ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTIONS

1. To prepare 0.250 L of 0.100 M aqueous NaCl (58.4 g/mol), one may

a. dissolve 0.100 g of NaCl in 250 mL of water.
b. dissolve 1.46 g of NaCl in 250 mL of water.
c. dissolve 0.100 g of NaCl in enough water to make 0.250 kg of solution.
d. dissolve 1.46 g of NaCl in enough water to make 0.250 L of solution.
e. dissolve 0.100 g NaCl in 0.250 kg of water.

2. If 25.00 mL of 2.00 M NaCl is transferred by pipet into a volumetric flask and diluted to 5.00 L, what is
the molarity of the diluted NaCl?
a. 0.0100 M
b. 0.0160 M
c. 0.0625 M
d. 0.400 M
e. 16.0 M

3. What volume of 6.0 M HNO3 is required to prepare 250 mL of 0.40 M HNO3?

a. 9.7 mL
b. 17 mL
c. 27 mL
d. 38 mL
e. 270 L

4. If 26.5 g of methanol (CH3OH) is added to 735 g of water, what is the molality of the methanol?
a. 0.0348 m
b. 2.03 m
c. 1.13 m
d. 3.61 m
e. 36.1 m

5. What mass of Cu(NO3)2 (187.6 g/mol) is present in 25.0 g of 1.00 m Cu(NO3)2(aq)?

a. 3.95 g
b. 4.69 g
c. 13.8 g
d. 25.0 g
e. 63.5 g
6.What is the mole fraction of water in a solution that is 33.3% by mass ethylene glycol? The molar mass of
ethylene glycol, HOCH2CH2OH, is 62.07 g/mol.
a. 0.127
b. 0.290
c. 0.368
 d. 0.667
e. 0.873

7.Concentrated sodium hydroxide is 19.4 M and has a density of 1.54 g/mL. What is the molality of
concentrated NaOH?
a. 12.6 m
b. 19.8 m
c. 25.4 m
d. 29.9 m
e. 50.4 m

8..Pure acetic acid, CH3CO2H(l), has a density of 1.049 g/mL. To prepare 1.00 L of 6.00 M CH3CO2H(aq), one may
a. dilute 175 g of acetic acid to a volume of 1.00 L.
b. dilute 343 mL of acetic acid to a volume of 1.00 L.
c. dilute 360 mL of acetic acid to a volume of 1.00 L.
d. dilute 382 mL of acetic acid to a volume of 1.00 L.
e. dilute 1049 g of acetic acid to a volume of 1.00 L.

9.If sea water contains 15 ppm gold, how many kilograms of sea water must be processed to remove 1.00 g of
gold?
a. 67 kg
b. 97 kg
c. 150 kg
d. 6.7 x 103 kg
e. 15 x104 kg
10.A gas mixture has mole fractions of 0.24 oxygen and 0.76 nitrogen. If the total pressure of the gases is 1.44
atm at 325 K, what is the concentration, in molarity, of oxygen? (R = 0.0821 L-atm/mol-K)
a. 0.013 M
b. 0.017M
c. 0.041 M
d. 0.54 M
e. 0.069 M

11. All of the following statements are correct EXCEPT

a. the solubility of a gas in water decreases as the water temperature increases.
b. dissolving a solid in water is usually an exothermic process.
c. when an equilibrium is established between molecules in a solid and a solution, the
solution is said to be saturated.
d. if a precipitate forms when a solution is cooled, the solution is supersaturated.
e. network covalent solids are usually insoluble in water.

12.Which of the following statements concerning the solubility of a gas in a liquid are true?
1. Solubility decreases with increasing temperature.
2. Solubility increases as the pressure of the gas over the liquid increases.
3. Solubility is dependent on the surface area of the the liquid.
 a. 1 only
b. 2 only
c. 3 only
d. 1 and 2
e. 1 and 3

13. Which of the following does not define solubility?

A. the concentration of solute in a saturated solution
B. the moles of solute dissolved in a given volume of solution
C. the maximum mass of solute that can dissolve in a given volume of solution
D. the minimum moles of solute needed to produce one liter of a saturated solution

14.What mass of ethylene glycol, when mixed with 225 g H2O, will reduce the equilibrium vapor pressure of
H2O from 1.00 atm to 0.800 atm at 100oC? The molar masses of water and ethylene glycol are 18.02
g/mol and 62.07 g/mol, respectively. Assume ideal behavior for the solution.
a. 15.6 g
b. 49.9 g
c. 194 g
d. 969 g
e. 3.10 x 103 g

15.Which of the following aqueous solutions will freeze at the lowest temperature?
a. 0.10 m KCl
b. 0.20 m C6H12O6 (glucose)
c. 0.050 m AlCl3
d. 0.15 m SrBr2
e. All of the above freeze at the same temperature.

16. What is the boiling point of a solution containing 0.80 g caffeine, C8H10N4O2, dissolved in 13.20 g benzene?
The boiling point of pure benzene is 80.1oC and the molal boiling point constant, Kb, is 2.53oC/m.
a. 79.8oC
b. 80.4oC
c. 80.9oC
d. 85.2oC
e. 88.2oC

17. A solution is prepared by dissolving 4.21 g of a nonelectrolyte in 50.0 g of water. If the boiling point
increases by 0.203oC, what is the molar mass of the solute? The boiling point elevation constant for
water is 0.512oC/m.
a. 33.4 g/mol
b. 111 g/mol
c. 172 g/mol
d. 212 g/mol
e. 810 g/mol
18. Which of the following electrolytes is likely to have a van't Hoff factor equal to 3?
a. CaI2
b. Na3PO4
 c. KCl
d. answers a and b
e. answers a, b, and c

19. Assuming the volumes are additive, what is the final H+(aq) concentration produced by
adding 30.0 mL of 0.50 M HNO3 to 70.0 mL of 1.00 M HCl?

A. 0.75 M
B. 1.50 M
C. 1.25 M
D. 0.85 M
E. 0.43 M

Acid –Base

20. According to the Brønsted-Lowry definition, a base

a. is a weak electrolyte.
b. increases the OH– concentration in an aqueous solution.
c. is an electron-pair donor.
d. increases the pH of a solution.
e. is a proton acceptor.

21.Which of the following reactions are acid-base reactions according to the Brønsted-Lowry model?
1. NH4+(aq) + H2O(l) NH3(aq) + H3O+(aq)
2+
2. 2HF(aq) + Ca (aq) CaF2(s) + 2H+aq)
3. H2PO4-(aq) + OH-(aq) HPO42-(aq) + H 2O(l)

a. 1 only
b. 2 only
c. 3 only
d. 1 and 3
e. 1, 2, and 3

22. A species that can either accept or donate a proton is called

a. a Brønsted-Lowry compound.
b. a Lewis base.
c. an Arrhenius acid.
d. amphiprotic.
e. a conjugate pair.
23.What is the conjugate base of HClO2?
a. H+
b. H--
c. ClO2+
d. ClO+
e. ClO2-
24.If the H+ concentration in a carbonated beverage is 4.7 x10-5 M, what is the OH- concentration? (Kw = 1.0 x
10-14)
 a. 4.7 x10-19 M
b. 2.1 x 10-10 M
c. 5.3 x 10-5 M
d. 2.1 x 10-6 M
e. 4.7 x 10-7 M

25.The pH of a human blood sample is 7.30. What is concentration of OH- in blood?

a. 5.01 x 10-8 M
b. 2.0 x 10-7 M
c. 7.3 x10-7 M
d. 5.01 x 10-5 M
e. 2.0x 10-7 M

26.Seawater has a hydroxide ion concentration of 2.0 x10-6 M. What is the pH of seawater?
a. 8.50
b. 5.70
c. 6.99
d. 7.53
e. 8.30
27.All of the following species are strong acids EXCEPT
a. HClO4.
b. HBr.
c. H2SO4.
d. HF.
e. HI.

28.All of the following species are strong bases EXCEPT

a. NaOH.
b. KOH.
c. Mg(OH)2.
d. Sr(OH)2.
e. RbOH.
29.An aqueous solution with a pH of 2.00 is diluted from 1.0 L to 3.0 L. What is the pH of the diluted solution?
a. 0.67
b. 2.00
c. 2.48
d. 4.33
e. 6.00

30.Which of the following solutions will have a pH of 3.0?

a. 1 x 10-3 M CH3CO2H
b. 1 x 10-3 M NH3
c. 1 x10-3 M NH4+
d. 1x10-3 M HI
e. Answers b and c are correct.
31.Which of the following chemical reactions corresponds to the generic form of the base dissociation constant
(Kb)?
a. HB(aq) + OH-(aq) B-(aq) + H2O(l)
b. 2H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + OH-(aq)
c. HB(aq) + H2O(l) B-(aq) + H3O+(aq)
d. B-(aq) + H2O(l) HB(aq) + OH-(aq)
e. B-(aq) + H3O+(aq) HB(aq) + H2O(l)

32.The pH of aqueous 0.50 M hypobromous acid, HBrO, is 4.45. What is the Ka of this acid?
a. 2.5x 10–9
b. 5.0 x 10–9
c. 3.4 x 10–7
d. 3.5 x 10–5
e. 7.1 x 10–5

33.The Ka for hydrofluoric acid is 6.9 x10-4. What is Kb for fluoride ion?
a. 1.0 x 10-14
b. 1.4 x10-11
c. 7.4 x 10-9
d. 1.0 x 10-7
e. 6.9 x1010

34. A salt solution can be acidic, basic, or neutral. When dissolved in water, which of the following salts will
make the solution acidic: NaCl, Al2(SO4)3, NaNO3, Na2CO3, KF, and NH4Br?
a. Al2(SO4)3 and NH4Br
b. Al2(SO4)3, Na2CO3 and NH4Br
c. Al2(SO4)3 and NaNO3
d. NaCl, NaNO3 and NH4Br
e. Na2CO3, KF, and NH4Br
\

pH and pOH
35.The pH of 10-4 g hydrogen per liter of solution is

A. 7 B. 8 C. 5 D. 4 E. 3

36. A certain aqueous solution at 25oC has [OH-] =6.2 x 10-5 M. Calculate the pH of the solution.

A. 4.21 B. 5.80 C. 8.20 D. 9.79

37. Assuming complete ionization the pH of 0.01 M HCl would be

A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

38. The pH of a solution is 6.38. Find the concentration of hydrogen ion in moles per liter

A. 4.17 x10-7M B. 2.23 x10 -7 M C. 1.22 x 10 -6 M D. 3.20 x 10-6 M

 39 . In a 0.1 M cyanic acid is 4.4 percent dissociated. Find Ka

A. 2.0 x 10 -4 B. 2.0 x 10-5 C. 2.0 x 10 -6 D. 2.0 x 10 -7

40. Calculate the percent ionization of 0.05 M acetic acid Ka = 1.8 x 10 -5.
A. 6.7 % B. 4.5% C. 2.4 % D. 1.9 %
41. A 0.010M acid solution has a pH of 2.00. The acid could be

A. HNO3
B. H2SO3
C. HCOOH
D. CH3COOH

Redox Reactions

42.If a reactant loses electrons it is

a. reduced.
b. oxidized.
c. disproportionated.
d. the cathode.
e. a catalyst.

43 .The anode is where

a. electrolyte concentrations are lowest.
b. electrolyte concentrations are highest.
c. the Nernst potential is measured.
d. anions are produced.
e. oxidation occurs.

44. The following reaction occurs spontaneously.

2 Fe(s) + 3 Cl2(aq) ==2 Fe3+(aq) + 6 Cl–(aq)
Write the balanced reduction half-reaction.
a. Fe(s) ==Fe3+(aq) + e–
b. Fe(s) + 3 e–== Fe3+(aq)
c. Fe(s) + 3/2 Cl2(aq) ==FeCl3(aq)
d. Cl2(aq) == 2 Cl–(aq) + 2 e–
e. Cl2(aq) + 2 e– == 2 Cl–(aq)

45. Which species is the best oxidizing agent?

a. bromine
b. sodium
c. potassium metal
d. fluoride ion
e. carbon dioxide
46. Which of the following species is/are reducing agents: K, H+, MnO4-, Cl2, Sn4+?
a. K only
b. K and Cl2
c. H+ and Sn4+
d. MnO4- and Cl2
e. Cl2 and Sn4+

Given the redox reaction:

2I-(aq) + Br2(g) -> 2Br-(aq) + I2(s)

47. What occurs during this reaction?

A.The I- ion is oxidized, and its oxidation number increases.
B. The I- ion is oxidized, and its oxidation number decreases.
C. The I- ion is reduced, and its oxidation number increases.
D. The I- ion is reduced, and its oxidation number decreases
48. The oxidation number of zinc in a reaction increases by 2. This indicates that
A. zinc is reduced and loses 2 electrons.
B. zinc is reduced and gains 2 electrons.
C. zinc is oxidized and loses 2 electrons.
D. zinc is oxidized and gains 2 electrons.

49. Consider the redox reaction below:

2 BrO3- + 10Cl- + 10 H+ ----Br2 + 5Cl2 + 6H2O
The oxidation half-reaction involved in this reaction is

A. 2Cl- ---- Cl2 + 2e

B. 2H+ ------ H2 + 2e
C. BrO3- + 6H+ + 5e -------1/2 Br2 + 3H20
D. BrO3- + 6H+ -----1/2 Br2 + 3H2O + 5e

50. When H2O2 is added to an acidified MnO4 - solution, a spontaneous reaction occurs in which
a product of the oxidation reaction is
A. O2
B. H2O
C. Mn2+
D. MnO2

51 . To determine the [Cr2O7 -2]in a redox titration, a suitable reagent is

A. Ni 2+
B. Sn 2+
C. Zn 2+
D. Mg 2+
 52. AlF6 -3 + 3e ----- Al + 6 F -

Which of the following occurs in the reaction?

A. AlF6 -3 is reduced at the cathode
B. Al is oxidized at the anode
C. F- act as a reducing agent
D. F- is reduced at the cathode

Nitric acid is a good oxidizer. One of the product formed by the reaction of nitric acid with
metal sulphide is
A. metal oxide B. sulphur dioxide C. nitrogen monoxide D. carbon dioxide

Chemical Equilibrum

53. All of the following statements are false for a chemical system in a dynamic equilibrium EXCEPT
a. the concentrations of reactants and products must be equal.
b. the forward reaction is endothermic.
c. the forward reaction is exothermic.
d. the chemical reaction proceeds in the forward direction until all reactants are consumed.
e. the concentrations of reactants and products remain constant over time.
54. The partial pressure of a gas is
a. directly proportional to the number of moles of the gas.
b. proportional to the gas constant, R.
c. directly proportional to the volume of the gas.
d. always constant during a chemical reaction.
e. inversely proportional to the temperature of the gas.
55. The value of the equilibrium constant for the following reaction is 345.
A + 2B 3C + D
What is the value of the equilibrium constant for the reaction below?
2A + 4B 6C + 2D
a. K = 345
b. K = (345)2 = 1.19 x 105
c. K = (345)1/2 = 18.6
d. K = (2 x345)2 = 4.76 x105
e. K = 2 x(345)2 = 2.38 x 105
56. Given the following chemical equilibria,
N2(g) + O2(g) 2NO(g) K1
N2(g) + 3 H2(g) 2NH3(g) K2
H2(g) + 1/2O2(g) H2O(g) K3
Determine the method used to calculate the equilibrium constant for the reaction below.
4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g) Kc

a.
b.

c.
d.

e.

57. For which of the following reactions does Kc equal Kp?

a. Sn(s) + 2H2O(g) SnO2(s) + 2H2(g)
b. 2C2H6(g) + 7O2(g) 4CO2(g) + 6H2O(g)
c. NH4Cl(s) NH3(g) + HCl(g)
d. N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
e. CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g)

Ksp and Solubility

58. The solubility of CdS = 2.8 x 10 -14 . The value of Ksp is

A. 7.8 x 10 -28
B. 2.8 x 10 -14
C. 5.6 x 10 -14
D. 1.7 x 10 -7

59. Consider the equilibrium of Ca(OH)2(s) in water. Ca(OH)2(s) === Ca 2+(aq) + 2OH−(aq)
What is the effect of raising the pH of the solution?
A. Ca 2+(aq) is reduced to Ca(s).
B. The concentration of hydronium ion increases.
C. The concentration of Ca 2+ increases as Ca(OH)2 dissolves.
D. Ca(OH)2(s) precipitates until equilibrium is reestablished.
E. Hydroxide ion is reduced to H2(g).

60. The Ksp of aluminum hydroxide, Al(OH)3, is 2 × 10−31.

What pH is required to limit the Al 3+ concentration to less than or equal to 1 × 10−10 M?
 A. 3.6 B. 6.9 C. 7.1 D. 7.8 E. 11.5

61. The Ksp of barium chromate is 1.2 × 10−10. What is the concentration of Ba 2+ in equilibrium with
BaCrO4(s) if [CrO4 2−] = 4.3 × 10−3 M?
A. 5.1 × 10−13 M B. 2.8 × 10−8 M C. 1.1 × 10−5 M D. 1.7 × 10−4 M E. 2.5 × 10−3 M
−39 3+
62. . The Ksp of Fe(OH)3(s) is 3 × 10 . What concentration of Fe can exist in solution at pH 3.0?
A. 3 × 10−4 M B. 3 × 10−6 M C. 3 × 10−21 M D. 3 × 10−24 M E. 3 × 10−30 M
−6
63. For Ca(OH)2, Ksp = 4.0 × 10 . What will occur if 1.0 L of 0.100 M Ca(NO3)2 is prepared in a solution
that is buffered at pH 12.50?
A. Q > Ksp. A precipitate will form.
B. Ksp > Q. A precipitate will form.
C. Q = Ksp. No precipitate will form.
D. Q > Ksp. No precipitate will form.
E. Ksp > Q. No precipitate will form.

64. An acid-base equilibrium system is created by dissolving 0.50 mol CH3CO2H in water to a volume of 1.0 L.
What is the effect of adding 0.50 mol CH3CO2–(aq) to this solution?
1. The pH of the solution will equal 7.00 because equal concentrations of a weak acid
and its conjugate base are present.
2. Some CH3CO2H(aq) will ionize, increasing the concentration of CH3CO2–(aq) and
increasing the pH.
3. Some CH3CO2–(aq) will react with H3O+(aq), increasing the concentration of
CH3CO2H(aq) and reestablishing the solution equilibrium.
a. 1 only
b. 2 only
c. 3 only
d. 1 and 3
e. 1, 2, and 3

65. All of the following statements concerning acid-base buffers are true EXCEPT
a. buffers are resistant to pH changes upon addition of small quantities of strong acids or
bases.
b. buffers are used as colored indicators in acid-base titrations.
c. the pH of a buffer is close to the pKa of the weak acid from which it is made.
d. buffers contain appreciable quantities of a weak acid and its conjugate base.
e. buffers are resistant to changes in pH when diluted with water.

66.A buffer solution can be formed by dissolving equal moles of

A. HF and NaF
B. HCl and NaOH
C. KBr and Na3PO4
D. CH3COOH and NaCl

67 . Which of the following pairs will form a buffer when mixed together in an aqueous solution?
a. KCl and KH2PO4
b. HCl and KOH
 c. Ca(OH)2 and NaOH
d. HF and NaF
e. None of the above will form a buffer.

68. What is the pH of a solution that results from diluting 0.30 mol acetic acid (CH3CO2H) and 0.20 mol sodium
acetate (NaCH3CO2) with water to a volume of 1.0 L? (Ka of CH3CO2H = 1.8 x 10–5)
a. 4.35
b. 4.57
c. 4.74
d. 4.92
e. 5.14

69. A buffer may be prepared by mixing a weak acid with a roughly equivalent amount of strong base. Which of
the acids below is best for the preparation of a buffer with a pH of 4.00?
a. sulfurous acid , H2SO3; Ka = 1.7 x 10-2
b. hydrofluoric acid, HF; Ka = 6.9x 10-4
c. benzoic acid, HC7H5O2; Ka = 6.6 x 10-5
d. dihydrogen phosphate ion, H2PO4-; Ka = 6. 2x10-8
e. ammonium ion, NH4+; Ka = 5.6 x 10-10

70. Appropriate uses of visible light spectrophotometer include with the following
I. Determining the concentration of Cu(NO3)2
II. Measuring the conductivity of a solution of KMnO4
III. Determining which ions are present in a solution that may contain Na+, Mg 2+, Al 3+
A. I only B. II only C. III only D. I and II only E. I and III only

Lab Concepts

71. Which of the following compounds is the least soluble in water?

A. H2S
B. KNO3
C. ZnSO4
D. Ca(OH)2
72. Two ions found in hard water are Ca2+ and Mg2+. Which of the following will precipitate
only one of these ions?

A. I-
B. S2-
C. SO42-
D. CO32-
73. The magnesium and calcium ions in hard water can be removed by the addition of
A. NaI
B. NaNO3
C. Na2CO3
D. Na2SO4

74. Consider the following equilibrium:

MgCO3(s) ⇄ Mg2+ (aq) + CO32-(aq)

Adding which of the following would cause the solid to dissolve?

A. HCl
B. K2CO3
C. MgCO3
D. Mg(NO3)2
75. Which of the following is responsible for the acidic pH of normal rainwater?

A. CO2
B. NO2
C. SO2
D. NH3

76. A gas which is produced by internal combustion engines and contributes to the formation of
acid rain is

A. H2
B. O3
C. CH4
D. NO2

77. Which of the following solutions has the highest pH?

A. 0.1 M HCl
B. 0.1 M NaF
C. 0.1 M NaHS
D. 0.1 M NH4Cl
78. What is a common source of SO2(g)?

A. a fuel cell
B. a car battery
C. a lead smelter
D. corrosion of iron
79. Which of the following acids could not be present in a buffer solution

A. HF
B. HNO2
C. H2SO3
D. HClO4
80. Carbon dioxide gas in the atmosphere dissolves in normal rainwater.
 This causes normal rainwater to
A. be slightly basic.
B. have a pH slightly less than 7.0.
C. be unaffected and remain neutral.
D. have a pH slightly greater than 7.0.

81. Which of the following metals will precipitate as chloride salts: Ag+, Pb2+, Ca2+, K+, and Cu2+?
a. Ag+ b. Pb2+, Ca2+, and Cu2+ c. Ag+, K+, and Cu2+ d. Ag+ and Pb2+ e. Ca2+ and Cu2+