RATIFICATION PAGE

Complete report of Human Anatomy and Physiology practicum with title

“Determination of Blood Pressure and Blood Glucose”, that arranged by:
Name : Nurul Athirah Arbi
ID : 1114040168
Group : I (One)
Class : ICP A 2011
Has been checked by Assistant and Assistant Coordinator, so this report
was accepted.

Makassar, June 25th 2014

Assistant Coordinator , Assistant,

Firdaus, S.Pd Firdaus, S.Pd

 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

A. Background
The transport system in the human body is composed of parts of the
heart, blood vessels and blood. Blood is composed of blood plasma and
blood cells. All men must have blood. But there is the same blood type and
there are different blood group. Blood type is hereditary trait that can be
derived from the parental and maternal to offspring. Social activities that
sometimes we encounter in our daily lives is the blood donation. Perhaps
there is among you ever donate blood. Before you transfuse your blood,
blood type test must have done beforehand. It is important to separate the
blood group what will be required by the recipient in need. There is blood in
your body has a special component that expresses your blood type. It is the
presence or absence of components agglutinogen in the blood serum and the
presence of agglutinin on the surface of red blood cells. It is very important
to know, that your blood transfusion match with the recipient and no
rejection system of the recipient's body.
Although all blood is made of the same basic elements, not all blood is
alike. In fact, there are eight different common blood types, which are
determined by the presence or absence of certain antigens – substances that
can trigger an immune response if they are foreign to the body. Since some
antigens can trigger a patient's immune system to attack the transfused blood,
safe blood transfusions depend on careful blood typing and cross-matching.
Human blood is grouped into four types: A, B, AB, and O. Each letter refers
to a kind of antigen, or protein, on the surface of red blood cells. For example,
the surface of red blood cells in Type A blood has antigens known as A-
antigens.
In experiment this time we will discuss about the above by using
probandus of the body apprentice so that blood type can be determined so that
 a time of need will be ready for use, other than that blood sugar levels will
also note in this experiment.
B. Purpose
The purpose of this experiment is to find out blood type and blood
glucose of probandus.
C. Benefit
The benefit that can we accept from this experiment is to know and to
find out blood type and blood glucose of probandus.
 CHAPTER II
PREVIEW OF LITERATURE

More than 50 antigens have been identified on erythrocyte membranes, but

the most significant in terms of their potential harm to patients are classified in
two groups: the ABO blood group and the Rh blood group. The ABO Blood
Group Although the ABO blood group name consists of three letters, ABO blood
typing designates the presence or absence of just two antigens, A and B. Both are
glycoproteins. People whose erythrocytes have A antigens on their erythrocyte
membrane surfaces are designated blood type A, and those whose erythrocytes
have B antigens are blood type B (Bill, 2003: 763).
To obtain precision in a blood transfusion to the recipient we need there is
necessary blood between donors as blood donors. Blood transfusion from
incompatible groups can cause an immunological transfusion reaction resulting in
hemolysis anemia, kidney failure, shock and death. In addition, except the
matching blood type, the condition that the donated blood must be healthy. In this
case should not contain glucose levels (positive db) and must be free of other
diseases. Blood glucose is a term that refers to the level of glucose in the blood.
Flowing through the blood glucose is the main source of energy for body cells.
Generally, it levels to survive in the narrow confines of the day: 4-8 mmol/l (70-
150 mg/dl) (Taiyeb, 2014:24).
Antigens are substances that the body does not recognize as belonging to
the “self” and that therefore trigger a defensive response from the leukocytes of
the immune system. (Seek more content for additional information on immunity.)
Here, we will focus on the role of immunity in blood transfusion reactions. With
RBCs in particular, you may see the antigens referred to as isoantigens or
agglutinogens (surface antigens) and the antibodies referred to as isoantibodies or
agglutinins. In this chapter, we will use the more common terms antigens and
antibodies. Antigens are generally large proteins, but may include other classes of
organic molecules, including carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. Following
an infusion of incompatible blood, erythrocytes with foreign antigens appear in
the bloodstream and trigger an immune response. Proteins called antibodies
(immunoglobulins), which are produced by certain B lymphocytes called plasma
cells, attach to the antigens on the plasma membranes of the infused erythrocytes
and cause them to adhere to one another (Bill, 2003: 763).
According to Anonym (2014), There are four major blood groups
determined by the presence or absence of two antigens – A and B – on the surface
of red blood cells:
1. Group A – has only the A antigen on red cells (and B antibody in the plasma)
2. Group B – has only the B antigen on red cells (and A antibody in the plasma)
3. Group AB – has both A and B antigens on red cells (but neither A nor B
antibody in the plasma)
4. Group O – has neither A nor B antigens on red cells (but both A and B
antibody are in the plasma)
There are very specific ways in which blood types must be matched for a safe
transfusion. See the chart below:

In addition to the A and B antigens, there is a third antigen called the Rh factor,
which can be either present (+) or absent ( – ). In general, Rh negative blood is
given to Rh-negative patients, and Rh positive blood or Rh negative blood may be
given to Rh positive patients.
1. The universal red cell donor has Type O negative blood type.
 The universal plasma donor has Type AB positive blood type. Four valves
in the heart prevent backflow and keep blood moving in the correct direction.
Made of flaps of connective tissue, the valves open when pushed from one side
and close when pushed from the other. Ana trio ventricular (AV) valve lies
between each atrium and ventricle. The AV valves are anchored by strong fibers
that prevent them from turning inside out. Pressure generated by the powerful
contraction of the ventricles closes the AV valves, keeping blood from flowing
back into the atria. Semilunar valves are located at the two exits of the heart:
where the aorta leaves the left ventricle and where the pulmonary artery leaves the
right ventricle. These valves are pushed open by the pressure generated during
contraction of the ventricles. When the ventricles relax, blood pressure built up in
the aorta closes the semilunar valves and prevents significant backflow. You can
follow the closing of the two sets of heart valves either with a stethoscope or by
pressing your ear tightly against the chest of a friend (or a friendly dog)
(Campbell, 2008: 903).
According to Verdin, (2014), there are three forms of the gene (alleles)
that control the A B O blood group, which are designated as iA, iB, and i. You
have two alleles (one from your mother and one from your father), which are
referred to as your genotype. The inheritance of the alleles is co-dominant,
meaning that if the allele is present, it gets expressed. (See How Gene Pools Work
for more information.)
The following genotypes will yield these blood types:
1. iA iA or iA i- Both genotypes produce the A protein (type A).
2. iB iB or iB i- Both genotypes produce the B protein (type B).
3. iA iB- This genotype produces the A and B protein(type A B).
4. I i- This genotype produces no protein (type O).
 CHAPTER III
EXPERIMENT METHOD

A. Time and Place

Day/Date : Tuesday/June 10th 2014
Time : 11.20 A.M until 01.00 P.M
Place : Biology Laboratory in east part in 3rd floor at FMIPA
UNM.

B. Tool and Material

1. Tools
a. Blood lancet
b. Objects glass
c. Glucometer
2. Materials
a. Cotton
b. Alcohol
c. Blood probandus
d. Serum anti-A
e. Serum anti-B

C. Work produce
1. Blood Type Test
a. Marked with marker on object glass A and B.
b. Put on one drop of probandus’s blood.
c. Dropped in the are one drop of serum anti-a and anti-b serum in area b
area one drop of serum anti-a and anti-b.
d. Stirred the mixture at c point and observed the agglutination.
2. Blood glucose test
a. Matched the strips is used to measure blood glucose.
b. Cleaned the tip used alcohol, then stubbed with it with blood lancet, put
one drop of blood on the strip.
c. Read the glucose level on the glucometer.
 CHAPTER IV
OBSERVATION RESULT

A. Observation result
Group data

No Probandus Blood Type Blood Glucose

1 Nurul Athirah Arbi O -

2 Ainin Irfika A. Jalal B -
3 Hardiyanti M. A -
4 Feby Amalia A -
5 Anugerah Lestari B -
6 Sri Wahyuningsih B -
7 Murni Amalia O -

𝐵𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑑 𝑇𝑦𝑝𝑒 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦

Blood Type Percentage = 𝑥100%
𝐴𝑙𝑙 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑠

1. Percentage of A blood type =

= 2 X 100% = 28, 57%
7

2. Percentage of B blood type =

3
= X 100% = 42, 85%
7

3. Percentage of O blood type =

2
= X 100% = 28, 57%
7

4. Percentage of AB blood type =

0
= X 100% = 0%
7
B. Discussion
In this experiment we testing the blood type and blood glucose but the
glucometer that not good so we only testing the blood type, in my group one
is two people have O blood, three people have B blood, two blood have A
blood, and no people have AB blood, and about blood glucose we cant
measure it because the tool is fault. The different blood type caused by the
allele that have. Two probandus have O type blood are Athirah and Murni
with percentage 28,57%, two probandus have A type are Yanti and Feby with
percentage 28,57%, and three probandus have B type are Ainin, Lestari and
Ningsih with percentage 42,85%.
Based on the theory There are three forms of the gene (alleles) that
control the A B O blood group, which are designated as iA, iB, and i. You
have two alleles (one from your mother and one from your father), which are
referred to as your genotype. The inheritance of the alleles is co-dominant,
meaning that if the allele is present, it gets expressed. The following
genotypes will yield these blood types: iA iA or iA i- Both genotypes produce
the A protein (type A), iB iB or iB i- Both genotypes produce the B protein
(type B), iA iB- This genotype produces the A and B protein(type A B), I i-
This genotype produces no protein (type O). So, the blood type does not
necessarily tell you exactly which alleles you have.
There is red blood cells that have antigens A, B antigens, and antigens
A, B. But there are also red blood cells do not have antigen A and B. These
blood cells have only just agglutinins in the blood plasma. Someone will have
blood type A, when the red blood cells have antigens A and has a blood
plasma β agglutinin (anti-B). Someone will be blood type B, when the red
blood cells and plasma B antigen blood have agglutinins α (anti-A). Then,
people will be blood type AB, if the red blood cells have antigens A and B,
but in the blood plasma has no agglutinins α and β. Meanwhile, people with
blood type O or 0, when the red blood cells do not have antigen A and B, only
in blood plasma has agglutinins α and β.
 When red blood cells containing aglutinogen A person's blood serum
and make agglutinin β, then the person has blood type A. In contrast, when
the red blood cells contain a person's blood serum aglutinogen B and make
agglutinins α, then the person is categorized as blood type B.
Then, if the person's red blood cells containing aglutinogen A and B,
while the blood serum can not make agglutinins α and β, then the person has
blood type AB. Conversely, when a person's red blood cells not to
grandmother aglutinogen A and B, while the blood serum can make
agglutinins α and β, then the person has blood type O or 0.
 CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion
After doing observation, we can concluded that we can know the
blood type of probandus, two probandus have O type blood are Athirah and
Murni with percentage 28,57%, two probandus have A type are Yanti and
Feby with percentage 28,57%, and three probandus have B type are Ainin,
Lestari and Ningsih with percentage 42,85%.
B. Suggestion
1. For Apprentice
Should be carefully to do this observation, especially to using tools from
laboratory.
2. For Assistant
Assistant advisable to always accompany the apprentice during the
experiment to avoid the mistake in work procedure.
3. For Laboratory
Should update laboratory equipment that is damaged or inadequate with
regard, for example, some glucometer that are not complete should be
replaced.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Anonym. 2014. Blood Types. http://www.redcrossblood.org/learn-about-

blood/blood-types. Accessed at June, 24th 2014.

Bill, 2003.An Introduction to the Human Body. Texas: Openstax Collage.

Champbell, Neil A, 2008. Biology 9th. San Francisco: Pearson Benjamin

Cummings.

Taiyeb, Mushawwir, at all. 2014. Guidebook of Practicum Human Anatomy and

Physiology. Makassar: Biology Department FMIPA UNM.
Verdin, 2014. Blood Type. England: Pearson.