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Descartes Rule of Signs Proof

This document presents a proof of Descartes' Rule of Signs, which states that the number of positive roots of a polynomial is either equal to the number of sign changes in its coefficients or is less than that by an even number. The proof uses facts about polynomials, including that a real zero of odd multiplicity causes the graph to cross the x-axis, and proceeds by strong induction on the degree of the polynomial. Corollaries extend the result to negative roots and polynomials with real coefficients.

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Sabyasachi Debnath
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158 views3 pages

Descartes Rule of Signs Proof

This document presents a proof of Descartes' Rule of Signs, which states that the number of positive roots of a polynomial is either equal to the number of sign changes in its coefficients or is less than that by an even number. The proof uses facts about polynomials, including that a real zero of odd multiplicity causes the graph to cross the x-axis, and proceeds by strong induction on the degree of the polynomial. Corollaries extend the result to negative roots and polynomials with real coefficients.

Uploaded by

Sabyasachi Debnath
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Proof of Descartes’s Rule of Signs

Teck-Cheong Lim
Department of Mathematical Sciences
George Mason University
4400, University Drive
Fairfax, VA 22030
U.S.A.
e-mail address: tlim@gmu.edu

The following proof, based on a paper by Wang, uses some facts from calcu-
lus.
Definition 1 Let a be a real zero of a polynomial P (x). We say that the graph
of P crosses the x-axis at a if there is an  > 0 such that P assumes different
signs on (a − , a) and (a, a + ); i.e. either P (x) > 0 on (a − , a) and P (x) < 0
on (a, a + ), or P (x) < 0 on (a − , a) and P (x) > 0 on (a, a + ).

Fact 1 Let a be a real zero of a polynomial P (x). The graph of P crosses the
x-axis at a if and only if the multiplicity of a is odd.

Proof.
Suppose that the multiplicity of a is m, m being an odd positive integer. Then
P (x) = (x − a)m Q(x), where Q is a polynomial with Q(a) 6= 0. Assume that
Q(a) > 0. By continuity of Q, there exists  > 0 such that Q(x) > 0 for all
x ∈ (a − , a + ). It follows that P (x) < 0 on (a − , a) and P (x) > 0 on
(a, a + ). Similarly if Q(a) < 0, then P (x) > 0 on (a − , a) and P (x) < 0 on
(a, a + ) for some  > 0.
The same argument shows that if m is an even positive integer, then P assumes
the same sign on (a − , a) and (a, a + ) for some  > 0, proving that P does
not cross the x-axis at a. Q.E.D.
Fact 2 A polynomial of degree n, n ≥ 1 can have at most n real zeros, counting
multiplicities.

Fact 3 Let P (x) = a0 +a1 x+· · ·+an xn , n ≥ 1, an 6= 0. Then limx→∞ P (x) = ∞


if an > 0, and limx→∞ P (x) = −∞ if an < 0.

Proposition 1 Let P (x) = a0 xb0 + · · · + an xbn , where ai , i = 0, · · · , n are


nonzero real numbers, and 0 ≤ b0 < b1 < · · · < bn are integers. Then P (x) has
an even number of positive zeros, counting multiplicities, if and only if a0 an > 0

1
Proof.
Since P has the same number of positive zeros as a0 + a1 xc1 + · · · + an xcn , where
ci = bi − b0 , we may assume that b0 = 0. a0 an > 0 implies that P (0) = a0 and
limx→∞ P (x) have the same sign. It follows that P can cross the positive x-axis
an even number of times, each time corresponding to a zero of odd multiplicity
by Fact 1. P may have other positive zeros of even multiplicity. Therefore P
has an even number of positive zeros. On the other hand, if a0 an < 0, the same
argument proves that P has an odd number of positive zeros. Q.E.D.
Fact 4 Suppose a is a real zero of polynomial P (x) of multiplicity m, then a is
a zero of P 0 (x), the derivative of P , of multiplicity m − 1 if m ≥ 2; not a zero
of P 0 if m = 1.
Proposition 2 Let z(P ), z(P 0 ) denote the number of positive zeros of P and
P 0 respectively. Then
z(P 0 ) ≥ z(P ) − 1
Proof.
Suppose z0 < z1 < · · · < zk are the positive zeros of P of multiplicities
m0 , · · · , mk respectively. By Rolle’s theorem P 0 has at least one zero strictly
between each consecutive zi ’s. It follows from Fact 4 that
z(P 0 ) ≥ (m0 − 1) + · · · + (mk − 1) + k = z(P ) − 1
Notation 1 Let P (x) = a0 xb0 + · · · + an xbn , where ai , i = 0, · · · , n are nonzero
real numbers, and 0 ≤ b0 < b1 < · · · < bn are integers. v(P ) will denote the
number of sign changes in the sequence a0 , · · · , an .
Theorem 1 (Descares’s Rule of Signs) Let P (x) = a0 xb0 + · · · + an xbn ,
where ai , i = 0, · · · , n are nonzero real numbers, and 0 ≤ b0 < b1 < · · · < bn are
integers. The number of positive zeros of P , counting multiplicities, is either
equal to v(P ) or less than that by an even number.
Proof.
The theorem is evidently true for bn = 1. Assume that it is true for polynomials
of degree less than bn . Consider two cases:
Case 1: a0 a1 > 0. Then v(P ) = v(P 0 ). By induction hypothesis z(P 0 ) ≤ v(P 0 )
and z(P 0 ) = v(P 0 ) mod 2. By Proposition 1, z(P ) = z(P 0 ) mod 2. So z(P ) =
v(P ) mod 2. By Proposition 2,
z(P ) ≤ z(P 0 ) + 1 ≤ v(P 0 ) + 1 = v(P ) + 1
This together with z(P ) = v(P ) mod 2 yields z(P ) ≤ v(P ) and the conclusion
of the theorem.
Case 2: a0 a1 < 0. Then v(P ) = v(P 0 ) + 1. By induction hypothesis z(P 0 ) ≤
v(P 0 ) and z(P 0 ) = v(P 0 ) mod 2. By Proposition 1, z(P ) 6= z(P 0 ) mod 2, which
together with v(P ) 6= v(P 0 ) mod 2 and v(P 0 ) = z(P 0 ) mod 2 yields z(P ) =
v(P ) mod 2. By Proposition 2,
z(P ) ≤ z(P 0 ) + 1 ≤ v(P 0 ) + 1 = v(P )

2
This completes the proof. Q.E.D.
Corollary 1 Let P (x) = a0 xb0 + · · · + an xbn , where ai , i = 0, · · · , n are nonzero
real numbers, and 0 ≤ b0 < b1 < · · · < bn are integers. The number of negative
zeros of P , counting multiplicities, is either equal to v(P ∗ ) or less than that by
an even number, where P ∗ (x) = P (−x).
Proof.
a is a negative zero of P (x) with multiplicity m if and only if −a is a positive
zero of P (−x) of the same multiplicity.

References
[1] Xiaoshen Wang, A simple proof of Descartes’s Rule of Signs,Amer. Math.
Monthly 111 (2004), pp. 525 - 526.

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