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Bernoulli 2 Introooooooooooooooo

Bernoulli's principle states that as the speed of a moving fluid increases, the pressure within the fluid decreases. It is named after Daniel Bernoulli and can be derived from the conservation of energy principle. Bernoulli's principle explains that as fluid flows through a narrowing pipe, its speed increases and pressure decreases. It can be represented by the Bernoulli equation, which relates pressure, velocity, and elevation for a fluid passing through a pipe or constriction under certain conditions like inviscid, steady, and incompressible flow.

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37 views

Bernoulli 2 Introooooooooooooooo

Bernoulli's principle states that as the speed of a moving fluid increases, the pressure within the fluid decreases. It is named after Daniel Bernoulli and can be derived from the conservation of energy principle. Bernoulli's principle explains that as fluid flows through a narrowing pipe, its speed increases and pressure decreases. It can be represented by the Bernoulli equation, which relates pressure, velocity, and elevation for a fluid passing through a pipe or constriction under certain conditions like inviscid, steady, and incompressible flow.

Uploaded by

Nur Diyanah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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INTRODUCTION

Bernoulli's Principle is a physical principle formulated that states that "as the speed of a
moving fluid increases, the pressure within the fluid decreases. Bernoulli's principle is named
after the Swiss scientist Daniel Bernoulli. Bernoulli's principle states that for an in viscid flow,
an increase in the speed of the fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in pressure or a
decrease in the fluid's potential energy. Bernoulli's principle is named after the Swiss
scientist Daniel Bernoulli who published his principle in his book Hydrodynamica in 1738.

Bernoulli's principle can be derived from the principle of conservation of


energy. Bernoulli’s Principle can be demonstrated by the Bernoulli equation. The Bernoulli
equation is an approximate relation between pressure, velocity, and elevation. As a fluid passes
through a pipe that narrows or widens, the velocity and pressure of the fluid vary. As the pipe
narrows, the fluid flows more quickly.

Bernoulli's Principle tells that as the fluid flows more quickly through the narrow
sections, the pressure actually decreases rather than increases. Bernoulli's principle can be
explained in terms of the law of conservation of energy. As a fluid moves from a wider pipe
into a narrower pipe or a constriction, a corresponding volume must move a greater distance
forward in the narrower pipe and thus have a greater speed.

Bernoulli’s principle can be explained in terms of the law of conservation of energy. As


a fluid moves from a wider pipe into a narrow pipe, a corresponding volume must move a
greater distance forward in the narrow pipe and thus have a greater speed.

Meanwhile, continuity equation is an equation that explains the transport of a conserved


quantity. Continuity equations are a stronger form of conservation laws which state that energy
is locally conserved: Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, nor can it "teleport" from
one place to another, it can only move by a continuous flow.

However, Bernoulli’s Principle can only be applied under certain conditions. The
conditions to which Bernoulli’s equation applies are the fluid must be frictionless (in viscid)
and of constant density; the flow must be steady, continuous, incompressible, non-viscous fluid
flow, the total energy or total head remains constant at all the section along the fluid flow
provided there is no loss or addition of energy.
The Bernoulli equation:
𝑝 𝑣2
+ 2𝑔 + 𝑧 = ℎ∗ (𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡) (𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 4.7)
𝜌𝑔

Where,

𝑃 = 𝐹𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝜌 = 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑

𝑔 = 𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦

𝑣 = 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑧 = 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑎 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑚

ℎ∗ = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 (𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑

The terms on the left-hand-side of the above equation represent the pressure head (h), velocity
head (hv ), and elevation head (z), respectively. The sum of these terms is known as the total
head (h*). According to the Bernoulli’s theorem of fluid flow through a pipe, the total head h*
at any cross section is constant (based on the assumptions given above). In a real flow due to
friction and other imperfections, as well as measurement uncertainties, the results will deviate
from the theoretical ones.

𝑝 𝑣2
+ 2𝑔 = ℎ∗ (𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡)
𝜌𝑔

This represents the total head at a cross section.

In this experiment, the pressure head is denoted as hi and the total head is denoted as h*I,
where I represents the cross sections at different tapping points

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