Sustainable Development Goals

GOAL 1: No Poverty
"End poverty in all its forms everywhere."
Extreme poverty has been cut by more than half since 1990. Still, more than 1 in 5 people live on less
than the target figure of US$1.25 per day. That target may not be adequate for human subsistence,
however. Some suggest it may be necessary to raise the poverty line figure to as high as $5 per day.
Poverty is more than the lack of income or resources. People live in poverty if they lack basic services
such as healthcare, security, and education. They also experience hunger, social discrimination, and
exclusion from decision-making processe

GOAL 2: Zero Hunger

"End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture".
Goal 2 states that by 2030 we should end hunger and all forms of malnutrition. This would be
accomplished by doubling agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers (especially
women and indigenous peoples), by ensuring sustainable food production systems, and by progressively
improving land and soil quality. Agriculture is the single largest employer in the world, providing
livelihoods for 40% of the global population. It is the largest source of income for poor rural households.
Women make up about 43% of the agricultural labor force in developing countries, and over 50% in parts
of Asia and Africa. However, women own only 20% of the land.

GOAL 3: Good Health and Well-being

"Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages."
Significant strides have been made in increasing life expectancy and reducing some of the common killers
associated with child and maternal mortality. Between 2000 and 2016, the worldwide under-five mortality
rate decreased by 47 percent (from 78 deaths per 1,000 live births to 41 deaths per 1,000 live births). Still,
the number of children dying under age five is extremely high: 5.6 million in 2016 alone. Newborns
account for a growing number of these deaths, and poorer children are at the greatest risk of under-5
mortality due to a number of factors. SDG Goal 3 aims to reduce under-five mortality to at least as low as
25 per 1,000 live births. But if current trends continue, more than 60 countries will miss the SDG neonatal
mortality target for 2030. About half of these countries would not reach the target even by 2050.

GOAL 4: Quality Education

"Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for
all."
Major progress has been made in access to education, specifically at the primary school level, for both
boys and girls. Still, at least 22 million children in 43 countries will miss out on pre-primary education
unless the rate of progress doubles.

GOAL 5: Gender Equality

Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls.
According to the UN, "gender equality is not only a fundamental human right, but a necessary foundation
for a peaceful, prosperous and sustainable world.” Providing women and girls with equal access to
education, health care, decent work, and representation in political and economic decision-making
processes will nurture sustainable economies and benefit societies and humanity at large. A record 143
countries guaranteed equality between men and women in their constitutions as of 2014. However,
another 52 had not taken this step. In many nations, gender discrimination is still woven into the fabric of
legal systems and social norms. Even though SDG5 is a stand-alone goal, other SDGs can only be
achieved if the needs of women receive the same attention as the needs of men. Issues unique to women
and girls include traditional practices against all women and girls in the public and private spheres, such
as female genital mutilation.

GOAL 6: Clean Water and Sanitation

"Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all
The Sustainable Development Goal Number 6 (SDG6) has eight targets and 11 indicators that will be
used to monitor progress toward the targets. Most are to be achieved by the year 2030. One is targeted for
2020.
The first three targets relate to drinking water supply and sanitation. Worldwide, 6 out of 10 people lack
safely managed sanitation services, and 3 out of 10 lack safely managed water services.Safe drinking
water and hygienic toilets protect people from disease and enable societies to be more productive
economically. Attending school and work without disruption is critical to successful education and
successful employment. Therefore, toilets in schools and work places are specifically mentioned as a
target to measure. "Equitable sanitation" calls for addressing the specific needs of women and girls and
those in vulnerable situations, such as the elderly or people with disabilities. Water sources are better
preserved if open defecation is ended and sustainable sanitation systems are implemented.

GOAL 7: Affordable and Clean Energy

Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all
argets for 2030 include access to affordable and reliable energy while increasing the share of renewable
energy in the global energy mix. This would involve improving energy efficiency and enhancing
international cooperation to facilitate more open access to clean energy technology and more investment
in clean energy infrastructure. Plans call for particular attention to infrastructure support for the least
developed countries, small islands and land-locked developing countries.
As of 2017, only 57 percent of the global population relies primarily on clean fuels and technology,
falling short of the 95 percent target.

GOAL 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth

Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment
and decent work for all

World Pensions Council (WPC) development economists have argued that the twin considerations of
long-term economic growth and infrastructure investment weren’t prioritized enough. Being prioritized as
number 8 and number 9 respectively was considered a rather "mediocre ranking and defies common sense
For the least developed countries, the economic target is to attain at least a 7 percent annual growth in
gross domestic product (GDP). Achieving higher productivity will require diversification and upgraded
technology along with innovation, entrepreneurship, and the growth of small- and medium-sized
enterprises (SMEs). Some targets are for 2030; others are for 2020. The target for 2020 is to reduce youth
unemployment and operationalize a global strategy for youth employment. Implementing the Global Jobs
Pact of the International Labour Organization is also mentioned.

GOAL 9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure

Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization, and
foster innovation"

Manufacturing is a major source of employment. In 2016, the least developed countries had less
"manufacturing value added per capita". The figure for Europe and North America amounted to
US$4,621, compared to about $100 in the least developed countries.The manufacturing of high products
contributes 80 percent to total manufacturing output in industrialized economies but barely 10 percent in
the least developed countries.
Mobile-cellular signal coverage has improved a great deal. In previously "unconnected" areas of the
globe, 85 percent of people now live in covered areas. Planet-wide, 95 percent of the population is
covered

GOAL 10: Reduced Inequality

Reduce income inequality within and among countries."
One target is to reduce the cost of exporting goods from least developed countries. "Duty-free treatment"
has expanded. As of 2015, 65 percent of products coming from the least developed countries were duty-
free, as compared to 41 percent in 2005.
The target of 3 percent was established as the cost that international migrant workers would pay to send
money home (known as remittances). However, post offices and money transfer companies currently
charge 6 percent of the amount remitted. Worse, commercial banks charge 11 percent. Prepaid cards and
mobile money companies charge 2 to 4 percent, but those services were not widely available as of 2017 in
typical "remittance corridors.
GOAL 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities
"Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable."
The target for 2030 is to ensure access to safe and affordable housing. The indicator named to measure
progress toward this target is the proportion of urban population living in slums or informal settlements.
Between 2000 and 2014, the proportion fell from 39 percent to 30 percent. However, the absolute number
of people living in slums went from 792 million in 2000 to an estimated 880 million in 2014. Movement
from rural to urban areas has accelerated as the population has grown and better housing alternatives are
available

GOAL 12: Responsible Consumption and Production

"Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns."
The targets of Goal 12 include using eco-friendly production methods and reducing the amount of waste.
By 2030, national recycling rates should increase, as measured in tons of material recycled. Further,
companies should adopt sustainable practices and publish sustainability reports.

GOAL 13: Climate Action

ake urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts by regulating emissions and promoting
developments in renewable energy."
in May 2015, a report concluded that only a very ambitious climate deal in Paris in 2015 could enable
countries to reach the sustainable development goals and targets.The report also states that tackling
climate change will only be possible if the SDGs are met. Further, economic development and climate
change are inextricably linked, particularly around poverty, gender equality, and energy. The UN
encourages the public sector to take initiative in this effort to minimize negative impacts on the
environment
GOAL 14: Life Below Water
Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development."
Oceans cover 71 percent of the Earth's surface. They are essential for making the planet
livable. Rainwater, drinking water and climate are all regulated by ocean temperatures and currents. Over
3 billion people depend on marine life for their livelihood. Oceans absorb 30 percent of all carbon
dioxide produced by humans.

GOAL 15: Life on Land

Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests,
combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss.
This goal articulates targets for preserving biodiversity of forest, desert, and mountain eco-systems, as a
percentage of total land mass. Achieving a "land degradation-neutral world" can be reached by restoring
degraded forests and land lost to drought and flood. Goal 15 calls for more attention to preventing
invasion of alien species and more protection of endangered wildlife

GOAL 16: Peace and Justice Strong Institutions

Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all
and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels."
Reducing violent crime, sex trafficking, forced labor, and child abuse are clear global goals. The
International Community values peace and justice and calls for stronger judicial systems that will enforce
laws and work toward a more peaceful and just society. By 2017, the UN could report progress on
detecting victims of trafficking. More women and girls than men and boys were victimized, yet the share
of women and girls has slowly declined. In 2004, 84 percent of victims were females and by 2014 that
number had dropped to 71 percent. Sexual exploitation numbers have declined, but forced labor has
increased.

GOAL 17: Partnerships to achieve the Goal

Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable
development.“
Increasing international cooperation is seen as vital to achieving each of the 16 previous goals. Goal 17 is
included to assure that countries and organizations cooperate instead of compete. Developing multi-
stakeholder partnerships to share knowledge, expertise, technology, and financial support is seen as
critical to overall success of the SDGs. Public-private partnerships that involve civil societies are
specifically mentioned.

Millennium Development Goals

Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

 Target 1A: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people living on less than $1.25 a
day
 Poverty gap ratio [incidence x depth of poverty]
 Share of poorest quintile in national consumption
 Target 1B: Achieve Decent Employment for Women, Men, and Young People
 GDP Growth per Employed Person
 Employment Rate
 Proportion of employed population below $1.25 per day (PPP values)
 Proportion of family-based workers in employed population
 Target 1C: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger
 Prevalence of underweight children under five years of age
 Proportion of population below minimum level of dietary energy consumption
Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education

 Target 2A: By 2015, all children can complete a full course of primary schooling, girls and boys
 Enrollment in primary education
 Completion of primary education
Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women

 Target 3A: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education preferably by 2005,
and at all levels by 2015
 Ratios of girls to boys in primary, secondary and tertiary education
 Share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector
 Proportion of seats held by women in national parliament[12]
Goal 4: Reduce child mortality rates

 Target 4A: Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate
 Under-five mortality rate
 Infant (under 1) mortality rate
 Proportion of 1-year-old children immunized against measles
Goal 5: Improve maternal health

 Target 5A: Reduce by three quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio
 Maternal mortality ratio
 Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel
 Target 5B: Achieve, by 2015, universal access to reproductive health
 Contraceptive prevalence rate
 Adolescent birth rate
 Antenatal care coverage
 Unmet need for family planning[
Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases

 Target 6A: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS
 HIV prevalence among population aged 15–24 years
 Condom use at last high-risk sex
 Proportion of population aged 15–24 years with comprehensive correct knowledge of HIV/AIDS
 Target 6B: Achieve, by 2010, universal access to treatment for HIV/AIDS for all those who
need it
 Proportion of population with advanced HIV infection with access to anti-retroviral drugs
 Target 6C: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major
diseases
 Prevalence and death rates associated with malaria
 Proportion of children under 5 sleeping under insecticide-treated bednets
 Proportion of children under 5 with fever who are treated with appropriate anti-malarial drugs
 Incidence, prevalence and death rates associated with tuberculosis
 Proportion of tuberculosis cases detected and cured under DOTS (Directly Observed Treatment
Short Course)
Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability

 Target 7A: Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and
programs; reverse loss of environmental resources
 Target 7B: Reduce biodiversity loss, achieving, by 2010, a significant reduction in the rate of
loss
 Proportion of land area covered by forest
 CO2 emissions, total, per capita and per $1 GDP (PPP)
 Consumption of ozone-depleting substances
 Proportion of fish stocks within safe biological limits
 Proportion of total water resources used
 Proportion of terrestrial and marine areas protected
 Proportion of species threatened with extinction
 Target 7C: Halve, by 2015, the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe
drinking water and basic sanitation
 Proportion of population with sustainable access to an improved water source, urban and rural
 Proportion of urban population with access to improved sanitation
 Target 7D: By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100
million slum-dwellers
 Proportion of urban population living in slums
Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development[edit]

 Target 8A: Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, non-discriminatory trading and
financial system
 Includes a commitment to good governance, development, and poverty reduction – both
nationally and internationally
 Target 8B: Address the Special Needs of the Least Developed Countries (LDCs)
 Includes: tariff and quota-free access for LDC exports; enhanced programme of debt relief for
HIPC and cancellation of official bilateral debt; and more generous ODA (Official Development
Assistance) for countries committed to poverty reduction
 Target 8C: Address the special needs of landlocked developing countries and small island
developing States
 Through the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing
States and the outcome of the twenty-second special session of the General Assembly
 Target 8D: Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of developing countries through
national and international measures in order to make debt sustainable in the long term
 Some of the indicators listed below are monitored separately for the least developed countries
(LDCs), Africa, landlocked developing countries and small island developing States.
 Official development assistance (ODA):
 Net ODA, total and to LDCs, as percentage of OECD/DAC donors’ GNI
 Proportion of total sector-allocable ODA of OECD/DAC donors to basic social services
(basic education, primary health care, nutrition, safe water and sanitation)
 Proportion of bilateral ODA of OECD/DAC donors that is untied
 ODA received in landlocked countries as proportion of their GNIs
 ODA received in small island developing States as proportion of their GNIs
 Market access:
 Proportion of total developed country imports (by value and excluding arms) from
developing countries and from LDCs, admitted free of duty
 Average tariffs imposed by developed countries on agricultural products and textiles and
clothing from developing countries
  Agricultural support estimate for OECD countries as percentage of their GDP
 Proportion of ODA provided to help build trade capacity
 Debt sustainability:
 Total number of countries that have reached their HIPC decision points and number that
have reached their HIPC completion points (cumulative)
 Debt relief committed under HIPC initiative, US$
 Debt service as a percentage of exports of goods and services
 Target 8E: In co-operation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable,
essential drugs in developing countries
 Proportion of population with access to affordable essential drugs on a sustainable basis
 Target 8F: In co-operation with the private sector, make available the benefits of new
technologies, especially information and communications
 Telephone lines and cellular subscribers per 100 population
 Personal computers in use per 100 population
 Internet users per 100 Population