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Chapter 4 - 2 PDF

This document provides an overview and detailed explanation of circuit theorems covered in Chapter 4 of Circuit Analysis 1. It discusses the superposition theorem, source transformation theorem, Thevenin's theorem, Norton's theorem, and maximum power transfer theorem. For each theorem, it provides the definition, steps to apply the theorem, and examples with complete solutions. The examples cover circuits with and without dependent sources.

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Rakeesh Raveen
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206 views61 pages

Chapter 4 - 2 PDF

This document provides an overview and detailed explanation of circuit theorems covered in Chapter 4 of Circuit Analysis 1. It discusses the superposition theorem, source transformation theorem, Thevenin's theorem, Norton's theorem, and maximum power transfer theorem. For each theorem, it provides the definition, steps to apply the theorem, and examples with complete solutions. The examples cover circuits with and without dependent sources.

Uploaded by

Rakeesh Raveen
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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EEEB113

Circuit Analysis 1
Chapter 4
Circuit Theorems
By : Nur Fadilah Ab Aziz
Email : Nfadilah@uniten.edu.my
Room : BN-1-031
OVERVIEW
1. Superposition Theorem
2. Source Transformation Theorem
3. Thevenin’s Theorem
4. Norton’s Theorem
5. Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
1. SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
 Definition:

The superposition states that: the voltage across (or current


through) an element in a linear circuit is the algebraic sum of
the voltages across (or currents through) that element due
to EACH independent source acting alone.

* Another approach to determine voltage/current if a circuit has two or more independent sources
1. SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
 The principle of superposition helps us to analyze a linear circuit
with more than one independent source by calculating the
contribution of each independent source separately and then
adding them up.
 Example:
The total value of v is obtained by
considering the contribution from 6 V
and 3 A one by one, and then add the
two contribution from the two sources
together for the final value.
1. SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
 When applying superposition, keep in mind that:

1. Only one independent source at a time and the other


independent source are made 0 (turn off):
i. Voltage source  0 V (short circuit)
ii. Current source  0 A (open circuit)
2. Dependent sources are left intact because they are controlled
by circuit variables.
1. SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
- Steps to apply the theorem
1. SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
- Example 1 (E. 4.3)
1. SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
- Example 1 (Step 1 & Step 2)
1. SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
- Example 1 (Step 3)
1. SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
- Example 2 (P.P. 4.3)
1. SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
- Example 2 (Solution)
1. SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
- Exercise 1 (P.P. 4.4)
1. SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
- Exercise 2 (P.P. 4.5)
2. SOURCE TRANSFORMATION THEOREM
 Another tool to simplify circuit
 Use the concept of equivalent circuits – the v-i characteristics are
identical with the original circuit

Source Transformation is the process of replacing a voltage


source in series with a resistor with a current source parallel
with the resistor or vice versa.
2. SOURCE TRANSFORMATION THEOREM
 An ideal voltage source, Vs in series with resistor, R can be
transformed into an ideal current source, Is in parallel with resistor,
R using the relation Vs = IsR and vice versa.

a) Independent Source Transformation


SOURCE TRANSFORMATION THEOREM

b) Dependent Source Transformation

NOTES:
1. The arrow of the I source is directed towards the positive terminal of the V source.
2. NOT possible when: a) R = 0 (voltage sorce) b) R = ∞ (current source)
2. SOURCE TRANSFORMATION THEOREM
- Example 1 (P.P. 4.6)
2. SOURCE TRANSFORMATION THEOREM
- Example 1 (Solution)
2. SOURCE TRANSFORMATION THEOREM
- Example 1 (Solution)
2. SOURCE TRANSFORMATION THEOREM
- Example 1 (Solution)
2. SOURCE TRANSFORMATION THEOREM
- Example 1 (Solution)
2. SOURCE TRANSFORMATION THEOREM
- Exercise 1

ix = 7.059 mA
2. SOURCE TRANSFORMATION THEOREM
- Exercise 2
THEVENIN’s AND NORTON’s THEOREM
 Both theorems help to simplify complex circuit to a simpler equivalent circuit.

Complicated circuit Simpler circuit

We are interested on the value of V


and I across and through the load
THEVENIN’s AND NORTON’s THEOREM
3. THEVENIN’s THEOREM
 Definition:

Thevenin’s Theorem states that: A linear two-terminal circuit


can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a
voltage source, VTh in series with a resistor, RTh.
VTh = open circuit voltage at the terminals
RTh = input or equivalent resistance at the terminal when
the independent sources are turned off.
3. THEVENIN’s THEOREM
3. THEVENIN’s THEOREM
- Steps to find VTh and RTh
1. The terminal are made open circuited by removing the load and determine the Voc across
the terminal, where Voc = VTh.
3. THEVENIN’s THEOREM
- Steps to find VTh and RTh
2. Turn off all the independent sources and find the resistance, RTh ‘looking in’ at the terminals

To Determine RTh (Case 1: NO Dependent Sources)

 Turn off all independent sources.


 Find RTh where it is the equivalent resistance at point ‘a’ and ‘b’ terminals.
3. THEVENIN’s THEOREM
- Steps to find VTh and RTh
To Determine RTh (Case 2: Circuit HAS Dependent Sources) For Case 2:

a) Any value can


 Turn off all independent sources but dependent sources REMAIN as they are.
be assumed for Vo
 Introduce a voltage (or current) source across the ‘a’ and ‘b’ terminals. and Io (usually
Vo =1V and Io =1A)

𝑽𝒐
b) 𝑹𝑻𝒉 = 𝑰𝒐

c) RTh < 0 implies


that circuit is
supplying power
(possible in a
circuit WITH
dependent source)
3. THEVENIN’s THEOREM
- Steps to find VTh and RTh
3. Determine the current through the load, IL and voltage across the load, VL using the
Thevenin equivalent circuit.
3. THEVENIN’s THEOREM
- Ex. 1, P.P 4.8 (NO dependent sources)
3. THEVENIN’s THEOREM
- Example 1, P.P 4.8 (Step 1)
3. THEVENIN’s THEOREM
- Example 1, P.P 4.8 (Step 1)
3. THEVENIN’s THEOREM
- Example 1, P.P 4.8 (Step 2)
3. THEVENIN’s THEOREM
- Example 1, P.P 4.8 (Step 3)
3. THEVENIN’s THEOREM
- Exercise 1

I = 0.482 A
3. THEVENIN’s THEOREM
- Exercise 2
3. THEVENIN’s THEOREM
- Ex. 2, P.P 4.9 (HAS dependent sources)
3. THEVENIN’s THEOREM
- Example 2, P.P 4.9 (Step 1)
3. THEVENIN’s THEOREM
- Example 2, P.P 4.9 (Step 2)
3. THEVENIN’s THEOREM
- Exercise 3
4. NORTON’s THEOREM
 Definition:

Norton’s Theorem states that: A linear two-terminal circuit can


be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a current
source, IN in parallel with a resistor, RN.
IN = short circuit current through the terminals
RTh = RTh, input or equivalent resistance at the terminal
when the independent sources are turned off.
4. NORTON’s THEOREM
4. NORTON’s THEOREM
- Steps to find RN and IN
4. NORTON’s THEOREM
- Steps to find RN and IN
4. NORTON’s THEOREM
- Ex. 1, E. 4.11 (NO dependent sources)
4. NORTON’s THEOREM
- Example 1, E. 4.11 (Step 1)
4. NORTON’s THEOREM
- Example 1, E. 4.11 (Step 2)
4. NORTON’s THEOREM
- Example 1, E. 4.11 (Step 2)
4. NORTON’s THEOREM
- Example 1, E. 4.11 (Step 2)
4. NORTON’s THEOREM
- Exercise 1, P.P. 4.11
4. NORTON’s THEOREM
- Exercise 2
4. NORTON’s THEOREM
- Ex. 2, E. 4.12 (HAS dependent sources)
4. NORTON’s THEOREM
- Example 2, E. 4.12 (Step 1)
4. NORTON’s THEOREM
- Example 2, E. 4.12 (Step 2)
4. NORTON’s THEOREM
- Exercise 3, P.P. 4.12
5. MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER
5. MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER
- Example 1, E. 4.13
5. MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER
- Example 1, E. 4.13 (Solution)
5. MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER
- Exercise 1, E. 4.13

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