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INTRODUCTION
BRAKE BY WIRE SYSTEM is an application of mechatronics, which
is the integration of electronic devices and mechanical systems in order to improve
the performance of the system.

Recent advances in dependable embedded system technology as well

as continuing for improved handling and passive and active safety improvement,
have led vehicle manufactures and suppliers to actively pursue development
programme in computer controlled by wire system. These subsystems include steer
and brake by wire and are composed of mechanically developed sets of actuators
and controllers connected through multiplexed, in making computer network.
There is no mechanical link to the driver. Steer and brake by wire provide a
number of packaging and assembling advantages over conventional subsystems.
For instance electromechanical brake by wire subsystems requires no hydraulic
fluid to store or load at the assembly plant and permit more modular assembly;
thus reducing the number of parts to be handled during production. Steer by wire
systems have no steering column and may also eliminate cross production cost
packaging and traffic safety.

The “by wire technology “as in drive, brake and steer is gaining
ground and is undoubtedly an automation solution of the future. The argument to
the support such “by wire systems” include reduced production cost and improved
traffic safety. Emerging drive by wire technologies offer new possibilities for
designing the braking characteristics of road vehicle. When sensors, controllers,
and actuators enormous flexibility is achieved in terms of control devices applied
and in terms of transfer functions of the braking systems replace the mechanical
link between the brake pedal and disc brake. This offers new possibilities for
optimizing the braking systems for mass produced vehicle. However the flexibility
is of even greater advantage in the area of car adjustment for drivers with the
physical disabilities.

Development and production of next generation of electrical

braking systems up to purely electric braking systems.
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CONVENTIONAL BRAKING SYSTEM

Primary function of the braking is to the bring the vehicle to rest in
the shortest possible distance and secondly, they must be enable to control the
vehicle to be retained when the descending long hills. The first demand calls for
brake which can apply large braking torques to the brake drums while the second
calls for brake that can be dissipate large quantities of heat without large
temperature rise.

Conventional braking system is shown below

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Conventional braking systems have many components like pedal, booster,

master cylinder, drum brake and disc brake etc.. The front wheel has disc brake
than drum brake. The disc brake is more efficient than drum brake during the
emergency stopping. The master cylinder is the major component in the
conventional braking system.

THE MASTER CYLINDER

Here is where you'll find the master cylinder:

Master cylinder location

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Diagram of master cylinder

Inside the master cylinder will be seen here, there are two pistons and two springs.

THE MASTER CYLINDER IN ACTION

When you press the brake pedal, it pushes on the primary piston
through a linkage. Pressure builds in the cylinder and lines as the brake pedal is
depressed further. The pressure between the primary and secondary piston forces
the secondary piston to compress the fluid in its circuit. If the brakes are operating
properly, the pressure will be the same in both circuits.
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If there is a leak in one of the circuits, that circuit will not be able to
maintain pressure. Here you can see what happens when one of the circuits
develops a leak. When the first circuit leaks, the pressure between the primary and
secondary cylinders is lost. This causes the primary cylinder to contact the
secondary cylinder. Now the master cylinder behaves as if it has only one piston.
The second circuit will function normally, but you can see from the animation that
the driver will have to press the pedal further to activate it. Since only two wheels
have pressure, the braking power will be severely reduced.

TYPES OF BRAKE BY WIRE

Conventional braking system is changed to advanced brake by wire
system. Brake by wire systems can be classified into two.

1. ELECTRO MECHANICAL BRAKE BY WIRE (EMB)

2. ELECTRO HYDRAULIC BRAKE BY WIRE (EHB)

EHB is the brake by wire system with hydraulic back up. EHB falls
somewhere between conventional hydraulic systems and EMB systems. It will
show up on some luxury cars in the 2000 model year and could also be considered
brake by wire according to the trend. Though each wheel is assigned a
conventional hydraulic caliper (caliper is basically a mechanism that squeezes the
brake pad against the brake disc to produce the friction that slows the cars) an
electronically controlled valves controls the actual braking force (the pressure of
the fluid it releases).

Instead of pedal directly pushing the hydraulic servo, brake fluid

pressure is governed by electric pump connected to the brake pedal by wire, press
the pedal, activate the pump, and brake the car.
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NEW BRAKING SYSTEM BY WIRE

New braking system use more and more electrical components. This is
mainly because of two reasons, energy saving and installation simplification by
modular design.

ELECTRO MECHANICAL BRAKE BY WIRE (EMB)

EMB is the fully brake by wire systems without hydraulic back up is
still being debated. EMB realizes on electronic control of an electric motor to
provide braking safely and stably are at the heart of the push the automotive brake
by wire technology especially for a braking and steering combination. “ The goal is
to make the average driver as skilled as a professional test course driver in bringing
the vehicle back to a safe and stable condition from an unsafe one. Controlling the
brake at each wheel individually as is done in brake by wire and helping the driver
steer through a skid may prevent the accident.

By wire system also has a manufacturing and design advantages.

Brake by wire modules would plug into the corners of a car, near each wheel,
connected by a wire to a micro controller connected by wires to the brake pedal
making the car assembly easier and faster than putting a plumbing system in the
car. Also no hydraulic lines or fluid means that there is no fluid to renew or spills
that can ruin paint.

An EMB by wire system looks deceptively simple. Wires convey the

driver’s pressure from a sensor on the brake pedal to micro controller that relays
the signal to electromechanical brake actuators at each wheel. In turn the modular
actuators squeezes the brake pads against the brake disc to slow and stop the car
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In a brake by wire system, braking action desired by the driver is

transmitted by an electrical signal to each brake, rather than by hydraulics or, in the
case of heavy trucks, by air pressure. Brake by wire minimizes brake wear by
evenly spreading the load across all wheel brakes. This increases the life of brake
linings by 20 percent. All brake linings wear at the same rate and can be replaced
at the same interval, saving on down time for maintenance. Also, brake response
time is much quicker with electronic braking, shortening the stopping distance of
the vehicle. If a tractor is towing a trailer equipped with an electronic braking
system, the brakes will respond immediately and simultaneously on both the
tractor and trailer.
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COMPONENTS
• Four wheel brake modules
• Electronic controller
• Electronic pedal module with pedal feel simulator and sensors for
monitoring driver settings

SPECIAL REQUREMENTS FOR BRAKE BY WIRE SYSTEMS

• Actuators; the brake actuator has to be free of braking torque in case of
power loss.
• Sensors; triple redundancy is needed for the pedal sensors to get one valid
pedal measurement by the loss of one sensor.
• Power supply; two independent power supplies are needed.
• Communication; the communication system between the components has to
be fail-operational after one fault.
• Software; the software has to be certified.
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To reach these requirements new technologies have to be developed

for actuators, communication and electronic components. Redundancy is needed in
sensors, electric components, communication and power supply.

WORKING OF EMB
EMB is considered to brake by wire because it does away with
hydraulic link between the brake pedal and brake pad. EMB put a motor driven
caliper separated by 42V power at each wheel (42V technology refers to the
system voltage being embraced by car makers and suppliers who see the standard
12V battery as insufficient to supply the power. Whether the 42V system voltage
will be supplied by second lead acid battery and existing 12V battery remains
uncertain). Electronic control and caliper operate through a multiplex signal send
by a sensor in the brake pedal. Micro controllers on each wheel are connected to
the master controller with the ability to interrupt the signal between the pedal and
caliper that seeks the brake pad against the brake disc to produce the friction that
slows the car.
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COMPARISON WITH EMB AND CONVENTIONAL BRAKE

Working of EMB explained earlier, compare that to the conventional

brake on a car today. Pressing the brake pedal applies the hydraulic pressure (via
hydraulic fluid) to force the pad in the caliper assembly against the spinning the
brake disc on each wheel the friction produced between the disc and pad slows the
car.
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FILO CONCEPT OF CAR

Bertone, a leading automotive design house, and SKF designed the
Filo concept car, the automotive industries leading supplier of bearing and sealing
solutions. FILO is a drive by wire concept car. It is steered, braked and accelerated
utilizing by wire technology.

With the FILO, driver input (steering, accelaration, braking and gear
shifting) is translated into electric signals that go by wire to electromechanical
control unit. Electric motors take over the conventional mechanical or hydraulic
functions with integrated sensors and measurement systems determining the
position, force and displacement. The electronic logic between the actuators and
driver controls offers vehicle designers an easier way of making the vehicle feel
the programmable to suit the different drivers.
The FILO concept uses the “drive by wire” technology engineered by
SKF, enabling a radical re-evaluation of the man-machine interface and the
architectural of a car’s interior. STILE BERTONE has created a living space inside
a car devoid of the traditional constraints imposed on position and freedom of
movement.
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Mechatronics, combination of the mechanical devices under

intelligent, electrical control is at the heart of the FILO. It is this technique that
allows much of the interior redefinition allowing for a reassessment of a driver
interacts with the vehicle and environment in which it is being driven.
Stile Bertone utilizes “drive by wire “technology to redesign the
interior architecture of the automobile and create living space devoid of traditional
constraints imposed on positions and freedom of movement.

Finally freed of the bulky and potentially dangerous steering column,

the designers have been able to consider a dash board free of obstructions and
constraints, a large free surface simple, clean relaxing. A central binnacle houses
the information and driving equipment while the air outlet disappears and the air-
conditioning is diffused evenly. The waved floor offers various possibilities for the
driver to rest his feet, no longer restricted the presence of pedals. Both front and
rear seats have the appearance of lounge sofas with the rear positioned higher than
that of front to give greater visibility for the passengers. Entrance to the car is
made easier due to the absence of the central pillar. A much closer link between
the environment of the home and the car is inevitable.
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Bertone strongly believe that by utilizing fly-by-wire technology, the

overall safety and level of function will be improved. It will be increasingly
possible to integrate the comfort and luxuries of the home with the automobile.
Safety is improved in collision and there is a reduction of industrial investment to
change from right to left hand drive. By-wire is also an environmentally friendly
technology dispensing with hydraulic oil for the braking and power steering
systems. The feel for the driver’s controls from the Mechatronics actuation systems
is provided by a close looped sensor and feedback system. The car is a true concept
in not only a appearance but, perhaps more importantly in function. Bertone have
shown with the Filo that use of technology has already proven in other industries-
such as aerospace- can not only functionally improve the vehicle but also increase
the safety. FILO drive by wire technology, Bertone developed jointly with the SKF
has made it possible to radically rethink the man-car interface and car interior
architecture. No more pedals, therefore: wires control steering, accelerator,
gearbox, and clutch. And inside STILE BERTONE has created living space
unhampered but the usual restrictions to the freedom of position and movement.
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ADVANTAGES
• Assistance functions (ABS, BA, ESP,...) could be realized only by software
and sensors without additional mechanical or hydraulic components.
• Electrical interfaces instead of hydraulic interfaces, allow easier adapting of
assistance systems.
• Reduction of packaging problems.
• No brake fluid, no bleeding, and simple maintenance, ecological.
• Nearly rest torque free.
• No mechanical links between the brake components and the engine
compartment, improving passive safety.
• No perceptible noise emission when braking.
• Reduced costs for assembly during line production.
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CONCLUSION
This paper presents various types of electrical braking systems and
their system structure starting from the conventional to new brake by wire systems
(EMB). EMB is the fully brake by wire systems without hydraulic back up. The
goal of brake by wire is to make the average driver as skilled as professional
driving in stabilizing the car. The electric controllers instead of hydraulic linkages
is used, yielding energy saving and flexibility of installation. Electric braking
system by wire pursues this trend and offers additional advantages since no
hydraulic system is required. EMB by wire systems without hydraulic back up is
purely brake by wire were discussed. It has been stated that redundant fail safe
structure for electrical and electronic components to be established due to the fact
that no mechanical or hydraulic linkages between he braking system are available.

Future innovative braking function such as vehicle dynamic

intervention, collision avoidance, tracking assistance, automatic lateral guidance
and finally autonomous driving functions will be implemented in a systems
compound of various vehicles. Future braking systems thus have to be integrated
into a system compound of in terms of interfaces and functions. The brake by wire
principle becomes absolutely necessary when this innovative function is to be
achieved. The customer will produce transition to the purely electric braking
system step by step, both for safety reasons and acceptance. The path will be lead
from electrical braking via brake by wire system with hydraulic or mechanical
backup system towards purely electromechanical brake by wire systems.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY

www.wikipedia.org

www.howstuffworks.com

www.delphi.com

www.bmw.com

www.diseno-art.com