total station is used for measuring vertical and horizontal
angle. For measurement of horizontal angles any convenient direction may be taken as
reference direction. For vertical angle measurement vertical upward (zenith) direction is
taken as reference direction. The accuracy of angle measurement varies from 2 to 6
seconds.

Data Processing
This instrument is provided with an inbuilt microprocessor. The microprocessor averages
multiple observations. With the help of slope distance and vertical and horizontal angles
measured, when height of axis of instrument and targets are supplied, the microprocessor
computes the horizontal distance and X, Y, Z coordinates.

The processor is capable of applying temperature and pressure corrections to the

measurements, if atmospheric temperature and pressures are supplied.

Display
Electronic display unit is capable of displaying various values when respective keys are
pressed. The system is capable of displaying horizontal distance, vertical distance,
horizontal and vertical angles, difference in elevations of two observed points and all the
three coordinates of the observed points.

Electronic Book
Each point data can be stored in an electronic note book (like compact disc). The capacity of
electronic note book varies from 2000 points to 4000 points data. Surveyor can unload the
data stored in note book to computer and reuse the note book.

Uses of Total Station

The total station instrument is mounted on a tripod and is levelled by operating levelling
screws. Within a small range instrument is capable of adjusting itself to the level position.
Then vertical and horizontal reference directions are indexed using onboard keys.

It is possible to set required units for distance, temperature and pressure (FPS or SI).
Surveyor can select measurement mode like fine, coarse, single or repeated.

When target is sighted, horizontal and vertical angles as well as sloping distances are
measured and by pressing appropriate keys they are recorded along with point number.
Heights of instrument and targets can be keyed in after measuring them with tapes. Then
processor computes various information about the point and displays on screen.

This information is also stored in the electronic notebook. At the end of the day or whenever
electronic note book is full, the information stored is downloaded to computers.
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The point data downloaded to the computer can be used for further processing. There are
software like auto civil and auto plotter clubbed with AutoCad which can be used for plotting
contours at any specified interval and for plotting cross-section along any specified line.

Advantages of Using Total Stations

The following are some of the major advantages of using total station over the conventional
surveying instruments:
1. Field work is carried out very fast.
2. Accuracy of measurement is high.
3. Manual errors involved in reading and recording are eliminated.
4. Calculation of coordinates is very fast and accurate. Even corrections for temperature and
pressure are automatically made.
5. Computers can be employed for map making and plotting contour and cross-sections.
Contour intervals and scales can be changed in no time.

However, surveyor should check the working condition of the instruments before using. For
this standard points may be located near survey office and before taking out instrument for
field work, its working is checked by observing those standard points from the specified
instrument station
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. INTRODUCTION
 The Total station is designed for measuring of slant distances, horizontal and vertical angles and elevations in
topographic and geodetic works, tachometric surveys, as well as for solution of application geodetic tasks. The
measurement results can be recorded into the internal memory and transferred to a personal computer interface.
 The basic properties are unsurpassed range, speed and accuracy of measurements. Total stations are developed in view
of the maximal convenience of work of the user. High-efficiency electronic tachometers are intended for the decision
It has the broad audience for sole of industrial problems.
 Angles and distances are measured from the total station to points under survey, and the coordinates (X, Y, and Z or
northing, easting and elevation) of surveyed points relative to the total station position are calculated using
trigonometry and triangulation.
 Data can be downloaded from the total station to a computer and application software used to compute results and
generate a map of the surveyed area.
 A total station is an electronic/optical instrument used in modern surveying. It is also used by archaeologists to record
excavations as well as by police, crime scene investigators, private accident Reconstructionists and insurance
companies to take measurements of scenes. The total station is an electronic theodolite (transit) integrated with an
electronic distance meter (EDM), plus internal data storage and/or external data collector.
 The purpose of any survey is to prepare maps, control points formed a basic requirement for the preparation of these
maps.
 There are several numbers of methods like traverse, triangulation etc., to provide these control points.
 Whatever the method the provision of control points, includes the measurement of two entities( Distance and Angle).
 Again, distance can be measured by using various instruments like chain, tape.
 Linear Tap.
 Gunter’s chain (20m and 30m).
 Steel band(20m and 30m).
 Inver tap.
 Hunter Short Base (80m).
 Electronic Distance Measurement Instruments, Total station and GPS.
 Angle can be measured by using a THEODOLITE.
 Once distance and angular measurement is over computation is performed to provide the control points. A combination
of all the three results in a powerful instrument called TOTAL STATION.Hence, the TOTAL STATION is an
instrument which consists of the following:
i) Distance measuring instrument (EDM).
ii) An angle measuring instrument (Theodolite).
iii) A simple microprocessor.
1.2. INSTRUMENTATION:
It consists of an EDM, Theodolite, Microprocessor combined into one. It also has a memory card to store the data. It also
consists of battery socket which houses the battery. A fully charged battery works for about 3 to 5 hrs continuously.

Figure 1: Different Parts of Total Station

1.3. ACCURACY OF A TOTAL STATION:
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Accuracy depending upon the instrument and varies from instrument to instrument
1.The angular accuracy varies from1″ to 20 ″.
2.Distance accuracy depends upon two factors.
Instrumental error which ranges from
+ / – 10mm to + / – 2mm.
b) Error due to the length of measurement.
It can be from + / – 10mm to + / – 2mm per kilometre.
1 prism, 2.5–2.7 km2 prisms
5-7 km3 prisms
10-12 kmNIKONOne second+ / – 2mm/km or 2ppmTriple the number of prisms double the distance.LEICAOne second
SOKKIAOne second.
1.3.1. ACCURACY & PRECISION
• Precision is the reproducibility of the measurement.
• Accuracy is how close the measured position is to the actual location
Measurement of distance is accomplished with a modulated microwave or infrared carrier signal, generated by a small
solid-state emitter within the instrument’s optical path, and reflected by a prism reflector or the object under survey. The
modulation pattern in the returning signal is read and interpreted by the onboard computer in the total station. The distance
is determined by emitting and receiving multiple frequencies, and determining the integer number of wavelengths to the
target for each frequency. Most total stations use purpose-built glass Porro prism reflectors for the EDM signal, and can
measure distances to a few kilometers. Reflectorless total stations can measure distances to any object that is reasonably
light in color, to a few hundred meters.
Principle:
Given the co-ordinate of the instrument position and bearing of a backward station the co-ordinates of any other point can
be computed.
1.3.2. TOTAL STATION CAN BE USED
 When two points are given.
 When only one co-ordinate is given. In this case the coordinate of the back station is determined by any suitable
method.
 When no co-ordinates were given in which case arbitrary system of coordinates can be used.
These devices, also called electronic Tachometers, can automatically measure horizontal and vertical angles as well as

slope distances from a single set up. From these data they can
instantaneously compute horizontal and vertical distance components, elevations, and coordinates, and display the results
on LCD. They can also store the data, either on board or in external data collectors. If the coordinates of the occupied
station and a reference azimuth are input to the system, the coordinates of the sighted point are immediately obtained. This
information can be directly stored in an automatic data collector, there by eliminating manual recording. These instruments
are of tremendous value in all types of surveying. Total Stations offer many advantages for almost all types of surveying.
They are used for topographic, Hydrographic, cadastral, project and construction surveys.

1.4. ACCESSORIES FOR TOTAL STATION

With approximately more than 40 different models are available to choose, they are currently the dominant instrument in
surveying.
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The EDM instrument component installed in a Total Station is relatively small but still has distance ranges adequate for
most work. Lengths up to about 2 km can be measured with a single prism, and up to about 6 to 7 km with triple prism.
The angle resolution of available Total Stations varies from as low as a half-second for precise instruments suitable for
control surveys, up to 20″ for instruments made specifically for construction stakeout .
1.5. FUNCTIONS PERFORMED BY TOTAL STATIONS
Total Stations, with their micro processors, can perform a variety of functions and computations, depending on how they
are programmed. The capabilities vary with different instruments, but some standard computations include:
 Averaging multiple angle and distance measurements.
 Correcting electronically measured distances from prism constant, atmospheric pressure, and temperature.
 Making curvature and refraction corrections to elevations determine by trigonometric levelling.
 Reducing slope distances to their horizontal and vertical components.
 Calculating point elevations from the vertical distance components (supplemented with keyboard input of instrument
and reflector heights).
 Computing coordinates of survey points from horizontal angle and horizontal distance.
o Averages multiple angle measurements.
o Averages multiple distance measurements.
o Computes horizontal and vertical distances.
o Corrections for temp, pressure and humidity.
o Computes inverses, polars, resections.
o Computes X, Y and Z coordinates.
1.6.OPERATION OF TOTAL STATION
Because the Total Station contains delicate electronic components they are not as rugged as ordinary Theodolite. They
must be packed and transported carefully, handled gently and carefully removed form their cases.
The setting of Total Station over the station mark is similar to an ordinary Theodolite. This includes
 Centring
 Levelling
 Removal of parallax
Total Stations are controlled with entries made either through their built-in keyboards or through the keyboards of hand-
held data collectors.Details for operating each individual total station vary somewhat and therefore are not described here.
The accuracy achieved with total station is mainly depends on operator procedure of Careful centering and levelling of the
instrument
 Accurate pointing at targets.
 Taking averages of multiple angle measurements made in both direct and reverse positions
Peripheral equipment that can affect accuracy includes
 Tribrachs
 Optical plummets
 Prism and
 Prism poles
Tribrachs must provide a snug fit without slippage. Optical plummets that are out of adjustment cause instruments to be
set up erroneously over the measurement point. The prism poles should be perfectly vertical and prism should be well
fitted on that. Prisms should be checked frequently to determine their constants.
1.7. REMOTELY OPERATED TOTAL STATION (ROBOTIC)
The remote positioning unit (RPU) enables control of a total station instrument from a distance
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Robotic total stations allow the operator to control the instrument from a distance via remote control.Robotic systems offer
reflector less measurement superior to any other instrument available – capable of precision measurements this technology
has tremendous benefits for every user. This eliminates the need for an assistant staff member as the operator holds the
reflector and controls the total station from the observed point. The remote positioning unit, which is attached to a prism
pole, has a built-in telemetry link for communication with the total station. Even a person is not needed near the total
station. The Total station automatically moves and locates the target. A person is required at the target at different survey
locations. The Robotic Total stations speed up the survey work and reduce the manpower. Robotic total station is the
latest, most advanced system on the market today that boasts a new modern design, faster motors, 2000 meter reflectorless
range. Available in 1, 3, and 5 second angle accuracies, you can select the instrument that best fits your requirements.
1.7.1. Features Include:
 Innovative, completely cable-free system design.
 New RC-3 with Superior XTRAC™ Quick-Lock tracking technology.
 The most advanced, longest range, and most powerful reflector less technology available.
 Full-color, graphical Windows Mobile instrument & field controller interface.
 Lighter weight than the competition.

1.8. Applications of Total Station

There are many other facilities available, the total station can be used for the following purposes.
 Detail survey i.e., data collection.
 Control Survey (Traverse).
 Height measurement (Remove elevation measurement- REM).
 Fixing of missing pillars (or) Setting out (or) Stake out.
 Resection.
 Area calculations, etc.
 Remote distance measurement (RDM) or Missing line measurement (MLM).
1.8.1. Data Collection Option
Measurements can be stored “on board” with all the total stations. The two options that are available are
 Data can be stored directly in the memory of the microcomputer, and later downloaded to an external storage device
via a RS – 232 connections.
 The second option is the removable memory card. When one card is full, it can be removed and another card can be
quickly installed.
1.8.2. Detail Survey
Given two points whose coordinates are known, a total station can be used to get the coordinates of various other points
based upon those two co-ordinates. Care should be taken that the new points survey are carefully coded. The Map of the
area can be obtained after downloading and processing.
1.8.3. CONTROL SURVEY / TRAVERSE:
It is similar to any type of EDM Traverse.
Definition of Traverse: –
Traverse is the method of control survey in providing horizontal and vertical controls along a pre-defined route by means
of establishing a series of connected lines joining the traverse stations.
1.8.4. TRAVERSE:
 In traverse a number of connected survey lines form a framework of survey.
 The direction and length of survey lines are measured with the help of an angular measuring device (Theodolite) and
distance measuring device ( Tape, chain, EDM, GPS etc.).

Figure 1: Traverse
1.8.5. CLASSIFICATION OF TRAVERSE (BASED ON ACCURACY &
BASED ON INSTRUMENT USED ):
 Based on accuracy
o Primary traverse: accuracy 1:50,000 (Instrument: T3 and invar wire)
o Secondary traverse: accuracy 1:20,000 (Instrument: T3 and EDM)
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o Tertiary traverse: accuracy 1:1000 (Instrument: T2 and Chain)

1:2000 (Instrument: T2 and Steel Band)
 Based on Instrument used
o Chain traverse
o EDM traverse
o Plane-table traverse

1.8.6. Classification of Traverse:

 Open traverse: Starts from a known control point and ends at unknown point.

Figure 2: Open Traverse

 Closed traverse: Starts from and ends at known control points.

Figure 3: Closed Traverse

 Closed Circuit traverse: Starts from and ends at known control points.

Figure 4: Closed Circuit Traverse

1.8.7. APPLICATION OF TRAVERSE

 Providing control points for large scale surveys.
 Boundary surveys
 Fixing route of a river, road, canal accurately.
 Project surveys.
 Alignment surveys and many more.
 True North i.e. Meridian line
 Grid North line
 Magnetic North line
 Any arbitrary reference line.
1.8.8. THE REFERENCE LINE MAY BE:
Azimuth:
 Azimuth of any survey line or traverse leg is the clockwise angle from True North.
Grid Bearing:
 Grid Bearing of any survey line or traverse leg is the clockwise angle from Grid North.
Magnetic Bearing:
 Magnetic Bearing of any survey line or traverse leg is the clockwise angle from Magnetic North.
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1.8.9. AZIMUTH AND GRID BEARING:

1. Azimuth can be obtained by astronomical observations.
2. Azimuth can be computed by Latitude and Longitude (Spherical coordinates).
3. Grid Bearing can be obtained by astronomical observations by applying Convergency.
4. Grid Bearing can be computed by Grid coordinates.

Figure 5: Azimuth and Grid Bearing

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1.9. REMOTE ELEVATION MEASUREMENT (REM)

The process of finding the height of objects without actually going to the top of the object is known as Remote Elevation
Measuring (REM) i.e., a total station placed remotely (faraway) from the object is used to measure the heights.

Figure 6: Remote Elevation Measurement

Method: The prism is kept at the base of the object sight the telescope to the prism, and measure the slope distance ‘d’,
now tilt the telescope up-to the tip of the object. The height of the object is displayed, from the bottom of the prism
depending upon the instrument.
This feature measures the elevation of a point where a prism can not be placed directly. The measurement is extended
along the plumb line while the elevation is continuously displayed.
Remote Elevation Measurement:
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Figure 7: Remote Elevation Measurement

1.9.1. REMOTE DISTANCE MEASUREMENT (RDM) OR MISSING
LINE MEASUREMENT (MLM):
The process of finding the distance between two points A & B (which are not inter-visible from each other) from another
point ‘I’ (instrument position) is known as RDM.
This method is very useful for finding distances between two points which has an obstruction between them. It is of two
types:
 Continuous
 Radial

Figure 8: Remote Distance Measurement

Distances can be obtained either in the continuous mode i.e., AB, BC,CD, DE,EF etc., or in the radial mode i.e.,
AB,AC,AD,AE,AF etc., however, the field procedure is same for both only the selection of operation varies. This is
required when there are obstructions in between survey line.

Figure 6: Missing Line Measurement

1.9.2. FIXING OF MISSING PILLARS (OR) SETTING OUT (OR)

STAKE OUT:
The process of fixing missing pillars on the ground using its theoretical coordinates is known as STAKE OUT. Here two
other known coordinates are required.
 Process of finding the positions of known coordinates points e.g. missing boundary pillars.

Figure 7: Stake Out

1.9.3. RESECTION:
The process of finding the coordinate of the instrument position making use of other control points (points whose
coordinates are known) is known as RESECTION.
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Figure 8: Resection

1.9.4. AREA CALCULATION:

Area can be computed of any figure just by giving the coordinates of the corner of the figure.
 Area Calculation.
 Process of finding the area of a closed figure.

Figure 9: Area Calculation

1.9.5. USES OF TOTAL STATION
The uses of Total Station are as follows:
 Mine Survey
 Cadastral Survey
 Engineering Survey
 Large Scale Survey
 Road / Rail / Canal Survey
Some total stations also have a GNSS interface which combines the advantages of these two technologies (GNSS – line
of sight not required between measured points; Total Station – high precision measurement especially in the vertical axis
compared with GNSS) and reduce the consequences of each technology’s disadvantages (GNSS – poor accuracy in the
vertical axis and lower accuracy without long occupation periods; Total Station – requires line of sight observations and
must be set up over a known point or with line of sight to 2 or more points with known location)